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ROYAL IRISH ACADEMY
VOLUME XXXI
SECTION 2
DUBLIN: HODGES, FIGGIS, & CO., Lr.
LONDON: WILLIAMS & NORGATE
1911-1915
FEU MADIRA NA.
ARVELR DAR ITAR
.-,
Tarte oo —%
24 ‘i!
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NS ARABS OF 7
=)
A BIOLOGICAL SURVEY
OF
CLARE ISLAND
IN THE COUNTY OF MAYO, IRELAND
AND OF THE ADJOINING DISTRICT
SECTION 2
(COMPRISING PARTS 17 10 47)
ZOOLOGY (VERTEBRATA, MOLLUSCA, ARTHROPODA,
POLYCHAETA).
DUBLIN: HODGES, FIGGIS, & CO., LTD.
LONDON: WILLIAMS & NORGATE
1911-1915
PRINTED AT THE
By Ponsonsy & GiBsBs
CONTENTS
OF SECTION 2.
Mammaira. By G. EB. H. Barrett-Hamilton,
Reprinia anp Ampuisia. By R. F. Scharff,
Pisces. By G. P. Farran, 6 : :
Aves. By R. J. Ussher. PlatesI-V, . ; 5 , ‘
Tunrcata AND Hemicnuorpa. By G. P. Farran and R. Southern,
Motiusca—Marine. By N. Colgan, : : 6 0 :
Motiusca—Lanp anp Fresu-water. By A. W. Stelfox. Plates I-II,
Hymenoptera. By Claude Morley,
Diptera. By P. H. Grimshaw,
Lrpiporrrra. By W. I. de V. Kane,
Nevroprera. By J. N. Halbert, 0 0 : : :
Cotgoprrra—TrrresrriaL. By W. F. Johnson and J. N. Halbert,
Cotzortera—Aguatic. By F. Balfour Browne,
Hemiprera. By J. N. Halbert, 6
OrtHoprera. By Prof. G. H. Carpenter, .
Apreryeora. By Prof. G. H. Carpenter. Plate I,
Cuitoropa AnD Dipnoropa. By Rev. W. F. Johnson,
Pyonoconmpa. By Prof. G. H. Carpenter,
Aranewa. By D. R. Pack Beresford,
Puatanewa. By D. R. Pack Beresford,
Arctiscoipa. By James Murray. Plates I-III,
Psruposcorpiones. By H. Wallis Kew, . j ;
Acarina: 1—Hypracarina. By J. N. Halbert. Plates I-III,
Acarina: 1—'Terresrrian AnD Marine. By J. N. Halbert. Plates [V-VIU,
Decavopa. By G. P. Farran, . ; : 6
Scuizopopa, Cumacna, etc. By W. M. Tattersall,
Ampuipopa. by W. M. Tattersall,
Isopopa—Maring. By W. M. 'Vattersall,
Isopopa—Trrresrrian. By N. H. Foster, 6 0
Entromostraca—Maring. By G. P. Farran. Plates I-III,
Entomostraca—Fresuwater. By D. J. Scourfield. Plate I, .
ARCHIANNELIDA AND Ponycuanra. By R, Southern. Plates I-XY,
38
391
3911
40
41
42,
43
44
45
46
47
ADDENDA AND CORRIGENDA TO SECTION 2.
19.—PISCES.
The following three species should be added to the list :—
Aphia pellucida, Nardo.—This species was taken in the trawl, in 2-5 fms.,
off Coastguard Bay, Ballynakill Harbour.
Arnoglossus megastoma (Donov.).—Taken in 17-18 fathoms, Clew Bay, by
Holt (Survey of Fishing Grounds on West Coast, 1892).
Raia microcellata (Mont.)—Two specimens were taken in 13-2 fathoms,
in Blacksod Bay, by Holt (tom. cit.).
G. P. Farran.
22.—MARINE MOLLUSCA.
The following four species are to be added :—
Loligo Forbesi Steenstrup.—Taken in the trawl in 16-19 fathoms, on a stony
bottom, one mile east by south of Clare Island lighthouse.
Archidoris testudinaria Risso. (Doris stellifera), von. Jhering.—Dredged in 5
fathoms on stony ground just off the Harbour, Clare Island.
Aegires punctilucens (d’Orbigny).—Found on Laminaria roots taken in the
trawl in 13-16 fathoms, three miles east by south of Clare Island light-
house.
Nucula tenuis (Montagu).—Dredged in 1-4 fathoms in Inishgowla Harbour,
Clew Bay.
23.—LAND AND FRESH-WATER MOLLUSCA.
page 33. Add Acicula lineata to list of mollusca of Inishturk.
page 34. ll. 8-9, delete ‘and Acicula lineata.’
A. W. STELFOX.
24.—HYMENOPTERA.
The following seven additional species were obtained since the publication
of Mr. Morley’s report. The four marked with an asterisk appear to be néw
to Ireland. A reference is added relating to an interesting abnormal specimen
of Myrmeca rubra which was also obtained.
HETEROGYNA.
Leptothorax acervorum Fab.—A nest of this ant was found under stones in
the Mulranny district in September (Halbert).
Myrmica rubra ab.—See “ Irish Naturalist,’ 1914, p. 94.
vill Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
ICHNEUMONIDAE.
Ophioninae.
Omorgus ensator Grav.—Clare Island,a ¢ taken in June. Mainland, one
specimen on dwarf willows, Curraun Achill (Johnson).
* 0. borealis Zett.— Mainland, Polranny (Johnson).
* Angitia apostata Ratz—Clare Island, a ¢, in June, 1911 (Johnson).
Ecphoropsis viennensis Gray.—Clare Island, taken in September, 1910, and
June, 1911 (Johnson). A very small form.
Braconidae.
*Bracon triangularis Nees.—Mainland, Achill Sound, taken in June, 1910
(Johnson).
*Rhogas circumflexus Nees.—Clare Island, a ? taken in September, 1910
(Johnson).
W. F. JOHNSON.
28.—TERRESTRIAL COLEOPTERA.
Page 9, column 2, 1. 5, delete “ater Mann—Cb.” See note on page 18
under Stenus Juno f.
Page 10, column 2, 1. 1, for Enicmus read Corticaria.
Page 11, column 2,1.10 from bottom jor margenella LZ. read Hydro-
thassa marginella Z.
Page 13, column 1, 1. 10 for Lythri F. read Nanophyes Lythri F.
W. F. Jounson.
The following seven species are to be added:—
Oxypoda alternans Grav.—Mulranny, in fungi.
Leptusa fumida Er—Achill, in moss.
Alianta plumbea Waterh.—Found on the sea-shore at Mulranny in September.
This littoral species has not been previously recorded from Ireland.
Syntomium aeneum Miill.—Achill, in moss.
Homalium vile Er.—Achill and Mulranny.
Choleva tristis Panz.—Mulranny.
Bythinus puncticollis Denny.—Achill, in moss.
J. N. HALBert.
33.—CHILOPODA AND DIPLOPODA.
p. 4, 1. 10 from bottom, for Wicklow (The Dargle) vead Kerry (Dingle).
p- 5, 1. 3, to Berehaven add Glengarriff.
Olare Island Survey—Section 2. ix
By an accident, a tube of material collected by Dr. Scharff, Mr. Welch,
Mr. Foster, and Mr. Southern was not sent to me from the National Museum.
Its contents were worked out by Mr. Selbie, and are given below. The species
marked + are additions to the previous list.
CHILOPODA.
Lithobius variegatus Leach.—Achill and Curraun (R.F.S.). Louisburgh
(N.HLE.).
Lamyctes fulvicornis Meinert—Near Mweelrea (R.W.).
+Geophilus truncorum Meinert.—-Achill.
+G. electricus Linné.— Westport (N.H-F.).
DIPLOPODA.
Glomeris marginata Villers.—Westport and Louisburgh (N.H.F.). Achill
(R.W.).
Brachydesmus superus Latzel— _Louisburgh (N.H.F.).
+Polydesmus coriaceus Porat.—Clare Island.
+Blaniulus venustus Meinert.— Westport.
Iulus luscus Meinert.—Louisburgh (N.H.F.). Achill (R.F.S.). Blacksod
Bay (R. Southern).
+I. fallax Meinert.—Louisburgh (N.H.F.).
I. punctatus Leach.—Achill (R.W.).
tI. pusillus Leach.—Louisburgh (N.H.F.).
W. F. Jounson.
40.—DECAPODA.
The following ten species should be added to the list :—
Leander adspersus (Rathke).—Common in the Prawn Pool, Bunnamullen,
Inishbofin. (Vide Kemp, Fisheries, Ireland, Sci. Invest., 1908, I. [1910],
0 ILBsIL))
Philocheras sculptus (Bell)—Three specimens were found in Ballynakill
Harbour. (Vide Kemp, tom. cit., p. 150.)
Philocheras fasciatus (Risso).—Dredged in 2-4 fathoms, in Inishlyre Harbour.
Also occurs in Blacksod Bay, Ballynakill Harbour, and Bofin Harbour.
(Vide Kemp, tom. cit., p. 151.)
Nephrops norvegicus, L.— Apparently the only record of this species is one by
Holt (Survey of the Fishing Grounds on the West Coast, 1892), who
found specimens in Killary Bay.
Axius stirhynchus, Leach.—A single specimen of this burrowing prawn was
obtained in Ballynakill Harbour. (Vide Selbie, Fisheries, Ireland, Sci,
Invest., 1914, I. [1914], p. 89.)
x Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
Callianassa Stebbingi, Borradaile.—This burrowing prawn was twice obtained
by digging in sand at low-water mark, in Ballynakill Harbour. (Vide
Selbie, tom. cit., p. 100.)
Upogebia deltaura Leach.—A specimen of this burrowing prawn was obtained
by digging in coarse sand in Ballynakill Harbour, and a second specimen
was taken in a surface tow-net near Bofin Harbour. (Vide Selbie, tom.
_ et., p. 103.)
Achaeus Cranchi Leach.—A specimen of this rather rare crab was taken in the
entrance to Ballynakill Harbour.
Ebalia tuberosa (Pennant).—This species was dredged in 15-19 fathoms, off
the mouth of Bofin Harbour; also in 19 fathoms, one mile north by east
of Cleggan Head.
Nautilograpsus minutus (L.).—This floating crab was taken near Inishbofin,
on a log covered with barnacles. It is in no sense a member of the
local fauna.
G. P. FARRAN.
41.—MYSIDACEA, &c.
p. 5, 1. 21 from top, for Anchialus read Anchialina.
p. 7, 1. 13 from bottom, for Anchialus read Anchialina.
p. 10, 1. 10 from top, for Anchialus read Anchialina.
W. M. TArrerRsALt.
42.— AMPHIPODA.
p. 9, 1. 11 from top, for Lilljeborgiidae read Liljeborgiidae,
p. 23, 1. 12 in table, for Lilljeborgiidae read Liljeborgiidae.
p. 9, 1. 12 from top, for Lilljeborgia read Liljeborgia.
p. 16, 1. 3 from top, for danmoniensis read damnoniensis.
p. 22,1. 13 from top, jor danmoniensis read damnoniensis.
p. 22, 1. 4 from bottom, for danmoniensis read damnoniensis.
p- 22, 1. 2 from bottom, for danmoniensis read damnoniensis.
p. 16, 1. 9 from top, for Coremepas read Coremapus.
p. 22, 1. 22 from top, for Coremepas read Coremapus.
W. M. Tatrersatt.
45—MARINE ENTOMOSTRACA.
COPEPODA.
Add :—
Nitocra typica (Boeck),—In weeds from the shore of Clare Island,
Clare Island Survey—Section 2. x1
The following species, by an error in labelling, were wrongly recorded
from 18 fms., in Clew Bay, August, 1910. They were in reality taken on the
shore of Clare I. on the same date :—
Ectinosoma melaniceps. Diosaccus tenuicoruis.
E. gothiceps. Amphiascus obscurus.
Harpacticus chelifer. A. longirostris.
Alteutha depressa. Laophonte cornuta.
Idyaea tenera. L. similis.
Microthalestris littoralis. L. stromi.
Dactylopusia vulgaris. L. serrata.
Westwoodia nobilis. L. littoralis.
CIRRIPEDIA.
Add :—
Pyrgoma anglicum Leach.—Seveval specimens attached to dead Caryophyllia
Smithei, in 10 fms. off Lighthouse Cove, Clare Island, July, 1910. A
southern species, recorded by Darwin in his monograph of the Cirripedia
for “South Coast of England and Ireland, 12-45 fms., Forbes and
Mac Andrew.” Frequently found on corals.
R.S.A. PROC., VOL. XXXI. é
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Clare Island Survey.
17
‘MAMMALIA.
By G. E. H. BARRETT-HAMILTON, B.A., F.Z.5.
Read June 24. Published Srpremper 4, 1912.
THE present report deals with the Mammalian fauna of Clare Island, the Cetacea
being excluded. The Mammals of Clare Island do not appear to have been
investigated until 1904, when R. H. Bunting was sent to make a collection
there, as well as on Inishmore (Aran). His specimens are now in the British
Museum, and are included in the material on which this paper is based.
During the course of the recent Survey I visited the island in April, 1909,
and several other observers have favoured me with notes.
1. Pyemy Surew. Sorex minutus, Linnaeus.—Found all over the island.
I examined a nest which was placed under a flat slab of stone in a grass field.
There was a ball of cut, dried grass in a hollow nearly under the centre of the
stone, from which a passage led to the edge. Close by was a short hole about
two inches deep containing woodlice anda slug. This nest did not appear to
have been occupied since 1st March, on which date a man accidentally lifted
up the stone, when a number of shrews ran out. He thought the number at
least eight or nine, but there were too many to count them accurately. The
Pygmy Shrew is found also in Achill Island, whence Alexander Williams
sent specimens to the Dublin Museum.
2. Bar, sp.? Probably Pipistrelle, Pipistrellus pipistrellus (Schreber)
or Long-eared Bat, Plecotus auritus (Linnaeus).—I was informed that four
bats have been observed during the last ten or twelve years.
3. Rassir. Oryctolagus cwnieulus (Linnaeus).—Has been introduced and
appears to be now established, the numbers having been computed at between
fifty and one hundred. Some attempts at introduction appear to have failed,
but the present stock owes its presence to J. J. M‘Cabe, who, in 1907, turned
out, near the lighthouse, six obtained from Murrisk, Co. Mayo. The animal
exists in small (and apparently shifting) colonies in yarious parts of the
R.LA. PROC., VOL. XXXI. A 17
Ly -2 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
island, and the crows and hawks are said to kill many of the young. It is
common “ everywhere ” on the mainland.
No specimens were obtained, though some were seen.
4. Trish Hare, Lepus hibernicus, Bell—Owes its presence on Clare
Island to J. J. M‘Cabe, who turned down six, obtained at Murrisk, Co. Mayo,
in 1906. The stock is said to now number about one hundred. Hares are
reported to be plentiful on the neighbouring mainland and on Achill Island.
No specimens were obtained, but many were seen.
5. Woop Mouse. <Apodemus sylvaticus (Linnaeus).—Found throughout
the island. I caught a male in breeding condition at about 600 feet elevation
on Knocknaveen; the dimensions are given below, together with those of
Bunting’s specimens. This mouse also occurs on Inishmore (Bunting). The
numbers following the particulars of each specimen in the subjoined tables
indicate reference-numbers in the British Museum collection.
Apodemus sylvaticus.
Dimensions in millimetres :—
= ar Tail. Hind foot.) Ear.
ete ate es 6th June, 1904. 98 99 24 | 16-5
Sa ieee: Gee 1904. 99 $9 93 16
Male, Knocknaveen, Clare Island. )} 97 7 29 1b
G. E. Hi. B.-H.
Sree Sia 24th June 1904. i 92 96 99 17
Peele Oe ae June, 1904. 93 86 99 iS
Smite ise Ty; at cree 35 25 145
ae tats Psat 1904. | 92 97 23 16
eae: ay a 1904. st 86 23 14
Female, ditto. 7th July, 1904. } 91°5 89 29 15
(11. 1. 2. 141.) ;
Clare Island Survey— Mammalia. iaees
6. Brown Rar. Hpimys norvegicus (Erxleben).—Is found numerously
about the harbour.
The dimensions (in millimetres) of Bunting’s specimens are as follows :—
Lpimys norvegicus.
| Head and
— isi Tail. | Hind fuot. Eu
Male, ClareIsland. 25th June, 12904. ) a | = -
(11. 1. 2. 142.) ; i ee ew UU dh oe
Female, ditto. (11. 1. 2. 143.) .| 183 162 38 16
Male, Inishmore. 6th July, 1904. is
(11. 1. 2. 144.) : iyi] ee De BD AY
Female, ditto. 7th July, 1904. : ne
(il, te 2, 1a) }] 192 ley ED its
7. House Mouse. Mus musculus (Linnaeus).—Found about the
harbour.
The dimensions of Bunting’s specimens are as follows :—
Mus musculus.
= | ea Tail. |Iindfoot.| Har.
fee? - te !
Male, Clare Island. 25th June, 1904. ) |
(11. 1. 2. 146.) ‘ } je 78 21 12
Male, ditte. 26th June, 1904. = Be F
(ils 1, 2, 1S) | wy ad ue We
Female, ditto. (11.1. 2. 148.) | 84 79 18 12°5
Male, Clifden, Connemara. July, ) —- 74 Be 15
1904. (11. 1. 2. 149.) se en as g
Female, ditto. 3rd July, 1904. ) | a5 | ie eae é
(Il. 1. 2. 150.) tiaras Telia is nue i
8. OrreR. Lutra lutra, Linnaeus.—Otters are plentiful on the coast, and
in winter travel up the streams.
9. GreY SEAL. Halichoerus grypus (Fabricius)—Is abundant on the
Atlantic side of the island; the young are born in September or October,
usually in caves, but sometimes on open beaches.
10. Common SEAL. Phoca vitulina, Linnaeus.—Scharff informs me that
there is a specimen from Clare Island in the National Museum, Dublin.
A2
17 4 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
In accordance with the spirit of the Clare Island Survey it is expected:
that something should be said in this paper as to the origin of the Mammal--
fauna and its age on the island. An attempt has here been made to do so;
but it must be regarded as merely of a provisional nature. The serious
problems of the British fauna are now in commencement of being worked
out, and our ultimate view must depend on the results of investigations still
in progress. Further, these remarks must be regarded as based purely on
zoological data and without regard to geological conditions, other than as
required by a zoologist. I merely place on paper the geological conditions
which I conceive necessary in order to explain our Mammal-fauna. It is for
geologists to say if such conditions are possible.
Summarizing the above list, it will be seen that the island claims a fauna
of ten species, which may be arranged as follows :—
One volant species :—an unidentified Bat.
One aquatic species :—Otter.
Two marine species :—Grey and Common Seal.
Three introduced terrestrial species :—Rabbit, Irish Hare, Brown Rat.
One probably introduced terrestrial species :—House Mouse.
Two terrestrial species not known to have been introduced:—Pygmy Shrew
and Wood Mouse. Total, 10.
For the purposes of the present inquiry all the species, except the two
last, may be neglected, since the aquatic and marine mammals are, apart from
the influence of man, found everywhere on the neighbouring coasts, and are
not known to differ from the forms inhabiting Great Britain and continental
Europe.
The Pygmy Shrew and Wood Mouse are the only small mammals
undoubtedly native to Ireland, so that if any other small mammals were
present, they could only be of a species not represented in the Irish,
perhaps not even in the British fauna. There is no trace of any larger
member of the Irish Mammal-fauna having ever been found on Clare
Island. If any species was so, it has been exterminated and has left no
trace behind it.
The Pygmy Shrew and the Wood Mouse are exactly the species which
one would expect to find on a small islet, since they are probably the most
widely distributed of the smaller British mammals.
The Pygmy Shrew is found on Rathlin and Achill, and is the only
shrew of the Orkneys, Outer Hebrides, Isle of Man, and Lundy Island.
In the Inner Hebrides it is accompanied by the Common Shrew, and it is
present also on Anglesey, the Isle of Wight, and the Scilly Islands.
Clare Island Survey— Mammaha. 17 5
In spite of its wide distribution, comparatively few subspecies or local forms
have been described, so that it appears to be a form of low plasticity—so
lacking in plasticity im fact that it is represented in North America by a very
closely allied form, S. personatus.
Its wide distribution, its lack of plasticity, and the fact that the adult
wears a pelage corresponding to that of the juvenile Common Shrew point to
an ancient and primitive species. Its comparative rarity on the mainland of
Great Britain might be accounted for by its having been displaced by the
larger Common Shrew; but this latter suggestion can only be regarded as
supposition, and is not borne out by the facts at present available regarding
its history in past geological times; for it is known as a fossil in Britain
only from the latest pleistocene deposits (Ightham fissures). All other remains
of shrews belong to distinct species.
A fact which points to its having been a comparatively recent immigrant to
western Europe is that, although present in Skandinavia, it is not found in
Spain, having apparently not had time to cross the barrier formed by the
Pyrenees.
This fact, together with its smaller size, makes it necessary to note that
if is just the kind of mammal that might most easily have been introduced
to the numerous islets where it is now found. On the other hand, it is
extremely hardy, and capable of standing considerable quantities of frost and
snow, and, although it is very voracious, its minute size and unfastidious
appetite enable it to subsist in cold countries where larger animals would
starve.
There is, then, nothing to prevent this species having been one of the
oldest members of the Irish fauna, but there is no evidence to show in the
slightest degree how long it may have been so. But had it survived the
Glacial Period! in Clare Island, such long isolation in the narrow confines of
a small island might have been expected to have caused local differentiation
of at least subspecific value, even in an animal of admittedly low plasticity.
Wood Mice (genus Apodemus), although just the mammals that one would
expect to find accompanying the Pygmy Shrew on Clare Island, present some
totally different characteristics. Im the first place, they are even more
widely distributed, being found in Spain, north Africa, and on many of the
islands of the Mediterranean, such as Corsica and Sicily. In the north they
are common in southern and central Skandinavia, and in Britain they have
1 The term ‘‘ Glacial Period”’ is not here used in its older sense as indicating a long period of
variable frigidity removed from the present epoch by an immense gap of time. It is here applled
merely to a period of glaciation which occurred in quite recent geological times somewhere about the
end, if not at the actual termination, of the pleistocene Period.
i? 6 Proceedings of the Royal Trish Academy.
reached almost every islet, even the distant Shetlands and St. Kilda, where
shrews are unknown. They are represented in Iceland, but are absent from
America.
In the second place, they are much more plastic than the Pygmy Shrew.
They occur on the British mainland in two forms, and their representatives
in the Outer Hebrides, Fair Island, St. Kilda, the Shetlands and Iceland are
all distinguishable. The last is ttle known and the least differentiated, so
it may owe its position to introduction, as may also the Shetland stock,
which cannot be distinguished from that of the mainland. The three former
are more primitive in pelage than their representatives of the mainland, and
may be indigenous and are certainly of ancient standing.
In the third place, Wood Mice, except perhaps in tooth-structure, are less
primitive mammals than shrews; in other respects they represent a higher
grade of specialization and evolution, particularly in pelage, the ancestral
type of coat being relegated to the juvenile stages, and being completely cast
off by the adult.
The Wood Mice, then, are probably older in Britain than the Pygmy
Shrew. Like it, they are animals that one might suppose readily capable of
introduction. But, even if it could be demonstrated that they owe their
presence in St. Kilda and the Outer Hebrides to introduction, the differentia-
tion which they show in these localities must place the introductions at a very
distant date in the past.
They are hardy animals, but not so hardy as the Pygmy Shrew; their
diet is more restricted, being preponderatingly, though not exclusively,
vegetable, so that they would not so easily survive glacial conditions.
The supposition that Wood Mice are of ancient standing in Britain is
supported by the fact that their bones occur numerously in pleistocene
deposits, and even in the pliocene Forest Bed (West Runton). In Ireland their
bones were first found in Ballinamintra Cave, Co. Waterford (where they
were at first thought to be those of frogs), and, later, numerously in the
caves at Kesh, Co. Sligo, and in those of Co. Clare. In the last they occur in
all the strata; at Kesh they were in association with Arctic Lemmings
(Dicrostonyx). The Irish remains have never been critically examined, but
in England the bones of late pleistocene Wood Mice have been referred to
two forms. One of these resembles A. sy/vaticus of the present period. The
other is a supposed extinct species named A. lewisi; it bears a close re-
semblance, perhaps amounting to identity, to the Yellow-necked Mouse,
A, flavicollis, a subspecies of which, A. 7. wintoni, still exists sporadically in
England.
Applying the above facts to the Wood Mice of Clare Island, it is remark-
Clare Island Survey— Mammalia. 17, ¥¢
able that these specimens should be indistinguishable from the typical
A. sylvaticus of Ireland generally, and of Great Britain. This indicates that
Clare Island cannot have received its Wood Mice at a very remote period, or,
in other words, that the island has only recently been severed from the
mainland. Further, there is no evidence that the Irish stock of Wood Mice
are ancient. Had they existed in Ireland for any great length of time, they
would surely have exhibited marked local distinctions, which they do not.
One can only suppose, then, that the Wood Mouse of Ireland is of about the
same age in that country as that of England, and that in both cases the period
of entry was subsequent to the period of entry into the Outer Hebrides,
St. Kilda, and Fair Island. It is to be noted that the flavicollis stock is not
represented in Ireland, where is found only the smaller and more widely
distributed sylvaticus. If my argument be correct that the Wood Mice are
older in Britain than the Pygmy Shrew, and that the former are compara-
tively recent immigrants to Ireland (and southern England), it follows that
the Pygmy Shrew must be even more recent. Neither can have survived the
Glacial Period in Ireland. Neither can have been long isolated in Clare
Island. The mammals of that island point to its having been quite recently
severed from the mainland, or else they owe their presence there to
introduction. ‘
An objection may be raised that, the Wood Mice haying been un-
doubted members of the Irish late pleistocene fauna,? as shown by excavations
in Ivish caves, there is no reason why they should not have survived in
the country down to the present time, so that a few words on the
1 Even allowing for the fact that complete isolation in a small island might give rise to more
rapid differentiation.
*'This fauna is usually considered and called ‘arctic.’ I do not use that word, as I do not
recognize a purely arctic Mammal-fauna. ‘There is no evidence that the late pleistocene fauna was
of arctic origin; it was formerly widespread and characteristic of its own period in northern Europe,
and its first connexion with arctic conditions was the purely incidental one of extermination or
expulsion thereby. On the termination of the Glacial Period, the shattered remnant of the so-called
‘arctic ’ fauna encountered a new trial in the shape of the intlux of a number of newer and more
vigorous mammals, which treated it even less gently than had the ice. The remnant again retired
or was driven out, in this case mainly northwards, where it has become popularly associated with
aretic conditions. The mammals of the arctic regions are of two kinds, viz., outlying members of
strong, dominant groups, such as wolves, bears, and stoats, which are vigorous enough to exist in any
known climate, and members of weak groups surviving in the Arctic because of the lack of
competition there with stronger forms, which, for one reason or other, have not penetrated to the
Arctic. Such are the Arctic Fox, the Varying Hares, the Lemmings, Reindeer, and Musk Ox.
Eyentually such animals, after long sojourning in an atmosphere free from bacteria, become delicate,
and many, when transported south, find it difficult to resist the attacks of the organisms of such
diseases as pneumonia ; they may also become highly specialized to arctic conditions, an example of
which process is shown by the Greenland Hare, Boreolepus groenlandicus.
17 8 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
above fauna may not be out of place. The fauna consists of only a few
species, viz. :—
Mammoth, : : Hlephas primigentus.
Reindeer, ; : Rangifer.
Gigantic Irish Deer, . Alce giganteus}
bears . 5 Ursus.
Spotted Hyaena, 3 Hyaena crocuta.
Fox, Vulpes.
Arctic Fox, Vulpes alopex.
Wolf, : Canis.
Trish Hare (or similar form), Lepus.
Lemming, Lemmus.
Arctic Lemming,
Dicrostonyx, usually D. henseli, at
Hinton
D. guliemi probably occurs in
the Edenvale Cave of Co. Clare.
Wood Mouse, . : Apodemus ;
and possibly one or two living species also.”
informs me _ that
This was a very poor fauna as compared with that of England in similar
times, as represented in Ightham fissure, and there seems little doubt that
further discoveries are before us when other deposits have been investigated.
The main point to note is that the ranges of all its constituents, except the
Bear, Wolf (still successful types where not exterminated by man), Fox, and
Wood Mouse have in recent times become very much restricted. The
Mammoth and the Irish Deer* are extinct, the Reindeer, the Arctic Fox,
and the two Lemmings have retired to the polar lands; the Varying Hares
ought also to be placed in the latter category, although they have managed to
maintain isolated colonies in mountainous regions such as Scotland or the
Alps, or in islands such as Ireland. The Spotted Hyaena has retreated to
Africa, and only the Wood Mice remain widespread throughout Europe.
1 Alce, Blumenbach, 1799 ; Megaloceros, Brookes, 1828; Megaceros, Owen, 1844.
2 Bones of cats occur in recent strata of Irish caves, and have been identified by Scharff with the
North African Felis ocreata. But as the latter is only a sub-species of the European Wild Cat,
F. sylvestris, 1 cannot accept this identification, nor do I know how the bones of the North African
form of Wild Cat can be distinguished. I have unfortunately been, as yet, unable to examine the
Irish feline bones described by Scharff, and cannot, therefore, give any detailed opinion on them. If
they are not the bones of domestic animals, they probably represent a distinct Irish Cat, to which no
more appropriate name could be given than that of Felis scharfii.
$'The influence of man, who was undoubtedly a contemporary of at least the Irish Deer,
Reindeer, and Bear, and, by inference, of the whole fauna, must also be taken into account; but
there is a strong probability that man too became extinct with the other animals, as shown by the
gap between British neolithic and palaeolithic records.
Ciare Island Survey—Manmatia. 17 9
Tf one may hazard a conjecture as to the cause of the misfortunes which
have overtaken the late pleistocene mammalia, it seems hardly possible
to escape from the conclusion that they found the Glacial Period an
insurmountable catastrophe. The larger species—the Mammoth and the
Irish Deer—would starve first, their necessarily enormous supply of daily
food being cut off by the cold; the Hyaena must needs succumb to the
same fate as its victims. The remainder of the fauna was probably driven
south. On the retirement of the ice the various species would naturally have
re-occupied their lost territory, but were faced by the competition of more
modern and more vigorous forms—the Arctic Fox by the Red Fox; the
Reindeer by the Red Deer; the Varying Hares by the Brown Hares; the
Lemmings by numerous other smaller rodents. An additional factor in the
extermination of the Lemmings may have been the absence of the snow-
drifts, which must have been a great protection to them from carnivorous foes.
The constituents of the Irish Mammal-fauna afford another argument in
favour of the extermination wrought by the Glacial Period, for it is in Ireland,
of all countries, that, the modern fauna being poor and competition not keen,
we should expect survivals from the Glacial Age. In Ireland, if anywhere,
should still be found the Lemmings, of which Dicrostonyx actually appears in
the upper strata of more than one cave ; the Bear should have lingered on at
least into historical times ; yet there is no trace of either. It seems impossible
to escape the conclusion that the whole Mammal-fauna perished, or was driven
south, and that there was no unglaciated land south of Ireland to which it
could retire, and from which it would issue to re-occupy Ireland.
The case of the Wood Mice has already been fully discussed. It may
be as well to examine a little more closely, from an all-Iveland point of view,
1The possibility of mammals surviving the Glacial Period does not depend directly on climate or
eyen on a regular food-supply, but purely on the presence of vegetation. Vegetation implies an area
of snowless land exposed to sunshine during a summer, however brief ; it lies safe from frost under
the snows of winter. Small rodents, such as Lemmings, can exist wherever there is vegetation.
They do not even find it necessary to hibernate in winter, but burrow safely beneath the snow in
search of their food. Wherever the rodents are fairly numerous, a small carnivore, e.g., a Stoat or
Weasel, can find a subsistence on them ; and if the vegetation be robust enough, another pair of linked
rodent and carnivore, hare and fox, becomes possible. They are still sheltered by the snow ; but being
unable to burrow for their food, the rodents must scratch for it in places where the snow is not too
thick—an essential condition ; and the carnivore obtains in summer a rich diet of berries and of birds
and their eggs. A further linked pair, in this case a ruminant and carnivore, is the Reindeer (or Musk
Ox) and the Wolf; but the greater size of the ruminant now requires more specialized conditions
of vegetation. Cold water maintains a teeming population of fish and vertebrates, and marine carnivores
are possible as long as any open water (or access to it) exists, and a large terrestrial carnivore (Bear) to
prey on them, with, in summer also, a mixed diet of fish and vegetables, hibernating in winter
becomes at once possible. ‘Thus far is easy and intelligible, and these conditions may be seen in
modern Greenland ; but the presence of an Elephant, requiring large quantities of food, would not be
possible under strict arctic conditions, and necessitates a forest or other sonrce of ample food-supply ;
but here again the laying on of much superfluous fat in summer would lessen the difficulties of winter.
R.I.A. PROC., VOL. XXXI, B 17
7-10 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
the other member of our present fauna which had representatives in the
Pleistocene ¢.g., the Irish Hare. This Hare and the Ivish Stoat (which is not
proved to have been of pleistocene age, though it probably is so) are our
sole peculiar mammals, and these two of all pleistocene species are the most
likely to have survived the Glacial Epoch, and undoubtedly appear to be the
oldest members of our fauna. Of the two, the Irish Stoat is absolutely
peculiar, and represents a stock of long-standing existence in the country. The
Hare, while also peculiar, is closely allied to the extinct pleistocene hare of
south England, Hinton’s Hare (Zepus anglicus), rather than to the true
L. timidus of Norway, or its Scottish representative, LZ. timidus seoticus.
The Irish Stoat is the most mysterious of all our mammals, because,
although if is a peculiar species, and therefore necessarily of considerable age
in Ireland (as stated above), a stoat has not been definitely proved to be a
member of the Irish pleistocene fauna. Remembering that stoats are very
plastic animals, it may be well not to particularize too much about its
history, and to be content to regard it as with the Hare one of our oldest
Mammals.
The close resemblance between the Irish Hare and Hinton’s Hare suggests
a recent connexion between Ireland and England; and it is along this
connexion that our post-Glacial mammals may be supposed to have reached
the country. All these (except the stoat) are identical with the corresponding
forms found in England, and therefore date from the same period as the English
forms, and came to us from England. They must have come to us very
recently, or they would have had time to have become distinct; and the re-
stricted distribution of some of them, such as Natterer’s, Daubenton’s, and the
Whiskered Bats (which may, however, have arrived since the bridge was cut
off), if it does not merely indicate our ignorance, suggests that these may have
not yet had time to occupy the whole country. Before or soon after the
termination of the connexion the climate must have been at least as mild asat
present—at any rate, at the time of immigration of such southern forms
as the Lesser Horseshoe Bat and Leisler’s Bat, the restricted distribution of
the former of which, and probably also of the latter, may be regarded as due
to delicacy of constitution. The connexion of Ireland with England seems to
have been more recent than that of England with the Continent, since all
our Irish mammals, with the one exception mentioned above, are identical
with those of England, whereas many English mammals are distinguishable
from those of the neighbouring Continent. There may have been a second
and more recent connexion between England and the Continent, whereby
some of the English species, not known in Ireland, such as the Brown Hare,
Harvest Mouse, and Dormouse, reached that country.
Olare Island Survey—Mammnalia. Mize ill
That Ireland is, with the exception of its Hare and Stoat, faunistically
more recent than Great Britain, is shown by the absence of peculiar isolated
local forms, such as are found in several parts of Great Britain, more especially
in the north.. I may cite particularly the Skomer Mouse, the Hebridean
and Fair Island Wood Mice, the Jura and Islay Stoat, the two species
of St. Kilda Mice, and the Orkney Mice. There is nothing in the least
approaching the position of these isolated forms in Ireland. The Skomer
Mouse is peculiarly interesting for our present purposes, because it has a
near relative (Z. caesarius) in the Channel Islands, suggesting that its ancestors
formerly inhabited a continuous tract of country stretching from Pembroke-
shire to France. Remains of another member of the same group have been
found in the Ightham fissures in Kent, and it was one of the late pleistocene
mammals of Britain. It is to the area bounded or roughly marked out by Skomer
Island, Ightham, and Jersey, rather than to any region lying south of Ireland,
that we may look for the survival of our pre-glacial mammals. This is both a far
more extensive and more southern region than any portion of peripheral Ireland
within the 50-fathom line; it requires less elevation to bring it into existence ;
it affords easy connexions with continental Hurope at an elevation of less than
300 feet, at which elevation the south of Ireland would still be isolated from
England; and it les well clear of the southern limit of the maximum English
glaciation, which did not overrun the Thames valley, whereas Ireland was
heavily glaciated right down to the limits of its present southern and south-
western coast-line.
If at the same time as dry land stretched from Skomer to the coast of
France, there was also, as there would be with a similar elevation, a bridge
across the shallowest part of the Irish Sea between Bardsey Island and
Wicklow, with a wide expanse of marshes and forest bordering a central
narrow strait a few miles wide running thence south to the Atlantic through
the present St. George’s Channel, then the extreme narrowness, and marshy
nature of the connexion, would account for the fact that many of the English
mammals failed to reach Ireland. Those that did reach Ireland—the Fox,
Wolf, Badger, Marten, and Otter, the Red Deer (and, perhaps, Wild Boar)—
are amongst the hardiest and widest-ranging species known to us, and it is
easier to account for their presence than their absence. Of the numerous
forms which did not reach Iveland, besides those which were impeded by the
forests and marshes, others must have only recently crossed to England ; and
the narrow bridge was finally closed before the latest arrivals had time to
find it. If a similar bridge existed contemporaneously between Malin Head
and Islay, it must have been impassable, as there are no close relationships
between the Irish mammal-fauna and that of Scotland. On the other hand, the
B2
i t2 Proceedings of the Royal Trish Academy.
various peculiar Scottish forms of archaic or Norwegian relationship which are
found isolated in islands in several parts of the area suggest a wide expanse of
land of ancient duration stretching from the outer Hebrides to Skandinavia,
but not including Shetland; in fact, they form the oldest part of the British
fauna. Here, if at any place north of the Thames valley, survivals of the pre-
glacial fauna seem to have been possible, and may thus account for the presence
of the Orkney Mice, the ancestor of which, JZ. corneri, accompanied those of
the Skomer Mouse in the late Pleistocene of Ightham, and are represented
to-day by J sarnius in the Channel Islands. It may possibly account for
the “ Exiled” Vole-mouse of the Outer Hebrides, IW. agrestis exsul, which has
its nearest ally in Skandinavia, as well as for the close relationship of Zepus
timidus of Skandinavia with ZL. timidus scoticus of Scotland.!
A study of the late English pleistocene mammals shows that the process
of extinction was not confined to Ireland. For instance, of eight microtines
found fossil at Ightham, not a single form is now living on the same ground.
More than one are quite extinct, and the remainder are dispersed far and
wide, a striking testimony to the severity of the Glacial Epoch, and also a
reminder to us that the fact of a species having been found in any particular
deposit within the area of its modern distribution is no proof that it has
existed on those grounds throughout the intervening period. Nothing is
more certain than that with the changing of environments species and whole
faunas must have waxed, waned, and vanished, to reappear in new forms
and conditions on the return of more favourable environments.
SUMMARY.
There are no indications that the Mammal-fauna of Clare Island is
ancient as compared with that of Iveland, or that the island itself has
long been severed from the mainland.
The earliest known Irish mammals belong to a late pleistocene horizon
corresponding to that of Izhtham fissure, Kent, but much poorer. This poverty
probably indicates imperfect knowledge.
The members of this fauna became extinct in Iveland, probably in
consequence of a recent Glacial Period.
The present fauna is, with the exception of the peculiar Stoat, an im-
poverished edition of that of southern England from which it was derived,
and not from that of continental Europe or Scotland. It could not therefore,
as a whole, have survived the Glacial Period in Ireland, and it is suggested
1 There may also be in Norway a second form of ZL, timidus, the relationships and status of which
have not yet been made clear,
Clure Island Survey—Mammatia. eel
that even the peculiar Irish Hare, which is, with the Ivish Stoat, the oldest
member of our fauna, existed during the glaciation in a region now occupied
by the present English Channel.
The Ivish Stoat, Irish Hare, and other Mammals probably made their entry
into Ireland from England across a narrow land-bridge lying between Bardsey
Island and Wicklow at some time subsequent to their arrival in England from
the Continent.
This bridge was of short duration, and was not discovered by all the
English mammals, some of which reached the south of England, perhaps by
a second continental land-bridge, in such a recent period as not yet to have
had time to spread over the whole country.
There may have been a region of survival in the north and west of Scotland
with a greatly increased land area extending to continental Europe some-
where north of the Dogger Bank. This area may have been cut off for a time
from parts of England, as shown by the fact that in some cases the mammals
inhabiting it are subspecifically distinct from those of southern England
(e.g. the genus Wierotus), A barrier appears to have cut off Scotland also from
Treland, with which its fauna has no connexion. Thus Scotland may have been
an important centre of survival, and, having regard to its greater proximity to
the sea, its climate must certainly have been milder than that of Skandinavia,
so that the suggestion that the movement of mammals was from Scotland
to Skandinavia and not in the reverse direction is quite worthy of serious
consideration.
NOTE ON A SUPPOSED AMERICAN FACIES OF THE IRISH MAMMAL-FAUNA.
A number of indigenous Irish Mammals are represented in North America,
the following thirteen living or extinct genera being certainly common to
both countries :—Sorex, Myotis, Pipistrellus, Lepus, Vulpes, Canis, Ursus,
Martes, Mustela, Lutra, Cervus, Rangifer, Elephas. Two Irish genera
are, in addition, represented by closely allied genera in North America,
e.g. Plecotus by Corynorhinus (very closely allied), and Meles by Taxidea.
I have not put down the corresponding Irish and North American species,
inasmuch as a detailed comparison of them has yet to be made. They
undoubtedly vary in the closeness of their affinities; but one or two at
least, e.g., Sorex minutus and the North American S. richardsont, also Myotis
daubentont and the North American J. carissima, are very closely related
indeed.
An attempt has sometimes been made to account for the relationships
between the two faunas by a recent land-bridge across the Atlantic; but it
R.IAs PROC., VOL. XXX1. C 17
lly Vk Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
seems simpler to regard the common genera as widespread types formerly
inhabiting the whole area between Ireland (eastwards) and New York, and
intermingling in the New and Old Worlds by means of a bridge across the
Pacific Ocean at or near Bering Sea. Such a bridge is easier to imagine than
one across the Atlantic; and in fact we find on examination that all the above
genera, excepting only Elephas, are of cireumpolar distribution in the above
area, and there is a strong probability that Elephas also will prove to be so.
A point telling against the Atlantic land-bridge is that England has actually
more mammals of American type than Ireland, and western Europe even
more than England ; also that some of our commonest types, e.g., all the true
Muridae, have never reached America. Apodemus (Wood-Mouse) is found in
many British deposits from pliocene to late pleistocene times (Forest Bed to
Ightham), and would surely have been one of the first forms to utilize a land-
bridge enabling it to reach North America. There seems no need, then, to
suppose that our present Mammal-fauna owes any of its features to a recent
land-bridge extending to America. The influence of earlier land-bridges,
though they may still be evident in the distribution of invertebrates and
plants, is no longer traceable in mammals.
Clare Island Survey.
18
REPTILIA AND AMPHIBIA.
By R. F. SCHARFF, Ph. D., B. Se.
Read Junz 24; Published Serremner 4, 1912.
=)
REPTILIA.
Iv is a well-known fact that only a single species of reptile is native to
Ireland. No discoveries in that group of animals were therefore to be
expected in Clare Island. All that could be hoped from the Survey was to
definitely ascertain whether this solitary Ivish reptile—the Common Lizard
(Lacerta vivipara) inhabited Clare Island as well as the adjoining mainland.
In recording the capture of three specimens on Clare Island it is satisfactory
to note the Lizard’s occurrence on this western outpost of Europe. The first
specimen was taken by Mr. Praeger on high ground among heather on the
slopes of Croaghmore about 500 feet above sea-level. The two others were
discovered at Portlea, not far from the sea-shore—one by Dr. Chaster, the
second by Dr. Patten.
Dr. Leighton’s' statement that the Lizard is somewhat local and irregular
in its Irish distribution is, I feel sure, incorrect. William Thompson’s’ verdict
that it is common throughout Iveland in suitable localities is nearer the
mark. It is undoubtedly indigenous to the country, and probably owes its
survival from the past to the fact that it is a viviparous species, and is not
dependent, like most reptiles, on the heat of the sun’s rays to bring forth its
young.
No one has ever suggested the possibility of the Lizard being a
comparatively recent introduction. And yet, in spite of its being an old-
established native, it is curious that there is no name in the Irish language
for Lizard. If a Lizard is shown to a Gaelic speaker, he calls it an “eoyic
Luaco,” but that is the name for the Newt; and it seems evident that the
ancient Irish, as so many people do even nowadays, confounded these two
animals, which, though externally somewhat similar in appearance, belong to
entirely different classes of the Animal Kingdom.
i Leighton, G. R.: ‘‘ The life-history of the British Lizards,” Edinburgh. 1903.
2 Thompson, W.: ‘ Natural History of Ireland,’’ vol, iy. 1806.
R1.A., PROC. VOL. XXXT. A 18
18 2 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
In order to trace the existence of any minor structural differences between
these three Clare Island Lizards and those of the mainland, I compared very
carefully all the specimens contained in the Irish National Museum, and
noticed that in many of them there was only a single loreal scale on the head
Loreal
Nasal
Supranasal
Nostril_ <a
Rastral- Peet J
SF 8:
Lower labials
Fig. 1 (x 2).
(fig. 1). The normal condition in Lacerta vivipara, according to Dr. Boulensen :
Upper labials
is the presence of an anterior loreal in contact with the fronto-nasal scale as
well as that of a posterior loreal.
Yet the scale-structure referred to is not constant in Ivish Lizards. Out
of twenty Irish specimens in the National Museum one-half possess but a
single loreal scale. One of the Clare Island Lizards has two loreals, the other
has only one. Thus it seems evident that no reliance can be placed on this
feature as a peculiarly Irish character. ‘There is, moreover,a Common Lizard
from the Rigi Mountain in Switzerland in the Museum which exhibits
the same scale-structure, while Dr. Boulenger was able to show me in the
British Museum a number of other Continental specimens which had the
same peculiarity. There seems to be no constant character by means of which
lvish specimens of the Common Lizard cau be discriminated from British or
Continental ones. Throughout its vast range, from Saghalien, off the east
coast of Siberia, across northern Asia, northern and central Europe, this
Lizard remains perfectly constant in its specific characters, although exposed
to the greatest diversity of climate.
As regards size, [rish specimens of this Lizard vary between 105 mm. and
154 mm. in length, that is to say,from 4 to 6 inches, the females being the
largest. This sexual difference in size agrees with Dr. Boulenger’s observation,
whereas Dr. Bedriaga’ gives the total length as varying between 109 mm. and
140 mm. Dr. Boulenger’s measurements, on the other hand, considerably
exceed those of the Irish specimens which I have seen.
The localities nearest Clare Island on the mainland from which the Lizard
has been recorded are Belmullet and Roundstone ; but I have no doubt that
it occurs all over Mayo in suitable places, including Achill Island.
z Bouleumet (Gis Ale Guains of Lizards in the British Musuem,” vol. iii, p. 24. 1887.
* Bedriaga, J. yon: eres zur Kenntniss der Lacertilienfamilie. Abhandl. d. Senckenberg.
Naturt. Gesellsch., vol. xiv. 1856.
Clare Island Survey—Reptilia and Amphibia. 18 3
As regards the problem which particularly concerns us here, namely, the
manner in which the Lizard reached Clare Island, there are only two possible
explanations. It may have been transported accidentally either by man or
by means of a floating raft of turf, &c., or it may have colonized the island in
the normal manner by slow progression on land at a time when Clare Island
was still joined to the mainland.
Accidental dispersal through human intervention in this case seems very
improbable, because, even if the extremely unlikely event should have
happened once that a Lizard had secreted itself among household goods, and
had thus been conveyed to the shore, it would probably have made its escape
when the goods were being transferred to the boat. Accidental dispersal by
wind is out of the question. Although the Lizard is said to be a good
swimmer, taking readily to water, it is inconceivable that it should be able to
swim across the channel of three miles which separates Clare Island from the
mainland.
If the Lizard had reached the island by means of accidental causes, it
must have done so with the aid of a raft. Rafts of turf and sods might be a
possible means of conveyance. Yet, when we consider the problem in that
light, we realize how such a floating island soaked in brine would be buffeted
about and covered with salt spray long before being finally cast adrift, and
ultimately conveyed by the receding tide to some cross-current flowing
towards the island, where the difficulty of landing would have to be gone
through. Moreover, a single Lizard thus transported would not populate the
island unless it had been a gravid female.
Thus, although theoretically the accidental dispersal of a Lizard to Clare
Island is not impossible, it is so extremely improbable that a former land-
connexion is almost a necessity. We may even consider the presence of the
Lizard on Clare Island as distinctly a pot in favour of the theory that the
fauna of the island owes its existence principally to the presence of a former
land-connexion with the mainland.
AMPHIBIA.
Taree different kinds of Amphibians are known to inhabit Ireland, namely, a
Newt, a Toad, and a Frog. The Toad (Bufo calamita) has a very restricted
range in the extreme south-west of Ireland. Only the two other species have
a wide distribution, the Frog (Rana temporaria) occurring plentifwlly on
Achill Island. Mr. Stelfox informs me that, when he visited Slievemore on
Achill in August, he met with thousands of young frogs in a little lake at a
height of 850 feet above sea-level. I merely mention this fact because it has
18 4 Proceedings of the Royal Trish Academy.
been alleged that the Frog is a comparatively recent introduction into Ireland,
and that it has spread rapidly across the country from its new centre of
dispersal. J have always maintained that it was a true native in the Irish
fauna. Its remains occur in great abundance in the Irish caves mixed with
those of extinct animals, while the story of its supposed introduction is by no
means clear, as I have pointed out in the “ Irish Naturalist.”
The fact that the Frog is absent from Clare Island as well as from Inish-
turk and Inishbofin might lend credence to the view of its recent introduction
to the mainland. But the explanation of its absence is probably of quite a
different nature.
The Frog abounds in the mainland district included in the Clare Island
Survey, as it does everywhere in the western counties of Ireland ; and it agrees
with the Lizard im not possessing any distinctively Irish characters.
The Lrish Newt (Molge vulgaris) has been recorded from almost everywhere
in Ireland, except, strange to say, from the district of the Survey ; but there
ean be no doubt of its occurrence there on the mainland, and probably also in
Achill. It is absent, as I remarked above, from Clare Island, Inishturk, and
Tnishbofin.
The total absence of Amphibians from Clare Island and the other islands
is significant. Why should the Frog inhabit Achill and not Clare Island ?
The theory of the recent introduction into Iveland of the Frog would supply
us with an answer, but so would many other hypotheses. If we supposed, for
instance, that the west coast had been submerged for a certain depth beneath
sea-level, all the usual breeding haunts of Amphibians might have been
destroyed on many of the islands, thus impoverishing the aquatic fauna in
certain areas. Questions of that kind must be considered when the faunistic
results, as a whole, can be taken into account.
1 Scharff, R. F.: ‘Is the Frog a native of Ireland?’’. Irish Naturalist, vol. ii.
Clare Island Survey.
19.
PISCES.
By GEORGE P. FARRAN.
Read June 24. Published SrpremBer 4, 1912.
TuE following list of the fishes of Clare Island and Clew Bay is based, as
regards shore-forms, on specimens collected by members of the various
expeditions to the island, and, as regards the deeper water species, on the
Fisheries records of the cruiser “ Helga,” which, at different times, made hauls
of the trawl and dredge in the neighbourhood. Some notes on the fishes
of the island, kindly supplied by Mr. McCabe of the Clare Island hotel, have
also been incorporated in the list. No work was done at the fresh-water
fishes of the mainland, which accounts for the absence from the list of some
familiar species.
The shores of Clare Island, consisting mainly of rocks with a small propor-
tion of boulder-beach and sand, have a rather scanty fish fauna; but the
shores of the mainland and of the smaller islands, where they have been
examined, as at Annagh Island near Westport, seem to harbour a larger
number of species. The area which is available for trawling lies to the north
and north-east of Clare Island, where a stretch of clean sand occupies nearly
the whole of the north entrance to Clew Bay, extending eastwards as far as
Mulranny. The rest of the bay, between Clare Island and the smaller islands,
and the ground outside Clare Island, is rocky or beset with large stones, and
unsuitable for trawling.
The present list is manifestly an incomplete one; and it is probable that
a number of species would be added if the shallow water and Zostera beds
amongst the islands were explored with fine-meshed nets. In order to make
up for this deficiency, the names of common west-coast fishes which are ound
at Blacksod Bay, to the north, and at Ballynakill Harbour and Inishbofin, to
the south, have been inserted in brackets when there is no reason for
supposing them to be absent from Clew Bay. The list, however, must
not be regarded as exhaustive as regards either Blacksod or Ballynakill and
Bofin.
R.I.A. PROC., VOL. XXXI. A 19
19 2 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
The list includes a few species of interest,among which may be mentioned
Gobius scorpioides Collett, the smallest of British fishes, for which the only
previous records were Falmouth (one specimen), off the Eddystone, Ballynakill,
and off Cleggan Head in Galway, and Nerophis ophidion, a species which has,
probably, often been mistaken for the much commoner WN. aequoreus.
TELEOSTEIL.
[Cottus scorpius L.—Occurs frequently at Ballynakill and Bofin, but not yet
recorded from Clew Bay.]
Cottus bubalis Euph. FarHer LasHer—Common on the shores of Clare I.
and the smaller islands in Clew Bay, and sometimes dredged in shallow
water.
Trigla cuculus I. RED GURNARD.—Occurs frequently on the trawling-
grounds to the north-east of Clare Island.
Trigla hirundo L. SAPPHIRINE or TuB GuRNARD.—Usually present in very
small numbers on the trawling-grounds.
Trigla gurnardus L. Grey GURNARD, Noup.—Abundant on the trawling-
grounds.
Agonus cataphractus (L.). Poccr.—Only taken on a few occasions, but
probably common throughout Clew Bay.
Lophius piscatorius L, ANGLER.—Once trawled in Clew Bay.
[Trachinus vipera Cuv. and Val. LessER WEAVER, STING-FISH.—Frequent on
sandy beaches at Ballynakill and Bofin, but not yet recorded from
Clew Bay.]
Scomber scomber , MAcCKEREL,—The large spawning or “spring” fish are
caught in April and May, usually by means of trains of drift-nets fished
some miles to seaward of Clare Island. The smaller “harvest” fish are
fished for from June till the end of the year. They are taken either on
hand-lines or in drift-nets, which are generally fished close to shore.
Caranx trachurus (L.), Scap, Horse Mackeren.—Taken in large numbers in
the herring and mackerel nets, and on lines,
Zeus faber L, Joun Dory.—Frequently taken by the islanders when line-
fishing. Small specimens are occasionally trawled in Clew Bay.
Gobius niger L. BuLack Gosy,—Inishgowla, one. Common at Ballynakill
and Bofin,
fiobius paganellus Gm. Rock Gosy.—Annagh I., one. Both this and the
preceding species are plentiful at Ballynakill and Blacksod, and would
probably be found to be common in Clew Bay if looked for between tide-
marks in spring.
Clare Island Survey— Pisces. 19 3
G obius pictus Malm.—Common at Ballynakill and Bofin, but not yet recorded
from Clew Bay.
Gobius scorpioides Collett.—A single specimen of this, the smallest of British
fishes, was dredged in Jnishlyre Harbour, Clew Bay, in May,1909. ‘This
capture is of interest as being an extension of its little-known range in the
British Isles, the previously recorded localities being Falmouth, one
specimen ; deep water off the Eddystone lighthouse, two specimens ;
30 miles off Cleggan Head, Co. Galway, one specimen; and Ballynakill,
Co. Galway, several specimens. It is also known from Norway and
Finisterre. It was taken at a depth of 5 fathoms on a bottom covered
with dead shells and small stones, very similar to the ground which it
frequents at Ballynakill.
Gobius minutus L. Common Gopy, FRECKLED Gopy.—Taken occasionally in
different parts of Clew Bay.
Gobius Ruthensparri Euphras. Sporrep Gopy.—A few were dredged near
Inishlyre, and one at Annagh I.
Cr ystallogobius Nilssonii (Dtib. and Kor.).— Young specimens have been taken
on afew occasions round Clare J. in mid-water nets. Itis probably common.
Callionymus lyra L. Draconet.—Recorded from Inishlyre, and trawled a few
times in Clew Bay. Though probably not uncommon, it appears to be
much seareer than on the east coast of Ireland.
[Cyclopterus lumpus L. LumpsucKker.— Not uncommon at Ballynakill, but not
'- yet recorded from Clew Bay.]
Liparis Montagui (Donovan).—Once dredged off Clare I.
Lepadogaster Gouani Lacep. —Shore-collecting, Clare I., two specimens.
[Lepadogaster Decandollii Risso.—Ballynakill and Blacksod, scarce. Not yet
recorded from Clew Bay. |]
Lepadogaster bimaculatus (Donovan). Two-spoTtrp SucKER.—Several have
been dredged amongst the islands of Clew Bay.
Blennius gattorugine Bloch.—A small specimen was dredged in Inishgowla Roads.
Blennius galerita L. (Blennius Montagui Flem.). Monracu’s BLENNY.—Shore-
collecting, Clare I., one.
[Blennius ocellaris L. Burrerriy BLENNY.—Ballynakill and Blacksod, not
uncommon. Not yet recorded from Clew Bay. |
Blennius pholis L. SHANNy.—Common amongst rocks and stones between
tide-marks on the shores of Clare I.
Centronotus gunnellus (L.). GUNNEL, BUTTERFISH, PETER-NINE-EYES.—Common
on the shores of Clare I. and the other islands in Clew Bay.
[Atherina presbyter Jen. ATHERINE, SMELT.—Ballynakill and Bofin, common.
Not yet recorded from Clew Bay. }
19 4 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
Mugil chelo Cuv. Grey MuLLET.—Said to be common.
Gasterosteus spinachia L. SmA-STICKLEBACK.—Only twice recorded, but is
probably common.
Labrus maculatus, Bloch. BaLLAN WrassE, CoNNER, Bream.—Caught on
lines in great numbers by the Clare Island men and split and dried for
food. The local name is “ Conner.”
[Labrus mixtus L.—Frequent on the west coast of Ireland, and, though not
yet recorded from Clew Bay, probably occurs there. ]
Crenilabrus melops (L.).—One dredged off Cloughcormick Buoy, Clew Bay.
Probably common.
[Ctenolabrus rupestris (L.).—Common at Ballynakill and Blacksod and,
doubtless, also in Clew Bay.]
Centrolabrus exoletus (I..).—One dredged off Inishgort, 7-10 fms.
Gadus morrhua L. Cop.—Frequent.
Gadus aeglefinus L. Happock.—Only one specimen was taken by the
“Helga” when trawling in Clew Bay. It is locally reported, however,
to be common.
[Gadus luscus (Willughby). Bris, Pour.—Occurs in small numbers at
Ballynakill. Not yet recorded from Clew Bay.]
[Gadus minutus lL.—Taken occasionally at Ballynakill and Bofin. Not yet
recorded from Clew Bay.]
Gadus merlangus L. Wuitinc.—Very common in Clew Bay.
Gadus virens. CoAL-FrisH, BLack PoLLAck; KiLLIG (young).—Clew Bay,
caught on lines. Young at Inishlyre (R.D.S. Survey).
Gadus pollachius L. Potitack.—Clew Bay (R.D.S. Survey). Said locally to
be common,
Merluccius vulgaris Cuv. Haxr.—Scarce.
Molva molva L. Linc.—Common.
[Motella mustela L. FivE-BEARDED RockLINGc.—Common between tide-marks
at Ballynakill and Blacksod, and probably also Clew Bay.]
Motella tricirrata Bloch. THREE-BEARDED Rockiinc.—Annagh I., one.
Probably common.
Ammodytes lanceolatus Lesauv. Lesser Sanp-EHEL—/)Sand-eels are some-
Ammodytes tobianus L. GreaTER SAND-EEL.— times caught in large
numbers, of all sizes, on Clare I. strand, but no specimen could be obtained
for examination. Probably both the above species are represented.
Hippoglossus vulgaris Flem. HAtiButT.—Scarce,
Rhombus maximus (L.). Tursor.—Large specimens are frequently trawled in
Clew Bay.
Rhombus laevis Rondel. Britt.—Frequently trawled in Clew Bay.
Clare Island Survey— Pisces. LORS
Zeugopterus punctatus (Bloch).—Occurs at Ballynakill and Blacksod, but not
yet recorded from Clew Bay.
Arnoglossus laterna (Walb.).—Occasionally trawled in Clew Bay.
Arnoglossus Grohmanni (Bonap.).—Once trawled in Clew Bay.
Pleuronectes platessa L. PLAICE.—Common in Clew Bay.
Pleuronectes microcephalus Donov. Lemon Das, Lemon SoLE.—Not common.
Pleuronectes limanda L. Das.—Very common in Clew Bay.
Pleuronectes flesus L. FLOUNDER.—No specimens were obtained by the
“Helga,” but it probably occurs.
Solea vulgaris Quesn. Buack Soite.— Trawled in Clew Bay, but not
common.
Solea lascaris (Risso).—Occasionally trawled in Clew Bay.
Solea lutea (Risso). SOLENETTE.—Found occasionally, but apparently not
common.
Salmo salar L. Satmon.—The Burrishoole and Newport rivers, flowing into
the north-east corner of Clew Bay, are well known as salmon rivers.
Salmo trutta 1. Wuire Trout.—Frequent in the rivers and lakes on the
mainland.
Salmo fario L. Brown Trour.—Occurs in some of the streams on Clare I.
Common on the mainland.
Belone vulgaris (Willughby).) Both these species are occasionally taken in the
Scombresox saurus (Walb.). Shae nets off Clare I.
Clupea harengus L. HeERrinc.—Often caught in large numbers at the end of
September. Nets are stretched round the shoal in Clew Bay, and the
fish are caught in a separate net let down across the circle then formed,
which is shot and drawn until the whole shoal is captured.
Clupea sprattus L. Sprat.—Common throughout the district.
Anguilla vulgaris ‘Turton. Common ErL.—Small specimens may be taken in
the streams on Clare I.
Conger vulgaris Cuv. ConcER-EEL.—Common; fished for by the Clare
Islanders.
[Siphonostoma typhle (L.).—Occurs in Ballynakill and Blacksod. Not yet
recorded from Clew Bay.]
Syngnathus acus L. Common PIpg-risH.—One on the shore of Clare Island.
One at Inishlyre.
Syngnathus rostellatus Nilss, Lesser Pire-risH.—Ballynakill and Blacksod,
frequent. Not yet recorded from Clew Bay.
Nerophis aequoreus (L.).—Shore-collecting, Clare I.
[Nerophis ophidion (L.)—Occurs in Zostera beds at Ballynakill and Blacksod,
and probably also in Clew Bay.]
R.I-A. PROC., VOL. XXXI. B 19
19 6 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
Nerophis lumbriciformis (Yarrell). Worm PIPE-FrIsH—Common on the shores
of Clare I. and throughout Clew Bay.
Orthagoriscus mola (L.). SUNFISH.—Sometimes seen round Clare I. A
specimen from Achill is in the National Museum, Dublin.
ELASMOBRANCHI.
Carcharias glaucus (Rondel.). BLUE SHARK. All these are oc-
_Galeus vulgaris (Flem.). Tors. | casionally taken
Mustelus vulgaris (Mill. and Henle). Smoorn Hounp. ; in the mackerel
Lamna cornubica (Gm.). PORBEAGLE. | nets.
Selache maxima (Gunn). BaskinGc SHARK.—Frequently seen off Clare I. in
autumn. Often locally termed “sunfish.”
Scyllium canicula (L.). Roucu Doc, Sporrep DocrisH.i—Common in Clew
Bay.
[Scyllium catulus (Cuy.). Lesser-SporreD DocrisH.—Blacksod and Ballynakill
scarce. Probably occurs also in Clew Bay.]
Acanthias vulgaris Risso. Spur-poG, PIkED DoGrisH.—Common. It is at
times very abundant, and does considerable damage both to the mackerel
nets and to the enmeshed fish.
Rhina squatina (L.). ANGEL FisH.— Taken occasionally in Clew Bay.
Raia batis L. Common SkaTE—Clew Bay (R.D.S. Survey) ; scarce.
Raia clavata L. RoucH Ray.—Clew Bay; common. A variety with
conspicuous spines on the underside sometimes occurs.
Raia maculata Montagu. SporrmeD Ray, HoMELyN Ray.—Clew Bay; very
common.
Raia blanda Holt and Calderwood.—Clew Bay ; common.
Raia naevius Mill. and Henle. Cuckoo Ray.—Clew Bay; occasionally
taken.
Clare Island Survey.
20
AVES.
By R. J. USSHER.
Puates I-V.
Read May 138; Published Juty 9, 1912.
CONTENTS.
PAGE PAGE
1. Preface, 1 Nomenclature, . 0 : i)
2. Introduction, 1 Lists, . 5 : 5 5
Area, ‘ 1 3. List of species, F é : 6
Dispersal of seeds and migration, 3 4. Comparative table, . : . 46
Field-work, 4 5. Summary, . : 0 ; 53
Fauna, 5 6. Bibliography, : ; 5 54
IL—PREFACH.
In this Report I write as one among several observers and as compiler of our
joint observations, coupled with records from every available source. I was
supplied by Professor C. J. Patten with voluminous field-notes of five visits to
Clare Island, and with many skins and photographs taken there by him; by
Mr. N. H. Foster with tabulated lists of his observations, both on the island
and mainland ; and by Mr. R. M. Barrington with observations and specimens,
and schedules of light-keepers. I have, moreover, to thank the last-named
for constant advice and assistance in the preparation and revision of the
manuscript. Some of Mr. Welch’s beautiful photographs, taken for the
Survey Committee, enhance the value of the present report; and I have
to thank the several gentlemen named under the head of “ Field-work”
for fillimg up schedules at my request, and Mr. H. Blake Knox for his
photograph of the Snowy Owl.
I1.—INTRODUCTION.
AREA.
In dealing with the birds of the Clare Island district the problems of
isolation presented by the more sedentary organisms do not arise. As
the distance across the channel is only three miles, all birds can pass
readily from Clare Island to the mainland, and vice versa; and though a
R, J. A. PROC., VOL. XXX. A 20
20 2. Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
few land-birds are resident on the former, their characteristics are those of a
part or the whole of Ireland and not of the island, which is but a point in
their range; its bird-life partakes in the seasonal movements and character
of the west coast avifauna, which can only be understood by the study of an
extended coast-line, such as that from Mrris Head to Slyne Head. Even this
will need comparison with the coasts of Donegal and Kerry, or other
portions of the western littoral.
The west coast of Ireland has not been treated of separately by
ornithologists, but it offers features of its own. It is out of the over-sea
track of most passerme migrants, though some rare stragglers, like the
Wood Wren and Crossbill, have reached Black Rock, Mayo; flocks of
land-birds, however, visit the islands in winter, especially in frost and snow,
and some summer migrants breed there.
The west coast, and especially the northern part of it, is the main Irish
resort of winter visitors from countries north of the British Islands, which
evidently arrive in Donegal or North Mayo, where some remain to winter,
while others pass on to Kerry and its islands; a few linger until summer, like
the Greenland Falcon, Scaup Duck, Purple Sandpiper, Sanderling, Northern
Diver, and Sclavonian Grebe. A few arctic-breeding birds have colonies;
eg. Red-necked Phalarope, Common Gull, and Fulmar. In common with
Kerry, western Connaught has breeding resorts of two Petrels and the Manx
Shearwater; and is touched by the wandering bands of Great and Sooty
Shearwaters. Its marine and mountain cliffs have until recently been among
the last strongholds of Eagles, and are still the homes of Peregrines, Ravens,
and Choughs; and the Great Black-backed Gull is probably nowhere so
numerous in Ifurope as it is on the west coast of Ireland, especially on the
Bills of Achill. The natural features of this coast are varied by stupendous
sea-cliffs (as are Clare Island and Achill), and lofty mountains, their slopes
buried in peat; there are huge bays—Clew Bay and Blacksod Bay—with
sands and mud-banks, and swampy lakes near the coast, as on the Mullet,
which offer refuges and feeding-grounds to Swans, Geese, Ducks, and Waders.
‘The sheltered country about Westport, holding timber, is inhabited by
woodland birds not found on the exposed coast; while the islands and rocks
are resorted to by Wheatears, Twites, Oyster-catchers, Arctic Terns, and
Petrels for breeding purposes.
The shores of Clare Island are too stony to afford feeding for most Waders
and Ducks; but Geese of at least two species pasture on the western end; and
Golden Plover and Woodcocks seek its mountains and moors in winter, while
‘the belt of small farms holds such birds as the three Buntings, Stonechats,
“Whitethroats, Cuckoos, and Cornerakes.
Clare Island Survey— Aves. 20 3
Inishturk is entirely mountainous ; but Inishbofin is lower, more extensive
and undulating, with some cliffs, harbours, lakes, and sands. The Bills—two
rocky islands, rising a little over 100 feet—are six miles south of Achill and
eight north-west of Clare Island, in the full sweep of the ocean. They are
densely colonized with birds, especially by Great Black-backed Gulls and
Puffins, which nest among the huge bosses of thrift. Achill has two mountain
groups over 2000 feet high, cliffs pierced with caverns, much moorland, some
small lakes, sandy shores where the Waders of Blacksod Bay feed, and it is
divided from the mainland by a long sound, with several sand-banks, and close
by which are Glendarary plantations, that have attracted Tits, Sparrow-
Hawks, and Woodpigeons. The Mullet, a low, bare, undulating peninsula,
15 miles long, possesses cliffs along its northern moorland part ; it is resorted
to by the arctic visitors ; and it shelters the great expanse of Blacksod Bay, to
the east of which extends for 20 miles the largest bog in Ireland, where
Common Gulls, Curlews, Golden Plover, and Dunlins breed. West of the
Mullet lie the Duvillauns, the Inishkeas, and other islands, the homes of
Petrels, Terns, Gulls, Peregrines, and Ravens,
This coast is subject to the most violent storms and tremendous wave-
action, and many migrating birds avoid the shoulder of Connaught by passing
down the chain of lakes Conn, Mask, and Corrib; projecting as it does,
this shoulder seems to catch the fugitives from the north, offering them
a resting-ground.
The climate of western Connaught is equable and moist, and the south-
west winds sweep undiluted in temperature and force upon its islands from
the ocean, which consequently are resorted to in winter by many passerine
birds that do not breed there.
DISPERSAL OF SEEDS AND MIGRATION.
This subject is treated of in a previous part at considerable length, and it
is stated! :—* As regards purely local movements the ornithologists have little
to tellus. We do not know what species of birds fly frequently to and fre
between the island and the mainland, nor at what seasons.” The writer of
the present report hopes he has supplied this want by showing that every
year, chiefly in October and November, when seeds are ripe, there is a large
migration into the island of land-birds of the Thrush family, Finches of
different species, Starlings, Rooks, and Larks, all of which are seed- or berry-
feeders; so that as far as birds can convey seeds there are unlimited
possibilities every autumn of their transmission to the western islands, and
there are also lower forms of animal life which appear to be thus transportable.
' Clare Island Suryey, Part 10, p. 89.
A2
20 4 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
FIELD-WORK.
No special work in the ornithology of Clare Island nor of the west
coast had been done before our survey, except by the light-keepers for
Mr. R. M. Barrington; their schedules have been tabulated and, being used
with care under his correction, have yielded information as to winter visitors
and migrations. Messrs. Williams & Son, who have for many years received
specimens from all parts of the district, have placed their records at our
disposal.
Many notices have been written in the Zoologist, Irish Naturalist, and Field
about the birds of Achill and the Mullet, and these go to confirm our Clare
Island observations and fill up gaps in our knowledge of the winter visitors
and passing migrants, such as our limited work could not embrace. The visits
of ornithologists in the Survey were as follows :—
G. E. H. Barrett-Hamilton—9th-13th April, 1909 (Clare Island).
R. M. Barrington—25th-29th March, 1911 (Clare Island).
N. H. Foster—15th-19th May, 1909 (Clare Island); 18th-21st May, 1909
(Louisburgh district).
» 16th—23rd June, 1910 (Belclare district, Clew Bay islands).
C. Lindner—17th-20th June, 1910 (Clare Island); 20th—23rd June, 1910
(Belclare, Clew Bay.
» 12th-26th July, 1911 (Mullet, Inishkea, Duvillaun, Clare Island,
Inishturk, Inishbofin).
C. J. Patten—25th-30th March, 1lsi-l4th July, 10th-29th September,
29th-31st December, 1910 ; 2nd-7th July, 1911 (Clare Island).
R. J. Ussher—Travelled with Lindner, and has repeatedly visited the Mullet,
Achill, Inishbofin, and most of the islands irom the Mullet and
Inishkea to Slyne Head.
Barrington collected about thirty-two skins; Patten about fifty, with
specimens in spirit, and he took many photographs of birds in their haunts
and nesting-sites, and was the only ornithologist who visited the island in
winter. He made the land-birds his special study.
R. LL. Praeger has contributed various notes, especially on The Bills, visited
with Welch on 2ist June, 1910.
Use has been made of schedules kindly filled by G. Wallace for Belmullet,
Alexander Williams for Achill Sound, R. B. Sheridan, assisted by his father.
J. R. Sheridan, for Achill Island, J. J. McCabe for Clare Island, and
W. H. Good for Westport ; some of these have been compared with schedules
filled by the same observers twenty years ago. Warren’s life-long observations
on the North Mayo coast have been consulted, as well as those of others, ¢.7.,
Pike for Achill thirty years ago, Dr. Burkitt for Belmullet.
Clare Island Survey—Aves. 20 5
FAUNA.
Special attention has been given to the resident land-birds. Barrington
took all his Clare Island specimens to South Kensington, where all Patten’s
skins were also sent, and these were compared with the series in the Natural
History Museum. ‘The result of two and a half days’ work was that none
of the Clare Island birds showed any distinction from those from other
parts of Ireland. The Hedge-Sparrow, Dipper, Wren, and House-Sparrow
were gone into at great length. Patten took measurements of his specimens,
and compared them with some English, Irish, and Continental skins.
NOMENCLATURE.
The systematic names in this part are those in Howard Saunders’s
“Manual,” 1899. While recognizing that many of these will be superseded
under prevailing rules, when the new list shall have been prepared by the
Committee appointed by the Iritish Ornithologists’ Union in 1911, the
subject is in such a state of transition that this objection will probably
affect any list yet published, and more than one important scheme has .
recently appeared. The nomenclature of Saunders is here used, not to
maintain it against those who have pursued the subject more recently, but
as a help to readers.
The list of species gives special observations of birds on Clare Island, then
treats of Achill and the other islands, and then ot the mainland from Erris
Head to Slyne Head, and round the included bays, as well as the Westport
district. The status of each species is shown by comparison with other
portions of the west coast, chiefly Donegal and Kerry. Observations of the
Survey party are always included, but no other sound information on the
subject, old or recent, is excluded.
Lists.
In the comparative table of birds of the islands and mainland, separate
columns are devoted to those species which breed and those which do not;
but several names occur in both columns where some individuals of a species
breed, while many more come to pass the winter. In the second column are
included winter visitors, like Fieldfare, Geese, birds on passage as
Whimbrel, land-birds which visit the islands after their breeding-season,
e.g., Rook, Black-headed Gull, and species which, like Turnstone and Curlew,
are found all the year round more or less, chiefly in an immature state. In
the third column, headed “ Stragglers,” are those birds which occur too seldom
to class them as regular migrants, though further records may entitle some to
be placed in the second column.
90 6 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
III.—LIST OF SPECIES.
Turdus viscivorus, Linn. MuisTLe-lHRUsH.—A mere straggler to Clare Island,
met with in May and October, but may yet settle there, owing to its
continued spread throughout Ireland for more than a century. Up to
1860 it was unknown in Achill, but is now a resident and breeds there, as
it does around Westport and on the Mullet. In North Mayo and West
Donegal it has greatly increased, and breeds occasionally on the side of
a rocky ravine on a ledge like a Ring Ouzel. Mistle-Thrushes were
reported from Black Rock (Mayo) in March, and a specimen from
Aranmore, 30th November (Barrington).
Turdus musicus, Linn. Sonc-THRUSH.—Numbers visit Clare Island in winter.
On 29th December, 1910, Patten noted “Song-Thrushes abundant on
the beach, heather, bogs, and cultivated parts”; he shot two specimens.
Light-keepers have noticed numbers at the end of October and during
November and December. On the Mullet the species is practically
absent in summer, but in winter numbers feed there on snails among
the sand-dunes.
A few breed on Clare Island and many on Achill and the mainland
round Clew Bay. In November, and through winter, when there is frost
and snow, flocks of Song-Thrushes, Blackbirds, and others take refuge on
all the outer islands off the west coast, but generally desert them in the
breeding-season, a few remaining on extended points of the mainland,
as the promontory west of Dingle.
Turdus iliacus, Linn. Repwinc.—A specimen was shot on the island by
Patten, 29th December, 1910. Others observed in November and March.
The Redwing is a winter visitor to Westport and Achill, is scarce on the
Mullet, but numerous about Ballina. Though not partial to bare coasts
and islands, like the Fieldfare, this species, together with its congeners and
Starlings, flies thither in times of snow, and perishes in great numbers.
Turdis pilaris, Linn. FIeLDFARE—Winter visitor in large numbers, Clare
Island being better suited to its habits than to those of the last species.
Patten saw flocks in December and got specimens. Barrington observed
a flock in March, and in the schedules of Hammond, the principal light-
keeper, there are nine entries of Fieldfares, usually in numbers, during
October, November, and December, 1904 to 1907. The migration reports
show that hosts of Fieldfares arrive by Inishtrahull and pass down both
coasts, chiefly the western. From 18th to 23rd December, 1885, immense
flocks of Fieldfares, Thrushes, and Starlings passed Rathlin O’Birne Island,
going westward into the Atlantic {Migration Report).
Clare Island Survey—Aves. 20 7
Turdus varius, Pallas. WHITE'S THRUSH.—Specimen in Dublin Museum, shot
9th January, 1885, at the Colonel’s Wood, near Westport. There are
two other Irish records of this wanderer from Asia.
Turdus merula, Linn. BLAcksirD.—Resident on Clare Island, breeding on
the lowland holdings, sings on furze-tufts and walls; nest found in door-
hole of a ruin (Barrett-Hamilton). Patten found another on a rock
supported by the stem of a furze-bush on 3rd July (Plate V, fig. 4),
and on 5th July another nest on a grass-covered turf fence surrounded
with bracken. There is evidently an immigration to the island in October
of Blackbirds which are seen there during winter months, as there is in
Ireland generally. As a breeding-species this bird is reported to be a
settler on Clare Island within the present century, which corresponds with
what has taken place elsewhere along the western coast, where the Black-
bird is common as a winter visitor, but has only extended its breeding-range
there within recent times. On the Mullet, Achill, Inishbofin, the Dingle
Peninsula, and further south this has been observed. In 1900 Lord
Ventry said that these birds had commenced to breed of late years, but
were previously winter visitors, their coming being then taken as a sign
that the Woodcocks had arrived.
Turdus torquatus, Linn. Rinc-Ovuzen—Though not noticed by any of our
Survey party, this bird is stated by McCabe, owner of the Granuaile Hotel,
to be often seen on Croaghmore, a locality suited to its habits from which
one sees those Achill mountains which are favourite breeding-haunts of
the Ring-Ouzel. It also nests on other high mountains in Donegal, Sligo,
Mayo, Connemara, and Kerry, so that Clare Island is within the circuit
of its chosen abodes.
Saxicola oenanthe (Linn.). WHrEATEAR.—Plentiful in summer, breeding on
Clare Island in holes of stone walls and under stones. Hammond noticed
on 7th March, 1907, “ Wheatears all day on island,’ and many others
were recorded later in that month. These early birds are probably
coming to breed as they do on Achill, Black Rock, Tearaght, and all the
islands of the west coast, where they are most characteristic land-birds,
and are common, too, on the rocky, treeless margin of Ireland, especially
in the west. Barrington shows that the spring migration is at its
height the first ten days of April and lasts into May; but he believes that
the later birds are going further north and leave Ireland to breed. ‘The
autumn migration, which is much less noticed, usually terminates early
in October, though a specimen has been received, killed striking the Bull
Rock, on 7th December, 1902.
20 8 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
Pratincola rubicola {Linn.). SroNecHaT.—Resident in small numbers on the
island; observed by our party at all seasons; specimens obtained in
December and March. Patten saw a male building on 26th March.
The Stonechat is found on the islands of Inishtrahull, Aranmore, Achill,
Inishturk, Inishbofin, the Aran Islands, and Valencia, and breeds on
most of them and on the adjacent peninsulas. Wallace notices a diminu-
tion of these birds in winter on the Mullet; but Good thinks they are
then quite as common about Westport as in summer.
Ruticilla phoenicurus {Linn.). REpDsTART.—Barrington records one shot on
Black Rock (Mayo), 13th September, 1891, and another at Killybegs in
the following November. This species rarely visits the west coast.
Ruticilla titys (Scop.). Buack Repstart.—One was obtained at Dugort,
Achill (Sheridan). On 13th December, 1891, Jeremiah Trant observed
on Black Rock a bird which, from his description, was plainly a Black
Redstart. Barrington has evidence of other occurrences of this kind there,
and perhaps from Slyne Head; while several specimens have been sent
him from the Skelligs and the Tearaght. It is, however, on the north and
west coasts of Ireland that this bird occurs most rarely, but it is an
annual visitor to the south coast.
Erithacus rubecula (Linn.). RepBREAST.—Resident on Clare Island, where
Patten found Robins “plentiful” in December. It is a resident every-
where on the neighbouring mainland, except on the barren wastes, and
has been reported from twenty islands, including Aranmore, Rathlin
O’Birne, Black Rock (Mayo), Achill, the Aran Islands, Tearaght, and
Bull Rock, most of which it visits temporarily, and on others it breeds.
Sylvia cinerea, Bechst. WHITETHROAT.—Not infrequent during summer in
the brakes and hedges of holdings on Clare Island; on Achill, where it
breeds commonly, J. R. Sheridan says he did not find it when he was
young. It is common about Westport and on the way to Clifden.
This is the warbler most in evidence along the bare western fringe of
Treland. It is found on the western peninsula of Donegal, near
Clifden and Roundstone in Connemara, on the Aran Islands, the Dingle
district, and south of the Kenmare River.
Sylvia atricapilla (Linn.). Buiackcapr.—Barrington has a specimen obtained
on Eagle Island, 31st October,1886; another was reported October, 1911
(Wallace), two on Achill, October, 1882, and October, 1887 (Sheridan).
Good finds the Blackeap a regular summer visitor to Westport and
Castlebar district ; it has bred near Ballina (Warren).
Clare Island Survey—Aves. 20 9
Sylvia nisoria (Bechst.). Barrep WaARBLER.—An immature bird, in Dublin
Museum, was obtained 24th September, 1884, at Belmullet, after a-
stormy night.
Regulus cristatus, R. L. Koch. GOLDEN-CRESTED WreN. —Though not Sintered
on Clare Island, where the light-house is placed too high for birds to
strike, this little bird must visit it on its migration, as no islet is too
remote for it to visit. Barrington has received reports or specimens of
the species in autumn from Inishtrahull, Black Rock (Mayo), the Aran
Islands, Tearaght, and Skelligs, and in April it has been. observed-at the
Aran Islands. It is resident on- Achill, breeding in Glendarary wood,
though Sheridan says it was unknown in 1860-1870; .and about
Ballina (where Warren spoke of it as scarce in 1896) it now breeds
commonly in fir plantations (H. W. Scroope). Foster and Lindner
identified it near Belclare in June, and Goldcrests have been found in the
Dingle district (Lord Ventry). It occurs numerously on wooded islands
_in the great lakes of Mayo and Galway in winter (Good and Palmer).
Phelloscopis rufus (Bechst.). CHirF-cHArr.—Common in the wooded districts
about Westport and in Donegal, Mayo, Galway, and Kerry, but only
where plantings extend, as on the Dingle peninsula; before planta-
tions grew up it was unknown there ; it is absent from the bare coast
districts and islands. No specimen has reached Barrington from western
light-houses. A Chiff-chaff has been seen near Ballina on 24th January,
1878 (Scroope).
Phylloscopus trochilus(Linn.). W1LLow WRrEN.—Not observed on Clare Island
by the Survey party, but common in woods round Westport and Belclare
(Foster); a regular summer visitor to Glendarary and south Achill
(A. Willams); numerous round Ballina (Warren). Lord Ventry knew
it long since in the Dingle district; but it is generally absent from moors
and coasts. Barrington has received specimens from Aranmore, Ross's
Point (Sligo), Black Rock (Mayo), the Aran Islands, Tearaght, and Bull
Roek.
Phylloscopus sibilatrix (Bechst.). Woop Wren.—The first specimen received
by Barrington from a light-house was shot on 27th May, 1890, on Black
Rock, Mayo, 22 miles N.W. of Clare Island, and over 8 miles from the
mainland. No other warbler exeept a Willow Wren has been sent
from there. The Wood Wren is the rarest of the warblers that has
bred in -Iveland, but has been. obtained and repeatedly noticed by
Hart: in- Donegal; and only one other has been sent from a light-house
(Rockabill, 4th May, 1912).
R,I,A. PROG., VOL. XXXI. B 20
20 10 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
Aorocephalus phragmitis (Bechst.). SEDGE WARBLER.—Repeatedly identified
in marshy ground near Clare Island harbour in June, 1910, and
July, 1911; found on lakes south of Louisburgh, on Lake Moher
and near Belclare; reported from Achill; specimen received from
Belmullet (Ussher); common on Carrowmore Lough and about Ballina.
H. F. Witherby, who visited Inishturk, 28th May, 1895, reported several
among bushes on hill-side; met with near coast in Donegal, Connemara,
and the Dingle district (Kerry). Barrington’s specimens from Killybegs,
the Aran Islands, and Oyster Island, Sligo, were all received in spring.
Though thus well dispersed, it is not numerous along the west coast of
Treland.
Accentor modularus (Linn.). HepGE-Sparrow.—Resident and frequent on
Clare Island, specimens obtained in March and December. Nest with
eggs in strong tuft of lady-fern (Ussher), another placed on the ground
(Patten’, Though nowhere numerous, there is no land-bird, except the
Wren, so widely distributed as the Hedge-Sparrow, which not only
inhabits the most bleak and treeless districts of the mainland, as the
country west of Dingle, but is resident and breeds on Tory Island,
Aranmore, Inishbofin, the Aran Islands, and even on the remote,
precipitous Tearaght, whence eggs have been sent. A Hedge-Sparrow,
killed striking North Avan light-house, 12th September, 1897, was sent
to Barrington, who remarks that there is probably some intermigration
between the island and the mainland.
Cinclus aquaticus Bechst. D1IppER.—A very few are resident on the mountain-
rills of Clare Island. Several specimens, obtained there and elsewhere
in Ireland, from time to time, were carefully compared by Barrington
with the series at South Kensington; and he found nothing to dis-
tinguish the Clare Island birds from other Irish Dippers; but an Achill
Island specimen in his collection has more chestnut on the breast than
any Irish specimen examined.
The crown of the head, he writes, and the nape are a lighter brown in the
English than in the Irish specimens, and the grey edges of the feathers
on the back and upper tail-coverts are narrower and less numerous in
she latter than in the English Dippers.
Patten remarked of a male bird shot on Clare Island, in January, that
the chestnut on the breast was much more limited and duller than in
iuany English birds, and even than in four from near Bray, Co. Wicklow ;
also that several male and female English specimens showed less stout
beaks and feet,
Clare Island Survey—Aves. 20 11
Few streams in Co, Mayo are without the Dipper; and it seems as much
at home on the edges of Loughs Mask and Carra as on the streams.
Barrington found its nest on the north coast of the county, close to a cliff,
in a ravine about 500 feet above the sea. It is resident in Achill, and
breeds on the River Moy before the end of March; this species is
probably resident in every county in Ireland.
Acredula caudata (Linn). LoNG-rAILED Tirmouse.—Found in summer and
autumn (probably resident) in the wooded districts about Westport,
and more rarely at Glendarary, Achill; resident about Ballina ; believed
by Lord Ventry to breed on the Dingle peninsula.
Though a woodland bird, its wandering habits have led a flock of
seven to Inishtrahull (Barrington).
Parus major, Linn. Great ‘T'irmouse.—Not uncommon in the Westport,
Belclare, and Louisburgh districts (Foster). Good never found this or the
Blue Tit scarce at any season about Westport ; observed about Glendarary,
Achill (A. Williams) ; not elsewhere on islands.
Parus ater, Linn. (or its Irish form). Coat TrrmMouse.—Resident about
Westport, and found at Glendarary; once obtained at Dugort, north
Achill; observed by Lord Ventry on Dingle peninsula since plantations
have grown up.
Parus caeruleus, Linn. Buiue Tirmouse.—Common and resident all about
Clew Bay; has become resident on Achill and the Dingle peninsula;
though once identified on the Tearaght, it does not, as a rule, visit remote
islands.
We have no evidence of any Tits on Clare Island.
Troglodytes parvulus, Koch. Wren.—Common resident on Clare Island,
where on 27th September Patten noted: “shrubs abounded with
Wrens”; and on 30th December, ‘‘ Wrens very numerous” ; nests found
inside turf roof and under overhanging bank of stream. Resident on
Achill, and common on mainland of Mayo; is found on the mountains
among stones and heather, and on bare, rocky promontories, being at
home both in sylvan scenery and on the most stupendous sea-cliffs and
storm-swept islands. An increase in the number of Wrens has been
reported there to Barrington, in winter, when notices of them from Black
Rock (Mayo), Slyne Head, and the Aran Isles are more frequent, and
Wrens probably resort to such islands regularly at that season. The same
remarks apply to headlands and isles of Kerry; on the Little Skellig,
Turle found twenty to thirty nests in rock-crevices, and on the Blaskets
a nest, not domed, at the extremity of a Puffin’s burrow.
B2
20 12 Proceedings of the Royal Trish Academy.
Certhia familiaris, Linn. Trze-CREEPER.— Resident and not uncommon about
Westport. ai Glendarary, and wherever there are plantations in Donegal,
Mayo, and Connemara: but Barrigion has no evidence that it has
oceurred at any Irish light-station. At Kylemore a Creeper nested in
a fold of a seal’s skin hung up.*
Motacilla lugubris. Temm. Piep-WacTsit.—Observed about harbour, roads,
and holdings on Olare Island at all seasons, but specially noticed
near the light-house as a migrant in October and November (Hammond).
Generally distributed on the mainland, Achill, and Inishbofin. About
Belmullet Richards observed it to appear in December, and Wallace
reported flocks which arrived there in September and October. The
autumn immigration of this species, treated of by Barrington, lasts thus
in October, and is extended to the isles of Connaught.
Motacilla alba, Linn. Ware Wacram.—An immaiure bird, m company
with others, was shot by Good near Westport im August, 1891, and
examined by Dresser and Howard Saunders. The laiter, too, identified
an adult on the roadside near Glenamoy bridge with a bit oi cotton-rush
in its bill, 9th June, 1898; therefore, the nest should be looked for in
Mayo. Sheridan shot a male on Achill in May, 1895, and its skin was
preserved by Barrington. Wallace reported five seen at Cross Strand
on-the Mullet, which arrived from the sea, at a considerable height.
There is a migration up the west coast of Ireland at the end of April
: and in May. Barrington has received specimens at that season from
the Aran Islands, Galway ; from Aranmore and Inishtrahull, Donegal ;
while for many years Warren and Kirkwood have observed or recorded
__-Small flocks which visit the island of Bartragh on Killala Bay on their
~“spring passage. In 1911, for the first time, their return in the last
week in August was noticed there.» Hart observed five on Trawbreaga
Bay in the iar north of Donegal on 26th July, 1891, and W. C. Wright
saw some in the same locality in 1903, and on a strand near Rossbeg
(Naran district) m 1904 both early in August* The White Wagtail
doubtless passes Clare Island.
Motacilla melanope, Pallas. Gey WacTsi.—On Clare Island a “few may
be found along the streams and the harbour at all seasons. They
evidently breed, and have been obtained in winter. Foster saw the bird
at Belclare in summer, and Good saw it at Westport through the winter.
Achill specimens are preserved in the Slievemore Hotel. A few inhabit
* Homphreys in Irish Nat., vol. xxi, p. 46- = Zoologist, 1911, p. 383-
* Zoolozist, 1904, p. 376.
es
Clare Island Survey—Aves. 20 13
the river-sides through Connemara, Mayo, and Tonegal, but they are not
common on the actual sea-board; though in Kerry they are found near
Valencia at all seasons. Barrington received a Grey Wagtail, killed
striking North Aran light-house, 8th October, 1887, and another from
Clare Island, 23rd November, 1904.
Motacilla raii (Bonap.). YELLOw Wacratt.—A single specimen (female)
was shot by Sheridan on Achill Island, 15th May, 1892, as appears
from a note of A. G. More. Warren once saw a male near Killala Bay,
15th April, 1875. Good thinks he has seen the Yellow Wagtail near
Castlebar; he knows it on Loughs Carra, Mask, and Corrib, where it
breeds. The nest was first found near Lough Corrib by Lord Lilford in
1854. J. Steele Elliott stated that he saw the species on the 15th
' May, 1891, on grass-land beside Lough Kiltooris in western Donegal ;
- and the late John Chute Neligan, Recorder of Cork, knew it as a
regular visitor near Tralee. There is, therefore, evidence that the
Yellow Wagtail migrates up the west coast, and occasionally goes west
of the line of Loughs Corrib and Mask.
Anthus pratensis (Linn.). Mrapow Pre1r.—The most generally distributed bird
on Clare Island (Patten), being found almost to the mountain’s top, and
_is present at all seasons. A Peregrine was observed mobbed by Pipits,
and one was seen feeding a young Cuckoo on a boulder. Foster found
a nest under a large stone deeply embedded in a bare grass slope—
another instance of land birds breeding under cover on exposed islands.
The Meadow Pipit is common and resident in the several districts
round Clew Bay and on Achill. Good has noticed it in large numbers
‘in winter about Westport. It frequents the desolate moors of Mayo, as
well as pastures and cultivated parts. Barrington’s observations show
that there is an immigration in spring and another in autumn; and it is
doubtless the autumn immigrants that swell the numbers on the west
coast. Warren on a September morning observed a flock of 200 on
Bartragh Island, which took flight towards the mainland, evidently on
migration.
Anthus cervinus (Linn.). Rep-rHROATED Pipir.—A male was obtained by
Coburn on Achill, 25th May, 1895 (Bull. B. O. C., Ixxx, p. 15),
Anthus obscurus (Lath.). Rock Prrir—Common resident on the shores of
>. Glare Island, Achill, Inishturk, and Inishbofin, and is the only land-bird
that breeds on The Bills. It is common on all the neighbouring coasts,
1 Trish Nat., vol. xviii, p. 159.
20 14 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
including the awful 2liffs of North Mayo. On the Dingle peninsu
Patten found it both on the cliffs and mud-flats. Is not known to
migrate.
Muscicapa grisola, Linn. Sprorrep FLycarcHer.—Though not observed on
Clare Island, this is a regular summer visitor to the Westport, Belclare,
and Louisburgh districts, and to Glendarary plantations on Achill. It
dispersed through Donegal, even near the coast, as at Horn Head House,
and on elders near a lonely cottage on the moors near Loughros Bay.
Specimens killed striking light-house lanterns have been sent to
Barrington in October, 1887, from Black Rock (Mayo) and from the
Tearaght (Kerry).
Hirundo rustica, Linn. SwaLLow.—Summer visitor to Clare Island in small
numbers, chiefly seen about the port and settled parts, and sometimes at
the light-house. The cow-houses are usually too low and closed-up for
it to breed in; but Ussher discovered more than one pair nesting in the
arch of a huge sea-cave open at both ends, south of Granuaile’s Castle
(Plate LV, fig. 1). This seems a very unusual site, though Swallows
often nest in the roofs of inland caverns. In a house on Achill Sound a
est was built in a room, the Swallows entering by the hall-door (Patten).
These birds are numerous about Westport, Belclare, Louisburgh; are
found on Achill, Inishturk, and Inishbofin. On the coast and islands
venerally and about Belmullet they are scarce; but in the summer of
1884 Dr. Burkitt found them numerous there. On migration they
visit the Skelligs, Black Rock (Mayo), and Rathlin O’Birne, chiefly in
spring, less frequently in autumn.
Chelidon urbica (Linn.). Marrin.—One was observed on Clare Island in
June, 1910, by Pastor Lindner. A few were noticed about Louisburgh
(Foster) and near Westport, where Good finds them fairly common
breeding birds. The Martin is a summer visitor to Achill (Sheridan) ;
but its occurrence at Belmullet is exceptional (Wallace), though it is
common about Ballina (Warren). It has not been recorded as breeding
in sea-caves or over-hanging cliffs on the west coast, as it does on the
less wave-beaten coasts of Munster, Leinster, and Ulster; and it is
remarkable that the Swallow, not the Martin, breeds in a sea-cave on
Clare Island, though this is not exposed to the waves.
Cotile riparia (Linn.). Sanp-Marrin.—There is no record from Clare Island,
but Sand-Martins were observed about Louisburgh (Foster) and breed
freely near Westport (Good). This bird is not frequent on the coasts
and islands, though one was seen on Inishbofin; but is found on the streams
in Mayo and Donegal.
Clare Island Survey—Aves. 20 15
Ligurinus chloris (Linn.). GREENFINCH.— Winter visitor to Clare Island,
whence Barrington got specimens in December and January, and another
taken on Black Rock (Mayo) in November. Like the Chaffinch, this
species resorts to western islands in company with others in very cold
weather, though the notices of it are fewer than of the Chaftinch in the
Migration Reports. Foster notices it from Louisbureh, and it is a
common breeding bird near Westport (Good). Pike, of Achill, said,
“Large flocks of various birds arrive about the first week in November,
and remain until March... Green Linnets, Grey do., Chaftinches, &c.”
In 1891, Sheridan wrote : “It now remains and breeds.” It is gregarious
in winter at Killybegs (A. Brooke), and has been seen west of Dingle at
that season (Patten).
Coccosthraustes vulgaris, Pallas. HaWrincH.—Rare straggler to the west coast.
Was obtained on Achill by Pike in 1874, and by Sheridan in 1897.
Wallace records it once from Belmullet, and Warren once from near
Ballina in 1859. It has been obtained a very few times in Donegal,
Galway, and Kerry.
Carduelis elegans, Steph. GoLDriINcH.—Occasional winter visitor in small
numbers to Clare Island, Achill, and the Mullet; a resident breeding
bird about Westport, where Good has repeatedly seen flocks of fifty or
sixty. Itis resident in many bare, remote districts near the western
coasts,-as in western Donegal, where in places it is the only breeding
finch, nesting even in gooseberry-bushes and hedges of thorn and elder.
Patten saw five on 29th December near Dingle. In his “ Migration of
Birds,” p. 130, Barrington writes :—‘‘ On the west coast the records are
comparatively numerous, but with few exceptions they are from islands
where the Goldfinch breeds—Aranmore and Valencia.”
Passer domesticus (Linn.). House SpAarrow.—Common resident, nesting in
the thatched roofs and Grania Uaile’s Castle, Clare Island. Ofa series of
birds taken there Patten remarks that the feet are more slender and the
beak not so heavy as in Sheffield Sparrows, the plumage-markings being
very rich and distinct in the male. Sparrows are common about Louis-
burgh and on Achill, numerous about Westport, Ballina, and other
towns, and around the thatched cottages of the western coasts and
islands. A colony breed on the ivy-covered cliff over Inishturk harbour.
They occur on Inishbofin, the Aran Islands, and Aranmore, west of
Dingle, and on Dursey Island.
Passer montanus (Linn.). TREE-SPARROW.— Breeds at a few points on the
coasts of Londonderry, Donegal, and North Mayo (where it. now has
20 16 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
settlements on Killala Bay and at Belmullet). It is highly probable
that it will be found further south, and one has been reported from
Kerry, though this needs confirmation.
Fringilla caelebs, Linn. CHAFFINCH.—Winter visitor to Clare Island from
October to March, as it is to most of the treeless coast districts and
islands from Donegal to Kerry. It is common and breeds regularly on
the mainland round Louisburgh and Westport, and throughout western
Connaught and Donegal it is the commonest finch in summer, A few
have bred of late years on Achill and the Mullet and about Dingle,
though said formerly to be exclusively winter visitors to those districts,
where flocks continue to pass the winter. Chattinches have repeatedly
arrived on Black Rock, Mayo, between 21st and 24th October (Barrington),
and numbers visit the Tearaght and Skelligs, especially in hard frosts
when there is a rush of birds to those islands and to the Isles of Aran.
The preponderance of those in female plumage which arrive in autumn
has been observed on Clare Island, the Mullet, and repeatedly on the
Tearaght.
Fringilla montifringilla, Linn. BrampBiinc.—lrregular winter visitor to the
coasts and islands of Mayo and Kerry, which appears to arrive generally
on the eastern and south-eastern shores of Ireland, not always reaching
the west. Many were seen on Achill by Ed. Williams in October and
November, 1898. Specimens have been sent to Williams & Son from
Achill, Castlebar, and Killala. Barrington has received one from the
Skelligs, shot out of a flock of forty,and others from the Bull Rock,
Tearaght, and Donegal. Light-keepers frequently fail to recognize this
species, and it probably visits Clare Island unrecorded.
Linota cannabina (Linn.). Liyner.—Observed all over Clare Island in June
and July and in flocks in September. It breeds on Tory Island, Avanmore
and western Donegal, and commonly on Achill, north and west Mayo,
and southward to Clare and Valencia; but we have no winter specimens
as Barrington has from south-eastern lighthouses. Jt is quite possible
that some of the flocks of “Grey Linnets,” so often reported by lght-
keepers at that season on islands from Aranmore to the Bull Rock (includ-
ing Clare Island), represent this species: but as light-keepers do not
record Twites, which we know from specimens occur in winter on the
west coast, most of the observations may include the latter. Barrington
has dwelt on this in his “ Migration of Birds,” pp. 155-137; and he thinks
that errors of identification are more numerous in the case of the Linnet
_than of any other species.
Clare Island Survey—Aves. 20 17
Linota linaria (Linn.). Meaty Reppoun (ZL. holboelli (Breh.), LZ. rostrata
(Coues)). A series has been obtained on Achill, including all three forms,
chiefly in autumn, but once in February. In October, 1898, the late
Ed. Williams saw Mealy Redpolls there each day from the 14th to the
21st, and obtained one.
Another series of the large race rostrata was received by Barrington
in different years from the Tearaght, all in autumn, between 1889 and
1893, and one in January, 1898, from Inishtrahull. We may expect
Mealy Redpolls, therefore,at any point on the west coast (including Clare
Island) from Donegal to Kerry. All the winter specimens have come
from islands.
Linota rufescens (Vieill.). Lesszr Reppott.—The nest has been found in
Achill, the Mullet, Killybegs, and Aranmore. The bird is common near
Westport, Louisburgh, and most parts of Connaught and Ulster; resident
near Ballina (Warren). Large flocks in winter lead a nomadic life ; but
there is no evidence from the Migration Reports of a transmarine
migration.
Linota flavirostris (Linn.). Twire.—Common resident on Clare Island, where
the nest has been found, and many families seen forming into flocks:
specimens obtained in December and March. Patten saw a flock mobbing
a Peregrine. The rocky, mountainous coasts and islands of western
Treland are favourite homes of the Twite; on Achill it is resident and
breeds; on Inishturk a huge pit in the bare top of the island, lined with
luxuriant ferns, communicates with a sea-cave below: in this Praeger
and Stelfox found a swarm of T'wites roosting on 22nd July. They nest
among heather on islands in the bog-lakes of Connemara (Leybourne
Popham). In North Mayo they breed on the slopes of the higher hills ;
but a nest was found on a low-lying bog (H. Scroope). Twites are very
common on Inishbofin and the Aran Islands, towards which flocks fly from
Connemara on winter evenings (Teesdale) ; common, too, on the Dingle
hills and Valencia. Barrington has received specimens from September
to April from the Donegal lighthouses and from the Tearaght and Bull
Rock, but from no other part of Ireland; and it is probable that the
frequent flocks of “ Linnets” reported in winter and spring from Clare
Island and other western isles are largely composed of Twites, the latter
name being generally unknown in Ireland.
Pyrrhula europaea, Vieill. Buiirivcu.—Breeds about Westport, where it is
resident. Though not a bird of the coasts and islands, the Bullfinch’s
increase in Ireland has extended to those parts of western Donegal,
R,I,A, PROU., VOL. XXXII, C 20
20 18 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
Mayo, Galway, and Kerry which are not devoid of trees ; thus Lord Ventry
stated in 1900 as a new and remarkable fact that Bullfinches had.
appeared in the central part of the Dingle peninsula. No specimen has
ever been obtained by Barrington in support of reported occurrences of
“ Bullfinches ” at the light-stations, and there is probably little or no over-
sea migration.
Loxia curvirostra, Linn. Crosspitt.—On 14th July, 1911, Pastor Lindner and
Ussher saw a Crossbill in splendid scarlet plumage flying from rock
to rock on Black Rock, Mayo. It was alone on the remotest isle of
Connaught.
Two specimens were sent for preservation from Achill by Sheridan,
February and March, 1894, and many have since been seen there in August.
A small flock was noticed at Drumbeg near Killybegs in spring, 1890
(W. Sinclair).
Emberiza miliaria, Linn. Corn Buntinc.—Resident on Clare Island,
where these birds may be heard singing on the briars and bushes. A
specimen was shot by Patten, 31st December, 1910. “ An odd pair every-
where” in the Westport district (Good). This bird is resident on Achill,
where it was in full song on 2nd February, 1886 (Palmer). It is frequent
on the holdings of coast districts all round Ireland, and breeds on Tory
Island, Aranmore, Inishbofin, and the Aran Islands. Patten found it
more numerous in winter west of Dingle. Wallace has observed the
appearance of flocks, numbering up to thirty-six, which kept together,
near Belmullet in March or early April. These are probably local
migrations.
Emberiza citrinella, Linn. YELLOW Buntrnc.—One of our commonest resident
birds. Observed all over Clare Island from March to September; and on
the 27th of September Patten found the patches of scrub abounded in
Reed and Yellow Buntings. The reverse is the case about Ballina and
other districts, where Warren has remarked their absence in September.
Good thinks this bird is more common about Westport in winter.
Frequent in the bare coast districts from Donegal to Kerry, where we
miss so many land-birds; it breeds on Tory Island, Aranmore, and Achill,
and is found on Inishturk, Inishbofin, and the Aran Islands. It does
not perform the great migrations of some Finches and Larks, but
withdraws from certain exposed situations in winter and becomes
gregarious.
[The Cirl Bunting has been reported from Dunfanaghy and Belmullet,
but no specimen has been obtained. ]
Clive Island Survey— Aves. 20 19
Emberiza schoeniclus, Linn. Itenp Bunrinc.—On Clare Island Barrington
saw many in March, and through the summer pairs were observed in a
few places where they evidently bred, but we have no winter record.
On the mainland, as about Westport, Good says this bird is common in
winter. It is resident on Achill, and in summer is one of the very few
widely distributed birds on the moorlands of Donegal and Erris, Co. Mayo.
Eggs in Dublin Museum were taken by H. M. Wallis from a hole in
the top of a stack off Aranmore. We observed it on Inishbofin; and in
Connemara, as elsewhere, it nests on islands in the bog lakes. No Reed
Bunting has been sent to Barrington from any western lighthouse, and
the name of this bird is generally unknown in Ireland.
Plectrophenax nivalis (Linn.). Snow-Bunrinc.—Barrington obtained a speci-
men in October and Patten another in December on Clare Island.
Hammond recorded the species there, twice in March, once in April,
once 10th September (an early date), and twice in October. This is a
frequent or regular winter visitor to the islands and coasts from Donegal
to Kerry between October and April, remaining on Black Rock even when
the spray is flying over it for days; and Snow-Buntings are sometimes
seen later than April; thus Barrington has received specimens in
May from Aranmore, Rathlin O’Birne, Slyne Head, and the Tearaght,
and an adult male in full breeding-plumage from Aranmore shot on
25th July. These occurrences favour the hope that the bird may yet
be found breeding in Ireland, possibly in Donegal.
Sturnus vulgaris, Linn. Srartinc.— Winter visitor in flocks to Clare Island
from October to March. Increasing and extending its breeding-range
throughout Ireland, but much more numerous in winter; a few nest on
Achill now (R. B. Sheridan), though none did so twenty years ago. Bred
on the cliffs of Aranmore in 1886, on the Aran Islands before 1890, on
the cliffs of Valencia in 1891; but these were only advanced posts. A
new feature is the appearance of summer flocks, like the twenty Starlings
seen around Waterville in July, 1891 (Dennehy), composed no doubt of
Trish-bred Starlings, which now appear in so many districts. No winter
migrant visits the western islands more largely, especially in times of
snow. Witherby saw a pathetic sight on High Island and Cruagh (both
uninhabited), a great number of dead birds, chietly Starlings, the victims
of hard weather.
Pyrrhocorax graculus (Linn.). CHouGH.—Clare Island may happily be called
a sanctuary of the Chough, where it is resident and common; and as far
as the orders of the Lord Lieutenant can go, both birds and eggs are
C2
30 20 Proceedings of the Royal Trish Academy.
protected. It breeds there both in the sea-eliffs and inland rocks, and
in one place close to the Kestrel’s home. Lindner and Ussher saw a
flock of thirty performing evolutions and screaming high in the air.
Patten saw a Chough chase a Peregrine; but Barrington received the -
remains of a Chough from a Peregrine’s feeding-place on another
island. Choughs are resident all along the cliffs of the west coast, but
especially on the larger islands, though less numerous than formerly,
e.g., in Kerry where they have not been protected, except in Valencia.
Barrington infers from reports of lighthouses that local movements of
Choughs take place early in April and early in November. Some betake
themselves to the Kerry isles in addition to the birds that breed there.
Pica rustica (Scop.). Macpre—Not observed by our party on Clare Island,
but is said to visit it in winter. It breeds on Achill, and increases there
in winter. About Westport it is an increasing species. Barrington
shows in a table’ that Magpies visit island stations (on the west coast)
during autumn more and more each month up to November. This bird,
so plentiful in Ireland, becomes scarce in the bare western district; it
has been found breeding on a steep bank in Donegal, and on ivy-
covered rocks near Carna, and on the Aran Islands, districts devoid
of trees.
Corvus monedula, Linn. JACKDAw.—Said to visit the island in winter. One
seen on the castle by Patten, 30th December. It now breeds on Achill,
but not on the other western islands, where its place is taken by the
Chough. It has few colonies on the west coast, but breeds on Crohy
Head and Dunmore Head, Donegal (as well as the Chough), also among
the Bartragh sand-hills, Killala Bay; inland it becomes common, as
at Louisburgh and Westport. Sixty per cent. of the light-keepers’
records of Jackdaws relate to the west coast, and, as in the case of
the Rook, are most frequent in November and March. Thus in spring;
and still more in autumn, these birds resort to the islands of the west
coast, where they do not breed.
Corvus corax, Linn, Raven.—Nests on Clare Island. Praeger has seen
parents and young two years in succession, and Ravens have been
observed in spring, summer, and autumn. They are also resident and
breed on Achill (bitherto their special resort), on the north coast of
Mullet, on High Island, and the Aran Islands, Claggan Head, and the
1 © Migration of Birds,”’ p. 160.
Clare Island Survey—Aves. 20721
Twelve Pins; also on the Co. Clare cliffs, and the precipitous Kerry
coasts, whence they visit the islands irregularly.
But it is in Donegal, including Aranmore and Tory Island, that this
bird has most breeding-places. In 1891, H. C. Hart considered it strongly
dominant and by no means decreasing in the county.
Corvus cornix, Linn. HoopEp Crow.—A few are resident on the island.
Praeger has seen two nests, which on the Irish coasts are always on cliffs.
Clare Island light-keepers have observed small flocks in May, September,
and December ; and at Belmullet Wallace has noticed small flocks in
September and October. Patten saw the Hooded Crow feed contentedly
under a soaring Peregrine; and there is a record from the Tearaght,
where these birds breed, that six pursued a Peregrine until it quitted the
rock. The species seems to be increasing where not destroyed as vermin,
and nests commonly on islands, as the Blaskets and Skelligs, where
the Raven does not breed. In Connemara it builds on bushes of the
islands in moorland lakes, one of which, “Lough Phenogee,” is called
after it.
Corvus frugilegus, Linn. Roox.—Does not breed on Clare Island, but
considerable numbers resort thither in the end of June and onwards
until March. Praeger saw 100 together in July. They feed even on the
mountain moors; and young Rooks can be seen on the island fed by their
parents. Light-keepers’ observations made there of the flocks of Rooks
agree with Barrington’s statistics of this species for the whole west
coast. ‘'hey show that the principal movement, as in the case of the
Jackdaw, is in November, and that a lesser movement is observed in
March. Great nomadic flights of Rooks, arriving fatigued from the
Atlantic(chiefly observed at the Skelligs and Tearaght), were noticed on this
coast at Black Rock and Slyne Head, in 1884, 1888, and 1890." Though
the Rook does not breed on any western island, it nests as far as trees
extend on the mainland, even at Ballycroy ; and there is a large rookery
in Westport demesne. Warren has noticed a great increase of Rooks at
Moyview, near Killala Bay.
Alauda arvensis, Linn. Sky-LArkK.—Common. Breeds on Clare Island;
heard singing in March and July ; observed at altitudes of 1000 feet in
September, in which month and October and November flocks of “larks”
are noticed by the light-keepers. The Sky-Lark is found everywhere in
summer through the west, even on the desolate, wet moors of Mayo and
1 Barrington’s ‘* Migration of Birds,’’ pp. 153-15.
20 22 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
Connemara ; and breeds on Tory Island, Rutland Island, the Aran Islands
and the Blaskets.
In western Donegal, also about Westport and Dingle, and on
Valencia Island, it is said to increase in winter, and joins other birds
in the rush for life to the Blaskets when the mainland is covered with
snow.
Alauda brachydactyla (Leisler). SHort-rorp Larx.—In the Barrington
collection is an adult bird obtained at Black Rock (Mayo) on the 11th
October, 1890. It is the only Irish specimen.
Cypselus apus (Linn.). Swirr.—On Clare Island a few Swifts were observed,
and six together, in June and July ; but whether they were breeding or
not is uncertain. They are said to nest on Achill. The rarity of the
Swift in the west of Ireland, spoken of by Thompson in 1849, is a strong
contrast to its frequency now.. It breeds commonly in Westport, and has
of late become plentiful in Belmullet, and is nowhere more in evidence
than in western towns and villages, whence it ranges over land and sea,
oceasionally visiting Owey Island in Donegal, Black Rock (Mayo), and
the Skelligs (Kerry).
Caprimulgus europaeus, Linn. NicuTsAr.—Messrs. Williams & Son have
received Nightjars shot near Mullaranny, Westport, and Clifden ;
moreover, the bird is stated to have been “heard and identified at
Blacksod Bay” on 10th June, 1898.' It is found at Ballycastle and
near the Pontoon Bridge on Lough Conn (H. Scroope), and has long been
known close to the cliffs near Naran, Co. Donegal, whence specimens
have been sent. This species has, like the Swift, extended its range to
the west coast.
Alcedo ispida, Linn. KincrisHer.—Kingfishers have been repeatedly shot in
the neighbourhood of Westport and Newport in winter. Pike noticed
the bird in his list for Achill: andit is occasionally seen near Ballina
(H. Seroope). It has been obtained on the Aran Islands; but only two
examples have been received by Barrington, and they were both from
light-stations on the south-east coast. It is uncertain what “ Kingfishers,”
reported from the western islands, may have been—possibly Terns.
Upupa epops, Linn. Hoorozr.—The late Edward Williams received on 25th
March, 1893, from Captain Boxer, a Hoopoe shot on Clare Island.
Barrington received one shot on Eagle Island, Mayo, on 12th April,
1867, and another shot on Tory Island, 9th November, 1910. Seebohm
1 R. M. Gilmore in “ Irish Naturalist,’’ vol. vii., p. 200.
Clare Island Survey—Aves. 20 23
shot a Hoopoe during his stay on the Blaskets in September, 1876 ; and
others have been obtained on or near the coasts of Donegal, Galway,
Clare, and Kerry, though the west coast is visited less frequently than
any other in Ireland.
Cuculus canorus, Linn. Cucko0.—Common on Clare Island; not shy;
alighting on walls, a young Cuckoo was seen on a boulder fed by a Pipit.
First heard by Hammond on 20th April, an early date, though matched
at Rathlin and Aranmore; and it was seenat Killybegs on 11th April
(A. Brooke). The Cuckoo is a common breeding-bird on the neighbour-
ing mainland and on Achill; it is much in evidence in the bare coast
districts of western Ireland, as in Donegal, the barony of Erris,
Connemara, and the Dingle peninsula in Kerry. It breeds commonly on
Aranmore, Inishbofin, and the Aran Islands, visiting on migration the
remoter rocks, such as the Skelligs and Blaskets.
Strix fiammea, Linn. Barn Ow1t.—A few are resident at Westport ; but this
species seems scarce and exceptional on the west coast. It has, how-
ever, been observed at Valencia: and Patten saw one fly from the sea to
a crevice in the cliffs of Dunmore on the Dingle peninsula, where it was
caught.
Asio otus (Linn.). Lonc-rarED Own.—Breeds in Glendarary wood, Achill,
where more than one has been shot (R. B. Sheridan). It becomes a common
resident further east, about Ballina and Ballinrobe, also at Ballynahinch
in Connemara, and a pair breed on Lough Doon, in western Donegal;
but though several other localities near the west coast, such as Dingle,
could be named, they afford wooded retreats, and from bare coasts and
islands this bird seems to be absent.
Asio accipitrinus (Pallas). SHORT-EARED OwL.—Winter visitor to Clare
Island, Achill, the Mullet, and the bare moorland districts of the west
coast in Donegal, Mayo, Connemara, Kerry, and west Cork; and round
Ireland generally it occurs more frequently in the mountainous, maritime
counties. In some winters there seems to be a much greater immigration
of those birds than in others.
Nyctea scandiaca (Linn.). Snowy Owi.—McCabe states that this bird has once
been seen under Croaghmore. It has been seen or obtained fourteen or
fifteen times on the seaboard of Co. Mayo, that is on Achill, the Mullet,
Blacksod Bay, and the north coasts; Donegal has five occurrences, and
other counties one or two each. This Owl has chiefly been met with from
November to March; but one was shot near Belmullet on 21st July,
1906. The specimen figured (Plate IV, fig. 2) is from western Mayo,
20 24 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
Cireus cyaneus (Linn.). HeN-Harrier.—On 3rd July, 1910, about the middle
of Clare Island, Patten saw an adult male Hen-Harrier mobbed by
Pipits ; it soon disappeared down the slope towards the abbey. This
bird, which has become scarcer in Ireland, is rare in Co. Mayo, though
met with in Connemara, and more frequently in Kerry.
Aguila chrysaétus (Linn.). GOLDEN EacLe.—The great cliffs on the north-west
side of Clare Island, which rise sheer to about 1000 feet, were the home
of this majestic bird.
R. G. Symes, of the Geological Survey, who had been stationed in the
district in 1867-1870, stated that the Eagles, generally a pair, used to be
quite fearless, from the absence of guns, and that they did havoc
among the young lambs, and lifted geese from the cottiers’ very doors. i
T. Bourke Gaffney, who was a week on the island in 1878, and saw two
Eagles, stated that there was an unbroken record of a pair occupying the
same eyriefor the past century, which was never disturbed, being inaccess-
ible. This is confirmed by the reports of light-keepers from 1882 to 1885,
who speak of these birds having their nest in the highest cliffs; and’say
that in winter, when they had not sea-birds, they were often observed near
the villages, and used to prey upon the grouse, then plentiful on Clare
Island. Brownall, principal light-keeper, wrote: “On 4th April, 1884,a
young speckled Eagle perched about 200 yards from the lighthouse. The
two eagles are here still in their usual abode in the highest cliffs.
Noy. 20. Large Eagle close to station.” On the 14th October, 1887, a
Golden Eagle was sent to the National Museum in Dublin, from Clare
Island, by the late Captain Boxer (Plate 1), and this seems to mark the
time of the disappearance of those birds, which have ceased to breed there ;
though, as McCabe states, one is occasionally seen on Croaghmore.
Western Mayo contained many of the last strongholds of these birds,
several of which inhabited Achill. The late Howard Saunders and
Ussher were there in 1898, and found them both on the Dooega cliffs and
Croaghaun; but they have now ceased to breed for some years, the last
having been seen in the spring of 1911. Another pair bred regularly on
the neighbouring Curraun Mountain, and others on Mweelrea, where the
last is stated to have been seen in March, 1911.
The Nephinbeg and Corslieve range was also a home of these Eagles,
as well as the north Mayo coast, where a solitary Golden Eagle survives,
and there is another survivor in Donegal.
Accipiter nisus (Linn.). Sparrow-Hawk.—Very uncommon on Clare Island
(McCabe); breeds regularly in Glendarary wood, Achill (A. Williams).
Clare Island Survey—Aves. 20 25
Wallace has seen one immature bird at Belmullet ; resident and nearly
as common as the Kestrel about Westport (Good); breeds wherever
planting advances, as about Dingle, but seldom seen in the mountainous
and treeless districts.
Falco candicans, J. F. Gmel. GREENLAND FaLcon.—During the visitation of
this species in 1905, on 10th March, a light-keeper on Clare Island saw
“a White Hawk the size of a Sea-Gull eating a Curlew.”! Greenland
Falcons have twice been obtained on Achill, and Black Rock has more
than one such record. On the Mullet they have occurred so frequently
as to be almost annual visitors, appearing oftenest in March and April,
while in 1905 Wallace observed one, presumably the same, on the 11th,
13th, and I4th May. A series have been obtained on the Donegal
coast, and again on the Blaskets and Skelligs in Kerry, the west coast
and its islands being the part of Ireland most frequently visited. The
Iceland Falcon is extremely rare.
Falco peregrinus, Tunstall. PEREGRINE FALcon.—Resident on Clare Island;
one pair at least breed on the western cliffs. It breeds on Achill and
Duvyillaun, and along the north coast of Mayo there are several eyries, as
well as on the inland cliffs. The same may be said of the precipitous
coasts and isles of Donegal and Kerry; the Skelligs and Blaskets
being favourite homes of this species, which loves the vicinity of large
sea-biurd colonies, and it frequently visits for plunder other rocks, like
Black Rock (Mayo), where there is no suitable nesting-site. Patten
found three pellets, one composed of the white breast-feathers of the
Kittiwake, another of black Puttin’s feathers, and the third of hair and
teeth of a rat; and Praeger got Cuckoo’s feathers at a Peregrine’s
plucking-place. Wallace notices an increase of Peregrines on the
Mullet durmg October.
Falco aesalon, Tunstall. Mertin. —In September, 1910, Patten saw a Merlin
on several dates capturing Pipits and Wagtails near the shore, and
finally two of these Falcons chasing each other. The Merlin is resident
and breeds on Achill and through all the mountainous parts of the
western counties, being frequent in Donegal, Mayo, and Connemara,
though nowhere numerous. In Connemara it lays habitually on islets
in the bog-lakes (Leybourne Popham).
Falco tinnunculus, Linn. JesrrEL.—Common and resident on Clare Island
Achill, and all through the western littoral, and is found on the island
1“ Trish Naturalist,” 1906, p. 201.
R. I. A. PROC., VOL. XXXI. D 20
20
26 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
rocks, on many of which it breeds. It frequently uses the deserted
nest of the Hooded Crow, both in clifis and lake islands. Ussher has seen
such a nest in Donegal built m a holly, not more than 4 or 6 feet from
the ground.
On Clare Island Kestrels nest both in the sea-cliffs and on the
mountain rocks; and Praeger observed the Kestrel and Chough nesting
in proximity in the same cliff. This bird is called “Sparrow-Hawk ”
generally in Ireland.
Phalacrocorax carbo (Linn.). CormoraNnr.—A few have been seen at Clare
Island in spring, summer, and autumn, usually flying past, but were not
found breeding. This is a common resident bird, seen on Achill Sound,
Louisburgh, and throughout Clew Bay ; but it does not seem to love the
outer line of cliffs and iskands, such as the north Mayo coast, where its
place is taken by the Shag. Cormorants have indeed colonies near the
Campbell at Horn Head, and towards Hag’s Head, Cliffs of Moher; but,
unlike the Shag, they avail themselves of islands in lakes, and nest on
ivy-covered castles as on Loughs Corrib, Mask, and Carra, in trees and
bushes on Loughs Tawnyard and Carrowmore, sometimes with Herons ;
not far from Westport they bred in a lake on the ground among rocks.
They also use islands in lakes as roosting-places.
Phalacrocorax graculus (Linn.). SHac.--Resident and abundant on Clare
Tsland, where numbers of this species nest in cavities of the western cliffs
and other places. West of the lighthouse a large colony breed up to at
least 200 feet above the sea, along broken scarps interspersed with large
stones, and in more open places than is usual with this cave-loving bird.
Patten found nine nests built on 25th March, yet some were feeding
young on Sth July. They breed on Achill, Duvillaun, The Bills, and
along the most lofty clifi-bound coasts of Donegal, Mayo, and Kerry.
The light, agile Shag is quite at home where tremendous seas break,
and loves exposed coasts, but is seldom seen far up Clew Bay, and never
inland, unless when storm-driven. Large flocks of Shags were met with
swimming together at Inishbofin and Broadhaven; and Warren noted an
~ immense congregation of them at the mouth of the Moy in December
Sula
and January.
bassana (Linn.). GaNNeT.—Commonly to be seen fishing at sea round
Clare Island, as well as all along the west coast, occasionally in Clew
Bay. Most frequent in summer and autumn; but from January to April,
a great northward movement of Gannets is observed along the whole
coast. In autumn there is little evidence of a return migration
Clare Island Survey—Aves. 20 27
(Barrington). Gannets do not breed on the stags of Broadhaven, nor
anywhere in Ulster or Connaught, their only Irish colonies being on the
Little Skellig and the Bull Rock.
Ardea cinerea, Linn. Common HErRon.—Straggling Herons frequently visit
Clare Island after their breeding season, and seek food in the marshy
spots. Hammond saw one chased by over fifty Gulls, Some breed in
Glendarary wood, Achill, and there are heronries in trees at Newport
House, Westport demesne, and Old Head House, all on Clew Bay. On
the island in Lough Tawnyard, a mountain-lake, many Herons nest in
the centre of the colony of Cormorants, and there is another colony of
Herons and Cormorants on Lough Carrowmore, both in Mayo. Herons
used to breed on cliffs on the coast of the Mullet (Moran) and the Dingle
peninsula (Kane), and a pair were found nesting on Inishtooskert,
Blasket Islands.! In western Donegal and Connemara Herons build on
numerous islands in moorland lakes on any low trees or hollies; and
Ussher has seen a nest on the ground on a stone crannog-island in
Donegal.
Botaurus stellaris (Linn.). BrrrerN.—A specimen was shot at Killybegs by
Arthur Brooke about 1868. One is mentioned at Ballycroy,’ and others
in 1900 on the Mullet. On 7th August, 1893, a Bittern was caught
at Slyne Head among rocks and sent in the flesh to Barrington.
Platalea leucorodia, Linn. SPOONBILL.—One was shot near Westport in 1854.
Spoonbills have been obtained in most of the maritime counties of
Ireland, including Donegal, Mayo, Galway, Clare, and several times in
Kerry, being more frequent in the south, but rare in the west and in
Ulster.
Anser cinereus, Meyer. Grey LAG-Goosk.— Winter visitor to the mountains
and bogs around Westport and in Achill and the Mullet according to
Good, the Sheridans, and Wallace. Ussher has received from the latter
wings of this species on an occasion when thirty-five were met with.
Sheridan remarks that these birds remain until April, and Wallace speaks
of them in May.
Anser albifrons, Scopoli. WHITE-FRONTED GoosE—All the light-keepers'’
reports speak of flocks of “ Wild Geese and Bernacle ” which frequent the
western parts of Clare Island from October to April, especially the
western end, where they feed. Barrington saw seven on the island in
the end of March which he considered were White-fronted Geese. This,
* Turle in ‘‘ Tbis,’’ 1890, p. 7. 2 Thompson, ii., p. 163.
3“ Pield,’’ 26th November, 1904. 4 Proc. Dublin NH. Soc., lst February, 1861.
D2
20 28 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
the most numerous species of Goose that visits Ireland in winter, has
been sent repeatedly from Achill, and may be seen there and on the
Mullet in large flocks every winter. Wallace has a large specimen in
confinement, the length of which he gives as “ 31 inches and the wing 18;
the white reaches as far as the eye, and extends to the throat, the black
markings reaching almost to the tail.” He finds that some of the White-
fronted Geese that visit Mayo are of this large variety, but that the
majority are much smaller.
Anser segetum (J. IF’. Gmel.). Buan-Goosk.—A winter visitor to the district
according to Good and Sheridan; the latter says that small flocks of four
or five may be seen on sand-points near the sea in Achill. In Connemara
Caton-Haigh shot this and the last species, but found the Bean-Goose in
decidedly smaller numbers and more shy than the White-fronted.
Wallace does not give it as a visitor to the Mullet.
Chen hyperboreus (Pallas), Chen nivalis (Foster). SNow-GoosE.—Though not
yet recorded from the Clew Bay district nor Achill, Snow-Geese have
been twice taken on the Mullet, and occasionally observed on Killala
Bay (Kirkwood, Knox).
Bernicla leucopsis (Bechst.). BERNACLE-GOOSE.—Common winter visitor in
flocks to Clare Island, having been recorded there by Hammond in March
and April and again in September, October, and November. On 18th
February, 1912, McCabe reported that large tlocks had been seen for a
fortnight flyimg over towards Cahir Island; this is one of their feeding
grounds, as well as Duvilaun, Frehill, and all the other grassy uninhabited
islands off Donegal, Mayo, and Galway, also pastures near those coasts, at
Lissadell near Sligo, Keel commons on Achill, lands near Rinvyle, Con-
nemara ; while specimens have been sent from Cahirciveen and Valencia.
On Aranmore, Bernacle Geese are seen passing south in flocks during
the latter half of October, and again in April going north, and some
remain on that island all the winter.
Bernicla brenta (Pallas). Brenrt-Goose.—Frequents during winter Blacksod
Bay and Broadhaven in vast flocks, occurring on Achill shores, where
Sheridan has shot Brent-Geese year by year, and Good has obtained them
in the Westport district. They frequent Tralee Bay numerously, also
Sligo and Drumeliff Bays, usually arriving in October, more rarely in
September, and depart in April. They feed on the mud-banks, and not on
the islands or pastures; this fact distinguishes them from Bernacles, with
which they are generally confounded under the latter name in Ireland.
Clare Island Survey—Aves. 20 29
Cygnus musicus, Bechst. WHOOPER Swan.—McCabe on Clare Island reports
that Wild Swans are often seen passing. Among their chief resorts 1
Treland are the lakes on the Mullet (whence they tly to Lough Carrow-
more in rough weather), Keel I.ake in Achill, Loughs Foyle and Swilly,
also Lough Gill near Castlegregory, and others in Kerry. Though the
ereat majority of the flocks are of Bewick’s Swans, Whoopers also occur
among them (Dr. Burkitt).
Cygnus bewicki, Yarrell. Brwick’s Swan.—Lby far the most numerous wild
Swan, frequenting the lakes above-mentioned in moderate flocks, which,
in exceptionally hard winters, are sometimes increased to thousands on
the Mullet ; while on Keel Lake, Achill, R. B. Sheridan has counted 175.
The majority are immature birds. The Swans usually arrive about the
end of November, and depart about the end of February, but sometimes
occur earlier and later. Lough Gill, on the north coast of Kerry, is
another long-established resort.
Cygnus olor (J. F. Gmel.). Mure Swan.—Nests on lakes south of Louisburgh,
quite unprotected. This shows that the bird can establish itself near
wild coasts. Stragglers visit Achill at times.
Tadorna cornuta (S. G. Gmel.). Common SHELp-Duck.—Several pairs with
their broods were seen in Clew Bay, and there is evidence of this bird
from Achill. It visits the Mullet in summer, and the numbers that
breed increasingly on Killala Bay are largely reinforced in winter, when
flocks appear. It is generally increasing round Ireland, and has bred on
an island so exposed as Roaninish, off western Donegal.
Anas boscas, Linn. MAatiarp.—Praeger found a nest on a pool near Craig-
more on Clare Island, and McCabe says it breeds regularly; the light-
keepers there frequently recorded flocks of Wild Ducks towards the close
of the year and in April. Foster found Mallards numerous in May on
lakes south of Louisburgh. They are common and resident along the
west coast generally, and breed on Achill and Deer Island off Connemara.
Anas strepera, Linn, GADWALL.—Frequent visitor in autumn and winter to
Achill, the Mullet and Killala Bay. A female containing unripe eggs was
obtained near Belmullet, 25th May, 1894. There are no records of the
occurrence of the Gadwall between Achill and Kerry.
Spatula clypeata (Linn.). SHOVELER.--An occasional winter visitor to Achill.
The extension of the Shoveler’s breeding-range, which is taking place
in Ireland, has reached the great lakes of Mayo, and an egg has been
identified from Lough Carrowmore in 1905; while three immature birds
have been shot in August near Belmullet (Wallace).
20 30 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
Dafila acuta (Linn). Prixtat.—Occasional autumn and spring visitor to
Achill (R. B. Sheridan). Warren has remarked an increase of Pintails
which visit Killala Bay in winter, amounting in 1902 to over 100; they
are also winter visitors in flocks to lakes near the coasts of Kerry and
Donegal, as well as to intermediate bays and estuaries.
Nettion crecca (Linn.). TxaiL—Common on Clare Island (McCabe), but not
observed there in summer. In the Westport district, on Achill and the
Mullet. and round Ballina the Teal is a resident, breeding bird, though
much more numerous in winter.
Querquedula cirica (Linn.). GarGaNey.—Two are said to have been shot on
Achill (* Fowler in Ireland,” p. 62).
Mareca penelope (Linn.). W1iGe0N.—Common winter visitor to Clare Island,
Achill, and Clew Bay, and occurs in enormous flocks on the bays and
harbours further north in Mayo, where they sometimes remain until late
in April. Ona lake in Connemara Leybourne Popham observed a male
Wigeon on several occasions in May.
Fuligula ferina (Linn.). PocHarp.—Common winter visitor to Achill and the
districts round Clew Bay. Flocks assemble on the estuaries and the
coastal lagoons, as on the Mullet: and on Lough Cullen near Castle-
gregory 3000 have been reported with Scaups and Golden-eyes (Payne-
Gallwey).
Fuligula cristata (Leach). Turrep Dctcx.— Winter visitor in limited numbers
to Achill and the Westport and Newport districts, resorting rather to
inland waters. The remarkable extension of its breeding-range had
reached Lough Conn in 1905 (S. Scroope) and Lough Mask in 1906
(Good).
Foligula marila Linn.). Scavr-Duck.— Winter visitor to Clew Bay and
Achill, where Sheridan has observed numbers of this species with
Pochards and Golden-eyes in severe winters. A few Scaups have been
observed there and on the lakes on the Mullet in June, when Ussher
was shown them by Wallace. The late Dr. Geoffrey Scroope saw Scaups
there on 3rd July. They often linger on Lough Swilly until May,
and more rarely remain there all the summer (Professor Leebody).
Clangula glaucion (Linn.). GotpEN-zyE.— Winter visitor to Clew Bay and
Achill. Not so plentiful as the last species, but Warren has observed a
fiock of 50 on Killala Bay.
OO
Clare Island Survey— Aves. 20 31
Harelda glacialis (Linn.). LonG-raitep Ducx.-—Less regular winter visitor
than the foregoing ducks to Clew Bay, Achill, the Mullet, and Killala
Bay: is more frequent on the north coasts of Connaught and Ulster
than on the south coast, but it visits Dingle Bay and Kilkee.
Though marine in its habits, it has been shot on Lough Corrib and
Lough Derg, and at Killarney.
Somateria mollissima (Linn.). Emer Duck.—Has occurred on Achill
(R. B. Sheridan), and has been obtained a few times on the Mayo coast
(Birds of Ireland, p. 212), also on the coasts or islands of Donegal,
Galway, and Kerry ; more frequent on the north coast.
Somateria spectabilis (Linn.). KixG-Emer.—An immature male was shot by
J. R. Sheridan, on Achill, 12th December, 1892, and identified by the late
Dr. R. B.Sharpe. This is the only record from our west coast.
Oedemia nigra (I.inn.). Common Scorer.— Winter visitor to Achill, Clew Bay,
and Blacksod Bay, remaining on the latter sometimes until June. On
Killala Bay, where it is a regular winter visitor, Warren has shot Scoters
on dth July, 1889, and 31st August, 1900.
As this bird has bred in Ulster, its nest should be looked for in Mayo.
It is found as far south as Dingle Bay in winter, but is apparently more
common on the coasts of Ulster and Leinster.
Oedemia perspicillata (Linn.). Sure Scorer.—An immature female was shot
at Dugort, Achill, by J. R. Sheridan, 25th October, 1890, and identified
by A. G. More. An adult male and female, now in the National Museum,
Dublin, were shot on Killala Bay by Robert Warren and the late
A. C. Kirkwood in the winter of 1896-1897. These are the only records
of this American species from the west of Ireland.
Mergus merganser, Jinn. GoOOSANDER.— Wallace, Belmullet, states that one
was shot, 3rd November, 1911. Good, Westport, says that he has seen a
few specimens on J.ough Mask, but, except on the east coast of Kerry, the
Goosander seems to be very rare along the western shores of Ireland.
Mergus serrator, linn. RED-BREASTED MERGANSER.—Breeds numerously on
the great lakes of central Mayo, and some nest on Lough Carrowmore. Pike
recorded a nest on Achill Sound, and H. M. Wallis another at Burton
Port in Donegal, though few are found near salt water; but in summer
Mergausers are seen among the islands up Clew Bay, and in winter flocks
appear there and visit Achill Sound, Clare Island, Blacksod and Killala
Bays. On the latter Warren has seen in June a hundred or more, chietly
immature, Swimming in a pack, such as the late Major Trevelyan has
described on Lough Erne in August.
20 32 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
Columba palumbus. Jinn. Rixe-Dove.—Not known on Clare Island, but
resident in Glendarary wood, Achill. and fairly plentiful in wooded
districts on the mainland. On the treeless Mullet Wallace says that
flocks are sometimes seen passing, which do not stay there. Witherby
found some wooded islands in the Connemara bog-lakes swarmed with
Wood-Pigeons, and discovered a nest on the ground among tall heather.
Patten saw a few birds about Dingle, but none at the bare west end of the
peninsula. They spread with the increase of plantations.
Columba livia. J. F. Gmel. Rock-Dove—Numbers breed and are resident on
the cliffs of Clare Island and Achill: and the light-keepers on the former
have repeatedly recorded flocks of “ Pigeons” im April, May, June, and
again from August to December: but as they fail to distinguish the species,
we are not sure that some of these flocks may not be migrant Ring
Doves. Sheridan (Achill) and Good (Westport) think that Rock-Doves
are decreasing. They are resident on the precipitous parts oi the west
coast, frequenting the islands that afford caverns, such as Aranmore,
High Island, Inishtooskert, and visit in locks others where they do
not breed, as Black Rock, Mayo, and the Tearaght, Kerry.
Turtur communis, Selby. ‘'urTLe-Dove.—Obtained on Black Rock, Mayo, 27th,
June, 1887 (Barrington); another observed at Belmullet in June, 1903
(Wallace); three more at Moyview in May, July, and August (Warren).
The Turtle-Dove visits the coasts of Donegal and the Connaught counties
much less often than any other part of the Irish shores, Kerry more
frequently ; while on the south coast it is of almost annual occurrence.
Syrrhaptes paradoxus (Pallas. PatLas’s SaNp-GROUSE.—Has been obtained
in 1863 at two points on the west Donegal coast; and in 1888 several
were seen and two shot near Belmullet, otheis at Carrigaholt, Co. Clare.
near the Shannon’s mouth, points north and south of our district.
Lagopus scoticus (Lath.). Rep Grouse. —In 1882 Brownell, then light-keeper
on Clare Island, reported “large numbers of Grouse from August to
January”; in June, 1884, he wrote: “Saw a number of young Grouse”;
and in August, 1884, “large flocks seen on the mountainous parts of the
island.” Not long aiter that the Grouse and the Eagles which used to
prey on them were exterminated as breeding species, though M‘Cabe
says one or two of the former are seen every year. They are resident
on Achill and on the mountains of Mayo as they are on the higher ranger _
of Ireland generally, but Good thinks they are getting scarce. One has
been taken on Black Rock, Mayo, nearly dead from exhaustion.
Clare Island Survey—Aves. 20 33
Phasianus colchicus, Linn. PHEASANT.—Resident in Westport demesne and
Glendarary, Achill, but when not hand-fed is a mere straggler, as, for
example, near Louisburgh.
Perdix cinerea, Lath. PartTripGkE—A few covies have been met with on
Achill before 1890, but they are generally absent from the islands,
and are getting scarce even in the Westport district and around
Ballina as in most parts of Ireland.
Coturnix communis, Bonn. QuatL.—One was killed at Dugort in 1910
(A. Williams). Good says it is years since he saw one in the Westport
district, though before 1850 one might shoot six to ten brace in the day
(T. J. Browne). Similar evidence has come from western Donegal and
the Dingle peninsula, where they were common fifty or sixty years ago,
but are now apparently extinct.
Crex pratensis, Bechst. Corn-Craxe.—Very common on Clare Island where
it breeds, and has been met with in winter (M‘Cabe). Also common on
Achill and the Mullet, around Westport and south of Clew Bay, on
Inishbofin and the Aran Islands; indeed this bird is nowhere more in
evidence than on the western islands and adjacent coasts. It has been
noticed near Killybegs craking in the open. Inishtrahull, Rathlin O’Birne,
Black Rock, Mayo, the Tearaght, Skelligs, and Bull Rock have all been
visited, the last in November.
Rallus aquaticus, Linn. Warter-Rait.—Resident on Clare Island, Achill,
the Mullet, and round Westport, and breeds in every county in Ireland.
Its migratory occurrences at lighthouses from September to January are
discussed in Barrington’s “ Migration of Birds.” He has up to 1911
received thirty-eight specimens from lght-stations, more than of-any
other species that is not passerine; and he says that many of our Water-
Rails evidently arrive in autumn by a route that tends to land them
on the west coast, from which more than half the specimens sent him
havecome. Water-Rails have arrived along with Snow Buntingsand Purple
Sandpipers, and these facts suggest to him that they may have come
when returning from N. Europe and Iceland. Three specimens from
Clare Island were shot during the migration months, October, November,
and December.
Gallinula chloropus (Linn.). WATER-HEN.—Some are resident and breed on
the small lakes in Clare Island, Achill, Inishturk, Inishbofin, and the
Aran Islands. Moor-hens are common on the mainland of Mayo; and
stray birds have wandered to Inishtrahull, Black Rock (Mayo), and the
R,1,A. PROC., VOL. XXXI, K 20
20 34 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
Aran Islands, and struck the lantern of Rathlin O’Birne, 28th October,
1886, “ with tremendous force.” Such occurrences are exceptional, and
do not betoken a regular migration like that of the Water-Rail, but
show that these birds wander forth in autumn, and are well able to
sustain flight at sea.
Fulica atra, Linn. Coor.—In Achill J. R. Sheridan said in 1891 that it was
ji fairly plentiful in winter; Rh. B. Sheridan now states that it is resident
and breeds there. On the Mullet vast flocks often arrive in autumn
(Wallace). Coots are known to betake themselves to salt water when
lakes are frozen. They are fairly common on the mainland lakes, such
as those south of Louisburgh. A Coot has struck the South Aran light,
and others have been reported from Killybegs and Aranmore, all in
autumn,
Aegialitis hiaticola (Linn.). RINGED PLOveR.—Breeds in small numbers on
Clare Island, and flocks are seen there in September. A common resident
on Achill, Clew Bay, and generally on the sandy or gravelly coasts and
islands, breeding also on the inland lakes of Mayo. The eggs have been
found on top of a rock on Deer Island, off Roundstone, and on Inishkea
in shelter under a stone.
Charadrius pluvialis (Linn.). GOLDEN PLover.—Flocks visit Clare Island in
March and April, and again from August to December, most numerously
in October and November, as appears by Hammond’s schedules ; and this
agrees with Barrington’s summarized observations for the west coast-
The Golden Plover breeds in Achill and through the vast flat bogs of
Mayo and Connemara, as well as on the lower mountain slopes, some-
times near the sea. This species is specially numerous in western
Connaught, where assemblages of hundreds or thousands are seen some.
Winters on bays and estuaries (Warren).
Squatarola helvetica ‘Linn.). Grey PLOVER.—Scarce winter visitor to Clare
Island, Achill, the Mullet, and Killala Bay. On the sands inside
Bartragh Island, Warren has seen this bird up to June. It is usually
unrecognized, the last species being called “ Grey Plover” in Ireland.
Vanellus vulgaris, bechst. Lapwinc.—A few observed on Clare Island in
--March and June, which probably breed; more numerous October to
December. Nests on Achill, the Mullet, and in Mayo generally, as it
does on many coastal tracts and marine islands round Ireland, as well
as on islands in inland lakes. Lighthouse observations show a marked
increase in. March ; but the great influx is from September to the end
of the year.
Care Island Survey—Aves. 20 35
Strepsilas interpres (Linn.). TURNSYONE.—Patten saw a few on Clare Island,
in March and July, and flocks in September. In June there were flocks
in Clew Bay among the islands. Very large flocks occur in autumn on
Achill; but ‘'urnstones may be met with every month in the year, seldom
in July, on these coasts and the adjacent rocks, though the nest has not yet
been found in Ireland. Ussher has seen parties, chiefly of year-old birds,
with some adults in full plumage, on islands off the coasts of Donegal
and Connemara ; and instances of this occur round Ireland, though mucli
more frequently in the north and north-west.
Haematopus ostralegus, Linn. OysTeR-cATcHER.—Resident and breeds on
Clare Island and Achill, keeping to the rocky Atlantic shore until
September, when great flocks resort to bays and estuaries, and the
numbers increase again in March and April. This is a most character-
istic bird of the west coast, breeding commonly on the islands, even on
stacks and reefs, where it nests on rock or turf, forsaking the shingly
shores ; and eggs are laid regularly on rock-ledges on the Skelligs and
the Aran Islands. The west coast broods form the winter flocks, which
are probably reinforced from the isles of Scotland.
Phalaropus fulicarius (Linn.). GREY PHALAROPE.—Obtained in October in
different years on Achill, Black Rock (Mayo), at Belmullet, and on the
Moy River, at (Killybegs, and Rathlin O’Birne, Slyne Head (in
different years), in Connemara, the Aran Islands, the north-west of
Kerry, and the Skelligs. In the storms of October, 1891, many of
these occurred, when Phalaropes and Petrels were driven inland in
numbers.
Phalaropus hyperboreus (Linn.)}. RED-NECKED PHALAROPE.—A specimen in
summer plumage was shot on Achill in May, 1902 (Sheridan). A very
small colony, discovered in 1902, breed in the west, where they are
protected, owing to raids of collectors.
Seolopax rusticula Linn. Woopcocx.—Visits Clare Island and Achill most
numerously from the end of October to the end of December, though
some remain until March. It has not been established that they breed
on the island; but Messrs. Williams say this bird has been obtained at
Glendarary wood, Achill, in May, and is believed to breed there. In
1890, Good had found a nest on the mainland; though in 1881 it was
said Woodcocks never bred in Mayo. Its woods have indeed been
famous for cock-shooting; and forty brace have been shot in one day in
BK 2
20 36 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
Brackloon Wood. Light-keepers’ observations from the west coast are
nearly half of those from all sides of Ireland; and the only September
arrivals recorded in Barrington’s book (1900) are one from the north and
four from the west coast. Some of the earliest, eock-shooting is stated
by Major Ruttledge Phair to be in Achill ; and there is similar information
as to Connemara, the Aran Islands, and the Kerry promontories. In short,
the autumnal Woodcocks plainly arrive by the north of Donegal, and pass
quickly down the whole west coast before they spread inland. In hard
frosts they flee to the western shores and islands again ; and Black Rock
(Mayo), Slyne Head, Tearaght, and Skelligs, show such records. In
April departing birds have stifl been found on Inishowen, the far north
of Donegal, where some of the earliest are seen in autumn.
Gallinago major (J. F. Good). GreAar SnipeE.—Thompson gives a doubtful
record for Achill ; but a bird of the year was shot there, 24th September,
1888*; and E. Willams received a female shot near Ballycloy, 15th
October, 1893.*
Gallinago coelestis (Frenzel.). Common Snipe.—Resident on Clare Island, where
many breed; but there is a great influx in October, November and Decem-
ber, and again in March(Hammond). There is similar information from
Achill and Westport, and Good (Westport) and H. W. Scroope (Ballina)
think more Snipe now breed in Mayo than formerly. Wallace remarks
that on the Mullet large wisps occur in late August, which leave in
September or October, as Thompson observed near Belfast. These are
probably bred in the country. ‘lhe lighthouse observations are twice as
numerous from the north and west coasts as from the south and east,
and indicate that, like Woodcocks, the migrant Snipe arrive in the north
and pass down the west coasts.
Galinago gallinula (Linn.). Jack SnipeE—Winter visitor to Clare Island,
Achill, the districts round Clew Bay, andis common in Mayo generally.
Tringa maculata, Vieill. AmmRICAN PECTORAL SANDPIPER.—Has been twice
obtained at Belmullet—in October, 1900, and in September, 1901. There
has been only one other occurrence in Ireland.
Tringa alpina (Linn.). Dunin.—Resident on Achill, and probably throughout
our districts. Foster found the eggs up Clew Bay, where several pairs
Field, 6th and 10th October, 1888. 2 Zoologist, 1893, p. 434.
Olare Island Survey— Aves. 90 37
were nesting, im June. Ussher has seen many breeding on the Mullet,
_ Where Wallace notices the great increase in September. This bird breeds
in many parts of Mayo and Donegal. The numbers are largely increased
. in winter.
Tringa striata, Linn. PuRPLE SANDPIPER.—Barrington shot one on Clare
Island, 51st March, 1911; and McCabe says it is often seen there in
winter. This is a common winter visitor to Achill and the Mayo coast.
Some remain until late in May, as Warren has found on Killala Bay,
and Witherby observed a pair in full breeding-plumage on Inishturk
on 28th May, 1895. There are many other May records from Irish
coasts. Tue: a 5
Tringa canutus, Linn. KNor.—Winter visitor to Achill, and is reported from
Clare Island. Wallace says small flocks arrive on the Mullet in August
or September. Warren found it very abundant on Killala Bay, sometimes
- remaining there-all the summer. Barrington got specimens from Slyne
Bigag
Calidris arenaria ([.inn.). SANDERLING.—Winter and spring visitor to
Achill, Inishkea, Mullet, and Killala Bay, remaining in flocks until June
- (Ussher), and observed on Achill, Inishkea, and West Mayo coast in
August (Williams, Ussher); some few are seen in July (Wallace),
remaining, like Turnstones, through the summer.
Machetes pugnax (Linn.). Rurr.—Has been obtained on Achill, near Ballycloy,
and on the Mullet and elsewhere in Mayo, each time in September
(Williams & Sons).
Totanus hypoleucus (Linn.). ComMoN SaNDPIPER.—A few breed on Clare
Island, Achill, and the Mullet; many throughout Mayo round lakes and
on the margins of bogs; in Connemara nearly every lake seems to be
frequented by a pair (Leybourne Popham), also the rivers and some of
the islands, ¢.g., Inishbofin, Deer Island; so also the bog-lakes in Donegal
and the marine island Roaninish, from which eggs were received.
Barrington has got specimens in May from Aranmore, Donegal, and
Aran Island North, Galway, and in November from the Bull Rock.
Totanus ochropus (Linn.). GREEN SANDPIPER.—Ussher sent to Dublin
Museum one shot near Belmullet, 29th August, 1901; others have been
obtained near Ballina (Warren) and Killybegs, but the species is rare on
the west coast.
1 Trish Nat., 1896, p. 6.
20 38 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
Totanus calidris (J.inn.). REDSHANK.—Met with on Clare Island in March
' (Barrington); in small parties along the shore in July; increased in
September; and in numbers in the fields in December (Patten). On
Achill it breeds, and is plentiful in winter (R. B. Sheridan) ; and this may
be said of the Mullet, where flocks arrive in late August and in September
(Wallace). Foster found it breeding on marshy ground beside Clew
Bay, as it does on estuarine marshes on the north coast of Ulster;
otherwise it seldom nests on the seaboard, though commonly on inland
lakes and marshes, whence it betakes itself to the sea-shores, when the
young can travel there.
Totanus canescens (J. F. Gmel.). GREENSHANK.—“On the sea-shore in the
neighbourhood of Clew Bay Greenshanks are rather numerous” (“Fowler
in Ireland,’ p. 240). They are autumn and winter visitors to Achill,
where A. Williams has heard the note as early as 26th July, and a few
arrive on the Mullet in August. The Moy estuary is their favourite
haunt, where Warren has seen fourteen as early as 19th June. He has
shot both adults and young before the end of that month, and he dwells
on the short time they are absent to breed. Greenshanks are not at all
as numerous nor as frequent as the Redshanks with which they often
associate. They are observed on the coasts of Kerry, Cork, &c., but not
so commonly as on the northern shores.
Limosa lapponica (Linn.). Bar-raiLeED Gopwit.— Autumn and winter visitor
to Achill and the Mullet, but not so numerous there as on Killala Bay,
where Warren has seen flocks exceeding a hundred (five hundred in rare
instances), and has found some, that did not breed, remain all the
summer. On Ulster coasts, though common in autumn and spring, they
usually leave in winter.’
Limosa belgica (J. F. Gmel.). Biack-ramep Gopwir.—In Dublin Museum
isa bird in summer plumage received in August, 1863, from Blacksod
Bay. Warren obtained several on the Moy and Killala Bay, but they
are rare on the west coast.
Numenius arquata (Linn.). CuRLEw.—Common all the year round on the
coasts and islands above-mentioned, but not plentiful during the
breeding-season, when the birds found there are probably adolescent; but
as early as 18th July there was a flock of fifty Curlews on Clare Island.
The light-keepers chiefly report them from August onwards,? and October
* Leebody in “* Irisi: Nat.,* 1892, pp. 176, 177. =-* Migration of Birds,” pp. 219, 220.
SO
Care Islund Survey—Aves. 20 39
brings great flocks, which continue more or less until they leave in April
for the great rushy bogs where they breed. Warren has found the
winter flocks have increased enormously in north Mayo. Curlews stray
to all the island-rocks in winter, and dense packs roost securely on
certain flat islands, as on one in Achill Sound. Barrington gives
statistics which go to prove that the Curlew, unlike the Whimbrel,
chiefly passes up the east coast during the spring migration, whereas in
autumn it is recorded more frequently from the west.
Numenius phaeopus (Linn.). WHImMBREL.—Appears on Clare Island about
26th April and leaves by Ist June ({M‘Cabe). During May it is
numerous on the west coast, which it prefers on migration, also using
the routes of the great Connaught lakes and of the Shannon. A few
Whimbrels usually reappear in August on their return, but Williams
and Patten heard the note on Achill Sound on 7th July.
Hydrochelidon nigra (Linn.). Buack TERN.—An immature bird was shot by
Sheridan on Achill, September, 1887, others by Warren on Killala
Bay, 12th October, 1859; and there have been similar cases near
Ballyshannon and on the north Kerry coast, but this species is very
rare in the west.
Sterna cantiaca, J. F. Gmel. Sanpwicu ‘l'ern.— Warren discovered a colony
many years ago on an island in Rathroeen Lake, near Ballina, which
is strictly protected. Of late years other colonies have been established
elsewhere in Mayo, but change their nesting-ground occasionally.
Sterna dougalli, Mont. RosratE TERN.—A specimen was obtained on Clew
Bay, 3rd August, 1904. This bird has been rarely met with in Ireland
during the last fifty years.
Sterna fluviatilis, Naum. Common Trern.-—Nests in small numbers on islets
up Clew Bay, on the Inch near Killala, and on Deer Island, Connemara,
but prefers lake-islands, as on Lough Carrowmore in Irris, Loughs Conn,
Mask, and Corrib, and resorts far less to exposed marine situations than
the Arctic Tern. Both species are to be seen in late summer on Achill
Sound, and between that and Clare Island; but this Tern is scarce along
our west coast as compared to the next species.
Sterna macrura, Naum. Arcric TERN.——A small colony breed on the detached,
rocky western end of Clare Island, and a few on Clew Bay; while all
1 More’s List of Ivisi Birds. _
20 40 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
round the coasts of Donegal and Connaught this species has numerous
colonies on marine islands, some very large, the nesting-ground being
occasionally shifted. Warren found that in 1904 the nests had increased
to 800 or 10600 on the beach inside Bartragh on the Moy estuary. Arctic
Terns breed also on the great lakes of Mask, Carra, and Corrib, where
they probably outnumber the Common Terns, as they certainly do on
the coasts.
Sterna minuta, Linn. Lirrie ‘'ern.—Foster and Ussher found two colonies
on gravelly reefs in Clew Bay, twenty-five nests on one; on Jnishkea
several pairs were breeding. Many nest on Bartragh, and there are
colonies on sandy shores in Donegal, Sligo, Connemara, and the Aran
Islands, but this species is more local and far less numerous than the
Common and Arctic Terns.
Larus ridibundus, Linn. Buiack-HEaveED Guiu.—Arrives on Clare Island in
very small numbers in June and July after breeding, when it becomes
common on Clew Bay, Achill Sound, and generally on the coasts and
estuaries. The only breeding-place recorded on a marine island is on
Beginish, one of the Blaskets, now apparently abandoned (Praeger).
This Gull nests on islands of fresh-water lakes near the coast of Donegal
and near Killala Bay, and further inland is greatly increasing on lakes
and bogs.
Larus canus, Linn. Common Guit.—Another increasing species, which
breeds on islets of lakes near the coasts of Donegal, Mayo, and Con-
nemara, on one island off Kerry, on Inishkea, and near Inishbiggle in
Achill Sound. After the breeding-time a few are to be seen about
Clew Bay and the harbour of Clare Island.
Larus argentatus, J. F. Gmelin. HeEkRING-GuLL.—Common and. resident,
breeding in small colonies among the other sea-birds (for want of
separate space) along the cliff-face of Clare Island. About a dozen
pairs breed in company on The Bills, and on the cliffs of Achill there
are other colonies, where Patten saw a flock precipitate themselves
towards the sea for mere sport with closed wings, spreading them to
stop their course just before immersion, and then rapidly reascending
‘with spiral flight. They nest on Inishturk, Inishark, and probably on
every rocky coast and many an island round Ireland.
Larus fuscus, Linn. Lesser Brack-spackrp Gui1i.—Occasionally seen on
Achill Sound and about Belmullet. Wallace once saw there a flock of
twenty-one. Three were seen among crowds of Herring Gulls at Inishkea
whaling-station, Breeds on some marine islands off Donegal and Kerry,
EE
Clare Island Survey—-Aves. 20 41
but is not proved to do so in Mayo. Ussher found none on The Bills in
June, 1890, neither did Praeger, who visited them in June, 1910, but
these Gulls breed commonly on stony islets in Loughs Corrib and Mask.
Larus marinus, Linn. Grear Buiack-Backep Gurt.—A most remarkable
and increasing resident on the west coast. Breeds on the cliffs of Clare
Island and on Kinatevdilla; on The Bills there is probably the
largest colony in urope, which was estimated in 1890 at over 160 birds;
but in 1910 Praeger and Welch saw about 200 there. ‘The nests are
chietly on the western rock, which is most difficult to land on, even in
calm weather. There are breeding-places on a stack off Duvillaun, on the
Stags, and many an isolated rock along the coast, such as the picturesque
Doonbrista (Plate V, fig. 2), off Downpatrick Head; and this bird nested
once on a low gravelly island near Killala (Warren). On the Mullet
these birds are poisoned, as they are said to attack young lambs.
Larus glaucus, Fabricius. GLAUcOUS GULL.—Immature specimens occur
almost every winter, singly or in pairs, on the north and west coasts of
Treland, most frequently on those of Mayo and Donegal, and extend
their visits to the western shores of Munster. This Gull has been
repeatedly obtained on Achill, the Mullet and Killala Bay, and
Mr. H. B. Knox has a beautiful adult in spring plumage from Mayo.
Like the next species, Glaucous Gulls are most frequent in December,
January, and February.
Larus leucopterus, Fabr. IceLAND GuLL.—Immature birds are obtained in
winter; but this Gull is much less frequent than the last; Barrington
thinks the ratio is about 1 to 6, and some winters no Iceland Gulls are
reported. Has been repeatedly obtained on Achill and the Mullet, and
also on the Moy estuary and Killala Bay. Like our norihern visitors
generally, these two Arctic Gulls affect the Atlantic shores from Donegal
to Kerry.
Rissa tridactyla (Linn.). KirvIwAke.—Breeds in great colonies along the cliff-
face of Clare Island and on The Bills, where they occupy the steep eastern
side of the outer rock. Light-keepers’ reports notice their arrival and
continued increase during March, and rarity in November, when there is
but one record. In that month flocks have been seen on the ocean from
30 to 70 miles south-west of Munster coasts (Farran). The northward
migration in April has been reported from Slyne Head, and the south-
westward in autumn from Black Rock, Slyne Head, and the Skelligs.
! Barrington’s ‘ Migration of Birds.’’
R.I.A. PROC., VOL, XXXI. F 20
20 42 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
Colonies of vast numbers nest on the north coast of Mayo, and on
the cliffs and islands of Donegal, Clare, and Kerry. Unlike other Gulls,
immature birds are never seen at breeding stations; they keep far out
to sea.
Pagophila eburnea, Phipps. Ivory GuLL—A specimen observed by Wallace,
18th March, 1905, and afterwards found dead on the coast of the Mullet,
is in the Dublin Museum. Only two others have been obtained in
Ireland, one in Kerry and one on Bantry Bay; both over sixty years
ago.
Stercorarius pomatorhinus, Tenn. PoOMATORHINE SkuA.—Ivregular visitor,
chiefly in October and November; has been obtained on Achill, on the
Mullet, and repeatedly on Killala Bay, the line of the Moy, and
Lough Conn, which is the route taken by occasional flocks of these birds
on their autumn migration towards Kerry,! where they have been
several times taken.
Stercorarius crepidatus (J. F. Gmel.). RicHarpson’s Skua.—Frequent visitor
in September and October, more rarely on its northward migration in
May and June; has been obtained on Achill, where immature birds are
oftener seen than adults; usually observed (occasionally in large flocks)
in October passing south from Killala Bay, and afterwards (in 1862) on
Tralee Bay (Warren).
Storcorarius parasiticus, Linn. Burron’s Skua.—An adult bird, in Barrington’s
collection, was caught alive on a bog in Clare Island, 15th June, 1906.
Another was shot on Achill, 29th September, 1902, others on the Mullet
and on the several sections of the west coast, indicating the same line of
migration as in the case of other Skuas, the Shannon being also used as
a migration route.”
Alca torda, Linn. Razorpitt.—There is no more remarkable colony in Ireland
than on the great cliff of Clare Island, where the Razorbills breed up to
1000 feet; they also nest on The Bills and Inishturk. Patten saw the
birds arriving in the end of March. There are extensive colonies along
the north Mayo coast, and on all the great bird-cliffs round Ireland.
Uria troile (Linn.). GurmLLEMoT.—The considerable colonies on Clare Island
are much more condensed and lower down (under 400 feet), and are far
less extensive than those of the Razorbill. Guillemots have been first
noted there from 12th to 21st March. Numbers have been noticed on
aon ————
‘ Warren in Irish Nat., 1896, p. 248. * Proc. Dublin N. H. Soc., 7th February, 1862.
Clare Island Survey—Aves. 20 43
the water by light-keepers as late as 14th November. They lay on The
Bills in moderate numbers, and in all directions along the cliffs of north
Mayo, as well as in the great sea-bird colonies round Treland.
Uria grylle(Linn.). BLack GUILLEMoT.—A good many scattered birds observed,
April-July, about the west and north shores of Clare Island, in Achill
Sound, among the islands of Clew Bay, and round the Mullet, where
they are often observed by Wallace in winter. Shores strewn with
boulders offer cover for this bird to breed apart from other species. It
is frequent in the inlets of the coast of north Mayo and Connemara, and
many frequent High Island (Witherby), but not in colonies.
Mergulus alle (Linn.). Lirrnz AuK.—Met with occasionally after fierce winter
storms, when it is sometimes cast ashore on many parts of the Mayo
coast, including Achill and Black Rock. Save as above, it is a bird of rare
occurrence in Ireland, and occurs most frequently in the north and
north-west.
Fratercula arctica (Linn.). Purrin.—Considerable colonies extend along
the upper parts of the Clare Island cliffs among and above those of
Razorbills. They have no rabbit-holes to occupy, so they must dig their
own burrows. They sometimes fight beak to beak, as though one were
trying to take fish from the other, without pulling out feathers (Patten).
Barrington saw none the last week in March, but Barrett-Hamilton noticed
some on 10th April. On the eastern island of The Bills (Plate III) the
whole of the peaty surface is simply riddled with burrows of Puffins,
which are exceedingly numerous (Praeger). On the north Mayo coast
the speciality is the great colonies of Puftins which reach up to the cliff-
tops, over 700 feet high in places, and the sloping grassy tops of the
Stags and Moistha (* [lanmaster”) have a dense, teeming population of
these birds.
Colymbus glacialis, Linn. GREAT NORTHERN Diver.—Haunts the coast and
bays most of the year up to June, when there is a northward migration
through Achill Sound; and Wallace has shown Ussher a bird on 4th
June flying high from Blacksod Bay towards Broadhaven. McCabe has
a specimen shot on Clare Island, where it is commonly seen. Good has
seen this Diver on Lough Corrib and generally on Lough Mask. It has
been obtained in Donegal more than once in July, and has been seen in
Mayo as early as the first week in October (Good).
Colymbus arcticus, Linn. Briack-THRoATED Diver.—Has been obtained at
Achill (Sheridan), and identified on Killala Bay (Warren), but is
exceedingly rare.
F 2
20 44 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
Colymbus septentrionalis, ].inn. RED-rHROATED DrvER.—Late autumn and
winter visitor to Clare Island, Achill. and the Mullet. but not so well
known as the Great Northern Diver. Warren has observed these birds
congregate on Killala Bay before leaving in spring.
Podicipes auritus (Linn.). ScCLAVONIAN GREBE.—Has been obtained on Achill,
where it is known as a winter visitor, and is frequently found on
Blacksod Bay : two in nuptial plumage, now in the Barrington collection,
were obtained there out of a flock of six, 14th April, 1895; another
adult brought to Wallace, and identified by Ussher, was taken near
Belmullet, 17th April, 1907.
This bird is a pretty constant winter visitor to the bays and
estuaries of Mayo and Donegal, and has been repeatedly taken in Kerry.
Its habits contrast with those of the Great Crested Grebe, which is
unknown on the west coast.
Podicipes fluviatilis (Tunstall). LivrLe Grese.—Breeds on lakes, as in
Westport demesne, also on Achill and the Mullet, where it is scarce;
takes to the sea-water in Achill Sound in September; appears to
wander round the coast in winter; one was shot near Killybegs in
February, aud another killed striking Slyne Head lighthouse in
November.
Procellaria pelagica, Linn. SrorM-PETREL.—Has been repeatedly caught at
the Clare Island lighthouse in July and August, and probably breeds
in escarpments west of it, as it does on Duvillaun, Black Rock, Inish-
keeragh, Inishglora, and on the Mullet cliffs (Richards), also on Kid
Island, the Stags, Pig Island, Moistha, and isles of Donegal, Connemara,
and Kerry. The observations and specimens show that it frequents
the west coast from April or May until November (Barrington’s
“ Migration of Birds ”).
Oceanodroma leucorrhoa (Vieill), FORK-TAILED PETREL—Darrington received
specimens of this bird from Black Rock (Mayo), in November, 1887,
and September, 1892; and on 15th August, 1899, a much incubated egg.
Both birds and their eggs have been received from the Blaskets off
Kerry in different years; and as the species has been proved to breed
sparingly in Mayo and Kerry, it may have another breeding-place off
Slyne Head. This Petrel is very little known even on our west coast :
but a good many, blown inland by storms, have been recorded from
various counties. It has been shot on Achill in 1911.
1 Thompson, vol. iii, p. 417.
—_—e
ee
Clare Island Survey—Aves. 20 45
Puffinis gravis, O'Reilly. GREAT SHEARWATER.—Not recorded from Co. Mayo
except by Warren on Killala Bay and near Downpatrick Head; but
repeatedly met with off that coast and off Achill by Rev. W. 8. Green.
Ussher has seen it off Slyne Head; and it roams over the ocean, often in
flocks, north and south of Connaught from August to November. Its
nesting-place was discovered for the first time in 1909 on Tristan
@Achuna (Bull. B. O. C., No. elxiv, p. 22).
Puffinus griseus (Gmel.). Soory SHEARWATER.—A specimen in Dublin
Museum was shot between Achill and The Bills on 22nd May, 1901.
Another was shot at Portmore Bay on the Mullet, 5rd August, 1910
(Wallace). On 17th August, 1911, the Duchess of Bedford saw a large
number between Eagle Island and Black Rock.! Sooty and Great
Shearwaters have been repeatedly seen off the land’s ends of Cork and
Kerry by Becher and Farran, chiefly in August and September, and
sometimes in considerable numbers.
Puffinus anglorum (Temm.). Manx SHEARWATER.—Reported by light-
keepers as heard on Clare Island in April (when Shearwaters are
frequently observed) ; M‘Cabe says, ‘often seen.” Common in summer
on the neighbouring sea; and Wallace says, “ nests on various islands.”
G. E. Scroope got the egg on Kid Island, and Moistha is another breeding-
place (Warren ) Colonies exist on Aranmore and the Kerry isles.
Fulmarus glacialis (Linn.). FuLmAr.—Seen on the wing inside Black Rock
(Mayo), July, 1911, by Lindner and Ussher, who found a colony breeding
on north Mayo coast same month ; while others were found breeding in
north Donegal in May, 1911, and had been observed in both localities
the previous season. Not found on Clare Island cliffs; but should be
looked for there, now that it has taken to nesting on the Irish coast,
and spreading so fast among the isles of Scotland. Fulmars are met
with at all seasons twenty miles and upwards west of Ireland.
' << British Birds,’’ vol. v, p. 141.
20 46 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
TV.—CoMPARATIVE TABLE OF BIRDS OF CLARE ISLAND, ACHILL,; NEIGHBOURING ISLANDS,
AND ADJOINING MAINLAND.
< increasing. > decreusing. r, rare.
= Craze I. ACHILL. Oruexr IsLanps. MaINLAND.
Mistle-Thrush. . — O< — —_ — = x I<X = —
Song-Thrush. . < x — <x x —= = x | x x =
Redwing, 2 : — x — = x — = x = == x as
Fieldfare, - : — x — — x = = x = = x =
White’s ‘Thrush, . |) — = = — — = SS = 2 zs == ‘lieesa
Blackbird, . . lex x — <x x = x x — <x x =
Ring Ouzel, - i eee _ x Son — — —/ = = x = =
Wheatear, - 2 x< = = x = = x = == 32 = =
Stonechat, . : x = = x = = x = a x = =
Redstart, \ rx = = a
Black Redstart. -i} — = = — = Ir = ==. |n5e su as =.
Redbreast, me — _— x = _ x = x x = =
Whitethroat, - : Se = — icX = x — ==
Blackcap, : 5 = = = == Ser Cah es — Irs el fe x
Barred Warbler, = Be Se
Golden-crested Wren, — = = <% =: —_ aaal ee x x x =
Chiti-Chatf, . : — = = a — lex = re
* Willow-Wren, a = = == os = = = = = x = EDs
Wood- Wren, a =) SS eS ie
Sedge- Warbler, oe — — x = = 2 = = x = =
Hedge-Sparrow. x = = x = a x ae NY Se x se
Dipper, x — |}; x =i = |e al We | i
Long-tailed Titmouse, — — = 2 = = = — = x = =<
Great Titmouse, ro — Alene — = = = = x = =
Coal Titmouse, - — — —=- | #2 = x = = = x = =
Biue Titmouse, : —_ — = jae = = = = == x = =
Wren, - - : x — = x = = x = = x — ==
Tree-Creeper, - - — — = <? = =i) = = = x = as
Pied Wagtail, . ; x x Le | x = == } x = == x x 2
Clare Island Survey—Aves. 20 47
COMPARATIVE TABLE OF BIRDS OF CLARE ISLAND, &c.—continued.
< increasing. > decreasing. r, vare.
= | Crare I. | ACHILL, | Orxer IsLtanps. MAINLAND.
| & | 4 D = A wm || 3 A A) a rai ||
White Wagtail, -- | — es = | FX = = = e | tr X =
Grey Wagtail, a ee | _ — | x — | xX | = =
Yellow Wagtail, | — |} f}-] = | =ai5 PEK SS | esa Nl
Meadow Pipit, . i x x = | x x | = PSs Ne = — | x | x | <=
Red-throated Pipit, . |) | — ay 285 lee > x il = = = | = | = =
Be MM a aalies) eet | Tae et Na fee || |e
Spotted Flycatcher, . _— | a |e | “| = = He ees lees | x = =
Swallow, : a) Ke Uliana Pian wl OS laa _ x SS = “|| x | = =
Martin, 2 5 ||) — | = | X | x | | es | K | = =
Sand-Martin, . a tt | — = | = = | = = | = | = | KS =
Greenfinch, . : — Se a SS SS = = = | — | = =
Hawfinch, 3 > il = — = _ — | ese i = | Se] =H] i — | = irs
ceoptttricay, Se SIs e e e = Sie) =
House-Sparrow, . x | _ | x | = ee x | = | = i x | —] —
Tree-Sparrow, : | —- | — = | — — = — = = r<xX — =
Ghia el ae eseuleee | x seat estat eel te | x va {a
Brambling, . Z _— Sone al | — {rx | | | ju xX —
Linnet, 5 , x | xX | = | x - = ae x i x | glee
Mealy Redpoll, si) = =o th | = x | x | — = Sa ee = ets
lean Bei, off = | = | = i ete lea fa]ah <x | ]) =
Twite, : “ill 3 es a il x eee ee x (ea — x = =
Bullfinch, : al | [peso ere a | eeaive <x = =
Crossbill, Te: | | | Ips Sy ease | = a Pas
Corn-Bunting, | x tes | x | — = x | — | — | x | = =
Yellow Bunting, } x | = =i] xy | = ee i «ef ataths | = =
Reed-Bunting, x — | = x | = | = | x — - x< — —
Snow-Bunting, I = x | =] |] = x — | - x == — | x =
Starling, Sa onl x | ce |e a lex | x | =
Chough, 0 ol se | -—-/— ea — x | = Nii >x _ =
20 48
Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
COMPARATIVE TABLE OF BIRDS OF CLARE ISLAND, &e.—continaued.
< increasing.
> decreasing.
r, vare.
= Crane I. | ACHILL. OvHER IsLANDs. MaINrAND.
Te | = sb | sb | 2 |
a | A | @ i va | || a || we ea | pA te
Magpie, = | = x | x x — = — = kee at | =
Jackdaw, _— —_— | x ase = — = kes peter [eee
Raven, x —-,— |x a ye | = = x eee Ne
Hooded Crow, x | x — || X — = ~ | = = Kx x a
Rook, = x —- |- x -— = x — <x = =
Skylark, ee eile) Set sai eames I Reta) sg
Short-toed Lark, — _ — — = = ae = mse oe = =
Swift, =) = x x sl eS Ne ls pee ieee zai
Nightjar, = — = lo — — a = = x = im
Kingfisher, = — = | = _— x = = = “x? fins =
Hoopoe, = — |rxX lies — — — > — rx | = Stes
Cuckoo, x = | = >< — = x | = = | x a | =
Barn-Owl, — }—)}] — = — = = = = || x |e ot eee
Long-eared Owl, — — — >< — — = = =— I x so pa
Short-eared Owl, = x — _— x = = — Seen ss x pes
Snowy Owl, = — ? — — |rx = = == = == |p 5¢
Hen-Hanvier, . — = ins | ae es
Golden Eagle, - — — >r = = |Sr =. = heat
Sparrow- Hawk, = EF | 2 x x = =
Greenland Falcon, = = & — — x — — x = — x
Peregrine Falcon x — = 52 _— = x = = v4 = =
Merlin, Fs = x 4 = Se as
Kestrel, 3 — a x = a x aa wan aie ae
Cormorant, — = x 2 _ Zs © Pa. = x ae =
Shag, 5 a ie a |i elle Gielen (lt yO | 5
Gannet, . =" lees yell a Nexo Wx = |S x =) xe x
Common Heron, — =| esi ih Ox == = = = x x ao ae
Bittern, =) = P= I] eee oP pte | M5 wees lle He Sr a (ee | Bee pase
Spoonbill. = =, || | = = ee a ee = || = S55. MENG
Clare Island Survey—Aves. 20 49
COMPARATIVE TABLE OF BIRDS OF CLARE ISLAND, &¢.—continued.
< increasing. > decreasing. y, rare.
— } Crane I. | ACHILL. OruEn IshanDs. | MAINLAND.
| * A Rn ay a wm || A Dn ao A R
Greylag Goose, 5 | | x = | = = = | _ x | =
White-fronted Goose, | = x eri lee _ — x f= — <x | =
Bean Goose, | — = = = “x? | | pas ae ee
Snow Goose, . 5 | = | — ilps<
Bernacle Goose, : | — x — — a | sel eas HS =
Brent Goose, 2 = = = Sat ~~ | = | = es = = | “x |=
Whooper Swan, 0 | = || = = x = x | ee
Bewick’s Swan, : ip — SF = x = | = — ms — | x =e
Mute Swan, . 5 ! = | = = = — |— i — = ae x | one le aes
Sheld-Duck, | = |= =| 2 = — \ = = — lex | x =e
Mallard, Be se || 3 ee | x Se ce il ee S28) x Il Se | =
Gadwall, : : _ — = | = x | | S< ae
Shoveler, 2 | = | _ a = x = | ae = = | x“ fees =
Tintail, 0 2 == |) = = x | | x | =
Teal, ; : Sh gees | x esc x | ae | — x? ee o< | x | pps
Garganey, ; Sie —_ an | pals = |lrse = a = || = |i as
Pochard, ; : = | = = | = x = | a = | eal x > =
Mhuiited oD) ucla = || = “1 — Fy = | |= | =F] = SO ul ==
Seaup Duck, . : | = | = = ! a x ened |) = | — | = x | pk:
Golden-eye, | ] se | | I ge i eat
Long-tailed Duck, . || — | — as | = x ae ae gee = | Bea a2 aed
Hitler Dad pe MM ese |p Se all ee) a area ee a le else
King Eider, . 6 | | = rX | _— = = | eas eS: =
Common Scoter, . | | | = | x \ = oe = eee || ae | x
Surf Scoter, . é | — = = | = as l\sp Se | — = = = | =) e
Goosander, . : = = ox | = = | — | _— — = Br oe | x
; : | |
oo na | - | a. _ | x ~ | oy | ant = = |
Ring=Waoyen! ya) = pe « = | == | = == = a
| | \|
R.1.A. PROC,, VOL, XXXI G 20
20 50
Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
COMPARATIVE TABLE OF Brps OF CLARE ISLAND, &¢.—continued.
< increasing.
> decreasing.
r, Tare.
Crane I.
ACHILL.
Oruer IsLanDs.
MaInLanp.
Breeding.
Not breeding.
Stragglers.
| Breeding.
Not breeding.
Not breeding.
Breeding.
Stragglers.
Breeding.
Not breeding.
Stragglers.
Rock-Dove, .
Turtle-Dove, -
Pallas’s Sand-Grouse,
Red Grouse,
Pheasant,
Partridge,
Quail,
Com-Crake,
Water- Rail,
Water-Hen,
Coot,
Ringed Plover,
Golden Plover.
Grey Plover,
Lapwing,
Turnstone,
Oyster-catcher,
Grey Phalarope,
Red-necked Phalarope
Woodcock,
Great Snipe,
Common Snipe.
Jack Snipe,
American Pectoral |
Sandpiper, ‘
Dunlin,
Purple Sandpiper,
Knot, . . .
Sanderling,
x
x xX &X
MEX KX
>x
P SPP Ee Seki S) consent
SPAS PAS OS eS PN 2M
x
x
x
x
OS DS OS eS oS bs
x xX
x
KX OK OK
|
Ke KE
tor |
KR KS
Clare Island Survey—Aves. 20 51
COMPARATIVE TABLE OF BIRDS OF CLARE ISLAND, &c.—continued.
< increasing. > decreasinge r, rare.
_ | Cuare I. ACHILL. OTHER IsLANDs. | MAINLAnb.
= ui __ lll
Se i ee eee
2 . & ee s F a} :
ee ele Le
Rutt, : ; 5 = | — = == — |lrx H a a - = = rx
Common Sandpiper, | x | | ia x | = | x las [aes x | os | ea
Green Sandpiper, . |} — | — — = = = | = = a = | — |ips
edshan kamen) ra |e ere Niece xe Se x x
Greenshank, = | — | — | = x | | é | x Hse
Bar-tailed Godwit, . || — =/=]= x earih | x ine 2
Heit, | = | = |= p= | of aye fae} = fa | a ex
Curlew, 6 D — x — = x Misetes = x — il se hee | wi
Wii, o off a} 2 )oie ls | a ie eee
Black Tern, . 5 — ee Neeser | ee = lr Se eT ely, Hee = = | =
Sandwich Tern, . ||) — — — Sys a H alee | ce l<x dati |lVaat
Roseate Tern,. = | = = /|=|=|>S> } = | = 2% | a =| =
Common Tern, : — x = | = | x | xs Ill 9 = nae | eT ANG | =
Arctic Tern, . 0 x Sas = | = | = x | oh | = <x — | pas
Little Tern, . : = —;};—]}] —|]— a x epee tie —{/-
Black-headed Gull, . al x | = ae x iit es xf lex x ee
Common Gull, u | sete ieee ||| Vs lisse x | — x x | rele lex x =>
Herring-Gull, of xs i= = | x | = | | x | = | 3 Ep | =
as la | \ ae 7) See eller of = = | x = — . ‘Cc
Soph Bietaed We = etl ieee ee ie bee hlees ie ee
Glaucous Gull, 6 | — — — — x = = a oe = x
Iceland Gull, . 2 — — = x = a —~ {|= | = x =
Kittiwake, . alliiase — — — =e = = x lhgaaise + aoe = =
Ivory Gull, - . | — | | — irx
Pomatorhine Skua, . | | x | ees, es se ie
Richardson’s Skua, . f= | x? = — Ga | me = 4 = x =
Buffon’s Skua, 5 | = == x re ue | x ! | i. iw
Tecan: tome Meal SG || leo es es | =| x TR 50 8h eal ree (eee
20 52 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
COMPARATIVE TABLE OF BIRDS OF CLARE ISLAND, &¢.—continued.
< inereasing. . > decreasing. ry "tia:
— Craxz I. i ACHILL. OrueEn IsLanbs. | MAINLAND.
Sl 2 | eal eee
e | 2 | elke ie Sp Sees ceaceael
Guillemot, x = ae aha -- x = x =
Black Guillemot, — — x = x — il) x =
Little Auk, - -— _ = x = = x —|—|
Puffin, »< — — — — = x = = |<x x |
Great Northein Diver, | — x = — x = = ae = = x |
Black-throated Diver. — — = = == PX = = ae he =
Red-throated Diver, — x = = x wae ae lic got =e is x
Sclavonian Grebe, x = = = == oa x
Little Grebe, — _ — x x = = x _ | x =
Storm-T’etrel, <a = = x 2s x = Ail x =
Fork-tailed Petrel, . — = = — x = Map| = — | a ==
Great Shearwater, — — — — SP = = $2) me | ese =
Sooty Shearwater, . — = = = Syed | = 502) SS ||
Mane Shearwater, SOL 23M = — x — x = — || = x
Fulmar, — — — = x : <x =
Clare Island Survey —Aves. 20 53
V.—SUMMARY.
The avifauna of these islands thus presents the following features :—
1. Resident land-birds are of few species, including the Stonechat, Hedge
Sparrow, Dipper, Wren, Twite, three Buntings, and the more characteristic
Rock Pipit, Chough, Raven, Peregrine, and Rock-Dove, and formerly the
’
Golden Eagle.
2. Summer land-birds that breed are still fewer :—the Wheatear, White-
throat, Sedge- Warbler, Swallow, Cuckoo, Corn-crake.
3. There are colonies of Shags, cliff-breeding Gulls, Arctic and Little
Terns, Auks and Petrels, and many Oyster-catchers nest.
The more special features are : —
4. The large immigration of passerine birds that resort to the islands and
the Mullet in winter for a milder climate, as do the Thrush family, Finches,
Starlings, Rooks, and Skylarks.
5. The winter visitation of species from northern countries, which
resort to the western fringe of Ireland, especially the north-west, ¢.y., the
Snow-Bunting, Greenland Falcon, Wild Swans, and Arctic species of Gulls.
6. The late stay in spring of the above winter birds and such others as
the Scaup Duck, Sanderling, Purple Sandpiper, Northern Diver, and
Sclavonian Grebe.
7. The stay throughout the summer of adolescent winter visitors, as the
Turnstone, Bar-tailed Godwit.
8. The rarity or absence of those occasional visitors that come from the
Continent, as the Black Redstart, the rarer Herons and Crakes.
9, The increase of the Blackbird and of several woodland species on the
mainland and of the Great Black-backed Gull on the islands.
20 54 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
VI.—BIBLIOGRA PHY.
THomeson, William :
Natural History of Ireland. Birds, 1849-1851.
Dublin Natural History Society :
Proceedings.
PAYNE-GALLWEY, Sir Ralph :
The Fowler in Ireland. 1882.
British Association :
Reports on the Migration of Birds. 1880-1887.
Mors, A. G. :
A List of Irish Birds. 1890.
BaRRINGTON, R. M.:
Migration of Birds. 1900.
Ussuer, R. J., and R. WARREN:
Birds of Ireland. 1900.
Aarne, (C). die 2
Aquatic Birds of Great Britain and Ireland. 1906.
UssHEr, R. J.:
A List of Irish Birds. 1908.
Ibis,
Zoologist,
Irish Naturalist,
British Birds,
- of various dates.
Field, Irish Sportsman, and other newspapers, |
Proc. R.I.ACAD., VOL. XXXI. PART 20, PLATE I.
RK. Welch, fhovo.
Golden Eagle. Clare Island, October, 1887.
Preserved in the National Museum, Dublin,
CLARE ISLAND SURVEY.—USSHER: AVES.
Proc. R.I.AcAD., VoL. XXXI. PART 20, PLATE II.
R. Welch, phofo.
Bird-cliffs on north-west shore of Clare Island. Height 800 feet. Looking N.E.
CLARE ISLAND SURVEY.—USSHER: AVES.
“SHAW ! YGHSSQ—'ATAWAS ANVIST AXVID
+0704 d “OTAA\ “XL “9OULISIP 9Y} UL PURIST o1v[Q “STI ayy uo Auopoo uyjng
‘TIT Ytvtd ‘0c Luvd ‘IXXX “IOA “GVOV'T U ‘90%
‘SUAW ! WAHSS(Q—'ATAYAS ANWIST ANVID
“ It $3)
*purjsy aiv[9 jsnoyg—'f “ay
“puv[sy d1e[D UO JSoU SMOT[VAS TSIM JO foot oY} UL DAVI-vIg—'I *
“07048 “NI|9A\ “XT
rs 24
I OY
dsl
*Jar[NUpoY wou joys [MO AMmouS—*é ‘SLT
‘
“AI @iVIq ‘oz Luvg IXXX ‘OA “AVIV TY ‘90%
Proc. R.I.AcAD., VOL. XX XI. PART 20, PLATE V-
: i : Fig. 2.—Doonbristy (the Broken Fort)
Fig. 1.—Portion of great north-western cliff, = = risty (the Broken! Ho t),
North Mayo coast.
Clare Island. =
Great Black-backed Gulls nest on top,
Guillemots and Kittiwakes on the ledges.
T. J. Westropp, phofo.
Razorbills and Puffins nesting.
C.J. Patten, photo.
Fig. 3.—Young Great Black-backed Gulls Fig.
on the Bills.
4.—Blackbird’s nest on a rock,
Clare Island.
C. J. Patten, photo.
R. Welch, phofo.
CLARE ISLAND SURVEY.—USSHER: AVES.
Clare Island Survey.
TUNICATA AND HEMICHORDA.
By G. P. FARRAN anp R. SOUTHERN,
Read Apxit 27. Published Aucusr 10, 1914.
In the absence of any specialists in these groups from the naturalists engaged
in the Clare Island Survey, it has fallen to our lot to summarize the available
records. ‘That so large a number of Tunicates appears in the list is due to
Prof. Hartmeyer of Berlin, who is at present engaged in examining the
Tunicate material belonging to the Fisheries Branch of the Department of
Agriculture, and who kindly consented to furnish a preliminary account
of the collections from Blacksod Bay. There is still a good deal of
material, collected in Clew Bay and other parts of the district, awaiting
examination.
TUNICATA.
APPENDICULARIAE.
Qikopleura sp.—Specimens of Oikopleura are very common in tow-nettings
throughout the district, both in inshore gatherings and in the open sea.
It is probable that most, if not all, of these are 0. dioica, though they
have not been identified with certainty.
THALIACEAE,
Salpa fusiformis Cuv.—An oceanic species, frequently drifted into the
district.
R.I.A. PROC., VOL. XXXI. A 24
21 2 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
Salpa mucronata Forsk.—A large shoal of this species was swept up the west
coast of Ireland in August, 1903, and was found plentifully off Cleggan
Head in that month.
Salpa asymmetrica Fowler.—An oceanic species taken occasionally off Cleggan
in 1903. It probably occurs frequently at irregular intervals.
Doliolum tritonis Herdm.—An oceanic species, often drifted shorewards. It
was taken to the east of Clare I. in August, 1901.
ASCIDIACEA.
As it is difficult to discover in most cases what species of Ascidians are
indicated by the names given by early writers, it has seemed best to keep
separate the few published records from the Clew Bay area.
The following species are recorded from within the limits of the district
in Alder and Hancock's “British Tunicata” (Ray Society, 1905-12). The
records are chiefly based on the work of Thompson :—
Ascidia mentula Miller.—Clew Bay.
Ascidia venosa Miiller.—Killary Bay.
Ascidia canina Miller.—Clew Bay.
Ascidia scabra Miiller.—Clew Bay, Killary Bay.
2 Ascidia vitres Van Ben.—Killary Bay (recorded by Forbes, “ British
Mollusca ”).
[Styelopsis] sphaerica Ald. Hane.—Killary Bay.
Ainaroucium proliferum M. Edw.—Clew Bay.
Leptoclinum maculosum M. Edw.—Clew Bay.
L. durum M. Edw.—Clew Bay.
L. gelatinosum M. Edw.—Clew Bay.
Lotryllus gemmeus Sav.—Clew Bay.
Botryllus bivittatus M. Edw.—Clew Bay.
Professor Herdman in his Cruise of the “ Argo” (Trans. Liverpool Biol.
Soc., V) records the following :—
Polycarpa argoensis Herdman—Killary Bay, 20 fms., one specimen.
Ascidiella aspersa, Miller—Killary Bay, 5-10 fms., abundant.
Corella parallelogrammea Miller.—Killary Bay, 5-15 fms.
Clare Island Survey—Tunicata and Hemichorda. 21 3
Prof. R. Hartmeyer of the Zoologisches Museum, Berlin, has recently
examined a collection of Tunicates made by the Fisheries Branch of the
Department of Agriculture in Blacksod Bay, chiefly on the west shore, and
identifies the following species from that locality. For the synonymy and a
fuller account of the species, reference should be made to Prof. Hartmeyer’s
paper which is about to appear in the Department’s publication —“ Fisheries,
Ireland, Sci. Invest.”
Molgula citrina Ald. Hane.—One specimen.
Pyura squamulosa (Ald.).—Not plentiful.
Pyura Savignyt (Phil.).—Very plentiful.
Styela Lovenit (Kor. Dan.).—One specimen.
Polycarpa singularis (Gunn.)—Small specimens plentiful.
Dendrodoa grossularia (Bened.).—Very abundant locally at entrance to
Blacksod Bay.
Botryllus Schlossert (Pall.).— Plentiful.
Botrylloides rubrum M.-E.—Plentiful.
Phallusia mentula (Mill.).—Moderately plentiful.
Phallusia virginea (Miull.).—Moderately plentiful.
Phallusia conchilega (Mill.).—Very plentiful.
Ascidiella aspersa (Miull.) —Very plentiful.
Ciona sociabilis (Gunn.).—Fairly plentiful.
Clavelina lepadiformis (Miull.).—A few specimens.
Trididemnum cerewm (Giard).—Two colonies.
Didemnum aff. durum (M.-E.).—A few small colonies.
Leptoclinum listerianum, var. gelatinoswum M.-E.—A few colonies.
Leptoclinum spongiforme (Giard).—Two small colonies, probably of this
species.
Diplosomoides perforatum (Giard).—Two colonies.
Glossoforwm sabulosuim (Giard).— Very plentiful.
Amaroucium proliferum M.-EH.—Not very plentiful.
Amaroucium punctum Giard.—Not plentiful.
Aplidiwm zostericola Giard.—Not plentiful.
Morchellium argus (M.-E.).—Plentiful.
ENTEROPNEUSTA,
Dolichoglossus ruber T'attersall—A small red species, found not uncommonly
in Ballynakill Harbour. It occus in damp, muddy sand at low-water
21 4 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
spring tides. It is described in Ann. Rep. Fish., Ireland, 1902-3, Pt. II
[1905], p. 213.
Balanoglossus sp.—A large specimen of Balanoglossus, of which the head end
was missing, was found by Mr. E. W. L. Holt while digging in Bofin
Harbour in 1900 (Tattersall Joc. cit.).
PHORONIDEA.
Phoronis sp.—The adult stage of Phoronis has not yet been obtained in the
district, but the larval form, Actinotrocha, has been found on several
occasions in tow-nettings.
Clare Island Survey.
wy
MARINE MOLLUSCA.
By NATHANIEL COLGAN.
Read Fesruary 27. Published Aprin 14, 1911.
CONTENTS :
Pace Pace |
1. The area defined and described, - .l | une. The Molluscan Fauna—contd.
1. Exploration of the area : (4) Comparison with East Coast
(a) Shore-collecting, . ° a ee | Mollusca, . > > 5 US
(6) Dredging, ; ° 0 - 38 | ty. Arrangement of the list, . ° = iO
ur. The Molluscan Fauna : y. List of Species, 5 A 5 ill
(a) Extent, constitution, and local vi. Bibliography, . ‘ < a . 39
distribution, . 5 0 . 4 | vu. Index of Genera, . 6 P . 3¢
I. THE AREA DEFINED AND DESCRIBED.
UNLIKE most marine areas, the area dealt with in the following list admits of
very precise definition. Itis included within a line drawn from the south-
western extremity of Clare Island to the mainland at Emlagh Point and
thence continued along the mainland coast by Old Head, Westport Quay,
Newport, and Mulranny to the southern entrance of Achill Sound, whence
it passes south-west to Clare Island Light-house and follows the eastern
and southern coast-lines of the island to the starting-point. The area is, in
short, the shores and waters of Clew Bay, having an extension east and west
of some 15 miles and north and south of 8 miles. The coast-line, neglecting
the minor sinuosities of the remarkably broken eastern shores, measures
approximately 55 miles, a length which would be doubled by strictly
following these sinuosities, and adding in the shore-limes of the crowded
archipelago of drift islands which gives its peculiar character to the bay.
The whole area thus defined may be considered a shallow-water one.
The deepest dredging made, between Clare Island Light and Achillbeg,
hardly exceeded 25 fathoms, while amongst the creeks and channels of the
eastern islands and islets the dvedgings ranged from 2 to 5 fathoms. The
physical character of the shores and of the sea-bottom, regarded as habita-
tions for the various tribes of marine mollusca, is sufficiently varied. On
the western side of the bay, the shores of Clare Island between tide-marks
are almost exclusively rocky or boulder-strewn, the only sandy beach being
R.A. PROC., VOL. XXXI. A 22
22 2 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
a stretch of a couple of hundred yards at the harbour. On the east of Clew
Bay, the inner shores are in general muddy or marshy, interspersed with
sandy beaches, usually of small extent, bué occasionally, as off Annagh Island
and Bartra towards the south, and east of Mulranny on the north, expanding
into wide strands at low waiter. On the south, irom Roonah Quay to
Leckanvy, rock predominaies, and towards the north-west, along ihe
Curraun peninsula, narrow boulder-sirewn beaches stretch along the foot of
the lofty scarps of drift which here wall in the coast. Amongst the inner -
islands the bottom is in general muddy, gravelly, or weedy, and in some
parts, especially off Inishlyre, is covered with beds of “coral,” Lithothamnion
caleareum Aresch., locally Known as “Grooanock.” In the open bay, the
bottom is for the most part sandy, but patches of rough gravel or of mud
occur, with occasional small areas of drifted shell-sand yielding dredgings
rich in the smaller Gasteropods.
Il. EXPLORATION OF THE AREA.
(a) Shore-collecting.
The exploration of the marine molluscan fauna of the area just defined
and described was allotted tome as my share of the Clare Island Survey.
Though from a distributional point of view this branch of the survey is
perhaps the least interesting and instructive, it proved by no means the least
onerous ; and had it not been for the cheerful aid given me by many skilled
helpers, I should have despaired of carrying it out with any approach to
completeness in the short time available.
Four visits, each of about a week's duration, were paid to the district
during the thirteen months from July, 1909. to August, 1910; and on the
whole quite as much attention was given to dredging as to shore-collecting.
Clare Island itself was visited three times, July 16th—23rd, 1909; July 2Ist—
26th, and August 16th-2ist, 1910; and early in May of the latier year six
days, 6th-11th, were spent on the shores of Westport Bay, with head-
quarters at Belclare, about two miles south-west of Westport Quay.
Almost daily during these visits shore-collecting was carried on at low
water, with the result that the eastern and southern shores of Clare Island, the
shores of Annagh Island, of Dorinish, of Inishimmel, and of the Scotch
Bonnet, that curious grass-crowned fag-end of an island so conspicuous in the
Westport channel, were fairly well explored. Some desultory shore-collecting
was done, too, at Old Head on the 25th July, 1909; at Mulranny, on the
28th July, 1910; and at the south-western extremity of Curraun Achill on
the 15th August of the same year. During the four visits to the district I
had the good fortune tobe associated with other workers either well versed in
Clare Island Survey—Marine Mollusca. 22 3
this department of marine research or actually investigating other depart-
ments for the purposes of the survey, and their volunteer gatherings con-
tributed not a little to the fullness of my collections. In this connexion I
would specially mention Miss Jane Stephens and Mr, A. R. Nichols of our
National Museum, Mr. A. D. Cotton of Kew Herbarium, and Mr. Praeger, the
Carnot of our various survey campaigns.
It will be seen from this sketch of the shore-collecting operations that
large tracts of the eastern division of the area were left untouched. It may
be fairly assumed, however, that the two sections worked yielded collections
representative of the littoral mollusca of the area, and that an extended
survey of the complex network of creeks and islands stretching northward
from Dorinish to Newport would have added little to the final result,
(0) Dredging.
Quite as important as the shore-collecting were the dredging operations
carried on during the four visits referred to. These operations would in all
probability have been confined to the inshore waters, and would consequently
have been hopelessly incomplete, but for the courtesy of the directors of the
Fisheries Branch of our Agricultural and Technical Instruction Department,
who arranged for several visits of their steamship “Helga” to Clew Bay
during her scientific cruises and while survey parties were at work on the
island. At each visit the “ Helga,” fully equipped for such work, made
numerous dredgings, especially in the off-shore and deeper parts of the bay.
On her first visit, May 22nd—27th, 1909, 15 effective hauls were made in the
bay im from 5 to 253 fathoms, and one in Inishlyre Roads at 5 fathoms.
The material taken in these dredgings (apparently the finer siftings were not
preserved) was examined by Miss A. L. Massy of the Fisheries Branch, and
yielded a list of 74 species, which was kindly placed at my disposal. On
the second visit, August 23rd—26th, 1909, only four effective hauls were made,
three in the bay in from 53 to 14 fathoms, and one off Inishgowla in 4
fathoms. The material was handed over to me, and on examination proved
rather productive, giving a yield of 106 species.
On the “ Helga’s” third visit, August 16th-18th, 1910, I enjoyed the
privilege of taking part in the dredging operations conducted under the
direction of Mr. G. P. Farran, and was thus enabled to select from the 8
effective hauls made, two in Inishlyre Roads at 2f. and at 4 f. and six im the
bay in from 10 to 19f. the material likely to yield the best results. On
careful examination this material gave me a total of 159 species. One
dredging in from 10 to 12f. about a mile and a half N.E. of Old Head
gave 98 species, and another in 19f, in mid-bay in a bed of shell drift
A 2
22 4 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
produced no less than 133 species. This last was the richest yield of any
single hanl made in the area, and has, [ think, been rarely exceeded by any
single haul made in Ivish coastal waters. In a large proportion of the total
of 28 effective hauls made by the “ Helga” during her three visits the tow-net
was used attached to the dredge, so as to secure samples of the finer material.
The inshore or shallow-water dredgings were made usually from a row-
boat or small sailing-boat or from a pookaun, the stout lug-sailed craft by
which communication is carried on between Clare Island and the mainland.
A total of 24 productive dredgings were made, and in the majority of these I
was assisted by Mr. Praeger. In July, 1909, five scrapes were made at Clare
Island, one in about 12 fathoms off the Light-house Cove, and four in about
5 fathoms off the harbour or off Granuaile’s Castle. On the 26th of the same
month Mr. A. D. Cotton joined me in a dredging-irip by sailing-boat amongst
the inner islands of the bay from Rossmindle by Sruhnamael (Maelstrom)
round Inishlyre and Collon Beg, when four productive hauls were made in
from 2 to5fathoms. In May, 1910, twelve hauls were made in the Westport
Channel, nine of these off Scotch Bonnet and Inishimmel and three in Inishlyre
Roads ; and finally in July of the same year, three hauls were made at Clare
Island, two of them off the Castle in about 5 fathoms, and the third within
half a mile of Light-house Cove in about 10 fathoms. This last haul proved
a rich one, yielding me a total of 104 species. All of these inshore dredgings
were made with a close-meshed dredge-bag which retained much of the finer
material.
Altogether 52 effective dredgings were made within the area, the “ Helga’s”
23 deep-water hauls being so distributed as to yield samples from all parts
of the open bay, while the shallow-water dredgings, like the shore-gatherings,
were almost confined to the Clare Island shores and the neighbourhood of
Westport Bay and channel.
IIT. Toe Moiiuscan Fauna.
(a) Its Extent, Constitution, and Local Distribution.
The survey operations just described, incomplete though they were, have
yielded material sufficient to serve as foundation, not only for what is the first
detailed Jist of the Marine Mollusca of Clew Bay, but also for a first attempt
to estimate the relative frequency of the various species. The bay was visited
and dredgings made there about the middle of the last century by many able
and zealous workers, such as Edward Forbes, Robert Ball, William Thompson,
and Dr. Farran. But the only published results of their labours in the
district are a few scattered records in various works, yielding a total of no
more than 19 species.
Clare Island Survey—Marine Mollusca. 22 5
The number of species recorded in the following list as the fruit of the
dredgings and shore-collections made in 1909 and 1910 is 243. Adding to
this three species previously recorded, but not taken during the survey opera-
tions, Hledone cirrhosa, Bulla hydatis, and Doto fragilis, the total of known
species for the district is increased to 246. No shallow-water area of the Irish
west coast hitherto explored has yielded so rich a molluscan fauna as this.
The closest approach to it is to be found in the List of the Molluscs of Ballina-
kill and Bofin Harbours, the jomt work of Mr. G. P. Farran (Nudibranchs) and
Mr. E. R. Sykes (Testaceous Mollusca), where a total of 191 species is recorded
(“ Reports of Sea and Island Fisheries of Ireland,” published 1903 and 1905).
It should be noted that the smaller forms were not specially sought for in
collecting the material from which the second part of this list was drawn up.
Next in importance to this Co. Galway list comes Miss Amy Warren’s for
Killala Bay, with a total of 186 species, the fruit of shore-collecting alone
extending over a period of several years (“ Journ. of Conchology,” 1892). Of
the 243 species included in the present list as the result of the survey operations,
two, Theeacera pennigera and Actaconia Cocksii, are for the first time recorded
as Irish. The first is an addition to the Ivish marine fauna, the second may
prove to be only the substitution of one species for another of the same genus.
Five species, Zonicella rubra, Circulus striatus, Odostomia conspicua, Pyrgulina
scalaris, and Mytilus phaseolinus, are additions to Marine Province V. of
Mr. A. R. Nichols’ “List of the Marine Mollusca of Ireland,” the province
stretching from Loop Head northward to Erris Head, and a sixth species,
Cylichnina nitidula, is an addition to the shallow-water area of the same
province. The occurrence of the elegant little Circulus striatus (Trochus
Duminyi) i two dredgings in the bay makes a welcome addition to the
existing small tale of Irish records for this rare species.
Amongst the species taken in the Clew Bay area which, though not new to
Marine Province V., are yet generally rare in Ivish waters, the following are
worthy of mention :—
Scalaria Trevelyana Odostomia diaphana Cadlina obyelata
Alvania carinata Liostoma clavula Rostanga coccinea
Manzonia zetlandica Kulimella nitidissima Triopa claviger
Ceratia proxima Mangilia striolata Aeolis glauca
Barleeia rubra M. attenuata Modiolus adriaticus
Jeffreysia diaphana Tornatina mammillata Lima Loscombi
Marginella laevis Volvulella acuminata Lepton nitidum
Jordaniella nivosa Bulla Utriculus L. squamosum
Kulima bilineata Philine scabra Tellina pusilla
Odostomia conoidea Jorunna Johnstoni Saxicayella plicata
22 6 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
The molluscan fauna of the Clew Bay area is devoid of any very striking
characteristic. Almost all of the principal groups and genera are well repre-
sented in its total of 246 species in which the Gasteropods stand to the
Pelecypods as 147 to 86. Some of the leading genera, taking them in the
wide Jefireysian sense, appear, indeed, to be more fully represented in Clew
Bay than in other Irish West Coast areas. Thus, Odostomia has 20 species,
Trochus 9, Venus, Tellina, and Chiton 7 each, while Rissoa with 16 species is
equalled only in Miss Warren’s list for Killala Bay. In one group, however,
the Nudibranchs, the Clew Bay molluscan fauna with but 16 species compares
very unfavourably with that of a neighbouring West Coast area, Ballinakill and
Bofin Harbours, where the labours of a skilful observer, Mr. G. P. Farran, have
resulted in the discovery of no less than 46 species (“ Ivish Fisheries Report,”
loc. cit.). There is good reason to believe that a further exploration of some
of the outer islands along the Westport Channel, especially Inishimmel (locally
known as Inishivvel), would add considerably to the Nudibranch fauna of
Clew Bay.
Although considered as a section of the Imish West Coast, the Clew Bay
area cannot be said to possess any very distinctive character in its molluscan
fauna; the local distribution of the species presents some features of interest.
Adopting a rough division of the area into western, middle, and eastern, we
find that the total molluscan fauna of 246 species is thus distributed. The
western division, including the shores of Clare Island and the waters imme-
diately adjacent to a depth of 10 fathoms, yields 155 species, reduced to 105 if
the seaward limit be drawn at the 5-fathom line, or to 51 species, or less than
half that number, if its area be restricted to the shores of the island between
tide-marks. The eastern division, including the shores of the bay from Old
Head to Achill Sound, with the archipelago of drift islands and the shallow
channels between them, has a fauna of 145 species, reduced to 53 if we limit
the area to the shores between tide-marks; and the middle section, or the
open waters of the bay lying between the eastern and western divisions, has
a fauna of 178 species.
The middle or deeper-water area has the largest number (41) of peculiar
species, that is to say, species not found in either of the other divisions; the
western has the smallest number (17) of such species, and the eastern division
stands intermediate, with 22 peculiar species. Common to all three divisions
are 81 species, or slightly less than one-third of the total molluscan fauna.
A comparison of the littoral molluscan faunas of the eastern and western
divisions, using the word “littoral” here, not in its strict sense, but as including
all species actually found living between tide-marks during the course of the
survey, Shows the eastern fauna to be more austral in character than the
Clare Island Survey—Marine Mollusca. 22 7
western. ‘The eastern or mainland division, as already stated, has 53 littoral
species to 51 in the western or Clare Island division. If we exclude from these
totals the Nudibranchs and Ascoglossans, whose general range in Europe is
hardly sutticiently well known to permit of their species being assigned to
definite distributional groups, we find on analysis that the mainland or
eastern littoral fauna thus reduced to 46, includes 6 austral species, or more
than one-eighth of the total, while of the western or Clare Island littorals
reduced to 38, only 2 species, or one-nineteenth of the total, belong to the
austral group.
It may be well to state here the precise meaning attached to the terms
austral and boreal in the comparisons already made, or about to be made.
By austral species of mollusca, we mean such species as range from the
British Isles south to the Mediterranean; by boreal species, such as range
from the English Channel northward to within the Arctic Circle. It must be
admitted that there is a considerable element of uncertainty in the constitution
of these groups, since they are based on a mass of records often lacking in
detail and of unequal value. They may, nevertheless, be accepted as useful
guides to the general character of our local molluscan faunas.
The present ‘contrast in the physical conditions of the eastern and western
divisions of the Clew Bay area would appear to be sufficient explanation of
the absence from the island of the following group of species, which is
characteristic of the molluscan fauna of the opposite or eastern shores of the
bay :—
Gibbula magus Modiolus barbatus Tapes decussatus
Lunatia catena Axinus flexuosus T. aureus
Paludestrina stagnalis §_ Tellina balthica Cardium exiguum
Tornatina obtusa Scrobicularia piperata Mya arenaria
Akera bullata Mactra subtruncata M. truncata
The presence of these species in the east and their absence from the west
merely show that each division exhibits in its marine fauna the defects of its
physical qualities, and the whole group, or a large part of it, may at one time
have inhabited the Clare Island shores, when the conditions there resembled
those which now obtain on the opposite mainland shores. And it is not
improbable that such conditions may have obtained on the island shores when
the glacial deposits which at one time appear to have choked up the bay were
in process of removal by erosion and denudation.
Tf these absences from the Clare Island fauna are just such as we might
expect, it is quite otherwise in the case of a widespread west Ivish species,
Trochoclea lineata (Lvochus). No vestige of this could be found on any part
22 8 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
of the carefully explored eastern or southern shores of the island, though it is
frequent and well developed on the outer islands of the eastern coast of the
bay some 8 miles distant.
Having touched on these negative characteristics of the Clare Island
marine mollusca, attention may be drawn to what appears to be a positive
distinctive feature in the fauna of its shores as compared with those of the
mainland—the presence of two interesting Ascoglossans or close allies of the
Nudibranchs, Hermaea dendritica and Elysia viridis. Both of these occur in
profusion between tide-marks on the island ; and their prominence in its marine
fauna, if one may be permitted to associate the idea of prominence with such
elusive, protectively coloured species, is perhaps conditioned by the abundance
on the island shores of their food-plant, the green seaweed, Codiwm tomentosum.
The absence of this weed from the greater part of the uncongenial eastern
shores of the bay explains the absence therefrom of the two Ascoglossans.
Yet it is not improbable that further research may prove that these species
oecur on the imperfectly explored rocky coast from Roonah to Old Head,
where Codiwm is abundant.
Amongst the species found in the middle or deeper water division of the
area, but not in either of the other divisions, the following are probably excluded
by insufficient depth of water :—
Calliostoma Montagui Cylichnina nitidula Astarte sulcata
Sealaria Trevelyana Volvulella acuminata Cyprina islandica
Rissoa cancellata Dentalium entalis Diplodonta rotundata
Odostomia conoidea Lima Loscombi Saxicavella plicata
In this small group, though we find that mingling of northern and
southern forms which occurs all round the Ivish shores, the southern element
in itis still perceptibly superior, as it is throughout the Irish shallow-water
areas im general.
(6) Comparison with the East Coast Mollusca.
When the mollusean fauna of Clew Bay, as a whole, and so far as we know
it at present, is compared with that of the shores and shallow waters of
Co. Dublin on the east coast, we do not find the austral element directly pre-
ponderant in the western area, as we have found it in comparing one part of
that area with another, and as we should find it in comparing the Irish west
coast as a whole with the east coast. But we find the boreal element much
stronger in the east than in the west ; and it isin the relation of the boreal to
the austral element in each of the faunas that we shall find the best standard
of comparison. The western or Clew Bay area has 5 boreal species to 31
austval; the eastern or Dublin area has 12 boreals to 37 australs; so that
Clare Island Survey—Marine Mollusca. 22 9
on the west the boreals are a little less than one-sixth of the australs,
while in the east they are almost one-third. Dublin has the following
11 austral species not hitherto recorded for Clew Bay :—
Calliostoma granulatum Plewrobranchus mem- Ceratisolen legumen
Tninatia sordida branaceus Pholas dactylus
Turbomilla pusilla Solenocurtus candidus PP. candida
Bellardiella gracilis S. antiquatus P. parva
Of these 11 Dublin australs, however, which are apparently absent from
Clew Bay, all but one (Pholas parva) range round the south-west and west
coasts of Ireland from Cork to Connemara, and 3 are known to extend even
as far north as Donegal. It is not unreasonable, then, to assume that further
research would reveal the presence of several of these species in Clew Bay.
And although a century-long exploration of the Dublin marine area has
yielded records for 11 austral species which two seasons’ work has failed to
detect in Clew Bay, it must be borne in mind that 5 of these 11 austvrals,
those in italics in the above list, are extremely rare in Dublin.
On the other hand, the Clew Bay area has 4 austral species, Circulus striatus,
Modiolus barbatus, Modiolaria costulata and Diplodonta rotundata, which are
absent, not merely from Dublin, but from the whole Irish east coast, from
Carnsore Point in Wexford to Fair Headin Antrim. Andall of these 4 species,
in their extra-Britannic range, are much more distinctly southern than the
majority of the 11 Dublin australs which are apparently wanting in Clew Bay,
though, with one exception, widespread on the Irish west coast. If, from the
Trish austral species, as already defined, we select a sub-group of what may
be called Pure Australs—that is to say, of species ranging from the British
Isles to latitudes south of the Mediterranean, or ranging from the
Mediterranean only so far north as southern England, then the Clew Bay
area, in the present imperfect state of our knowledge, shows a total of 18
such distinctively southern species to but 17 in the very fully explored
Dublin area.
The mere presence of a species or group of species in a given area is in
itself an uncertain test of the character of the fauna of that area. We must
consider the standing there of each species, whether it be assured or pre-
carious; and looked at from this point of view the austral element in the
Dublin marine molluscan fauna will be found to have much less weight than
its numbers would seem to entitle it to. Of the 37 Dublin austral species six,
Trochochlea lineata, Gibbula magus, Scalaria clathratula, Alvania carinata,
Caecum trachea, and Dentalium vulgare, are quite rare there as compared
with Clew Bay; and two others, Alvania cancellata and Hrato laevis, though
R.A, PROC,, VOL. XXXI, B 22
22 10 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
undoubtedly present, if rare, m Clew Bay, rest their claim to a place in the
Dublin fauna each on a single old record. And to counterbalance this
there are only two of the Clew Bay austral species, Calliostoma Montagui and
Lunatia catena, which appear to be rarer there than in Dublin.
Writers on our marine mollusca have more than once drawn attention to
the great abundance of Cerithium on the west as compared with the east
coasts of Ireland. The Clew Bay dredgings gave striking proof of this
preponderance, not only in the commoner species, C. reticulatum, but also in
the allied C. perversum. A day’s dredging in Dublin waters has never
yielded me more than half a dozen shells of either species; a single haul off
Clare Island in July, 1909, gave me 160 perfect and 108 broken shells of the
first species, and another haul off the island in July, 1910, gave me 132 perfect
shells of the second. In Clew Bay, too, as in the west generally, C. reticulatwm
attaims to a far finer development than in Dublin. Specimens dredged off
Scotch Bonnet in 1910 were fully 16 mm. (2 inch) in length, twice the size of
my largest Dublin specimen.
LV. ARRANGEMENT OF THE LIST.
In the following detailed account of the Clew Bay species I have adopted,
as the most convenient for students of Jrish distribution, the nomenclature
and sequence of Mr. A. R. Nichols’ well-known List of the Marine Mollusca
of Ireland (Proc. R.I.A., 3rd series, vol. v, 1900). Where the generic name
of the list differs from that used in Jeffreys’ “ British Conchology,” I have
added Jeffreys’ generic name in brackets, together with his specific name
where that differs in more than grammatical form from the specific name in
the List. In most cases it has not been thought necessary to give the depth
of the various dredgings in which the species were taken. Only the number
of dredgings and their range in depth are given. Thus, “taken in 10 dredgings,
2-19 f.” indicates that a species was dredged in 2f. and in 19f., and in 8
other hauls at intermediate depths. As a help in estimating the relative
frequency and degree of development of the various species within the area,
details are given rather freely as to the number and maximum size of the
specimens taken, the measurements being in millimetres of, say, 25 to the
English inch. The capital letters, W., M., or E., aftixed to the name of a
species in the present list, indicate the divisions of the area in which that
species was found to occur. The western division, W., includes the shores of
Clare Island and the waters within half a mile of them, where several
dredgings were made off the harbour and Granuaile’s Castle in 5f., and one
off Light-house Cove in 10f. The eastein division, E., includes all the shores
of the mainland from Roonah Quay to the southern opening of Achill Sound,
Clare Island Survey— Murine Mollusea. 232 11
as well as the shores of the drift islands and the channels between them.
The middle division, M., includes the open waters of Clew Bay outside the
limits of W. and E. In the list the word ‘ shell’ means ‘ empty shell.’
In concluding this introduction I wish to make special acknowledgment
to Mr. A. R. Nichols, of the National Museum, for the valuable assistance he
has given me in the determination of many critical species, and for the
courtesy with which he has at all times granted me access to the museum
cabinets of Irish marine mollusca. I have also to thank Mz. G. P. Farran
and Miss A. L. Massy, of the Irish Fisheries Branch, for the communication
of several interesting notes on the “ Helga’s” Clew Bay dredgings.
VY. List OF SPECIES.
Class CEPHALOPODA.
Order DIBRANCHIATA.
Eledone cirrhosa (Lamarck). M.E. Rare? Clew Bay (Dublin Museum)
Nichols 1900; Westport (Miss M. Ball) Zhompson, *56.
Sepiola atlantica d’Orbigny. M. Rare? Taken in 2 dredgings in the bay
in from 13 to 20 f.’09, a total of 3 specimens.
S. scandica Steenstrup (S. Hondeletz). M. Rare: a single specimen taken
in 18 f., ’09.
Loligo media (Linné). M. Frequent: trawled 4 times in the bay, 1909 and
1910, in from 16-20 f., a total of 15 specimens.
Class AMPHINEURA.
Order POLYPLACOPHORA.
Acanthochites fascicularis Linné (Chiton). W.F. MJRare: under stones in
several places on the E. and 8. of the island, 09 and °10, usually
occurring singly, but 5 were taken in one gathering at Portarriv.
One specimen at Blind Sound, Achillbeg, and 2 living specimens dredged
in the bay, one in 8 f., the other in 10f.
Hanleya mendicaria (Mighels). (Chiton Hanleyi.) FE. One specimen ona
dead shell in 5 f., Inishlyre Roads.
Lepidopleurus cancellatus (G. B. Sowerby, jun.). (Chiton.) W. One
specimen 4°5 mm. long off Granuaile’s Castle, ‘09, and another in the
same station, “10.
L. onyx (Spengler). (Chiton cinereus.) W.M. E. Frequent on dead shells
in dredgings in from 5-18 f.
b2
22 12 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
Trachydermon cinereus (Linné). (Chiton marginatus.) W. E. Occasional
under stones on the E. and 8. shores of the island, also at Old Head,
Dorinish, and Blind Sound.
Callochiton laevis (Montagu). (Chiton.) E. Rare: One specimen under
a stone at low tide, outer shore of Dorinish, 10. Clew Bay (Thompson
MS.), Nichols, 1900.
Tonicella rubra (Linné). (Chiton.) W.M.E. Rare. Valves in 5 f. off the
Castle, Clare Is., 09; one living specimen in about 6 f. in the bay, ’09,
and another at low water, Dorinish, ’10.
Class GASTEROPODA.
Order PROSOBRANCHIATA.
Acmaea virginea (Miller). (Zectura.) W.M.E. Common. Living on
stones at low water, Clare Island, and on the eastern shores of the bay,
at Annagh Is., Dormish, &. Dead shells common in 18 dredgings,
4-19 f., as many as 95 having been taken in one haul off Mulranny.
Patella vulgata Linne. W.E. Common in all suitable stations on the
shores of the island and the bay.
Var. depressa Pennant. Frequent in rock-pools, Clare Island.
Helcion pellucidum (linné), W.M.E. Occasional, living, between tide-
marks on the island and on the eastern bay shores; shells frequent in
dredgings 5-18 f., living in 10 f. and in 18 f.
Var, laevis Pennant. Common and of large size on Laminaria roots.
Specimens 29 min. x 22 mm. were frequently seen round the kelp ovens
on the southern shores of the island.
Fissurella graeca (Linné), W.M.E. Frequent, living, between tide-marks
on the eastern shores at Dorinish, Inishimmel, and Aunagh Is. A
specimen from the last station measured 28:°5 mm. x 19 mm. In 6
dredgings off the island and in the bay, 4-19 f.; living in 6 f.
Emarginula fissura (Linné) W.M. Frequent; in 4 dredgings 5-19 f.;
1 to 18 shells in a haul; living at 6 f.
Cyclostrema serpuloides (Montagu). M.E. Not infrequent. Dredged
5 times, 2-19 f.
C. nitens (Philippi). W.M.E. Rare? Taken in 4 dredgings, 4-19 f,
a total of 12 specimens. Living in 4 f. off Inishlyre.
Trochocochlea lineata (Da Costa). (Tvrochus.) E. Abundant and well-grown
near high-water mark on the shores of the outer islands and promon-
tories of the east coast, as at Bartra, Scotch Bonnet, and Dorinish,
also at the S. E. extremity of Curraun Achill, Specimens taken at
Clare Island Survey— Marine Mollusea. 22 13
Dorinish were fully 25 mm. in length and breadth. Quite absent froni
the shores of the inner islands and from the muddy creeks and chanuels,
the species apparently thriving only in pure open-sea water ; yet no trace
of it could be found on the shores of Clare Island, though carefully
searched for.
Gibbula magus (Linné). (Zvrochus.) W.E. Abundant, living, and of large
size, in the channels amongst the eastern islands in from 2-5 f. on
muddy or “coral” bottoms. Especially fine in Inishlyre Roads, where
examples up to 30 mm. in diameter were frequently dredged. Very rare
in the deeper and purer waters of the open bay, where it was but once
taken, a single shell in 10 f.
G. cineraria (Linné). (Z'rochus.) W.M.E. Common between tide-marks :
frequent in dredgings, 2-12 f., but of small size in depths greater than
8) ti,
G. tumida (Montagu). (Z'rochus.) W.M.E. Frequent. In 5 dredgings,
4-19 f.; rare in the shallower water, but abundant in the 19 f. haul.
G. umbilicata (Montagu). (Zrochus.) W.E. Very common between tide-
marks ; absent from all dredgings.
Circulus striatus (Philippi). (Zvochus Duminyi.) W.M. Rare. Twice
dredged in 1910, 3 shells in 10 f. off Light-house Cove, July 26th, and 1
shell in 19 f. in mid-bay, August 17th. The largest of the 4 perfect
shells taken measured almost 3°5 mm. in diameter. Clew Bay is but the
fifth Irish station on record for this rare species.
Calliostoma Montagui (W. Wood). (Z'rochus Montacutt.) M. Rare: twice
dredged, once in 15 f. and again in 19 f., a total of 8 shells.
C. miliare (Brocchi). (Zvrochus millegranus.) M. Rare: one juvenile shell
taken in 10 f., and 2 others in 19 f.
C. zizyphinum (Linné). (Zrochus.) W.M. E. Frequent, living, between tide-
marks: occasional in dredgings, 10-19 f.
Phasianella pullus (Linné). W. M. E. Frequent in dredgings, 2-19 f.
Living at low water, Clare Island, and im 5 f. off the Castle. A more
brilliantly coloured shell there than on the Dublin coast.
Scalaria clathratula (G. Adams). W.M. Rare: 2 shells dredged in 10f., and
6 in 19 f.
8. Trevelyana Leach. M. Rare: a single shell taken in each of two
dredgings, 1 in 16 f., the other in 19 f.
8. communis Lamarck. W.M.E. Frequent, living, at low tide amongst
the inner islands, as at Annagh Island, Inishimmel, &e.; whole or broken
shells in small numbers in dredgings off the island and in the bay in
d-19 f,
22 14 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
Cioniscus unica (Montagu). (Aclis.) EH. Rave: two shells in 5f. off
Inishlyre.
Aclis ascaris (Turton). M. Rare: 7 shells dredged in 10f., and 6 in 19 f.
A. supranitida (S. V. Wood). M. Rare: 3 shells dredged, 1 in 16 f. and 2 in
from 53-11 f., the largest 5 mm. in length.
Paludestrina stagnalis (Basterot). (Hydrobia ulvae Pennant.) EH. Swarming
in still brackish waters amongst the inner islands, notably at Annagh
Island, where hundreds were seen floating foot upwards and drifting
before the wind on sunny pools. The dead shells form a conspicuous
creamy band at high water along the beach at Mulranny. Abundant in
dredgings off Inishlyre at 2 f. and at 4 f.
Lunatia catena (Da Costa). (Natica.) M.?E. Rare? One shell on the
beach at Annagh Island. Not identified in any of the 52 dredgings
made, though some very small immature shells occurring at 10 f may
perhaps belong to this species.
L. Alderi (Forbes). (WVatica.) W.M. E. Frequent, living and dead, in from
4-19 f,
Lamellaria perspicua (Linné). W.M.E. Occasional. One living at low
water, Portlea, Clare Island, and another in 5 f, off Granuaile’s Castle;
1 living in 4 f. off Inishlyre; 1 shell in 10 f. off Light-house Cove, and
2 in the bay, 1 in 11 f., the other in 14 f.
Capulus hungaricus Linné. W.M. Rare: in 5 dredgings, 2-19f., a total
of 4 immature shells.
Homalogyra rota (Forbes & Hanley). E. Rare: 2 shells im drift material
from rock-pockets, Dorimish, 1910.
Littorina obtusata Linné. | f : :
Llittoneaalinees: W. E. Common in all suitable stations.
L. neritoides (Linné). W. Abundant in many stations on the E. and 8. of
the island on shaded rock-faces or in rock-clefts, associated with Z. 7udis
and often several feet above high-water mark ; also amongst Lichina with
Lasaea rubra and Turtonia minuta. Specimens fully 6 mm. in length
were taken on cliff-faces south of Granuaile’s Castle. Not seen on the
eastern bay shores.
L. rudis (Maton). W.M. E. Common in all suitable stations.
Var. jugosa Montagu. Frequent, living, at low water Portlea, Clare
Island, also dvedged in 19 f. in the bay, 14 shells.
Var. tenebrosa Montagu. Abundant in muddy creeks and channels,
Annagh Island.
Lacuna puteolus (Turton). W.E. Rare: One shell at Annagh Island,
another in 4 f. off Inishlyre, and a third in 10 f. off Light-house Cove.
Olare Island Survey— Marine Mollusca. 22 15
Lacuna pallidula (Da Costa), var. patula Thorpe. W. M. Rare? <A few shells
in 19 f. in the bay, and 1 in 10 f. off Light-house Cove; living at low
water, Portlea, Clare Island.
L. divaricata Fabricius. W.M. E. Swarming between tide-marks on the
island and bay shores, especially on Ulva latissima, Frequent in
dredgings, 2-19 f.
Alvania carinata (Da Costa). (fissow striatula.) W.M. Rare: taken in
4 dredgings in from 5 f., off the Castle, to 19 f., in mid-bay, a total of
10 perfect and 9 broken shells.
A. cancellata Da Costa. (Rissoa.) M. Rare: one shell in 10 f. and 4 shells
and 3 fragments in 19 f.
A. reticulata (Montagu). (Rissow.) W. M. E. Common: taken in
8 dredgings, 2-19 f. As many as 259 shells, several of them 5°5 mm, in
length, were taken in one haul in 5f. off Inishlyre.
A. punctura (Montagu). (ssoa.) W.M.E. Common: taken in 10 dredgings,
2-19 f., and abundantly in many, ¢..g, 419 shells in 10 f. off Light-house
Cove, 246 in 11 f., and 203 in 19f. in mid-bay.
Manzonia zetlandica (Montagu). (/tssoa.) M. Rare: a single shell dredged
in the bay in 19 f.
M. costata (Adams). (fssoa.) W.M.E. Common: taken in 12 dredgings,
2-19f., and often in large numbers. A haul in 10f. off Light-house
Cove yielded 493 shells.
Zippora membranacea (Adams). (Aissoa.) M.E. Rare? Taken in 2
dredgings, 1 living specimen in 5 f., Inishlyre Roads, and 6 shells in 19 f.
in mid-bay.
Persephone violacea (Desmarest). (Jissow.) W.E. Frequent: a total of
33 shells was taken in 6 dredgings, 2-10 f.
Rissoa parva (Da Costa). W.M.E. Common: living between tide-marks
all round the shores of the bay ; shells in greater or less quantity
in almost all dredgings, 2-19 f. The numerical proportions of the type
and of var. interrupta varied greatly in different dredgings, although in
the littoral zone of the island the variety was markedly predominant,
occurring in swarms round the roots of Cystoseira ericoides. A 5 f. haul
off Granuaile’s Castle im 1909 gave 1,015 of the variety to 500 of the
type, while a haul off Mulranny in from 5 to 11 f. gave 46 of the variety
to 177 of the type. Many living specimens dredged in 5 f. off the Castle
were thickly encrusted with a coralline growth, probably a species of
Melobesia.
R. inconspicua Alder. W. M. E. Frequent, taken in 7 hauls, 2-19 f., a total
of 55 specimens, many living in 6 f, off Inishlyre,
22 16 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
Onoba striata (Adams). (Rissoc.. W.M.E. -Frequent: living between
tide-marks ; shells taken, occasionally in abundanee, in 14 hauls, 2-19 f.
Ceratia proxima (Alder). (fissoa.) M. Rare: in 3 dredgings in 11f., 14f,
and 19f., a total of 5 shells.
Cingula obtusa (Cantraine). (Rissow soluta.) W.M. Locally abundant:
taken in 3 dredgings, 10-19 f., a total of 72 shells. One living specimen
between tide-marks at Portkilly, Clare Island.
C. semistriata (Montagu). (Rissoo.) W.M. E. Frequent and locally
abundant; taken in 11 dredgings, 2-19 f., as many as 159 shells yielded
by 1 haul in 107. off Light-house Cove ; living in 5f., Inishlyre Roads.
C. trifasciata (Adams). (Rissoa cingillus. W.E. Rare? Twice dredged off
the island. once in 5f. and again in 10f., a total of 8 shells. Frequent,
living, at low water, Portlea, Clare Island (G. P. Farran): sparingly
between tide-marks at Achill Sound (R. Welch), at Annagh Island, and at
Mulranny.
Barleeia rubra (Montagu). W. Locally abundant; 75 perfect and 14
broken shells taken in 5f. off the Castle, 09, and 4 shells in 10f. off
Light-house Cove, *10.
Skenea planorbis (Fabricius). W.E. Frequent, but nowhere abundant,
at low-water mark, Clare Island; also at Annagh Island. Dredged in
10 £. off Light-house Cove. 3 shells.
Jeffreysia diaphana (Alder). W.E. Rare? One living example taken in
4 f., Inishlyre Roads, 1910. Sixteen living at low tide, Portlea, Clare
Island, August, 1910 (G. P. Farran).
Adeorbis subcarinatus (Montagu). W.M.E. Locally abundant: taken in
8 dredgings, 2-19 f., sometimes in large numbers, 106 shells having
been counted in a dredging in 10 f. off Light-house Cove.
Bittium reticulatum Da Costa). (Cerithivm.) W.M. E. Frequent, living,
between tide-marks, Clare Island, common in dredgings; taken 15 times,
2-19f. One haul off the Castle in 5 f. gave 160 perfect and 108 broken
shells. Abundant and of large size in the Westport channel, where
examples fully 16 mm. in length were dredged off the Scotch Bonnet
in 2f.
Triforis perversa (l.inné). (Cerithivm.) W.M.E. Common, though rather
less so than the preceding species. Dredged 8 times, 4-19f. One 5f. haul
off the Castle, Clare Island, gave 26 perfect and 101 broken shells;
another in 107. off Light-house Cove gave 132 perfect shells, of which
3 measured 7 mm. in length.
Cerithiopsis tubercularis (Montagu). W.M. Frequent: dredged 4 times,
)-197., a total of 37 shells.
Clare Island Survey—Marine Mollusea. 22 17
Turritella communis Risso. (7" ferebra.) W.M.E. Common on oozy bottoms
in the shallow waters along the eastern shores of the bay; rare in the
west. Dredged 14 times, 2-201, one haul in 4f. off Inishgowla giving
as many as 118 shells. Found living in hundreds at low water on a
Zostera bed off Annagh Island in May, 1910, many specimens fully
50 mm. in length ; one living example dredged in 20 f. in the bay.
Caecum trachea (Montagu). W.M.E. Very frequent: dredged 6 times,
4-19 f., a total of 123 shells, of which 64 were taken in a single haul in
10f. off Light-house Cove.
C. glabrum (Montagu). W.M.E. Very frequent: dredged 7 times, 2-19 f,
a total of 180 shells, the greatest number in any one haul being 102
taken in 19 f. in mid-bay. The largest shell was slightly over 2 mm,
long.
Chenopus pes-pelecani (Linné). (Aporrhais.) M. Apparently rare: a few
shells taken in 4 dredgings, 7-16 f.; living in 7 f.
Trivia europaea (Montagu). (Cypraea.) W. M. E. Occasional, living, at
low-water mark on E. and S. shores of island, and frequent at Annagh
Island; occasional in 6 dredgings, 2-19 f.
Erato laevis (Donovan). (Marginella.) W. Rare: 4 juvenile shells dredged
in 10f. off Light-house Cove.
Eulima subulata (Donovan). M. Frequent: taken in 8 dredgings, 6-20 f.,
a total of 45 specimens; living at 6f., 10f., and 14f. One haul off
Mulranny in from 53-11 f. yielded 22 specimens.
E. bilineata Alder. W.M. Rare: 3 shells dredged, one in 5f. off the Castle,
another in 10 f. off Light-house Cove, and a third in mid-bay in 19 f.
E. polita (Linné). W.M. Frequent: dredged 6 times, 5-19 f., a total of
5 living specimens, 30 perfect, and 84 broken shells. Living in one haul
in from 54-11 f.
E. incurva (Renier). (2. distorta.) W.M. HE. Rather rare: taken in
5 hauls, 5-19 f., a total of 15 shells. Living in 19 f.
Jordaniella nivosa (Montagu). (Odostomia.) M. Rare: 5 fresh shells dredged
in 14 f. 2 miles N. E. of Old Head, 1910.
Odostomia unidentata (Montagu). W.M.E. Rather rare: 6 shells in 10 f. off
Light-house Cove, 7 in 11 f. and 1 in 19 f. in the bay, and 2 in 4 f. off
Tnishlyre.
0. plicata (Montagu). W.E. Rare: 3 shells in 10f. off Light-house Cove,
and 2 shells at low-water mark, Dorinish.
0. acuta Jeffreys. W.M.E. Rare: dredged 3 times: 1 shell in 10f. off
Light-house Cove, another in 19 f. in the bay, and 4 others in 5 fi,
Inishlyre.
R.I.A. PROO., VOL, XXXI. Cc 22
22 18 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
Odostomia conspicua Alder. W. Rare: one mature but not quite perfect
shell, 5°55 mm. in length, dredged in 10 f. off Light-house Cove, 1910.
An addition to Marine Province V. Irish records for this species, the
largest of the true Odostomias, are very few, the present making only
the fourth.
0. conoidea (Brocchi). M. Rare: twice dredged in the bay, 2 shells in
16 f. and 6 in 19 f., the largest 4:5 mm. in length.
Brachystomia pallida (Montagu). (Odostomi.) M.E. Rare: taken in 2
dredgings, 1 shell in 10 f. in the bay, and 4 in 5 f. in Inishlyre Roads.
B. rissoides (Hanley). (Odostomia.) W. Rare: 5 shells in 10 f. off Light-
house Cove.
Liostoma clavula (Lovén). (Odostomia.) M. Rare: 1 shell dredged in 14f.
in the bay, 1910.
Ondina diaphana (Jeffreys). (Odostomia.) M. Rare: a single shell dredged
in the bay in a haul in from 10-12 f., 1910.
0. divisa (J. Adams). (Odostomia insculpta.) W.M.E. Rather rare: taken
in 4 dredgings, 5-19 f., and in a shore-gathering at Dorinish, a total of
27 shells.
Pyrgulina decussata (Montagu). (Odostomiz.) W.M.E. Not infrequent:
dredged 4 times, 5-19 f., a total of 42 shells, as many as 24 in one haul in
5 £. off Inishlyre.
P. spiralis (Montagu). (Odostomia.) W.M.E. Frequent in 4 dredgings,
2-19 1f., a total of 144 shells, of which 78 were taken in a 10 f. haul off
Light-house Cove.
P. interstincta (Montagu). (Odostomia.) W.M. Rare: in 2 dredgings only,
1 shell in 10 f, and 3 in 19 f.
P. indistincta (Montagu). (Odostomia.) W.M. Frequent in 4 dredgings
6-19 f., a total of 77 shells.
P. sealaris (Philippi). (Odostomia.) W.M. Rare: 4 shells taken in 10 f. off
Light-house Cove, and 2 juvenile shells and a fragment in 10f. in the bay.
The largest of the 6 examples taken of this rare and beautifully sculptured
shell measured 5 mm. in length.
P. interrupta (Totten). (Odostomia rufa var. fulvocincta.) W.M.E. Rather
rare: in 3 hauls, 6-19 f., atotal of 16 shells. Also taken living at low
tide at Annagh Island and at Inishimmel, a single specimen in each
station. The largest of the 16 shells taken was 11 mm. long.
Turbonilla lactea (Linné). (Odostomia.) M.E. Not infrequent: a total
of 14 shells taken in 3 hauls in the bay, 5-19 f, and 19 shells in
drift-material at Dorinish.
Eulimella acicula (Philippi). (Odostomia.) M. Rather rare: dredged 3 times,
10-19 f£., a total of 18 shells, the largest 5 mm. long.
Clare Island Survey— Marine Mollusca. 22 19
Eulimella nitidissima (Montagu). (Odostomia.) M.E. Rare: only 2 shells
taken, one in 2 f. off Inishlyre, the other in 19 f. in mid-bay.
Trophon muricatus (Montagu). M. Rare: in one dredging only in 10f.
off Old Head, 2 shells.
Ocinebra erinacea (Linné). (Murez.) E. Frequent: living at low tide on
the shores of the eastern islands, as Annagh Is. and Dorinish; not
seen in Clare Is., and only once taken in dredging, a single shell in 5 f.
off Inishlyre.
Purpura lapillus (Linné). W.E. Common in all suitable stations.
Nassa reticulata (Linné). W.M.E. Rather common : in § dredgings, 5-16 f. ;
living in abundance in 5 f., and frequent at low tide round the shores of
the eastern islands.
N. incrassata (Strom). W.M.E. Common: living at low-water mark on
the shores of Clare Is., and of the eastern islands; shells taken in 9
dredgings, 2-8 f.
Buccinum undatum (Linné). W.M.E. Frequent, living, at low water; shells
frequent in dredgings, 5-10 f.
Clathurella linearis (Montagu). (Defrancia.) M.E. Frequent: dredged
6 times, 5-19 f., a total of 72 shells. Living in 5 f. off Inishlyre.
C. purpurea (Montagu). (Defrancia.) M.E. Very rare; one mature
broken shell dredged in the bay in 19 f.
Mangilia striolata (Scacchi). (Pleuwrotoma.) W.M.E. Rather rare: dredged
5 times, 4-19 f., a total of 18 shells, 9 of these in one haul in 19f. The
largest shell was 12 mm. long.
M. attenuata (Montagu). (Plewrotoma.) M. Rare: one shell at 16 f., and
2 others at 20 f. One dead specimen, Clew Bay : WVichols, 1900.
M. costata (Donovan). (Plewrotoma.) W.M.E. Common: dredged 6 times,
5-19 f., 179 shells in all. Living in 5 f. off Inishlyre.
M. brachystoma (Philippi). (Plewrotoma.) M. Rare: one shell taken in
16 f. and 7 in 19 f.
M. nebula (Montagu). (Plewrotoma.) W.M. Frequent: dredged 8 times
5-19 f., 53 shells im all. Living at 10 f. and at 19 f.
Haedropleura septangularis (Montagu). (Plewrotoma.) W.M.E. Rare: in
3 dredgings, 5-10 f., 8 shells, the largest 16°5 mm. long.
Bela rufa (Montagu). (Pleurotoma.) W.M.E. Rare: dredged 4 times,
2-19 f., a total of 7 shells.
B. turricula (Montagu). (Plewrotoma.) E. Rave: in 4 dredgings amongst the
eastern islands in from 2—5 f., 5 shells taken.
282 20 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
Order OPISTHOBRANCHIATA.
Sub-Order TECTIBRANCHIATA.
Actaeon tornatilis (Linné). W.M. Rather rare: in 4 dredgings, 6-19 i,
10 shells, chiefly juveniles.
Tornatina obtusa (Montagu). (Uféricu/us.) M.E. Rather rare: dredged
4 times, 2-197, 32 shells, of which 4 belonged to Var. lajonkaireana
Basterot.
T. mammillata (Philippi). (Utriculus.) W. M. Frequent: dredged 4 times,
5-19 f., a total of 84 shells, of which 55 were taken in a 19f. haul.
Living in 5 f. off Granuaile’s Castle.
T. truncatula (Bruguiére). (Uériculus.) W.M.E. Common: in 8 dredg-
ings, 2-19 f., 377 shells, of which 261 were taken in one haul in 107.
off Light-house Cove.
Cylichnina umbilicata (Montagu). (Cylichna.) W.M.E. Common: dredged
12 times, 2-19 f., also taken in shore-gatherings at Dorinish, a total of
216 shells, of which 80 were taken in a 19 f. haul in mid-bay, and 48 ina
10 @. haul off Light-house Cove. One example of the Var. conulus Jetireys
was taken in 11 7.
C. nitidula (Lovén). (Cylichna.) M. Rare: 3 shells taken in tow-net
on dredge in 14 .,2 miles N. E. of Old Head. New to the shallow-water
region of Marine Province V., the only other record being one from
183 fathoms.
Volvulella acuminata (Bruguiére). (Cylichna.) M. Rare: taken in 4 hauls
in the bay, 10-197, a total of 12 shells and a fragment. Three of
the shells measured 3 mm. in length, two 3°5 mm., and one nearly 4 mm.
In Trish waters this rare shell appears to occur usually in but small
numbers.
Scaphander lignarius (Linné). M. Rare? only once taken, a single shell
in 19 f.
Bulinella cylindracea {Pennant). (Cylichna.) W.M. Frequent: dredged
9 times, 5-19 7., 42 shells in all, the largest 12-5 mm. long.
Diaphana hyalina (Turton). (Uériculus.. W.M.E. Rather rare: taken in
5 dredgings, 4-11 f., 16 shells in all.
Bulla utriculus Brocchi MM. Rare: only once taken, 4 shells in 197.
B. hydatis Linné. E. Westport, Clew Bay, one specimen (Thompson MS.):
Nichols, 1900.
Acera bullata Miller. E. Rare: One large living specimen dredged in 5 7.
off Inishlyre, July, 1900. In 3 fathoms, Clew Bay: Forbes, ’53.
Clare Island Survey— Marine Mollusca. 22 21
Philine aperta Linné. W.M.E. Local. Very fine specimens, one fully
60 mm. long, were taken drifting in with the flowing tide off Annagh
Island in May, 1910: also taken, living, in 4 dredgings in the bay, 6-16 f.
P. scabra (Miller). W.M. Rare: 4 shells taken, one in each of 4 hauls
in from 10-14 f.
P. catena (Montagu). W.M, Rare: dredged 4 times, 10-19 f., 8 shells
in all.
P. quadrata (S. Wood). | M. Both very rare, only one shell of each species
P. punctata (Clark). } taken in a haul off Mulranny in from 53-11 f,
Limacina retroversa (Fleming). (Spirialis.) W.M. Rare. The delicate
shells of this pelagic species which are occasionally cast up in large
quantities on the western shores of Ireland, occurred sparingly, but in
perfect condition, in 2 dredgings, 8 shells in 14f. in mid-bay, and 2 in
10 f. off Light-house Cove.
Aplysia punctata Cuvier. W.M. Rare? One specimen taken in 7 f. off
Granuaile’s Castle, August, 09; 6 larger specimens, closer inshore off
the Castle, in July, 1910; and 1 in 11 f. in the bay in August, 1910.
Pleurobranchus plumula (Montagu). W.E. Occasional at low water under
stones ; 2 specimens at Portkilly, Clare Island, 1 at Scotch Bonnet, and a
fourth at Inishimmel.
Runcina coronata (Quatrefages). (R. Hancocki.) W. Local. Some thick
slabs of Zithophyllum inerustans taken from low-tide rock-pools at
Portarriv, Clare Island, on the 22nd July, 1910, and left over night in a
dish of sea-water in the laboratory, yielded 16 specimens of this species
when examined next morning. Runcina probably occurs all round the
Trish coasts. It is now on record for Dublin, for Valentia Harbour, and
for Inishbofin, in addition to the above Clare Island station.
Sub-Order ASCOGLOSSA,
Hermaea bifida (Montagu). W. Very rare: one living specimen 9 mm.
in length was taken by Mr. A. D. Cotton in July, 1909, in a low-tide
pool near the Castle, Clare Island. The general colour of this specimen
was so deep a chocolate as almost to obliterate the dendroid markings.
H. dendritica (Ald. and Hane.). W. Abundant at low-water mark all
round the 8. and E. coasts of Clare Island, as at Portlailly, Portarriv,
Portlea, &e., July 22nd—24th, 1910, always occurrimg on Codium
fomentosum, and so closely assimilating in colour with the varied tones of
green assumed by the seaweed as almost to defy detection. The presence
of the animal was usually betrayed by the creamy spawn-clusters
deposited chiefly round the base of the main stems. No less than 95
22 22 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
specimens were found living on two medium-sized plants of Codium taken
from rock-pools at low tide, Portarriv, and plants from Portkilly, Portlea,
and other stations were hardly less productive. The largest specimen
taken measured 6 mm. in length.
The species spawned freely in the laboratory on the island two days
aiter capture, and many of the spawn-clusters were much more convoluted
than those shown in Alder and Hancock's plate (“ Monog. Brit. Nudibr.
Moll’), fully 6 coils being counted in one cluster.
Elysia viridis Montagu. W. Almost as abundant on the island as the
preceding species and occurring about low-water mark in the same stations
on the S. and E. shores. Occasionally found on Cystoseira ericoides, but
much more frequently and abundantly on Codium tomentosum, with
the colour of which it assimilates almost as closely as does Hermaea
dendritica. The largest specimen taken was 1 inch long.
The brown variety olivacea occurred near Carrignapartan.
Limapontia capitata Miiller. W.E. Rare? In stagnant rock-pools near
high-water mark, always on the green seaweed Cladophora sericea
Kiitz. In two stations on Clare Island, at Portarriv in July, 1909, and
at Portkilly in August, 1910, one specimen in the first station and 12 in
the second. Also taken in a similar station at Old Head on the main-
land in July, 1909, when 25 specimens were picked out of one small tuft
of Cladophora. The Old Head specimens were but 1 millimetre in
length: those taken at Portkilly were almost 3 millimetres.
Actaeonia Cocksii Ald. and Hane. (Cenia Cochksii Ald. and Hanc.). W. Rare:
Four specimens were taken along with Limapontia on Cladophora sericea
in rock-pools at Portarriv, Clare Island, July 20, 1910. On a first
examination in the laboratory on the island the head showed the short,
blunt appendages relied on by Alder and Hancock (Ann. & Mag. Nat.
Hist., 2nd Ser., i, p. 403) as the chief distinctive character of their
Actaeonia corrugata, and the specimens were accordingly so named.
Two months later, however, I became convinced that they were really
referable to <Actweonia Cocksii, first described, named, and figured as
Cenia Cocksii by Alder and Hancock (loc. cit., p. 104, Plates XIX
and XX).
Two of the four specimens taken at Portarriv lived with me, feeding
on Cladophora, up to the 3rd November, or for fully two months and a
half, and during this period the head-appendages developed into distinct
tentacles one-seventh the length of the animal, ie. 0°5 mm. to a body-
length of 35 mm. The animals agreed in all points with the detailed
description of Cenia Cocksii given by Sir Charles Eliot in his Supple-
Clare Island Survey— Marine Mollusca. 22 23
ment (Ray Soc., 1910) to Alder and Hancock’s Monograph of the
Nudibranchs, and the crystalline point of the verge which he failed
to trace in his Millport specimen was obvious in the Portarriv examples,
and agreed precisely with Alder and Hancock’s figure (doc. cit., Pl. XX,
fig. 6).
The particulars, none of them of any great importance, in which the
Clare Island Actaeonia differed from Alder and Hancock’s description
and plate, were the absence of any distinct lateral ridge, the greater
prominence of the visceral hump, and the irregularity of the pale
lateral markings, which formed rather a longitudinal series of yellow
blotches than a regular line of tubercular spots. The heart-beats were
clearly visible through the light-coloured visceral hump, numbering
from 50 to 60 per minute, and so vigorous as to set upa distinct rhythmic
alteration in the outline of the hump.
In captivity, the Clare Island Actaeonias deposited three spawn-clusters
irregularly oval in shape, with from 3 to 12 large eggs, about 0°5 mm.
in their longest diameter. The nuclei were bright orange and immersed
in a milky envelope which became perfectly clear in the later stages
of development. In one of the clusters the eggs within about 14
days from extrusion developed so far as to show the eye-spots dis-
tinctly in the revolving larvae, though the larvae did not succeed in
breaking free from the egg. No sign of a shell or of any veliger
structure appeared at any stage of the development, which, so far, agreed
with Pelseneer’s account of the development of Cenia Cocksii.
Sir C. Ehot (doc. cit., pp. 143 & 177) expresses doubts as to the
distinctness of Cenia Cocksti from <Actaconia corrugata. I would
hazard the suggestion that A. corrugata is but an immature stage of
Cenia Cocksii, with nascent tentacles. In any case, I am satisfied
that most of my Co. Dublin records for A. corrugata (Ir. Nat., 1908,
pp. 112; 1909, pp. 169 & 174) should be referred to the present species,
A. Cocksii, which is new to our Irish fauna, though not an addition to it
if it be really identical with the already recorded A. corrugata.
Sub-Order NUDIBRANCHIATA.
Aeolis papillosa (Linné). W.E. Frequent: two specimens at low water,
Portarriv, Clare Island, July, 1910; 10 specimens, many spawning, at
low water, Inishshimmel, May 10th, 1910.
A. glauca Ald. and Hane. W. Rare: one specimen trawled by the “ Helga”
in the bay in from 13-16 f., May, 1909 (G. P. Farran).
22 24 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
Galvina picta (Ald. and Hane.). (Holis. W. Rare: one specimen on a
Laminaria root trawled in from 17-19 f. in the bay, May, 1909
(G. P. Farran).
Favorinus albus (Ald. and Hance.). (Zolis.) W. Rare: 3 specimens, 20 mm.
long, were dredged in 5 f. off Granuaile’s Castle, July, 1910. The long
anterior tentacular-like processes of the foot, described and figured as
pointing backwards in Alder and Hancock’s Monograph, were found to
be quite mobile in these Clare Island specimens and pointed as freely
forwards as backwards.
Facelina coronata (Forbes and Goodsir). (Holis.) W.E. Frequent: 2 specimens
at low water, Portlea, Clare Island (R. Ll. Praeger), several specimens on
the outer shore of Dorinish.
Doto fragilis Forbes. M.? Clew Bay, Co. Mayo (W. Thompson): Ald. and
Hane., 1851.
Archidoris tuberculata (Cuvier). (Doris.) W.E. Frequent under stones at
low-water mark on the E. and 8. shores of the island and on the shores
of Annagh Island and Inishimmel. Most of the specimens taken were
pure yellow; a few only were mottled with brown and pink.
Jorunna Johnstoni (Ald. and Hane.). (Doris.) W. A single specimen 1 inch
in length was taken in a rock-pool at Portlea, July, 1910.
Cadlina obvelata (Miiller). (Doris repanda.) EH. Frequent under stones at
low-water mark, Annagh Island, Scotch Bonnet, and Inishimmel, May,
1910, the largest 1 inch in length.
Rostanga coccinea (Ald. & Hanc.). (Doris.) W. Rare. Three specimens of
this brilliantly coloured Dorid were taken by Mr. A. D. Cotton on a red
sponge at low water, Carrick-na-partan, Clare Island, July 20, 1909. One
of these spawned in the laboratory two days after it had been taken, the
spawn-coil being a broad band, nearly five times the length of the animal,
in which the cream-coloured eggs were thinly and irregularly scattered.
A fourth specimen was taken by Miss Jane Stephens in July, 1910, near
Granuaile’s Castle, on the red sponge Ophilitaspongia seriata.
Triopa claviger Miller. W.E. Rare. One specimen was taken at Portarriv
in July, 1910, by Miss Mary Shaw, and another at Dorinish in May of
the same year by Miss Jane Stephens.
Polycera quadrilineata (Miiller). W. Rare? ‘Two living specimens 12 mm.
long were taken in a dredging in 5f. off the harbour, Clare Island, in July,
1909. In addition to the characteristic orange lineations on the body,
these examples were marked by longitudinal rows of black spots, and no
doubt belong to Var. a of Alder’s arrangement of the Nudibranchs in
Jefireys’ “ British Conchology,” v., p. 79.
i Clare Island Survey—Marine Mollusca. 22 25
Acanthodoris pilosa (Muller). (Doris.) W. Rare? One specimen was taken
in Clare Island harbour in April, 1909 (J. B. Butler).
Lamellidoris bilamellata (Linné). (Doris.) E. Three specimens were found
under stones at low water, Inishimmel, May, 1910.
Goniodoris nodosa (Montagu). W.EH. Frequent: 4 specimens dredged in
df. off the harbour, Clare Island, 1 taken at low water near Portlea
(G. P. Farran), | at low water, Annagh Island (Miss J. Stephens), and
4 at low water at the south-west end of Curraun Achill.
Thecacera pennigera (Montagu). W. Rare. On the 24th July, 1910, while
examining in the laboratory, Clare Island, a basin full of red sea-
- weed (Plocamium), part of the material dredged the day before by
Mr. Praeger and myself from a depth of 5f. off Granuaile’s Castle, I had
the good fortune to detect a single specimen of this rare species. Though
hardly } inch long, the vivid orange and black colouring of the animal
immediately betrayed it as it emerged from the weed and crawled up
the side of the basin. Comparison on the spot with the description and
the admirable plate in Alder and Hancock’s Monograph, placed beyond
question the identity of the specimen with TYhecacera pennigera. In
addition to the large clavate processes behind the branchiae, the Clare
Island specimen, preserved in spirit, showed directly in front of the
branchize a semicircle of 8 small bead-like tubercles, a feature not
mentioned by Alder and Hancock, and not apparent in the living
animal.
Class SCAPHOPODA.
Dentalium vulgare Da Costa. (D. tarentinwm.) W.M.E. Frequent: taken
in 8 hauls, 5-19f., a total of 25 living specimens, 40 perfect, and
12 broken shells, the largest 58 mm. long. In one haul in 5f. off the
harbour, Clare Island, 10 living specimens were taken.
D. entalis Linné. M. Rare: a total of 7 living specimens taken in the bay,
linllf, 3m13f, Lin 18f., and 2in 19f, the largest 40 mm. long.
The relative frequency of the two species of Dentalium in the Clew Bay
area is precisely the reverse of what obtains in the Dublin marine area,
where D. vulgare is quite rare.
Class PELECYPODA.
Order PROTOBRANCHIATA.
Nucula nucleus (Linné) W.M.E. Abundant, living, and of large size,
on muddy bottoms in shallow water, 2-5 f. in the eastern parts of the
area; valves frequent off the island and in the bay, 5-19f. Living
specimens dredged off Inishlyre measured 13mm, x 11 mm,
R.I.A, PROC., VOL. XXXI. D 22
22 26 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
Nucula nitida G. B. Sowerby. W.M. Local: taken in 6 dredgings, 8-19 f.,
but occurring in 4 of these only as single valves. Living, 21 specimens,
in 8i.,and1in 197.
Order FILIBRANCHIATA.
Anomia ephippium Linné. W.M.E. Common, living, all round the shores
of the bay; immature valves frequent in almost all dredgings from
4-19. At low water on the inner shores of Dorinish in May, 1910, this
species was found to attain to a large size. One living specimen found
growing here on the shell of a living Pecten varius measured 3 inches
(76 mm.) in its longest diameter ; many others reached to fully 23 inches
(64mm.).
A. patelliformis Linné. E. Rare? Under stones at low water, Annagh
Island (R. LL Praeger): probably frequent, but overlooked.
Arca tetragona Poli W.M. Rare. A living specimen measuring 19 mm.
x 11 mm. was found by Miss Stephens in a rock-pool at Portarriv,
July, 1910, embedded in a thick slab of Lithophyllum inerustans and
associated with Sazicava rugosa and Kellia suborbicularis. Valves to the
number of 20 were taken in 5 dredgings, 8-19 f.
Pectuncnlus glycimeris (Linné). W.M. Frequent: in 5 dredgings, 5-217.
a total of 12 living specimens and 10 valves. Living in 3 hauls in from
54-217. Of 6 living specimens taken in one of these hauls, 4 exceeded
60 mm. in their longest diameter and one measured 68 mm. x 67 mm.
Mytilus edulis Linné. W.M.E. Common all round the bay; valves dredged
in from 8-21 f.
Modiolus adriaticus (Lamarck). (Mytilus.) M. Very rare: in 2 dredgings
only, one in 7 £., the other in 53-11 f.,a total of 3 valves and 2 fragments.
The longest valve was 7 mm. x 45 mm.
M. modiolus (Linné). (Mytilus. W.M.E. Frequent: living at low water
amongst the inner islands and in dredgings in from 1-5i., but of
small size for the species, the largest taken (on Laminaria roots off
Annagh Island) measuring only 63 mm. Valves occasional in the bay
in from 8-197. and small living specimens here and there on the E. and
S. shores off the island.
A living specimen dredged in about 2. off Annagh Island contained a
living egg-bearing female of the Pea Crab (Pinnotheres Pisum) with a
carapace measuring 7-5 mm.
M. barbatus (Linné). (M/ytilus.) E. Common, living, and of large size,
at low water on stones and on bivalve shells amongst the inner islands,
as at Annagh Island, Scotch Bonnet, Dorinish, and Inishimmel. Large
Clare Island Survey— Marine Mollusca. NP) Pail
masses of living specimens, some 64 mm. long, attached to Laminaria
roots were dredged in 13f. off Annagh Island. In from 3-10f. among
weeds, Clew Bay: Forbes 53.
Modiolus phaseolinus (Philippi). (A/yti/us.) W.M.E. Rare: in 4 hauls, 5-10 f.,
a total of 1 living specimen (in 8 f.), 1 pair of valves, and 7 single
valves, all juveniles of small size, the largest hardly more than 1 mm.
long. Mature exaniples of this species appear to be quite rare. The
largest specimen I have taken on the Dublin coast, where it is not
uncommon in shore gatherings, scarcely exceeded 1:5 mm. in length.
Modiolaria marmorata (Forbes). W.M.E. Rather rare. Living between
tide-marks, Portlea, Clare Island, and in 5 f. off the Castle and off Inish-
lyre; valves occasional in dredgings, 8-15 f. Some of the Inishlyre
specimens were of large size, one measuring 17 mm. x 9 mm.
M. discors (Linné). W.H. Frequent, living in 5 f. off the harbour, Clare
Island, and in 2-5 f.in the Westport Channel ; occasional between tide-
marks.
M. costulata (Risso). M. Six living specimens dredged in 10f. in the bay,
May, 1909 (communicated by Miss A. L. Massy).
Order PSEUDOLAMELLIBRANCHIATA.
Ostraea edulis Linné. M.E. Valves of the Oyster occurred frequently on
the shores of the inner islands and were dredged in the bay in large
numbers in 6 hauls, 16-19 f. The oyster is found, too, in a living state,
either native or the remains of older cultivation, in the shallow channels
amongst the inner islands.
Pecten pusio (Linné). M. Rare? In 5 dredgings, 5-16f., 1 living and
5 perfect and 5 broken valves.
P. varius (Linné). W.M.E. This is the characteristic Pecten of the inner
islands. Living examples of large size are abundant on the shores of
Annagh Island, Dorinish, Scotch Bonnet, Inishlyre, &c., and frequent
in dredgings here amongst the muddy channels in from 2-5 f. A specimen
dredged off Scotch Bonnet in May, 1910, measured 60 mm. x 54mm.
Valves were taken in 6 dredgings in the open bay, 8-19 f.
P. opercularis (Linné). W.M.E. Frequent: valves taken in 12 dredgings,
2-19 f., the largest 57 mm. in breadth. Living in 2f. and in 16 f.
P. maximus (linné). M.E. Local. Living and well-grown specimens
were found to be abundant in May, 1910, in a shallow bay on muddy
bottom between Dorinish and Inishimmel. They were visible here from
our boat at low water on a calm day, and were easily fished up with an
oar. Valves occasional in 4 dredgings in the bay, 10-16f.
D2
22 28 Proceedings of the Royal Trish Academy.
Pecten tigerinus Miller. M. Rare: dredged 4 times, 10-20 i, 1 living
specimen (18 f.) and 6 valves, the largest 24 mm. x 22°) mm.
Var. costata Jefireys. A single valve dredged in the bay.
Lima Loscombi G. B. Sowerby. M. Very rare: a single fresh valve 7-5 mm.
x 5mm. was dredged in 10%. about 13 mile N-E. of Old Head, August,
1910.
Order EULAMELLIBRANCHIATA.
Astarte sulcata (Da Costa). M. Rare: only 2 valves taken, one in 167 and _
the other in 20f. This is quite a rare species in the shallow waters
of West Ireland, though off the Dublin coast it is frequent, living, even
at a depth of no more than 8 f.
A. triangularis (Montagu). W.M.E. Common off the island in 5 f. and
in 10f; freauent in the bay, and rare amongst the inner islands,
where it was taken, sparingly, in only one dredging off Inishlyre. A
total of 252 paired valves, many with the living animal, was taken in
9 dredgings in from 5-197., the largest specimen 25mm. Living at 5i.,
10£,15f,and 19% A single haul in 5 f. off Granuaile’s Castle yielded
181 paired and 60 single valves.
Arctica islandica (Linné). (Cyprina.) M. Not inirequent. Taken in 6 hauls
in the bay, 10-257. a total of 13 valves and 1 pair of juvenile valves.
Large valves 102 mm. in breadth were taken in 107. and 16 fin mid-bay.
Shells of this species are so rarely cast up on our western shores, and
records of their occurrence there in shallow waters are so iew, that the
species has come to be regarded as quite rare on the Irish west coast.
Further research will probably show that it is really frequent on the
west, though nowhere so common there as on our east coast or inhabiting
such shallow water.
Lucina spinifera (Montagu). M. Rare: one small valve in 13 i. and another
in 208.
L. borealis (Linné). W.M.E. Common, both living and dead, on the sandy
eastern shores of the bay and in dredgings, 2-25 f., the dredged specimens
being usually juvenile. Valves gathered on the beach at Belclare were
41-5 mm. in breadth.
Axinus flexuosus (Montagu). M.E. Frequent and locally abundant: taken
in 10 hauls, 2-19f, the largest valve measuring 12mm.x 11mm. A
living specimen was taken in 10 i. in the bay.
Diplodonta rotundata (Montagu). M. Frequent and locally abundant in the
bay. Taken in 8 hauls, 10-19 f.,a total of 97 valves, one 24 mm. and
several 23 mm. in breadth. A haul in 19 f. gave 57 valves, another
in 161. 33 valves; but no living specimen was taken, though many of
the valves were quite fresh and several juvenile.
Clare Island Survey— Marine Mollusea. 22 29
Montacuta ferruginosa (Montagu). W.M. Frequent: dredged 9 times,
5-19 f., valves only, which were taken in large numbers in 8 f. and in
14f. The largest valve was 8 mi. in breadth.
M. substriata (Montagu). M. Very rare: one valve taken in 19f.
M. bidentata (Montagu). W.M.E. Common; taken in 12 hauls, 2-19 f.,
living in 6 of these, in 2f, 4f,10f., 141, 16f, and 19f Valves very
abundant in many hauls.
Turtonia minuta (Fabricius). W.M. Frequent on the E. and S. shores of
Clare Island on rocks amongst Lichina and the variety incurvata of
the Common Mussel; also in rock-pools on Cladophora and Enteromorpha.
Valves occasional in dredgings 8-14 f.
Kellia suborbicularis (Montagu). W.M.E. Very frequent embedded in
Lnthophyllum incrustans Fos]. in rock-pools on the E. and S. shores of
Clare Island, usually in association with Saxicava; occasional at low
water, Dorimish and Scotch Bonnet, and dredged, living and dead,
in 11 hauls, 4-19f. The largest specimen taken, a living one from 15 f.,
measured 9 mm. x 8 mm.
Lasaea rubra (Montagu). W.M.E. Abundant on rocks amongst Lichina
and dwarf Mussels on the E. and §S. shores of Clare Island, and
occasional at Annagh Island. A few valves and pairs of valves were
taken in 3 dredgings, 8-19 f.
Lepton squamosum (Montagu). M.E. This species is widespread and
apparently not rare in the Clew Bay area. The beautifully sculptured
valves occurred in 5 dredgings made in 1910 in from 2-19 f. In no case
was a living specimen obtained; but the majority of the 22 valves taken
were quite fresh; many of them were juvenile, and one had attached to
it a portion of the animal. The largest valve measured 11 mm. x
85 mm.
Details of the 5 dredgings are as follows: off Scotch Bonnet, 2 f.,
1 valve; off Inishlyre, 4 f., 1 valve; in the bay, in 16 f., 6 valves and
2 fragments, in 10 f., 7 valves, and in 19 f., 7 valves and 2 fragments.
L nitidum Turton. W.M. Not infrequent: taken im 3 dredgings, 10-19 f.,
in 1910, a total of 5 live specimens, 24 single valves and 1 pair of valves,
the largest (Var. convexa and the type) measuring 2 mm.
The following are details of the 3 dredgings :—
In mid-bay, 19 f. 1 living specimen of type, 5 valves of Var. conveau
Alder., and 1 valve of Var. lineolata Jeffreys.
In 10-12 f., 13 mile N.E. of Old Head, 1 live specimen and 10 valves
of type, 1 live specimen and 8 valves of Var. convera.
Off Light-house Cove, in 10f., a pair of valves of Var. convexa.
22 30 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
Tellina crassa Pennant. W.M.E. Rare: dredged 4 times, 5-21f., a
total of 5 living specimens and 5 valves. Living at 10 f. and at
21 f.
T. balthica Linné. E. Abundant, living and dead, in muddy creeks at
Annagh Island and Mulranny ; also on a muddy sand beach on Curraun
Achill, opposite Cloghmore.
T. squalida Pulteney. M. E. Rare: several valves on the beach north
of Annagh Island, and a few at Curraun Achill, opposite Cloghmore.
In 3 haulsin the bay, 7-15 f., a total of 7 valves.
T. tenuis Da Costa. W.M.E. Rare? Taken in 5 hauls, 5-16f., 2 to 4
valves in a haul; also a few valves on the beach at Mulranny and at Old
Head.
T. fabula Gronovius. M.E. Local: valves abundant off Mulranny in from
53-11f. and occasional in 2 other dredgings in the bay in 7 f. and
in 19f. A few valves on the beach, Annagh Island.
T. donacina Linné. W.M. Common: taken in 11 hauls, 5-19f., and living
at 5f, 10f, 14 f and 15 f. a total of 10 living specimens, 6 paired
valves, and 100 single valves.
T. pusilla Philippi. M. Rare. Nine valves were taken in a haul off
Mulranny in from 53-11 f. in May, 1909, and 1 living specimen in the
bay in 19f., August, 1910.
Scrobicularia piperata (Gmelin). E. Abundant in muddy creeks and on
muddy shores at Annagh Island, at Mulranny, and at the 8S. W. extremity
of Curraun Achill.
Syndosyma alba W. Wood. (Scerobicularia.) W.M.E. Frequent. Taken
in 10 hauls, 2-194 f. ; living on muddy bottom in from 2-4 f. off Inish-
lyre and Inishgowla.
8. nitida (Miiller). (Serobiewlaria.) M. Very rare; one valve and 2 fragments
taken in 14 f. in the bay.
S. prismatica (Miiller). (Serobicularia.) W.M. Rare: dredged 6 times
7-16 f., a total of 3 living specimens (10 f. and 14f.), and 14 valves.
Donax vittatus (Da Costa). E. Rare? a few valves, only, taken in two
shore collectings at Old Head and at Mulranny; absent from all
dredgings. The rarity of this shell in the Clew Bay area contrasts
strikingly with its profusion on the Co. Dublin shores,
Mactra solida Linné. W.M.E. Frequent: taken in 8 hauls, 2-19 f,,
living at5f,15f, and 19f. The Vay. elliptica was the prevalent form.
M. subtruncata (Da Costa), M.E. Frequent: dredged 8 times, 2-19} 1.;
living at 2f.,8f.,and 13 f.; valves occasional on the beaches at Old Head
and Belclare.
Clare Island Survey— Marine Mollusca. 22 31
Mactra stultorum Linné. W.M.E. Rather rare: in 5 hauls, 7-154 f., a total
of 10 valves and 2 live specimens (in 10 f. and in 14 f.).
Gouldia minima (Montagu). (Circe.) W.M.E. Rather rare: dredged
5 times, 5-19 f., a total of 15 valves, of which 9 were taken in 19 f.
The largest valve was 11 mm. in diameter.
Dosinia exoleta (Linné). (Venus.) W.M.E. Wide-spread and locally
abundant: taken in 8 dredgings, 2-19 f, and living at 14f, 15f,
and 19f. Valves frequent on the beaches at Belclare and Annagh
Island.
D. lincta (Pulteney). (Venus.) W.M. More generally diffused than the
preceding species. Dredged 12 times, 5-254 f.; living in 19 f.
Venus verrucosa Linné. HE. Very rare. Absent from all dredgings, only
2 valves taken in shore gatherings, one at Annagh Island, the other near
the S. W. extremity of Curraun Achill.
V. casina Linné. M.E. Rare: a total of 7 valves taken, 4 on the beach at
Annagh Island, 2 in 2 f. off Scotch Bonnet, and 1 in 19 f. in the bay.
V. fasciata Da Costa. W.M.E. Common: dredged 12 times, 2-21 f., living
at 2f.,5f, 10f, and 19f.
V. gallina Linné. W.M.E. Common: taken in 15 hauls, 2-20 f., living
at 2f,, 10f, 14f, 15f, and 19f The Var. /amznosa (Montagu) was twice
taken, in 8 f. and (living) in 19 f.
V. ovata Pennant. W.M.E. Common: in 14 hauls, 2-19 f., living at 2 f.,
4f,5f,8f., and 10.
Lucinopsis undata (Pennant). W.M. Rare: dredged 3 times, 5-19f., a
total of 4 valves.
Tapes virgineus (Linné). M.E. Very frequent: taken in 5 hauls, 2-19 f., both
living and dead. Valves on the beaches at Annagh Island, Belclare, &c.
T. geographicus (Chemnitz). (7. pullastra.) W.E. Rather rare: sparingly
at Portlea, Clare Island (Var. perforans), and valves not infrequent on
the shore at Old Head, Annagh Island, Belclare, and Curraun Achill.
T. decussatus (Linné). E. Valves frequent in dredgings off Inishlyre in
5f.; very common on the shore at Annagh Island and Belclare, and
occasional at Curraun Achill.
T. aureus (Gmelin). E. Very frequent: a characteristic species of the inner
islands. Living at low water, Dorinish, Annagh Island, &c., and living
and dead in dredgings off Scotch Bonnet and Inishlyre in from 2-5 f.
The largest shell taken measured 37 mm. x 32 mm. Clew Bay in from
3 to 10 f.: Forbes, 53.
Venerupis irus (Linné). W. Rare: twice dredged off Clare Island, once in 5 f,
(2 fragments) and again in 10 f., 2 valves,
22 32 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
Cardium echinatum Linné. M.E. Not infrequent: a total of 20 valves
taken in 4 hauls, 10-197. and a few others gathered on the beaches at
Annagh Island and Mulranny.
C. exignum Gmelin. E. A characteristic species of the inner muddy shores
and channels, living specimens and valves being frequent in 2f. off
Scotch Bonnet, in 4f. off Inishgowla, and in 2-5f. off Inishlyre. Valves
frequent on the shores near Old Head, at Belclare, at Annagh Island, and
at Dorinish, living specimens occurring also at low water in the two last-
mentioned stations. The largest valve taken measured 26 mm x13 mm.
Dredged in Clew Bay, weedy ground, in from 3 to 10 fathoms: Forbes, 53.
C. fasciatum Montagu. W.M. Frequent: dredged 7 times, 5-19f., living
in 5f.,10f,and 197. Valves were taken in large numbers at 10 f. and
at 147.
C. nodosum Turton. W.M.E. Rather common: taken in 11 hauls, 2-19,
a total of 21 living specimens and 150 valves. Living at 2f.,47, 5f., and
107. Common among weed in from 3 to 10f., Clew Bay: Forbes, ’53.
C. edule Linné. W.M.E. Rather rare? Valves occasional on the shore
at Portarriv, Clare Island, and not infrequent on the mainland shores at
Old Head, Belclare, Annagh Island, Mulranny, and Curraun Achill
Valves occasional in dredgings in from 2-5f.
C. norvegicum Spengler. W.M.E. Frequent: dredged 6 times, 4-19f, a
total of 3 living specimens and 11 valves. Living at 4f., 7f., and 15f
Two valves dredged in 19 f. measured 63 mm. in length and breadth.
Psammobia ferroensis Chemnitz. M. Valves frequent in the bay in 6
hauls, 7-19 f., and occasional on the beach at Annagh Island.
P. tellinella Lamarck. W.M. Frequent: dredged 7 times, 5-21f, a total
of 3 living specimens, 3 paired and 20 single valves. Living off Clare
Island in 5f. and in 10f.
P. vespertina (Chemnitz). E. Rare: a pair of valves in 57, Inishlyre
Roads, 2 valves in 2f. off Scotch Bonnet, and 1 valve on the beach at
Annagh Island.
Mya arenaria Linné. E. Local: valves, only, on the muddy shore at Annagh
Island.
M. truncata Linné. M.E. Rather rare: valves occasional on the beaches
at Belclare, Annagh Island, and Curraun Achill.
Corbula gibba (Olivi). W.M.E. Very common: taken in 17 hauls, 2-20f.,
the valves in profusion in many hauls, and living specimens occurring
at 2f, 8,11, 14£, 16f, and 19f.
Lutraria elliptica Lamarck. W.M.E. Not infrequent: valves in 5 hauls,
2-19 f,
Clare Island Survey—Murine Mollusca. 22 33
Solen pellucidus Pennant. M. Rather rare: dredged 4 times, 8-19 f
living at 13f., and 19f., a total of 18 valves, 2 pairs, and 2 eee
specimens, the largest valve 28:5 mm. in breadth.
S. ensis Linné. W.M. Rather rare: perfect or broken valves taken at Bi
8f., and 13 f., together with one living example in the 8 f. haul.
S. siliqua Linné. W.M.E. Frequent: several living specimens in a haul
in 11-19 f. and broken valves in 8 dredgings, 8-19 f. Valves occasional
on the beaches at Old Head and Belclare.
Saxicavella plicata (Montagu). (Panopaea.) M. Rare: twice dredged in
Clew Bay from a mile and a half to two miles off Old Head, in
August, 1910, 1 valve and a pair of valves in 14 f. and IL valve in
from 10-12 f. The largest valve taken measured 7:5 mm. x 45 mm.
Saxicava rugosa (Linné). W.M. E. Common between tide-marks and
in dredgings. Living examples of large size were frequent in low-tide
rock-pools on Clare Island, associated with Kellia suburbicularis and
deeply embedded in Lithophyllum incrustans. Taken in 15 dredgings,
2-19 f., and living at 5 f., 16 f., and 18 f The characteristic borings
in limestone were, however, only twice observed—once in loose boulders
on the outer shore of Dorinish with dead shells, and again, with 6 living
specimens, in a dredging in from 53-11 f. off Mulvanny.
Var. arctica. Valves frequent in 10 f. and in 19 f.
Cochlodesma praetenue (Pulteney). (Zhracia.. W.M.E. Frequent and
locally abundant. Dredged 10 times, 2-19 f., single or paired valves,
the largest (in 19 f.) measuring 25 mm. x 17 mm. In one haul, off
Mulranny, in from 54-11 f., 41 valves were taken.
Thracia papyracea (Poli) W.M.E. Frequent and locally abundant:
taken in 8 hauls, 5-19f. One haul off Mulranny in 53-11 f. yielded
one living example and 218 valves, many up to 22 mm. in breadth.
T. distorta (Montagu). W. M. E. Rare: dredged 5 times, 5-14f. a total
of 2 paired and 4 single valves.
VI. BIBLIOGRAPHY.
In the strict sense of the term, there is no bibliography of the Clew
Bay marine mollusca, since the only published references to the subject
are to be found in general works not dealing specially with the Clew Bay
area. For the purpose of this list a few records have been extracted from
the following works, after the names of which are added in brackets the con-
tracted titles used for them in the present list. The “British Conchology” of
Jeffreys does not appear to yield any additional Clew Bay Records.
R.I.A. PROC., VOL. XXXI. E 22
22 34 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
ALDER (Joshua) and Albany HANCOCK :
A Monograph of the British Nudibranchiate Mollusca. Ray Soc., 1845-
1855. (Ald. and Hane., 1851.)
ForsEs (Edward) and Sylvanus HANLEY :
A History of British Mollusca and their Shells. 4 vols. 1853.
(Forbes, ’53.)
THOMPSON (William) :
The Natural History of Ireland, vol.iv. 1856. (Zhompson,’56.)
Nicwots (A. R.):
A List of the Marine Mollusca of Ireland. Proc. R. I. Acad., 3rd Ser.,
vol. v, pp. 477-662, 1900. (Nichols, 1900.)
VIL. INDEX OF GENERA.
(Synonyms are printed in italics.)
Page. | Page.
Acanthochites, A ese LL | oN, 5 5 5 o IO
Acanthodoris, . . . 25 Bulinella, . . . . 22
Acera. . 22 Bullas 5 n9 4 3 e22
Aclis, 14
Acmaea, 12 Cadlinayy cere
Actaeon, 22 Casein, 5s 6 « o Le
Actaeonia, . 22 Calliostoma, . . . 13
Adeorbis, 16 Cailkoominm, 5 5 o IY
Aeolis, 23 Cholli, 9 2 6 og «e
Alvania, 15 Cardium=ye eee
Anomia, 26 Cente. “Pivastia hh) = 22
Aplysia, 21 | @eratias = Fs No) G16
A porrhais, lz Cerithium, . . . . 16
Area, 26 Cerithiopsis, . . . 16
Archidoris, . 4 Canopus, o o 56 « ily
ATcticas <. cy a. ees. Chater. -n ee
Astartes. 1 i eam 2S Omri, o o 6 o IG
Axinus, . 28 Comrie, «oc .o « o dé
Cun cel aie ts Tie are igoll!
Barleciane ©) te. ele | Gils, 5 6 6 ol 18
Bela, 5 Si ees A RLY, Clathurella, . . . 19
sti, 5 5 4 o UG Cochlodesma, . . . 338
Brachystomia,. . . 18 | Corbilla youn ic enn 2
Clare Island Survey—Marine Mollusea..
Cyclostrema,
Cylichna,
Cylichnina,
Cypraea,
Cyprina,
Defrancia,
Dentalium, .
Diaphana,
Diplodonta,
Donax,
Doris,
Dosinia, .
Doto,
Eledone,
Elysia,
Emarginula,
Folis,
Erato,
Eulima, .
Kulimella, .
Facelina,
Favorinus, .
Fissurella, .
Galvina,
Gibbula,
Goniodoris, .
Gouldia,
Haedropleura, .
Hanleya,
Helcion,
Hermaea, .,
Homalogyra,
Hydrobia,
Jeffreysia,
Jordaniella,
Jorunna,
INDEX OF GENERA—continued..
Page.
12
22
22
17
28
19
25
22
28
30
22
31
24
11
22
12
22
17
17
18
o o OA
24
12
24
13
26
ol
19
6 o dul
>» o Le
21
14
16
17
24
Kellia, . .
Lacuna, .
Lamellaria, .
Lamellidoris,
Lasaea,
Lepidopleuros,
Lepton, .
Lima,
Limacina,
Limapontia,
Liostoma,
Littorina,
Loligo,
Lucina, .
Lucinopsis, .
Lunatia,
Lutraria,
Mactra,
Mangilia,
Manzonia,
Marginella,
Modiolaria,
Modiolus,
Montacuta, .
Murex,
Mya, .
Mytilus,
Nassa,
Natica,
Nucula, .
Ocinebra,
Odostomia, .
Ondina, .
Onoba,
Ostraea, .
Paludestrina,
Panopaea,
22 35
Page.
26
22 36 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
INDEX OF GENERA — continued.
Page.
ANE R 8 Cone ao WZ)
Persephone, . . . 15
Rectenw ees sie ee emer
Pectunculus; © . . 26
Phasianella, . . . 18
JOM, 5236 a 5 Al
Pleurobranchus, . . 21
Pleurotoma,. . . . 19
ROIWOGE, 6 5 6 of BK
Psammobia, . . . 32
PM, =f go o oo LW
Eyre ulina ya ee eeeS
Rissoa, wats) @ eco
Rostanga, . . . . 24
pny, 6 o « o Pl
SPIUEVEb oro 5 of Oo
Saxicavella, . . . 33
Scaphander, . . . 22
SAT, § og 5) Go 1B
Scrobicularia, . . . 30
SHOOGH, oa 0 4 o Mill
DKeneas ease e eLO
Sy gt oon oko 1a
SWRA go ow! Bl
Syndosyma, . . . 30
Tapes,
Tectura, .
Tellina, .
Thecacera, .
Thracia,
Tonicella,
Tornatina,
Trachydermon,
Triforis,
Triopa,
Trivia,
Trochocochlea,
Trochus, .
Trophon,
Turbonilla, .
Turritella,
Turtonia,
Utriculus, .
Venus,
Venerupis, .
Volvulella, .
Zippora, .
Clare Island Survey,
23
LAND AND FRESH-WATER MOLLUSCA.
By ARTHUR WILSON STELFOX.
Prates I, II.
Read January 22. Published Marcu 7, 1912.
CONTENTS.
PAGE PAGE
1. Introduction, 4 1 8. Annotated Lists, 4 set te
2. Field-work, . . . 3 9. Altitudinal Distribution of Species,. 48
3, Sub-division of the District, 4 10. Recent or Holocene Deposits, . 2350.
4. Comparison of the Sub-districts, 5 11. Table showing Local Distribution
5. Rare Species found in the District, 7 of Species, 0 : . 54
6. The Question of Dispersal, 5 8 12. Bibliography, : : 6 - 58
7. Influence of Man, . «i 9 > ld 13. Index of Species, . 5 , - 60
1, INTRODUCTION,
CARPENTER! and Praeger,? as well as other writers, have pointed out the
interest attached to the intermingling and overlapping of northern and
southern—Arctic and Lusitanian—species along the west coast of Ireland.
This is well exemplified in the Mollusca, though it is sometimes difficult
to decide to which group a particular species should be referred, owing to the
wide range in western Europe that some of these have obtained. Geomalacus
maculosus, Helicella itala, H. barbara, Helix aspersa, Pupa anglica, and P.
cylindracea are typical southerners and reach their most northerly stations in
the Britannic area. Zonitoides nitidus, Planorbis glaber,s Vertigo lilljeborgi, and
Pisidium lilljeborgi may be taken as typical of the northern group, the
majority of which are partially cireumpolar in their distribution or have close
1 The mingling of the North and the South. Irish Nat., v, 57-68. 1896.
2 A Tourist’s Flora of the West of Ireland. 1909.
3 Pupa anglica has often been spoken of as a “northern ”’ species, from its frequently inhabiting
the northern faces of the cliffs and similar shady habitats, &c. It is, however, a typical Lusitanian
and occurs from St. Kilda, off the west coast of Scotland, to Algeria in north Africa, and has its
nearest allies on the Atlantic Islands.
4 Planorbis glaber occurs trom northern Europe to the Atlantic Islands and appears to be replaced
in Arctic Europe by P. areticus, in Siberia by P. sibiricus, and in North America by P. parvus.
RIA, PROC., VOL. XXXL. A 23
23 2 Proceedings of the Roya! Irish Academy.
allies in North America or Siberia. These two groups together comprise what
I shall refer to afterwards as the “ western” fauna.
Some of the western species appear to have formerly occupied a much
greater area than they now inhabit, and they have probably been replaced
by a newer fauna from the east in all but the most isolated districts of
western Europe. The migration of others would appear to have been
aided by a continuous coast-line from the Iberian peninsula northwards
during the period of their dispersal. Some of the former have been preserved
by the mountains and other places of retreat on the mainland of the Con-
tinent, but the British archipelago has served as a retreat for several species
which otherwise would have been exterminated ere long.
The land and fresh-water Mollusca of Ireland may be roughly divided
into two groups, namely, “western” and “eastern.” These terms are used
since they briefly express the distribution of the species in western Europe,
although in Ireland the eastern group is rather “ central,” while the western
element is frequently dominant in parts other than in the west. Thus the
greater part of the fauna of Wicklow is distinctly “western.”
In parts of Ireland separated by natural barriers from the central lime-
stone plain it is usual to find almost identical molluscan faunas. ‘Thus, that
of north-west Donegal does not differ essentially from that of south-west
Kerry, the west division of Cork, or parts of Wicklow. The greater part of
the ground included in the Clare Island Survey is isolated from the central
plain, but it embraces in the Castlebar and Clew Bay districts western exten-
sions of the limestone area, Hence the list of the land and fresh-water
mollusks of the district is considerably greater than otherwise would have
been the case. That some of the species included in this list have inhabited
this country since pre-Glacial times, there is, I think, sufficient evidence. The
apparent lack of this evidence in the case of others belonging to the eastern
group tends, in my opinion, to throw considerable doubt upon the supposed
pre-Glacial arrival of this part of the fauna. Jfit be true that we have species
of pre-Glacial and others of post-Glacial arrival, it would be expected that
some of the more widely distributed species would have reached us during
both periods. It is therefore interesting to find that some of these present
two forms or races with different geographical ranges in Ireland, the one
corresponding with that of species of the western group, while the other
resembles the distribution of the eastern fauna.
When the country has been closely re-surveyed, and we have expunged
from our lists all records founded upon specimens collected in gardens, towns,
or other similar situations, where there is the slightest possibility of their
having been introduced by man; and when the marls containing fresh-water
Clare Island Survey—Land and Fresh-water Mollusca, 23 3
species, which in many districts underlie our peat-bogs, have been scientifically
examined, we shall be in a better position to discuss the probable time of the
arrival in Ireland of species of the eastern group. In several cases where the
pre-peat marls have been examined, the species contained in them present a
more western facies than that of the fauna now living in the district. One
of the characteristic species of these marls, in certain districts, is Planorbis
glaber, which at the present day has a distinctly anti-central or “western ”
range in Ireland. Species with such a range are often referred to as “ calci-
fuge,” but, in the case of the Mollusca, I think this term is hardly applicable.
The western species do not appear to object to the presence of lime, yet evi-
dently they have been unable to maintain their position upon the limestone
areas, probably owing to increased competition in these favourable districts. ©
- The nomenclature which is employed throughout this report is that given
in the “List of the Land and Fresh-water Mollusks of Ireland” (Proc. of
R.L. Acad:, xxix, Section B, No. 3.1911). All the records given for the Pisidia
are founded upon specimens verified by Mr. B. B. Woodward, to whom I
tender my most sincere thanks for his invaluable kindness in identifying
specimens sent to him.
The area dealt with, as will be seen by the accompanying map (fig. 1);
is probably more extensive than that covered by most workers on the Survey.
It includes, besides Clare Island and the adjacent mainland from Belmullet
to Killary, Achill Island, the Bills of Achill, Inishturk, Inishbofin, and Caher
Island, and extends as far inland as Castlebar. The greater part of this area
belongs to West Mayo according to Praeger’s division of Ireland.! Inishbofin,
however, is in West Galway.
2. FIELD-WORK.
Until the commencement of the Clare Island Survey only one paper
dealing solely with the Mollusca of West Mayo had been published. I refer
to that by J.G. Milne (4), which deals mainly with the Mollusca found by
him on Achill Island in 1891. Some collecting by Miss A. L. Massy,
P. H. Grierson, G. P. Farran, and R. J. Welch had, however, brought the list
of species for this division at the commencement of this Survey up to fifty-
three. When the “Irish List” (18) was published in 1910, this number had
increased to eighty-eight; since then no further additions have been made,
During the preparation of the present report I have spent fifty days in
the district, viz., 8th till 16th April, and 4th till 16th September, in 1909 ;
! Irish Topographical Botany. 1901.
A2
23 4 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
24th March till 3rd April, in 1910; and 15th July till Ist August, in 1911.-
Twelve days were spent in actual field-work on Clare Island; six and a
half on Achill; four hours on Caher Island; two days on Inishturk ; three and
a half days on Inishbofin; one day in The Mullet; five in Erris; six and a half
around Clew Bay and at Castlebar ; five in the Louisburgh district ; and four
in work upon the mountains of the mainland. In September, 1909, I had the
assistance of the late Dr. G. W. Chaster, Messrs. E. Collier, J. Napier Milne, and
R.J. Welch, and a great amount of work was accomplished during this visit.
Mr. Welch spent 10 days in the district in June,1910, principally on Clare Island,
and has handed me his notes made during that trip. Throughoutthe period of the
Survey I have received considerable assistance from various workers, in the
way of information as to likely ground for shells, as well as specimens ; among
these I may mention F. Balfour Browne, G. P. Farran, Nevin H. Foster,
H. Wallis Kew, D. McArdle, and R. Ll. Praeger.
To those acquainted with the district, the above time-schedule will show
how much filling-in work remains to be done. That this work will add greatly.
to the list of species found in any of the sub-districts, 1 doubt, as. most of my
work has been done in the choicest bits of each district, these having been
carefully selected from the Ordnance maps previous to each visit.
The Mullet and Erris, however, may still yield surprises ; while a complete
survey of the lakes and rivers of the Clew Bay and Castlebar areas will prove
interesting.
In the detailed reports to be found below, it may seem that I have given
useless and unnecessary notes. As, however, there is a probability that, at
some future time, this district will be re-surveyed, my aim has been to give
those who will be in charge of this second survey as much information as
possible, in order that any changes which may have taken place between now
and then may be the more easily observed.
3. THE SUB-DIVISION OF THE DISTRICT.
Each island naturally forms a district in itself, no matter how small it may
be in area. In dividing the mainland into districts, 1 have tried to show
contrasts, rather than similarities. These sub-divisions, it will be seen, are
five in number, namely—The Mullet; Erris; Louisburgh; Clew Bay and
Castlebar; and the mountains of Curraun, Croaghpatrick, and Mweelrea above
500 feet altitude.
The Mullet consists of the peninsula known by that name westward of the
canal at the town of Belmullet. Erris includes the strip of land between sea-
level and the 500-foot contour-line south of Broadhaven and north of the Clew
Clare Island Survey —Land and Fresh-water Mollusca. 23 5
Bay and Castlebar district. Louisburgh includes a similar strip south of Clew
Bay and between the mountains of Croaghpatrick and Mweelrea and the sea.
The Clew Bay and Castlebar district consists of that portion of the limestone
area of West Mayo, or areas influenced by lmestone Boulder-clays, from
Mulranny and Old Head harbour round Clew Bay, and it extends as far
inland as the limits of the vice-county.
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IMISHBOFIN Caen Hai
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4. COMPARISON OF THE SUB-DISTRICTS.
A comparison of the different sub-districts into which I have divided the
area surveyed is not difficult to make. The islands, except for a stretch of
Carboniferous sandstone on Clare Island, are composed mainly of Silurian
and metamorphic rocks, so also are the districts of The Mullet, Erris, and Louis-
burgh. - All are for the most part covered with peat, with narrow. stretches of
93 6 Proceedings of the Royal Trish Academy.
cultivated ground or sand-dunes along the coasts. Fresh-water lakes and
pools are numerous, but small and often peaty, except where these lie among
the sand-hills, the latter being usually highly calcareous. In Achill Island.
The Mullet, and near Louisburgh the coastal lakes form one of the chief
topographical features. The Clew Bay and Castlebar division is low-lying
and undulating, composed mainly of Carboniferous and metamorphic
rocks, which are generally covered with calcareous Glacial drift, in which lakes
and waterways are naturally numerous.
As might be expected, the last-mentioned district contains the bulk of the
fresh-water mollusca included in the total list, for, although many of these
shells are also met with in the Louisburgh district, the fresh-water snails are
but poorly represented in the remaining areas. In the case of the slugs and
terrestrial shells the contrast between Clew Bay and Castlebar and the other
districts is not so strongly evident on paper. Yet the limestone area shelters
at least one species, Pyramidula rupestris, which is absent from the other
districts. On the other hand, Zonitoides excavatus appears to be absent from
the limestone area, but perhaps occurs in some unworked corner of it, where
the metamorphic rocks are exposed or where non-caleareous Boulder-clay over-
lies the Carboniferous rocks. Along the southern shores of Clew Bay, between
Belclare and Murrisk, the maximum contrast is to be observed between the
“calcicole”! and “calcifuge”' fauna. At this point, known as the Deer-
park, the mountain slopes almost to the sea-shore and is covered in places with
a dense tangle of native scrub, with intervening stretches of heath-land, while
between the base of the mountain and the sea there extends a narrow flat belt
of calcareous Boulder-clay lying upon the Carboniferous limestone. The
road from Westport to Louisburgh runs along the base of the hilly
ground, and the wall along its southern side forms the actual boundary
between the limestone and non-calcareous areas. Upon this wall we find such
a characteristic calcicole plant as Ceterach officinarwm, and the mollusk
Pyramidula rupestris, while five yards up the hillside the prevailing flora is a
calcituge one, consisting largely of Calluna vulgaris and Erica cinerea, with
patches of Hazel, Holly, and Birch wood. Among this scrub, Z excavatus is
common, associated with shade-loving, but not necessarily calcifuge species,
such as Hygromia fusca, Acanthinula lamellata, and Acicula lineata.
Upon the mainland twenty species have been found which are as yet
unknown from any of the adjoining islands. ‘These are mainly fresh-water
species, and ones which have a central and eastern range in Ireland and a
southern distribution in Great Britain. In the following lists those records
which are founded on doubtfully native specimens are not considered.
‘I use these terms for want of better.
Clare Island Survey—Land and Fresh-water Molluscu. 23 7
List OF SPECIES FOUND ON THE MAINLAND AS YET UNKNOWN FROM THE
ISLANDS.
Limax maximus. Physa fontinalis.
Pyramidula rupestris. Aplecta hypnorum.
Vertigo angustior. Paludestrina ventrosa.
Succinea putris. P. jenkinsi.
S. oblonga. Bithynia tentaculata.
Phytia myosotis. Valvata cristata.
Limnaea stagnalis. Neritina fluviatilis.
Planorbis albus. Margaritana margaritifera.
P. contortus. Anodonta cygnea.
P. fontanus. Sphaerium corneum.
Four species have been taken on the islands not yet recorded from the
mainland :—Limazx cinereo-niger, Pupa muscorum (fossil), Pisidium steenbuchi,
and P. hibernicum. All of these are, of course, known from the mainland in
other parts of Ireland.
Four species are known from Clare Island which have not been reported
from the other islands :—Limaz cinereo-niger, Helicella intersecta, Acanthinula
lamellata, and Valvata piscinalis,
Six species are recorded for Achill Island not known to occur on the
other islands :—Limnaea auriculiria, Planorbis glaber, Paludestrina stagnalis,
Pisidium pulchellum, P. steenbuchi, and P. lilljeborgi.
Three are found on Inishbofin not yet known on any of the other islands :—
Vallonin costata (fossil), Pupa muscorum (fossil), and Pisidium hibernicum. Of
these three, the first two occurred in the deposit described on p. 51, and have
not been found in a living state on Inishbofin.
Helicella barbara has been taken on the islands of Achill and Bofin,
but not on Clare; Hygromia fuscu and Arion cirewmscriptus on Clare Island
and Achill Island; while Acanthinula aculeata has been taken only on Clare
Island and in the deposit on Inishbofin. All these species are frequent in the
mainland except //. barbara, which has been found only upon the sand-dunes
of The Mullet.
5. RARE SPECIES FOUND IN THE DISTRICT.
In a group like the land and fresh-water Mollusca, in which so much
work has been done in Ireland, there was little expectation of finding any
new shells ; it was, however, hoped that during the present survey, some of
our more local western species might be found to possess a wider distribution
23 8 Proceedings of the Royal Irish \cudemy.
than had been known hitherto. In this we were not disappointed, for
Pisidium hibernicum, which up to the present year was unknown from any
part of the world but West Cork and South Kerry, has been recognized by
B. B. Woodward amongst specimens of this genus sent to him for identifica-
tion.
These examples were taken in Lough Gowlanagower on Inishbofin. Two
other species of Pisidia found in the district were unknown from Ireland at the
time this survey was commenced. These—P. /illjeborgi and P. steenbuchi—
appear to be of ancient origin, and in Ireland are probably most- abundant
along the west coast, though both are known also from the central plain.
Next in importance to the above discoveries, I regard the finding of
numerous forms of Limnaea pereger, which show an almost complete gradation
between normal Irish specimens and those doubtful species LZ. involuta
Harvey and Z. praetenuis Bowell (see Plate II, figs. 1-39). The anatomy
of these West Mayo Limnaeae has not yet been examined. When this
has been done, I feel sure that the radula or genitalia will show the
same liability to vary as the shape, size, and texture of the shell.
Before, however, one’s opinion upon this delicate subject could carry
any weight, it would, in my opinion, be necessary to collect and dissect
examples from many different habitats, each season, for a number of years.
The finding of Limaa cinereo-niger upon Clare Island makes an interesting
addition to the molluscan fauna of our western Irish islands; while the
presence of Vertigo angustior and Succinea oblonga upon the mainland at
Dooaghtry may be included among the best discoveries made during the
survey.
One remarkable feature of the district, worth drawing attention to here,
is the luxuriance of the fauna of the sea-cliffs, which on some of the islands
proved the chief strongholds of the land mollusca (see Plate I).
That precipitous cliffs, overlooking the western ocean, can shelter a fauna
typical of our native woods upon the mainland, is a fact which must be taken
into consideration when we are speculating on the means of dispersal of these
“ specialized ” animals.
6. THE QUESTION OF DISPERSAL.
The lists of species found on the islands off the western coast of Mayo
resemble closely those which may be compiled upon the opposite mainland.
To some this fact will tend to confirm the idea that shells are carried across
barriers such as the sea by chance means, as by winds, currents, birds, or
insects To others, such as myself, it points to a former connexion with the
mainland by land-bridges.
Clare Island Survey — Land and lresh-water Mollusca. 23 9
Thus, in the case of Clare Island, the molluscan fauna of parts of the
mainland such as Old Head, Dooaghtry and Curraun, is so similar to that of
the island, that I believe a land-connexion must have existed between these
localities during the period when this part of the fauna was dispersed. The
geologists engaged upon the Survey are willing to allow that a post-Glacial
Boulder-clay land-bridge existed between the island and the mainland.
While this probably accounts for the presence on Clare Island of Hyalinia
cellaria, Zonitoides nitidus, Helicella intersecta, H. itala, Hygromia hispida, and
Feliz. aspersa, as well as most of the fresh-water species, the arrival of the
remainder seems more than likely to have been pre-Glacial. If there
existed any place of retreat during the Ice Age on the west coast of Ireland,
the great sea-cliff of Croaghmore would strike one as being a most probable
refuge ; facing, as it does, away from the mainland and towards the temperate
waters of the Atlantic, the ice descending from the mainland could not surely
have affected the conditions prevailing upon the cliff-face to any great
extent.”
The hypothesis that shells are carried by birds or insects (see “The
Dispersal of Shells,” by H. Wallis Kew) is founded mainly upon evidence
afforded by the fact that water-beetles, birds, &c., have been found to
transport fresh-water snails. ‘Vhere has been little evidence to support such
a theory of dispersal in the case of the terrestrial species; yet it is a fact that
while Clare Island and the other islands included in this survey contain
almost all the land-species which, from a study of habitat, would be expected
to occur on them, they are singularly deficient in species of the fresh-water
group. This does not appear to me to be altogether due to the want of suitable
habitats, for the lakes on some of the islands, such as those in Achill, are very
similar to those of the Louisburgh district. The latter, however, contain
twenty-four fresh-water species, while in the former only fourteen have been
found, eight of those from Achill, and six from Louisburgh, being of the genus
Pisidium, some at least of the members of which are capable of spreading
across almost waterless tracts of land (p. 10). Sphaertum corneum, which
must be considered one of the most likely species to be carried by animals
(see H. Wallis Kew, op. cit.), is unknown on any of the western islands.
1 Tt is often urged by those who do not believe in the pre-Glacial origin of our fauna and flora
that the proximity of glaciers or snow-fields signifies an ‘‘ Arctic climate,’’ in which only species now
regarded as of Arctic origin could live. Many mollusks, however, which are abundant in the west
of Ireland, are also common in close proximity to glaciers in western Norway. These are protected
during the long, cold winters in the latter country by a thick mantle of snow, a covering which
nature seldom provides for our western Irish animals. Thus our winter is perhaps more likely to be
injurious to some species than that of semi-glaciated districts such as parts of Norway.
* These remarks cannot apply to some of the smaller islands, where no places of retreat are visible.
Thus it appears that their molluscan faunas must be of post-Glacial origin.
R.I.A. PROC,, VOL, XXXI. B 28
22 10 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
While many naturalists have sought for means by which shells could be
dispersed by chance, few appear to have studied the power of fresh-water
species to travel over “dry land,” such as from one river-basin to another.
It seems probable that during wet weather fresh-water snails may travel
considerable distances, aestivate during intervening spells of drought, and
proceed once more when rain again falls.’
The power of some of these mollusks to live out of water for considerable
periods, especially when young, is considerable.* From personal observa-
tion it seems to me almost certain that such species as some of the more
widely distributed Pisidia, Limnaea pereger, L. truncatula, L. palustris, Ancylus
fluviatilis, and Planorbis spirorbis would have little difficulty in overcoming
most barriers, excepting sea or waterless tracts of land. It is therefore
not surprising to find that these species are generally to be met with in the
most isolated peninsulas and on the western islands of Iveland. These habitats
appear to differ only by the fact that the land-bridges connecting the
peninsulas to the mainland are still in existence, while in the case of the islands
the connecting links have disappeared.
7. INFLUENCE OF MAN UPON THE FAUNA.
Tn cultivated areas, and more particularly near seaports and towns, man’s
influence upon the flora of a country is well known. Conchologists, however,
have, up to the present time, scarcely studied the effect of man’s presence
upon the distribution of the mollusca. Thus a shell gathered in a garden, in
many cases, has been considered sufficient proof that the species to which it
belongs is a native of the area in which the garden is situated.’
1 Since writing the above, I have received the following notes from Mr. H. Lamont Orr, of
Belfast, which confirm the suggestion that some species of fresh-water shells may cross damp areas
of ‘‘ dry land.” ‘* When collecting on Black Mountain [Co. Antrim], 600 feet above sea-level, I turned
over a stone lying among the grass and rushes, and I was surprised to see the bleached shells of
Pisidia. Upon further examination I found a considerable number of live Pisidia. ‘The situation
was a grassy slope, with a gradient of about one in three or one in four, and at no time could have
held standing water. I found the living shells at the roots of grass, where the ground was damp,
but not splashy. ‘They were full-grown specimens, and must have lived for more than one season.”’
Had a pond been dug in the neighbourhood, and some of these Pisidia found by Mr. Orr at the roots
of the grass made their way into it, and been subsequently discovered by a conchologist, we should
have been asked to believe that here indeed was absolute proof of the carriage of shells by birds,
insects, or wind. I myself have taken Pisidia in places somewhat similar to Mr. Orr’s habitat.
Among places where these have occurred to me, I may mention the north-eastern cliffs of Clare
Island, the great talus beneath Fair Head in Antrim, and atan altitude of 1,200 feet on the sea-cliffs
of Brandon in Kerry.
*Young L. stagnalis have remained out of water, sealed against the side of a bell-jar, in my
house, from June, 1910, till about January, 1911, except upon the occasions when I pushed them
back into the water.
3See L. E. Adams, Journal of Conch., xiii, 211-214. 1911,
Clure Island Survey —Land and Fresh-water Molluscan 283 11
This makes one consider for what reason do we study the range of a
particular species? Everyone must answer this question after his own
fashion and according to his own view of the subject ; nevertheless, most will.
agree that the final aim of geographical conchologists is to determine the
natural range of a species before man’s influence acted upon it. IE this be true,
the publication of “garden” records is the greatest barrier which stands
between us and our goal.
Gerrard, writing in the sixteenth century, says of a certain plant :—“It
groweth upon the mountaines of Germanie: we have great quantitie of it in
our London gardens.” But although botanists have long ago come to
distinguish between “casual,” “native,” and “naturalized” plants, few
conchologists when publishing their local lists have stated whether any of
the species included in these are confined to gardens or cultivated ground. In
a part of the country such as West Mayo, where man’s influence has been so
little felt, it is a simpler matter in most cases to separate the natives from
the introduced species than in the surroundings of London, Manchester, or
other large towns. Because a mollusk is found in a garden it does not
necessarily follow that it has been imported by artificial means; yet such a
record is quite useless for the purpose of geographical distribution. Thus, in
the districts included in the Clare Island Survey, Limaz flavus, Milax sowerbyt,
Arion hortensis, and Hygromia rufescens, having been taken by me only in the
neighbourhood of habitations, I do not consider that up to the present they can
be considered “native” in West Mayo. On the other hand, we cannot say that
they are not “native” in Ireland, nor can we say that they are not “found”
in West Mayo. How, then, are we to record their standing? The formula
proposed by R. Ll. Praeger in his report on Clare Island Flowering Plants
(Part 10 of this series) solves, so far as I can see, this difficult problem.
Praeger in this adopts Dunn’s definition of a native (S. T. Dunn: Alien
Flora of Britain, pp. 9-10). A native species is defined as one living
in a natural habitat, which it has reached by natural means from an
uncontaminated source. This is designated NNN, while a species, in an
artificial habitat, to which it has been brought by artificial means from a
contaminated source, is shown by ***. Between these two we have six sets
of conditions, and by these eight combinations of N and *, the standing of
any species may be recorded, according to our own ideas on the subject. In
the table at the end of this report I have given the standing of each species, as
it appears to me, by means of the above formula.
Were it possible to do this with every record of every species for every
division of Ireland, the NNN distribution of some shells, such as Helix aspersa,
Milax sowerbyi, Limax flavus, and Hygromia rufescens, would differ essentially
B2
28 12 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
from their range in the country as known at present. So many old records
would have to be dealt with, however, that before one could accomplish this
work an almost complete re-survey of our whole island would be necessary in
the case of such species as Avion hortensis, or of those just mentioned, all of
which live more or less under the “protection” of man. The bulk of our
molluscan fauna is, however, composed of “anthropophobes” rather than
“anthropophiles ”; thus when a re-survey of the country on scientific lines is
undertaken, the range of a species such as Hygromia fusca or Acanthinula
lamellata, may be taken as NNN, or at least NN*.
The latter combination would have to be used where a plantation had
taken the place of a native wood, or where introduced trees, such as Fir or
Beech, are planted among native trees, thus altering the habitat from a
“natural” into an “artificial” one. For purposes of geographical distribution
only those species which can be conscientiously recorded as either NNN or
NN* are of the slightest use. Except around Westport, Newport, Mulranny,
Louisburgh, and the smaller villages, by roadsides or in the neighbourhood of
habitations, man has not affected the mollusca of West Mayo up to the
present.’
8. ANNOTATED LISTS.
CLARE ISLAND.
Perhaps nowhere in Europe is there a place in which the aboriginal fauna
can be studied better than in Clare Island. Man’s influence is but little
noticed, as neither his cultivation of certain portions of the island nor the
close cropping of other parts of it by sheep and cattle, appears to have
affected the mollusca to any extent. The reason for this is, I think, that
before the historic period the mollusks had been driven to the cliffs by the
heavy accumulation of peat on the flatter parts of the island. Here they
have dwelt secure, and are still unaffected by the changes that have taken
place in the other parts of the island. The partial draining of Lough Avullin
may have exterminated some fresh-water species, but no proof of this has
been obtained so far. The fresh-water fauna is, however, distinctly poor, and
I should have expected to find Planorbis glaber, Aplecta hypnorum, and
1] have been forwarded by R. Ll. Praeger four shells found in ‘‘ mud from the boots of
Pat Grady on landing on Clare Island from Carrowmore, after two days at Louisburgh, November,
1910.”’ The shells are four in number, two specimens being of Carychium minimum, and one each
belonging to Vallonia puicheila and Pupa anglica. All the shells had been dead for a considerable
period, and were perhaps wind-blown specimens deriyed from some of the coastal marshes near
Louisburgh. It is scarcely likely that living mollusks thus transported wonld found a colony, but if
nothing more tie observation shows the danger of fuunding records of mollusca upon dead shells.
Qare Island Survey—Land and Fresh-water Mollusca. 28 18
Limnaea auricularia in addition to those species at present on the list.
Valvata piscinalis —discovered by R. J. Welch in the outlet of L. Avullin—
was a surprise, until I remembered that this shell is frequently met with on
the western islands of Scotland. This is, however, the only Ivish record
other than for the mainland. None of the land-shells on the island can be
considered unexpected, though the list is more complete than I had hoped for
and absentees are few, Helicella barbara being the most prominent. Several
species on the island are in a somewhat precarious condition and a few
unfavourable seasons might accomplish their extinction. Among these
Z. witidus, H. intersecta, and L. palustris stand in the worst position.
H. nemoralis is still plentiful in places, but does not appear to be thriving—a
condition observable on all of these western islands. The remainder appear
to be holding their own well, and should exist on the island far into the
future. In the case of only two species in the following list is there
sufficient evidence to doubt their rank as natives. These—Arion hortensis and
Limaz maximus—seem to be confined to the gardens adjoining Mr. M‘Cabe’s
hotel at the harbour, and they have undoubtedly been imported from
the mainland, other obviously imported animals occurring with them. The
chief interest from a conchologist’s point of view centres round the fauna
of the cliffs which almost encircle the island, and the escarpment of
Knocknaveen in the interior of it. The cliffs and banks along the southern
shore are too dry at certain seasons to shelter a large fauna, but on the series
of cliffs facing east and north-east, from Minnacorra to the light-house, a
larger list may be compiled. The cliffs on the north-eastern shoulder of
Knocknaveen also proved to be a good collecting-ground, especially for the
Hyaliniae. It is, however, upon the great sea-cliff of Croaghmore that the
real head-quarters of the land-shells of the island are situated (Plate 1).
Upon this twenty-seven of the forty-two species of terrestrial species found
on the island may be collected. On the 1200-foot path along the face of the
cliff I took A. agrestis, A. ater, A. subfuscus, A. intermedius, V. pellucida,
A, alliavia, H. nitidula, H. pura, H. crystallina, S. edentulum, P. rotundata,
A. aculeata, H. fusca, C. lubrica, P. anglicu, P. cylindracea, C. bidentata,
C. minimum, L. truncatula, and A. lineata. Between 800 and 1100 feet
altitude, L. arborum, H. radiatula, EB. fulvus, P. pygmacwm, and A. lamellata
also occurred, while at about 500 feet V. substriata and a single dead
specimen of B. perversa were taken. Shells appeared to be most abundant at
about 1000 feet. At this elevation every handful of moss yielded dozens of
specimens, each patch of Luzula was crowded with Hygromia fusca, and if
the day were damp hundreds of Avion ater—all var. aterrima—might be seen
crawling upon the vegetation, This slug is reported by Welch and Praeger
23 14 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
to show great partiality for the tlowers of Silene acaulis (see Part 10, p. 24 and
Plate V). Ialso observed it feeding on this plant, as well as on the flowers of
Jasione montana, but its customary food seemed to be sheep-droppings, or
decaying vegetable matter. During the long drought of 1911 4. «ter was
frequently seen under stones in the beds of half-dried streams and under
clumps of Sphagnum. The effect of exposure—or perhaps it is due to the
action of salt water during winter storms—is well shown on many of the
shells living on Croaghmore, especially in the cases of Pupa anglica and
Clausilia bidentata (Plate II, fig. 41). Many examples of these are to be
found with the upper half of their shells completely bleached or eroded while
the lower remains in perfect condition, having been formed since the passing
of the previous winter. The old shells of these, and often of other species,
are bleached throughout. The most interesting shell living on Croaghmore
is, to my mind, Zimnaea truncatula, which swarms on the bare rock-faces
of the cliff and is frequently associated among the moss and other vegetation
with what would generally be termed “ woodland” species. Excepting the
escarpment of Knocknaveen, the only inland sanctuaries for mollusca are the
small areas of native scrub on the hill-sides above L. Avullin and in the
valleys above Portlea, near Maum. ‘These two localities furnished almost
identical lists, but no species is confined to either station. Upon the
northern slope of the last-mentioned valley stand the ruins of several
cottages. These attracted my attention for two reasons. Firstly, there were
many stones to turn over round about them; secondly, I wanted to see if
man’s former habitation was reflected in the neighbouring fauna. In no case
was man’s former presence traceable, for while Hyalinia alliaria, Arion
subfuscus, and other species typical of the island lived about the ruins, Zimax
arborum and Zonitoides excavatus—the latter a typical “anthropophobe ’—
occupied the interior of one of the buildings, eight examples of the latter
occurring under a large stone near the hearth. Perhaps one of the strangest
groups in the fauna is that met with at the extreme western end of the island
where Plantago sward is the prevailing form of vegetation. During heavy
winter storms this portion of the island must be almost immersed in sea
water. Yet no less than fifteen species of mollusca have been found to live
in this area. The list is as follows :—/imax arborwm, Milax gaugates, Agrio-
limax agrestis, A. laevis, Arion ater, A. intermedius, Hyalinia alliaria, Clausilia
bidentata, Ancylus fluviatilis, Limnaea pereger, L. palustris, Plunorbis spirorbis,
Pisidiwm subtruncatum, P. casertanum, and P. personatum.
1The fresh-water species-occurred in the pools forming Lougi-na-phuca, and in the small
stream which flows through some of these pools.
Clare Island Survey—Land and Fresh-water Mollusca. 28 15
List OF MOLLUSKS OF CLARE ISLAND.
Limax arborum Bouch.-Chant.—T'wo distinct colour-forms of this slug are
to be met with. One, probably var. maculata, Roebuck, is rather dark,
and is covered with spots on the body in a manner very similar to the
young of Z. maximus, but is distinguished at once from that species by
possessing the characteristic shield-markings of the present slug. The
second form is referable to the var. nemorosa Baudon. Of the variety
alpestris, Less. and Poll., which prevails on Inishbofin, Inishturk, and on
Caher Island, no specimen was observed on Clare Island so far as I am
aware.
[L. maximus L.—Occurs in the gardens adjoining Mr. M‘Cabe’s hotel near
the Harbour, but is certainly an artificial introduction. |
L. cinereo-niger Wolf.—The nocturnal habits of this beautiful slug render its
presence often overlooked. In the present instance it is due to H. Wallis
Kew that I am able to record it from the island. Mr. Kew, having been
fortunate enough to discover its habitat at Kinnacorra, returned after
nightfall with Welch and Praeger, and the party had the satisfaction of
proving that the species was plentiful over a considerable area of the
rock-strewn heath-land which lies above Kinnacorra. No typical
specimens were taken, so far as I am aware, nor did any occur to me
when Praeger and I visited the locality in July, 1911. Examples sent
by Mr. Welch to W. Denison Roebuck, were referred by him to var.
maura Held. During my last visit, however, a single specimen was
taken in a small, disused limekiln above Lighthouse Cove, which might
almost be referred to the type, though the white dorsal stripe was scarcely
distinct enough. ‘he majority of the specimens taken at Kinnacorra in
1911 were of an almost unicolorous greyish-brown, with a paler dorsal
stripe. None were full-grown, and none clearly showed the characteristic
markings of the foot-sole. One specimen was exceptionally handsome
from the fact that at irregular intervals large black spots nearly an eighth
of an inch in diameter were scattered over the body; this is, perhaps,
the var. punctata, Lessona, recorded by J. W. Taylor from Sutherland
and Cork. ‘he beautiful lineation of the shield of this slug, resembling
a “thumb-print,” was strongly marked in all examples. An attempt
was made to discover the food of these slugs during a damp night in
July, 1911, by Praeger and myself, but we were unable to find them eating
anything. We observed, however, that whereas all the specimens of
L. arborum were seen on rocks, evidently feeding on lichens or algae,
LL. cinereo-niger was always crawling on the short grass which grows
between the boulders and the clumps of taller vegetation,
23 16 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
Agriolimax agrestis L.—Abundant in all parts of the island, except on the
moorland. The prevailing form is of a unicolorous brown, but that with
reticulated markings was also frequent. The var. lilacina, which is
frequent on Achill and the Curraun promontory, occurred near Portlea,
as well as two jet-black specimens.
A. laevis Miill—Frequent over the low-lying parts of the island, and found
also on the moorland surrounding Creggan Lough, as well as upon the
slopes of Knocknaveen.
Milax gagates Drap.—Common at the west end of the island, and occurs also
along the southern and south-eastern shores. . Several almost jet-black
specimens were noted, and the tan-coloured form was taken in the Abbey.
The var. plumbea is the prevailing form.
Vitrina pellucida Mill.—Decidedly rare, though odd specimens were taken
in most parts of the island.
Hyalinia cellaria Mill—Common in the Abbey, and taken sparingly in the
ditches near the Pound, and along the south shore between the
Harbour aud the Abbey. All the specimens are referable to Vitrea
hibernica Kennard. The shells from the Abbey were all of the opaque,
white form, var. margaritacea Schmidt.
H. alliaria Miller.—The most generally distributed species of the genus, and
shares with P. rotundata and Z. excavatus the claim to be the commonest
shell on the island. All specimens are of the large, dull, flat, western
form, and in colour range from the type to opaque white or green. This
western form appears referable to Westerlund’s var. anceps, found in
Sweden.
H. nitidula Drap.—Except upon the cliffs of Croaghmore, this shell was
decidedly rare, though it was noted also on Knocknaveen and along the
south and north-east coasts. All examples have the suddenly expanding
and drooping aperture characteristic of the H. witens of Michaud.
H. pura Alder.—Not nearly so common as the next species, but both type
and var. nitidosa are frequently to be found.
H. radiatula Alder._—T'ype and the green form are equally common in most
parts of the island.
H. crystallina Miill.--Generally distributed, but not common. Most specimens
appear referable to H. contracta Westerlund.
Euconulus fulvus Miill—-Common in most parts of the island, but full-grown
shells were seen only on the north-east cliffs and on Croaghmore.
Zonitoides nitidus Mill._-Extremely local and rare. Observed only in a
damp spot above Lighthouse Cove, and with S. pfeiferi along the margin
of the stream at the harbour,
Clare Island Survey—Land and Fresh-water Mollusca. 28 17
Z. excavatus Bean.—Both the type and the var. vitrina occur, but the former
seems the more generally distributed. This shell was a noticeable
absentee from the cliffs of Croaghmore and those of the north-east
coast, although common on the moorland up to the very edge of the latter
cliffs. The presence of a calcareous Boulder-clay and Carboniferous and
Silurian sandstones must be put down as the most likely cause for this
otherwise unaccountable fact.
Arion ater L.—Abundant over nine-tenths of the island, even on the
heathery slopes of Croaghmore, which are frequently fired for grazing
purposes. The habit of this slug in resting beneath clumps of Sphagnum
possibly saves it from being killed by these fires. Until my last visit,
during the drought of 1911, scarcely any examples but those of the black
form were observed, though a few brown ones were seen, and quite a
colony of the var. plumbea occurred round the Signal Tower. Upon my
last visit, however, everything appeared changed, and these two colour-
forms were quite as abundant as the type in all of the low-lying parts of
the island. Could the dry season have effected this remarkable
change in the relative proportions of these colour-forms ?
A. subfuscus Drap.—Both the type and var. cinereo-fusca occurred in most
parts of the island, but this species was common only on the great cliff
of Croaghmore. On the open tracts of moorland in the centre of the
island both this and the last species were frequently observed crawling
at mid-day-and in sunshine.
A. intermedius Normand.—Extremely abundant on the cliffs of Croaghmore,
and generally distributed. The majority of the specimens seen by
me resembled in a remarkable degree the original illustration of
Geomalacus mabilli Baudon, which slug is regarded by J. W. Taylor’
as a synonym of A. intermedius None of the specimens which I have
seen from Clare Island have shown when at rest the serrated dorsal
outline characteristic of this slug—a condition which Dr. Scharff believes
to be due to the animal being saturated with moisture. In order to be
quite sure that we were not dealing with a pale form of A. hortensis, I
examined the radulae of about a dozen examples, and although these
showed considerable variation from those of A. intermedius taken in the
neighbourhood of Belfast, they were at once distinguishable from the
radulae of A. hortensis taken on the mainland at Louisburgh. The
vivacity of the Clare Island specimens of this slug, to which characte1
Mr. Welch drew my atitention, is only equalled by that of Agriolimaz laevis.
1 Baudon, Mémoire sur Les Limaciens du Département de 1’ Oise, pl. 1, figs. 8-12.
2 Monograph L. & F. W. Moll. ii. 240.
R.LA, PROC., VOL, XXXI, C 23
23 18 Proceedings of the Royal Trish Academy.
[A. hortensis Fér.—Several half-grown examples, with Limaz maximus and
other slugs, in the garden opposite the hotel at the harbour. Evidently
introduced with plants or other imports. |
A. circumscriptus Johnston.—As on Achill and in parts of the mainland, this
species was distinctly local on Clare Island. It is probably common on
the northern escarpment of Knocknaveen during winter, as well as along
the north-east coast.
Punctum pygmaeum Drap.—Fairly common at the roots of herbage along
the southern and north-eastern coasts of the island. Also taken on
the cliffs of Knocknaveen and Croaghmore and among the scrub above
Portlea.
Sphyradium edentulum Drap.—Particularly common on Croaghmore and on
the southern slope of Knocknaveen, overlooking the Harbour, and occurred
also in several places round the southern coast. This seems to be one of
the species which ranges over the most peaty areas, as I took several
examples under a stone upon the heathery slope south of the lighthouse,
associated with 7, excavatus.
Pyramidula rotundata Miill—Generally distributed, and, though not abundant
every where, is one of the commonest species on the island. All specimens
were pale and many almost unicolorous.
Acanthinula aculeata Mill._Sparingly in moss above Lough Avullin and on
the cliffs of Knocknaveen and Croaghmore. Several pure white specimens
were taken by the late Dr. Chaster in the second locality.
A. lamellata Jeffreys.—In the same localities as the last—except on Knock-
naveen—but common only in the remnants of old scrub above Lough
Avullin and Portlea.
Vallonia pulchella Miull.—Taken in great numbers by R. J. Welch round and
upon some large boulders sunk in the earth near the lace school, east of
the Harbour. Also frequent along the southern cliffs, and one specimen
occurred to me at 250 feet on the southern shoulder of Knocknaveen.
Helicella itala L.—A small dark-banded form occurs on the sand-flat at the
Harbour, those found along the southern and north-eastern cliffs being
much larger and paler in colour. In the latter station the shell lives on
banks of stiff Boulder-clay, which, although containing calcareous matter,
are nevertheless a somewhat strange habitat for this species.
H. intersecta Poiret.—The large western form of this shell is common in a
very restricted area on the sand at the Harbour and for a short distance
up the road leading to Maum. (Plate II, fig. 51.)
Hygromia fusca Mont.—Common on the cliffs of Knocknaveen, and on
Croaghmore to an altitude of about 1,300 feet, or as high as there is
Olare Island Survey—Land and Fresh-water Mollusca. 23 19
sufficient vegetation to shelter it; clumps of Zuzula maxima in all cases
being its habitat. Three colour-fourms occur, viz., greenish-brown, pale
brown, and darker brown.
H. hispida L.—Great numbers of a dark and very hispid form occur around
the Abbey, while along the north-eastern cliffs and near the Harbour a
paler form occurs more sparingly.
Helix aspersa Miill.—Almost confined to the areas around the Harbour and
the Abbey, but was also taken by Welch along the south coast between
these two localities. A marked peculiarity shown by many specimens of
this shell on Clare Island, as well as on the adjoining islands and in parts
of the mainland, is that while the young shells are all of the normal
mottled colouring the last or last two years’ growth is almost black, but
frequently this is interrupted by vertical streaks of a chestnut colour.
Seldom does it happen that the colouring of any specimen is uniform
throughout the entire period of its growth. (Plate I, fig. 53.) Beneath
the stones in the interior of the Abbey nearly all the shells are
malformed in a remarkable manner, being wrinkled and so fragile that
one can scarcely handle them.
H. nemoralis Miill.—Except along the north-east coast, this species is very
scarce indeed, but it nevertheless is to be found on the cliffs of Knockna-
veen, and on the southern shore between the Harbour and the Abbey.
The commonest form was 00300 libdellula or rubella. Some of those taken
on Knocknaveen had very thin shells, which were covered with bruises,
probably caused by the specimen being blown down the cliff in stormy
weather. White-lipped examples were not plentiful, but in the last-
mentioned locality J. N. Milne took a very beautiful one of var. rubella,
without bands. A single specimen of the var. citrinozonata occurred at
the same place.
Cochlicopa lubrica Miill.—Common throughout most parts of the island,
greenish specimens being the only form of variation.
Carychium minimum Miill.—Generally distributed. The majority of the shells
are rather large and slender.
Pupa anglica F'ér.—Fairly common in all portions of the island, and especially
common on the great cliff of Croaghmore and along the N.E. coast.
Type and vars. pallida and alba all observed, but the type is the prevail-
ing form. (Plate II, fig. 46.)
P. cylindracea Da Costa.—Like P. anglica, this shell is found nearly every-
where, and is equally abundant on Croaghmore. A large proportion of
the shells from this locality appear referable to the var. anconostoma
Lowe, the denticle being poorly developed or absent. (Plate II, figs. £7,
C2
23 20 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
- 48,49.) The shape of these shells is also different from the type, as
they are distinctly more cone-shaped and not cylindrical, but all
intermediate forms appear to exist.
Clausilia bidentata Strom.—Extremely common on Croaghmore and in several
other localities, and shows great variation in size and shape, specimens
from the more exposed situations being shorter and more tumid than
those occurring on the more sheltered parts of the cliffs. (Plate I,
figs. 40, 41, 42.)
Balea perversa L.—On my first visit to the island I failed to find this shell,
though it was searched for keenly, It turned up afterwards on the cliffs
of Croaghmore and Knocknaveen, while a single specimen occurred to me
at the Abbey, and Welch took another at the west end.
Vertigo antivertigo Drap.—Very common where it occurred, but not so
generally distributed as the next two species. Near the Signal Tower in
the bed of a small stream, south slope of Knocknayveen, shore L. Avullin,
and N.E. coast.
Vertigo substriata Jetireys.— Widely distributed over the island, but as usual
not found in large numbers, nevertheless it is undoubtedly common on
Croaghmore, near the Signal Tower with V. antivertigo, and along the
south coast. Also taken in moss above L. Avullin, on the N.E. clifts,
and on the south slope of Knocknaveen.
Vertigo pygmaea Drap.—Very generally distributed, but nowhere abundant.
Two forms were noted: one small and stumpy and of a pale colour, lives
on the dry southern cliffs, while a darker and very slender form is found
along those of the N.E. coast.
Succinea pfeifferi Rossm.— Fine specimens at the Harbour Pool in July, 1911.
Frequent in the damper parts of the eastern districts of the island, as
round L. Avullin and along the north-eastern coast. Some of those from
the Harbour bear shells of a peculiar bronze-green colour.
Limnaea pereger Mill—A small stunted form is to be found in nearly all
permanent water on the island, and fair-sized specimens occur in
L. Avullin, Creggan L., the Harbour Pool and one of those forming
Lough-na-phuca at the west end. This last “lakelet” consists of about
a dozen or more pools, surrounded—and at most seasons, at any rate,
isolated from each other—by “ Plantago-sward.” A small stream flows
through some of the pools, but the majority depend on rain for their
supply, and were quite dry in July, 1911. During winter storms these
pools must frequently be distinctly brackish, and it is therefore not
surprising to find that the majority of the shells are very small and
greatly eroded. (Plate LI, tigs. 1-7.)
Clare Islund Survey— lund and Fresh-water Mollusca. 23 21
L. palustris Miull.—Occurred in one of the pools of Lough-na-phuca, where
a small rather deeply-sutured form was common. In the Harbour Pool
I took two large specimens during my last visit.
L. truncatula Mill.—Generally distributed, but most plentiful on the face of
the cliffs of Croaghmore. Several white shells were taken by the late
Dr. Chaster in the bed of a stream, or perhaps it was a road—it is
frequently difficult to distinguish between these in certain places in the
west-—above Craigmore.
Ancylus fluviatilis Mill—Common in all streams between the Abbey and the
Signal Tower; but though many other suitable habitats occur, none
seemed to shelter this species.
Planorbis spirorbis L.—Very local, and common only in the drains by the road-
side between the Harbour and Craigmore. Also lives in Lough-na-
phuca, in the marsh below the cliff of Knocknaveen, and round
L. Avullin, though in the latter localities not more than half a dozen
specimens were taken in all. All specimens seem referable to a stunted
form of Planorbis leucostoma Millet.
P. crista L.—After repeated failures this shell was found in Creggan Lough,
where to judge from the number of young shells afterwards collected by
Welch, it is perhaps not rare.
Acicula lineata Drap.—The type was taken in moss on the cliff of Knock-
naveen, but seemed exceedingly rare, only five or six examples in all
being found. On Croaghmore it appeared more plentiful, but none of
the var. a/ba—usually the more common form in Ireland—was met with.
Several specimens were taken in the latter locality clinging to the stems
of the moss Hypnum cupressiforme—an association commented upon by
J. A. Hargreaves in the Journal of Conchology (xui, 331) as being frequent
in Yorkshire.
Valvata piscinalis Mill —Taken by Welch in the outlet of Lough Avullin, where
during September, 1909, it was very plentiful. However, during my last
visit in July, 1911, scarcely a single specimen was seen.
Pisidium subtruncatum Malm.—Occurred sparingly in Lough-na-phuca and
in the marsh at the base of the cliff of Knocknaveen.
P.casertanum Poli.— Widely distributed and common in most parts of the island.
P. pusillum Gmelin.—Sparingly in Lough Avullin and in Creggan Lough on
my last visit, but not previously taken on the island.
P. nitidum Jenyns.—Taken in Light-house Pool and near Craigmore.'
? P. pulchellwm appeared in my first notes as occurring on the island, but the specimens were alter-
wards identified by B. B. Woodward as P. nitidum. I regret therefore that this shell was reported
by me from the island in Proceedings R.I.A., xxix, Section B, 124.
23 22 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
P. obtusale Pfeiffer—With the last species in Light-house Pool, and also
occurred in Creggan Lough.
P. personatum Malm.—Widely distributed and common in the roadside pools,
field-drains, and bog-pools.
P. milium Held—Not at all common, but was taken in Light-house Pool, in
Lough Merrignagh, at Craigmore, and in the marsh north of Knocknaveen.
Three species in the above list -Z excavatus, A.lamellata,and H. fusca—
are almost confined to the Britannic area. hese with Hygromia granulata,
a mollusk not found within the boundaries of the present survey, form a
small but interesting group of shells perhaps protected from exterminating
influences by the isolation of our islands. Judging by the geological
evidence, A. /amellata is retiring towards the north-west corner of Europe, as
I learn from A. S. Kennard that it is known from the Miocene of central
Europe, and it has been recorded from several Pleistocene deposits in the
south of England,’ though not now known to live in these districts.
The distribution of the Pisidia is uncertain, owing to the difficulty of
recognizing our species in Continental lists. The remaining species are
widely distributed in western Europe, but five are mainly coastal in their
range, and are unknown from central or northern Europe. Sixteen are almost
circumpolar in their distribution, or there exist closely allied species in the
polar lands of Asia or America. Thirteen are recorded by Kennard and
Woodward (czd.) from the Pliocene of the south of England, and thirty-eight
from the Pleistocene. The remaining seventeen species, absent from the
Pleistocene, have a mainly western distribution, and perhaps did not live in
Pleistocene times in the localities where deposits of that age are known; or
they are slugs; or they have fragile shells not likely to become fossilized.
THE MULLET.
So isolated a district is the peninsula of The Mullet, that it might almost
be compared with the neighbouring islands, rather than with the adjoining
parts of the mainland. Perhaps one might be forgiven for terming it an
“island” still connected to the mainland by a “land-bridge.” It will be at
once seen, therefore, that its fauna deserves special attention. Unfortunately
one evening and one long day were all the time that I was able to devote to
its exploration, during which time a cold, dry, northerly wind blew con-
tinuously. Thus my list must be correspondingly short, and the absence from
it of many species, such as Limax arborum, Pyramidula rotundata, and
1 See Kennard and Woodward: On the Post-Pliocene Non-Marine Mollusca of the South of
England, Proceedings of the Geologists’ Association, xvii, (4), 213-260.
Clare Island Survey—Land and Fresh-water Mollusca. 23 23
Clausilia bidentata, need not be commented upon. The peninsula consists in
reality of several low rocky masses which have once been islands, connected
to each other by extensive sand-dunes, and it provides even less shelter for a
molluscan fauna than any of the islands included in the survey. Along the
north coast—a part which I have not yet been able to visit—more favourable
ground probably exists. Though considerable areas of the sands are shifting
too constantly to harbour any fauna or flora, the list of xerophile species is
larger than that of any of the islands. The fresh-water fauna is—for such
an ultra-western locality—a large one. All the species are, however, typically
“western,” and the list does not include any of the common central species,
such as Physa fontinalis, Limnaea stagnalis, or Sphaeriwm corneum.
The following is my list for the district :—
List of Mollusks of The Mullet.
Agriolimax agrestis. Cochlicopa Iubrica.
A. laevis. Carychium minimum.
Vitrina pellucida. Pupa cylindracea.
Hyalinia alliaria. Vertigo antivertigo.
H. radiatula. V. pygimaea.
H. crystallina. Succinea pfeifferi.
Euconulus fulvus. Limnaea pereger.
Arion ater. L. palustris.
A. subfuscus. L. truncatula.
A. intermedius. Aplecta hypnorum.
A. circumscriptus. Planorbis glaber.
Punctum pygmaeum. P. crista.
Vallonia pulchella. P. spirorbis.
V. costata. Paludestrina stagnalis.
Helicella itala. P. ventrosa.
H. intersecta. Pisidium milium.
H. barbara. P. nitidum.
Hygromia hispida. P. obtusale.
Helix aspersa. P. personatum.
H. nemoralis.
As I have already said, the absentees from the above list need not be
commented upon, but several of those contained in it are worthy of a passing
remark. Although Vallonia pulchella is frequently met with on the western
islands, its companion, V’. costata, has been reported only from one of these!
1 V. costata occurs on Cruit Island in West Donegal, but it is only at high-water that this piece
of land is an island, being at vther times connected to the mainland by a broad sand-flat, across
which shells may be blown at times,
983 24 Proceedings of the Royal Trish Academy.
until found in Inishbofin during the present survey. Thus its LOEICETEE at
Cross Abbey is interesting.
The fact that Helicella intersecta occurred on the peasiniets did not surprise
me, but I was astonished to find that all the specimens which I saw in this
district belonged to the small form which I had hitherto associated with the
central limestone plain. The large or western form being common at Louis-
burgh, Curraun, and on Clare Island, I expected to find the same form on
The Mullet. Some authorities on the Continent have regarded these two
forms as distinct species, referring the larger one to the H. intersecta of
Poiret! and the smaller one to the H#. striata of Draparnaud (non Miiller).
The type of H. caperata, Mont. would appear to be the latter shell.
In the graveyard at Cross Abbey, Helix nemoralis occurred abundantly,
but three forms only were observed in this locality. Of these the var. citri-
nozonata accounted for about sixty per cent. of the total, typical specimens
for about twenty-five per cent., while the remainder were of a bandless yellow
form with bright purple lip. A peculiar feature of this last form—common
in many of the western sand-hills—is that the lip is not reflected, and its
colour scarcely shows upon the exterior. Thus it gives one the impression
of either an immature or a malformed example. Aplecta hypnorum, which I
have been unable to find upon any of the islands, is common in many places,
and occurs even in the extreme southern portion of the peninsula.”
That this species may have at one time existed on all or some of the
islands seems not improbable. To judge by its habits, its existence in any
isolated district must always be precarious, as a severe spell of dry weather
might exterminate it. Upon the mainland of Ireland and in England this
shell has the reputation of appearing and disappearing at intervals—a
phenomenon which could not happen easily upon islands. The form of
Limnaea pereger occurring in Cross Lough is a very elegant one (Plate II,
fig. 24), with a high spire and strong opaque white shell. Some few years
ago R. Ll. Praeger collected a similar form of this shell on North Inishkea,
which island lies off the coast of The Mullet. Paludestrina stagnalis and
P. ventrosa were taken in Lough Leam, into which the sea rises at high
water.
1 The synonymy of this group of shells has been so muddled that it is now quite impossible to
be certain of the identity of Poiret’s species. This has led to the adoption of Montagu’s name by
many authorities.
2 Dr. Scharff mentions this species from Achill Island (Irish Nat., i, 151), but this is seemingly
an error. He was then under the impression that J. G. Milne had recorded the species from that
island (Journal of Conch., vi, 413), but Milne says that it is not to be met with west of Newport ; a
statement which my work in the latter district appears to verify, though to the south of Clew Bay
A. hypnorum is frequently met with to the extreme points of the mainland.
Bo
ri
Clare Island Survey—Lund and Fresh-water Mollusca, 28 25
AcHILL ISLAND.
The area of Achill—some fifty square miles—is best realized by one who
makes an attempt to survey a part of its fauna. Thus, although six and a half
days were spent by me on the island in addition to time spent there by
J. G. Milne and others, much work remains to be done. I do not anticipate
that a large number of species will be added to the list, but some that figure
below are perhaps commoner or more widely distributed than my work has
led me to believe. Owing to the considerable advance of our knowledge
since the publication of J. G. Milne’s paper on the mollusca of the island
(1891),! it seems well to give a complete annotated list. Owing partly to the
great extent of the island and partly to the diverse character of its different
portions, I have divided Achill into three sub-districts, viz., North, South, and
West. The southern division is bounded on the north by the road running
from the head of Salia Bay, past Lough Naneaneen and Loughannascaddy,
to River and thence past Shruhillbeg Lough to the sea at Dookinelly. The
western portion is bounded on the east by the 200-foot contour-line, running
from near Corrymore House, through Slievemore village, and round the
eastern shoulder of Slievemore, down to the sea near the quay west of
Dugort. The northern district includes the intervening tract of com-
paratively low-lying ground, all the sand-dunes, and almost all the lakes
which yield fresh-water species. The letters N, S, and W, following the
name of a species, denote in which division it has been found. Additions
to Milne’s list are marked *.
List of Mollusks of Achill Island.
Limax arborum Bouch.-Chant.—N.S.W. Generally distributed, and ranges
to the highest point of the island, 2204 feet.
*(L. maximus L.—N. A few specimens in the village of Valley, associated
with Hygromia rufescens, and in all probability introduced by man. ]
Agriolimax agrestis L.—N.S.W. Common throughout the low-lying parts
of the island, except on the most peaty areas, the vars. brunnea,
reticulata, and near the sea var. lilacina, predominating.
*A. laevis Mill.—N. Frequent round the shores of the lakes near Valley.
_ [Milax sowerbyi Fér.—N. Reported by J. G. Milne from Dugort. Still
found there, and also in the village of Valley. An evident introduction. ]
M. gagates Drap—N.W. Frequent. Mainly type and var. plumbea. One
almost jet-black example at 800 feet altitude above the eastern
Lough Nakeeroge. Var. rava—Slievemore village (J. G. Milne).
1 Journal of Conchology, vi, 412-421.
K.I.A. PROC., VOL. XXXI, D 23
23 26 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
Vitrina pellucida Mull—N.W. Generally distributed, but nowhere so
common as in the northern parts of Ireland.
Hyalinia cellaria Mill.—N.S. Near habitations, and in the old church at
Kildawnet. In the latter locality only the var. margaritacea Schmidt
(var. alba, J. G. Milne) was observed. Milne states that this white
form does not occur on the island.
H. alliaria Miller.—N.S.W. Generally distributed up to at least 800 feet,
the type being slightly commoner than the var. viridula.
*H, nitidula Drap—N.S.W. Frequent on the northern cliffs and in similar
damp and shady spots. At the foot of the cliffs between the two
Loughs Nakeeroge, the var. helmi occurred commonly and without
the type. The latter form was taken on the sea-cliff of Croaghaun
at 1400 feet.
*H. pura Alder.—S.W. Frequent on the cliffs, and met with at Kildawnet.
H. radiatula Alder.—N.S.W. Generally distributed.
H. crystallina Mill—N.S.W. Generally distributed, but seldom common.
Euconulus fulvus Mill—_N.S.W. Generally distributed.
Zonitoides nitidus Miill—N. Regarded by J. G. Milne as that species
“which above all would appear to be a survival of forest times.”
It is, however, in this country—so far as my experience has gone—
essentially a marsh or lake-side dweller. It occurs sparingly on
the warren near Valley and by Keel Lough.
*Z. excavatus Bean.—S. The type appears abundant in the woods at
Glendarary, while a few specimens of the var. vitrina occurred to
me by the shore, near the same locality.
Arion ater L.—N.S.W. Generally distributed. Vars. castanea and plumbea
frequent near the sea. On the elevated peaty areas the var. aterrima,
Taylor, was alone met with; this form is common to the highest point
of the island, over 2200 feet.
A. subfuscus Drap.—N.S.W. Generally distributed up to 1800 feet. The
prevailing form appears referable to var. cinereo-fusca.
*A. intermedius Normand.—N.S.W. Generally distributed. Almost all the
specimens seen by me were of the grey form.
[A. hortensis Fér.—N.S.(? W.). Recorded by J. G. Milne from the gardens
at Dugort—where it has probably been brought with plants—and from
the Signal Tower. A. intermedius is common at the last station,
though not mentioned by Milne; I am therefore inclined to regard this
record as due to an error of determination, as it would be a most
unlikely habitat for A. hortensis. In the plantation at Glendarary, this
slug is abundant; and though it has all the appearance of a native,
Clare Island Survey— Land und Fresh-water Molluscu. 28 27
it may be only a “garden escape.” All the examples in the last locality
were of the very black form, with bright orange foot-sole.]
*A. circumscriptus Johnston.—N. Frequently met with, but always rare.
Punctum pygmaeum Drap.—N.S. Local, and does not appear to be
plentiful.
Sphyradium edentulum Drap.—N.S. Probably generally distributed.
Pyramidula rotundata Mull—N.S.W. Generally distributed up to 1400 feet
altitude, except on the peaty areas.
Helicella itala L—N. Abundant on all sandy areas.
H. barbara L.—N. Common at Keel Strand, at Dugort, and on the warren
at Valley, though recorded by J. G. Milne only from the last station
and regarded by him as a new-comer.
*Hygromia hispida L.—S. Not mentioned by J. G. Milne, and appears absent
from the greater part of the island. It is, however, common along the
shore at Kildawnet.
[H. rufescens Pennant.—N. Still in Milne’s station in the gardens at
Dugort, and, as he suggests, is undoubtedly an artificial introduction.
Also occurs on the refuse-heaps in the village of Valley.]
*H. fusca Mont.— Abundant on the cliffs—on clumps of Luzula maxima—
at 800 feet altitude, above the eastern Lough Nakeeroge. Also occurs
almost at sea-level on the cliffs a quarter of a mile east of the village
of Dugort.
Vallonia pulchella Mull—N. Frequent and common on the sand-dunes.
Helix aspersa Mill—N.S. J. G. Milne regarded this species as probably a
recent introduction; but from its almost universal occurrence on the
western islands, I think it has an undoubted claim as a native. There
is always the chance, however, that this shell may have been
introduced by primitive man as an article of food. It is more widely
distributed on Achill than Milne appears to have been aware of, and
occurs not only at Keel, but also at Dooagh; while it is abundant im the
southern portion of the island at Kildawnet.+
H. nemoralis Mill—N.W. Considered by J. G. Milne as dying out on
Achill—an opinion which is probably correct. Besides the only station
mentioned by Milne—Ship Point—it still survives on the sand-dunes
near Lough Nambrack; on the cliffs, close to the sand-hill deposits, at
Dugort; and on the cliffs to the east of the eastern Lough Nakeeroge,
1In a former paper (Proceedings R,I.A., vol. xxix, Section B, No. 3, p. 93) I quoted Mr. J. G.
Milne as saying ‘‘ that this shell is apparently losing ground in certain localities, and that it was
seemingly extinct in Achill.”’ I regret that this note appeared under H. aspersa, as it really referred
to H. nemoralis.
D2
23 28 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
in the western division of the island. Without doubt, it will be found
in other places on the cliffs, and in the neighbourhood of Kildawnet. The
specimens taken near Lough Nakeeroge were large, flat, and very fragile ;
and in general appearance they were very similar to many of the shells
taken in 1910, on Tory Island in Donegal! On the warren at Lough
Nambrack a fair number of the var. citrinozonata were taken. Want of
shelter, the shifting of the sands, and the increase of peat are perhaps
the main causes acting towards the extermination of this and other
shells on Achill, and indeed on many of the other islands.
[H. hortensis Mill—? N. “Occurred with H. nemoralis, with a similar band
formula.”—J. G. Milne. This is undoubtedly an error of determination,
as I have previously pointed out. The white-lipped form of H. nemoralis,
which is found on Achill, must have been mistaken by Milne for this
species. ]
Cochlicopa lubrica Mull—N.S.W. Generally distributed; but absent from
the extremely peaty areas.
*Pupa anglica Fér—N.W. Common on the clifis at Dugort and near the
eastern Lough Nakeeroge.
P. cylindracea Da Costa.—_N.S.W. Generally distributed.
Vertigo antivertigo Drap.—N. Frequent in the Keel and Dugort neighbour-
hoods.
V. substriata Jefireys—N. “Dugort, in the fields of the Colony.”—J. G.
Milne. Not seen by me on any of my visits, though probably frequent
along the northern cliffs,
V. pygmaea Drap.—N. Frequent.
Clausilia bidentata Strom.—N.W. J. G. Milne considered that this shell
“had vanished from Achill with the trees, and that it now stopped
where the trees stop, at Mulranny.” Clausilia bidentata, however, still
flourishes on the cliffs, close to Dugort; while it is also common on the
cliffs at the eastern Lough Nakeeroge.
[Succinea putris L—?N. The shells recorded as this species by J. G. Milne
from Dugort and Keel must have been our western form of S. pfeifferi,
which has so often been mistaken for a small form of S. putris by
English conchologists. ]
S. pfeifferi Rossm—N. Frequent by the lake-shores and in marshy
places.
Carychium minimum Mill—N.S.W. Common everywhere off the peaty
land.
! Irish Nat., Sept. 1910.
Olare Island Survey—Land and Fresh-water Mollusca. 23 29
*Ancylus fluviatilis Mill—N.W. A large, very fragile, and strongly striated
form is found in the eastern Lough Nakeeroge, and also in Keel Lough.
Limnaea auricularia L—N. Common in marshy spots in the sand-dunes
near Doo Lough, and also in the lake itself. Occurs more sparingly in
Keel Lough. All the specimens belong to the var. acuta Jeffreys. This
variety, which prevails all along the west coast and in the north of
Ireland, appears similar to some forms of the continental ZL. dagotis
Schrank.
L. pereger Miull.—N.S.W. Some interesting varieties of this shell occur on
the island, which go far to convince me of the great effect of environ-
ment on this, as well as on some other species. In the sandy lakes the
usual form is met with, with acute spire and inflated body-whorl ; while
in some of the peaty lakes, forms approaching Z. involuta Harvey may
be found. An intermediate, referable to var. lacustris Leach, is to be
found in Keel Lough, which is a large sheet of water, but one not much
affected by peat. (Plate II, figs. 8-14.)
L. truncatula Mill—N.S. Frequent; and is found even on the great bog
north of Dooagh.
Planorbis glaber Jeffreys—N. Occurs in Loughs Keel, Nambrack, and Doo;
but appears rare, and during my last visit was not seen alive.
*P crista L—N. Common in the marshy portions vf Lough Doo, and is also
found in Keel Lough.
*Paludestrina stagnalis Baster.—S. Occurs along the muddy shores near
Achill Sound.
*Pisidium pulchellum Jenyns.—N. Occurs in Lough Gall and in Keel Lough.
*P. casertanum Poli—N.S.W. Generally distributed, and is the only shell
which seems to inhabit some of the western lakes of the island. Occurs
in Lough Acorrymore—550 feet altitude—but was not seen in
Bunnafreva Lough West.
*P. obtusale Pfeiffer.—N.S. Occurs in Lough Gall and Sraheens Lough.
P. pusillum Gmelin.—N.S. Common in Lough Gall and in Sraheens Lough,
and reported from Dugort by J. G. Milne.
*P. personatum Malm.—N.S. Frequent in boggy drains with P. casertanum.
*P. milium Held.—N. Common with Planorbis crista in Lough Doo.
*P. steenbuchi Moller—_N. The first living specimens collected in Ireland
appear to have been those taken in Keel Lough.
*P. lilljeborgi Clessin—N.S. Common in Keel Lough among wind-drifted
material. This shell occurred among material collected for me at Keel
by the late Dr. G. W. Chaster in September, 1909, but was not recognized
at that time. It is also found in Sraheens Lough and Lough Gall.
23 30 Proceedings of the Royul Trish Academy.
In J. G. Milne’s list, thirty-eight species are recorded as living on Achill ;
two of these— Helix hortensis and Succinea putris—are certainly erroneous
records. Since then, twenty species have been added. Even now, I do not
think the list is complete, for Acicula lineata must surely occur somewhere on
the cliffs ; Balea perversa may linger in the same places, as it is met with on
the cliffs of Clare Island; Acanthinula aculeata and A. lamellata are, perhaps,
in the woods at Glendarary, as these have been only superficially surveyed ;
and Limnaca palustris or Alplecta hypnorum may lurk in some of the many
pools along the shores. The absence of Planorbis spirorbis appears to be real,
and is surprising when one considers its frequency on Clare Island and its
prevalence on the Curraun promontory. Helicella intersecta is another
unaccountable absentee from the present list, and plenty of suitable habitats
exist for Limax cinerco-niger)
THE BILLS OF ACHILL.
This remote group of rocks was visited in June, 1910, by some members
of the survey—R. Ll. Praeger, R. J. Welch, and A. D. Cotton—who have
reported that no specimens of mollusca were to be seen, though woodlice and
other small animals were abundant among the vegetation in the bird colonies:
On Lambay, in County Dublin (Irish Nat., xvi, 41-42), under somewhat similar
conditions, several species were collected among the débris of the nesting-places;
but it is possible that the molluscan fauna of The Bills has been exterminated
by the heavy Atlantic seas which must break over the rocks in winter time.
THE BLack Rock.
For Limaz flavus J. W. Taylor (Mon. L. and F. W. Moll. II, 87) gives
the following record for West Mayo, “Black Rock Lighthouse, 1890.
R. Widdicombe.”
That this slug is native on the island, which, I learn, is but a sea-swept
stack, is scarcely possible. Mr. R. J. Ussher, who visited the island. in
July, 1911, informs me that he only observed one species of flowering plant—
Armeria maritima—upon that occasion.
It is most probable, therefore, that the specimens sent to the referees of
the Conchological Society had been brought from the mainland, with stores for
the lighthouse attendants.2 (See record for Z. flavus from Inishturk, p. 33.)
1 Fora list of the shells found on the neighbouring island of Inishbiggle and for various localities
and lakes on Achill, see J. G. Milne’s paper (4).
? This opinion is shared by Mr. W. Denison Roebuck, to whom the specimens were sent by
Mr. Widdicombe.
Clare Island Survey—Land and Fresh-water Mollusca. 28 31
INISHKEA.
During the Clare Island Survey no party visited these islands, which lie
to the west of The Mullet. From the North Island, however, I possess
specimens of Limnaea pereger (Plate II, fig. 23), collected in 1905 by
R. Ll. Praeger. These are somewhat similar to examples taken in Cross
Lough on The Mullet, and are of an opaque white colour, strong in texture,
with an acute spire and slender body-whorl.
CAHER ISLAND.
Caher is a small rocky island about half a mile in width and one mile in
length, lying some two and a half miles N.H. of Inishturk, partially drift-
covered, andrising gradually towards the north-west, where it attains an altitude
of some 200 feet. Thus the northern and eastern parts of the island are more
or less sheltered from the prevailing winds, and though the vegetation here
can scarcely be called luxuriant, it is sufficient to harbour at least twenty-four
species of land mollusca. A few shallow pools near the highest point of the
island, containing Limnaea pereger ; several marshy spots in which L. truncatula
is to be found; and the small lakelet (Kilkeel Lough) about one hundred
yards in diameter, near Caher Point, are the only habitats on the island for
fresh-water shells. In the last-mentioned locality L. pereger occurs also and
is associated with Pzrsidiwm miliwm and P. personatum. The water of this
lake is distinctly saline. (See report on Rhizopoda, by Wailes and Penard,
Part 65, p. 12.)
The list of shells taken by me on the island is as follows ;—
Inst of Mollusks of Caher Island.
Limax arborum. Vallonia pulchella.
Milax gagates. Helicella itala.
Agriolimax agrestis. Helix aspersa.
A. laevis. Cochlicopa lubrica.
Vitrina pellucida.
Hyalinia alliaria.
H. nitidula.
H. radiatula.
H. pura.
H. erystallina.
Euconulus fulvus.
Arion ater.
A. intermedius.
Pyramidula rotundata.
Carychium minimum.
Vertigo antivertigo.
V. substriata.
V. pygmaea,
Pupa anglica.
P. eylindracea.
Limnaea. pereger.
L. truncatula.
Pisidium milium.
P. personatum.
23 32 Proceedings of the Royul Irish Academy.
All of these would be found in a typical faunal list from a western island,
and the absentees are perhaps more interesting. Thus I could not find
Hyalinia cellaria, Arion subfuscus, Zonitoides excavatus, Punctum pygmaeum,
Sphyradium edentulum, Hygromia hispida, Heliz nemoralis, nor Clausilia
bidentata. The precincts of the old church would probably have yielded some
from this list, but I was unable to spend more than a few moments at this
spot. One species—Vallonia pulchella—is common by the lake-shore on
Caher, which did not occur to me on Inishturk, while the abundance of
Vitrina pellucida and Hyalinia alliaria contrasted strangely with their
extreme scarcity on the latter island.
INISHTURE.
This in several ways resembles Clare Island on a smaller scale, but suitable
habitats for mollusca are even more restricted than on the latter. Grassy
cliffs, such as those of Croaghmore and Knocknaveen, are absent, the majority
being quite precipitous and almost devoid of vegetation. Around Garranty,
however, some of the ridges with which the island is everywhere crossed are
on their northern slopes covered with a dense scrubby vegetation, which
includes Hazel, Holly, and Birch. It is not surprising, therefore, to find that
twenty-six out of the thirty-one land shells obtained by me on the island
occur in this neighbourhood. Ooghnalee, a vertical pipe communicating with
the inland end of a large sea-cave, yielded an interesting list of species. In
this cave the only specimen of Vitrina pellucida was taken. The ancient
graveyard was disappointing,! and contained nothing of interest beyond
Hyalinia cellaria, a colony of H. nitidula var. helmi, and some Helix aspersa
with the curiously wrinkled texture met with in shells of this species
upon several of the other islands surveyed.
Habitats for fresh-water species are confined to the three small lakes, some
boggy pools and small streams. Lough Coolaknick contains imnaea pereger,
Pisidium casertanum, P. nitidum and P.milium ; Lough Aleen, L. pereger ; and
Lough Namucka, in the most exposed situation of all, contains Z. pereger,
L. palustris, and Pisidium pusillum, while its shore appears to be the only
haunt of Zonitoides nitidus. Except in the habitats mentioned above, the island
is almost devoid of a molluscan fauna, consisting as it does, for the greater part,
of heavily glaciated ridges of Silurian rock, bare of drift, but here and there
thinly covered with peaty soil. Upon these inhospitable areas Zimazx arburum
—the so-called Tree Slug—is usually abundant; Arion ater is common;
while A. subfuscus, A. intermedius, Hyalinia alliaria, H. radiabula, Pyramiubae
rotundata and Cochlicopa luhrica occur sparingly.
1 The large quantity of Bracken (Pteris Aquilina) may account for the scarcity of shells.
Clare Tsland Survey—Land and Fresh-water Mollusca. 23 33
The total list of species found on Inishturk is as follows :—
List of Mollusks of Inishturk.
Limax arborum, Helicella itala.
[L. flavus (probably introduced Hygromia hispida.
by man). ] Helix aspersa.
Agriolimax agrestis. H. nemoralis.
A. laevis. Cochlicopa lubrica.
Milax gagates. Carychium minimum.
Vitrina pellucida. Pupa anglica.
Hyalinia cellaria. P. eylindracea.
H. alliaria. Vertigo antivertigo.
H. nitidula. ; V. substriata.
H. pura. V. pygmaea.
- HH. radiatula. Clausilia bidentata.
H. crystaliina. Ancylus fluviatilis.
Euconulus fulvus. — . Limnaea pereger.
Zonitoides nitidus. L. palustris.
Z. excavatus. L. truncatula.
Arion ater. : Pisidium casertanum.
A. subfuscus. P. nitidum.
A. intermedius. P. pusillum.
Punctum pygmaeum. P. milium,
Pyramidula rotundata.
A few of these call for special mention. imax flavus, a single specimen,
which occurred beneath a stone close to the Congested Districts Board store at
Garranty, is, I feel sure, an artificial introduction. Except in this one
instance, and excluding the influence exercised upon it by browsing cattle and
sheep, I could detect no sign that man’s habitation of Inishturk had affected
its molluscan fauna. Milax gagates, though frequent round the north-eastern
shore, is not so abundant as on most of the western islands, while Z, alliaria
——perhaps the most typical land-shell of the west of Ireland—appeared to be
almost extinct, and though after vigorous search I managed to find a few dead
shells here and there throughout the island, no living specimen occurred. The
type of Z excavatus was frequently met with, and of the var. vitrina a few
specimens were taken near Garranty. Helicella itala, Hygromia hispida, and
Clausilia bidentata are confined to the south shore, the latter two being
conspicuous absentees from the graveyard and the village at Garranty.
V. antivertigo was several times encountered, but the other two species of this
R.I,A. PROC., VOL, XXXI, K 23
23 34 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
genus were seen only in a damp gully near the south-eastern corner of the
island. Pupa anglica was common in many places, the type prevailing in the
open, and the vars. pallida and alba where the vegetation became denser.
Ancylus fluviatilis occurred abundantly in the small stream flowing into the
harbour at Garranty and probably lives in some of the other rivulets as well.
Although the above list is very similar to that from Clare Island, several
notable absentees will be noted. Some of these, such as imax cinereo-
niger, Arion circumscriptus, Sphyradium edentulum, Acanthinula aculeata, and
Acicula lineata, would have no doubt been found had my visit been paid at a
more favourable time of year. The scarcity of Luzula maxima and of the
kind of ground that favours its growth is possibly responsible for the absence
of Acanthinula lamellata and Hygromia fusca, while Helicella intersecta and
H. barbara could hardly exist on the island.
On Inishturk, as well as on all the western islands I have visited, the
struggle for existence among the mollusca is clearly to be seen, and evidence
in favour of Mr. C. B. Moffat’s idea! that island faunas tend steadily to
diminish, is vividly brought before one’s mind. A hundred years hence and
several of the species upon my list may have vanished for ever from Inishturk.
INISHBOFIN.
Compared with the islands of Turkand Clare, Inishbofin may be considered as
low-lying. There are, nevertheless, several hills exceeding 250 feet in elevation.
None of these is steep enough to yield any great degree of shelter; but, as in
the case of the other islands, there exist along the eastern shore several
places where a rank vegetation flourishes. To the south of Church Lough
are several rocky slopes, which proved excellent collecting-ground, while
behind the sandy beach of the eastern harbour is an extensive tract of damp
meadow-land, appropriately called Cloonamore. At Bunnamullan Bay, and
about a quarter of a mile eastward of Doonahineena on the north coast, there
is a certain amount of cover for mollusca upon some of the cliffs, which in
places run inland for considerable distances. Here and there all round the
coasts similar but smaller refuges may be found. Sandy areas are more
extensive on Inishbofin than on any of the neighbouring islands nearer than
Achill, and an abundance of the two xerophiles, Helicella itala and H. barbara, is
not surprising. One might almost say that the greater portion of the interior
of the island possesses no molluscan fauna whatever. Naturally inhospitable
to mollusca, the inhabitants have completed what nature began, and by
stripping the peaty soil down to the very rocks have left the island, in places,
1 |rish Nat., xvi, 133-148,
Clare Island Survey—Land und Fresh-water Mollusca. 28 35
barren beyond description. Except on Tory Island, in Donegal, and on the
outer islands of the Shyrgaard of Norway, I have never seen such desolate
tracts of land. Fresh-water habitats are frequent, but yielded no species of
special interest, with the single exception of Pisidiwm hibernicum. I have to
thank G. P. Farran for an unpublished list of mollusks collected by him on
the island during the years 1900 and 1901. This contains twenty-three
species, five of which were only represented by dead examples found in the
“shell-pockets ” on the sand-dunes. The total list of species known to live
or to have lived on Inishbofin is as follows! :—
List of Mollusks of Inishbofin.
[Limax maximus (? introduced). ] Helix aspersa.
L. arborum. H. nemoralis.
Agriolimax agrestis. Cochlicopa lubrica.
A. laevis. Carychium minimum.
Milax gagates. Pupa anglica.
Vitrina pellucida. P. cylindracea.
Hyalinia cellaria. (P. muscorum.)
H. alliaria. Vertigo antivertigo.
H. nitidula. V. substriata.
H. pura. V. pygmaea.
H. radiatula. Clausilia bidentata.
H. crystallina. Balea perversa.
Euconulus fulvus. Limnaea pereger.
Zonitoides excavatus. L. palustris.
Arion ater. L. truncatula,
A. subfuscus. Planorbis crista.
A. intermedius. P. spirorbis.
(Punctum pygmaeum.) Acicula lineata.
Sphyradium edentulum. Pisidium subtruncatum.
Pyramidula rotundata. P. casertanum.
Vallonia pulchella. P. hibernicum.
(V. costata.) P. milium.
(Acanthinula aculeata.) P. nitidum.
Hygromia hispida. P. obtusale.
Helicella itala. P. pusillum.
H. barbara.
1 Those enclosed in brackets have not so far been found in a living state. The list of species
found in the deposit near Carricknamoyla, opposite Inishlyon, will be found on p. 41.
H2
23 36 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
Notes on some of the more interesting species. -
G. P. Farran reports Z. maximus from neat the harbour, and it seems most
likely that this slug may have been imported from the mainland as on Clare.
Island and Achill Island. :
H. cellaria is confined to the graveyard and the neighbourhood of houses.
Probably native in the former situation. Z exrcavatus, except on the cliffs at
Bunnamullan Bay, is very local and rare. Of S. edentulum I took only one
example: this occurred on the cliffs east of Doonahineena. V. pulchella
is apparently almost extinct, except on several sandy areas between Lough
Bofin and The Stags of Bofin, though abundant in the deposit near Carrickna-
moyla. H. hispida seems to be confined not only to the graveyard, but to one
spot in this enclosure, yiz., beneath the east window of the old church.
H. itala is abundant on all the sandy areas, but H. barbara and H. aspersa were
only noted near those along the southern andeasternshores. Of H. nemoralis
G. P. Farran says :—“ None seen alive; recent shells common in sandhills.”
These, at first, were all I could find, and the species appeared to be extinct
on all the sandy areas. Profiting, however, by experience gained on the other
islands, I afterwards found it living on the cliffs east of Doonahineena, and
sheltering under Sazi/raga umbrosa on the blufis south of Church Lough.
In the latter place it was fairly common, but in the former it appeared to be
struggling to maintain its hold. All the shells were small, and also
exceedingly delicate in texture. Several of the var. /zbellula with white lips
and no bands no doubt would have been passed in certain quarters as Helix
hortensis; but an examination of the darts showed them to be H. nemoralis.
Pupa anglica occurred frequently, the beantiful var. alba being almost the
commonest form met with. 2. muscorum I could not find alive, though to
judge by the deposits it must have been very common formerly. It is
evidently one of the shells which, along the west coast at any rate, is losing
ground. (See Irish Nat., xvi, 359.)
Vertigo antivertigo and V. substriata were met with on the shore of
Loughnabraud and at Cloonamore, but V. pygmaea was seen only near the sandy
area east of Church Lough. Though common in the deposits, it was not till
1 In spite of friendly warning from R. Welch and myself, J. W. Taylor (Mon. L. and F. W.
Moll., vol. iii, p. 363) has recorded H.-hortensis from Achill Island and Ballina. I am quite sure,
however, that this species has never been taken so far in either division of Co. Mayo. The former
record is an old one of J. G. Milne’s (Journ. of Conch., vol. vi, p. 417), which 1 have previously
pointed out must be an error (Proceedings R.I.A., xxix, Section B, 95. 1911), while the habitat
given in the latter case—Bartragh Island—would be sufficient to cast doubt upon the record to anyone
who had studied the habits of the respective species in this country. As Mr. Welch has so often
pointed out, H. hortensis does not live on the exposed sandy areas of the west coast, where the
white-lipped form of H. nemoralis is quite common.
Clare Islund Survey—Land und Fresh-water Mollusca. 28 37
near the close of the first day’s work that I found Clausiliv bidentata alive—
a single shell on the cliffs of the great sea-gully at Alladoon, opposite
Inishshark. On the following day it was taken sparingly on the cliffs east
of Doonahineena.
Balea perversa occurred on the south-east angle of the mortared wall
enclosing the graveyard. Acicwla lineata figures in G. P. Farran’s list, but
was not seen by me, though several likely spots were carefully searched for
it. The habitats for the fresh-water species are as follows :—
. Lough Fawna—L. pereger, P. obtusale.
Loughnabraud—Z. pereger and Pl. erista.
Loughnagrooaun —Z. pereger, -P. obtusale.
‘Lough Gowlanagower—ZL. pereger, P. pusillum, P. hibernicum, and
P, milium.
Church Lough—Z. pereger, L. palustris, Pl. crista (in the outlet),
P. subtruncatum, P. milium, P. casertanum.
Stream in the meadow-land at Cloonamore—Pi. spirorbis, Pisidiwm
subtruncatum, P. pusillum, P. nitidum, and P. miliwm.
Several other streams and pools contained P. casertanum and P. milium.
Lough Bofin was found to be too salt to contain any fresh-water species.
The best find on Inishbofin was undoubtedly Fisidium hibernicum. This
bivalve, unknown up to the present outside Ireland, has hitherto been taken
only in three small alpine tarns, one in South Kerry and two in West Cork.
T have suggested to Mr. B. B. Woodward that it may be an American species,
but so far he has failed to recognize it among the species described from
that continent.
Taken as a whole, the molluscan fauna of Inishbofin strikes me as being
rather more closely related to that of the mainland of West Galway than to
that of either Inishturk, Clare Island, or Achill Island, though on paper the
lists of species from these districts will be found to be similar.
LOUISBURGH.
This may be regarded as the richest district in mollusca of all those
included in the survey, for of the eighty-eight species so far recorded for
West Mayo, seventy are to be found living within its boundaries. The
absentees are mainly fresh-water species, which have a more or less strictly
central distribution in Ireland, and do not extend their range beyond the
districts of Westport or Castlebar. The great stretches of highly calcareous
sand-dunes between Louisburgh and the entrance to Killary Harbour contain
many lakes, in which, besides the usual western fauna, represented by shells
23 38 Proceedings of the Royal Trish Academy.
like Limnaea auricularia var. acuta, Planorbis crista, and P. glaber, a number
of species are found which are unknown in other parts of the west coast.
These latter are some of the more widely-ranging members of the central
fauna, and include Limnaea stagnalis, Physa fontinalis, Bithynia tentaculata,
and Sphaerium corneum. Immediately north of the entrance to Killary
Harbour is a rough uncultivated area of heavily glaciated rocky knolls
known as Dooaghtry. This, on the landward side, is in sheltered places
covered with patches of dense scrub, while towards the west it is
deeply covered with blown-sand. It contains three shallow lakes and a fair
extent of marshy ground. Dooaghtry is perhaps the richest sanctuary for
mollusca on the west coast, and provides shelter for no less than sixty-three
species. Besides Zonitoides nitidus, Z. excavatus, Acanthinula aculeata,
A. lamellata, Hygromia fusca, Balea perversa, Pupa anglica, Vertigo anti-
vertigo, V. substriata, V. pygmaea, Acicula lineata, Limnaea auricularia,
and Planorbis glaber, we find here two species—Vertigo angustior and
Succinea oblonga—which are otherwise unknown in West Mayo. Both these
shells are common, but whereas V. angustior is confined to the shore of
Dooaghtry Lough, the latter is widespread and swarms over several miles
of country, wherever damp marshy land is to be found. A note on the
habitat of this Vertigo may be interesting, since it is similar in every
respect to that in which it occurs at Dog’s Bay in West Galway. It lives
on the sides of stones sunk in more or less wet ground, and is particularly
common on clumps of the moss—Hypnum velutinwm—which grow on and
around the stones. Throughout the coastal portions of this district of
Louisburgh Helicella itala is abundant and H. intersecta (the large western
form) occurs on the sand near the town of this name. Thus the inexplicable
absence of H. barbara is more pronounced. The effect of exposure near the
coast is shown toa great extent on H. itala. On the flat wind-swept swards,
where the turf is still unbroken, thousands of this shell, of a size no bigger
than an ordinary Hygromia hispida, may be found sheltering under a
vegetation which has all the appearance of a well-kept lawn. In the
hollows of the dunes, in some cases no more than one hundred yards from
where the dwarf form lives, moderate-sized specimens occur, which bear
little or no resemblance in colour, texture, or shape to their puny neighbours.
Similar forms appear to occur on the west coast of France: from these several
supposed species have been described, which we in this country probably
include in our Helicedla itala. (Plate II, figs. 44 & 45.)
‘A single specimen of the spineless form, var. sublaevis West., occurred amongst scrub at
Dooaghtry. This appears to bea very rare variety, as only a few previous instances of its occurrence
in Ireland ure recorded.
Clare [stand Surrey—Land and Fresh-water Mollusca. 28 39
The woods at Old Head, and above all those in the Deer-park near
Belclare, at the extreme eastern corner of this district, would well repay
further work. Even during my hurried visits to these localities excellent
lists were compiled after but a few minutes’ collecting.
The letters after the names of species in the following list—B, O, L, R, or
D—signify that the species referred to was taken in the neighbourhood of
Belclare (metamorphic area), Old Head, Louisburgh, Roonah Lough and
Lough Baun, or at Dooaghtry. Where no letter is found, the species may
be taken as generally distributed in the district.
List of Mollusks of the Louisburgh District.
Limax maximus, O.
L. arborum.
Agriolimax agrestis.
A. laevis.
Milax gagates, D, L.
Vitrina pellucida.
Hyalinia cellaria.
H. alliaria.
H. nitidula.
H. pura.
H. radiatula.
H. erystallina.
Euconulus fulvus.
Zonitoides nitidus, R, D.
Z. excavatus, B, D.
Arion ater.
A. subfuscus.
A. intermedius.
[A.hortensis (ingardensonly), L.]
A. circumscriptus.
Punctum pygmaeum, D.
Sphyradium edentulum O, D.
Pyramidula rotundata,
Helicella itala.
H. intersecta, L.
Hygromia fusca, D.
H. hispida, B, R.
Acanthinula aculeata, D.
A. lamellata, B, O, D.
Vallonia pulchella, R. D.
Helix aspersa.
H. nemoralis.
Cochlicopa lubrica.
Pupa anglica.
P. cylindracea.
Vertigo antivertigo.
V. substriata, D.
V. pygmaea.
V. angustior, D.
Balea perversa, O, D.
Clausilia bidentata.
Succinea pfeifferi.
S. oblonga, D.
Carychium minimum,
Ancylus fluviatilis, in streams
on Croaghpatrick, above Mur-
risk, up to 450 feet alt.; also
in the Carrownisky River.
Limnaea auricularia, R, D.
L. pereger.
L. stagnalis, R, D.
L. palustris.
L. truncatula.
Planorbis albus, R, D.
P. glaber, Rk. D.
P. crista.
P. spirorbis,
P, contortus, R.
23 40 Proceedings of the Royal Trish Academy.
Physa fontinalis, R, D. Pisidium subtruncatum..
Aplecta hypnorum, R, D. P. casertanum.
Paludestrina jenkinsi, R. - - . P. obtusale, D, -
Bithynia tentaculata, R. - P. nitidum, R, D.
Valvata piscinalis, R, D. FRc P. personatum, D,
V. cristata, R. P. milium.
Acicula lineata, B, D. P. pusillum, D.
Sphaerium corneum, D.
Zonitordes excavatus, though common in the Deer-park near Belclare, its
nearest approach to the limestone area (see p. 6), is rare in the district, and
the Dooaghtry record rests on a single specimen taken by the late Dr. Chaster
near Killary Lodge in September, 1909. The finding of Paludestrina jenkinst,
the first and only record of West Mayo, in the small lake between. Lough
Baun and the sea is interesting. This pool lies behind the great storm-beach,
which is a characteristic feature of the coast; the lake is slightly brackish,
as the sea at very high tides flows into it, as it must also do during winter
gales. With P. jenkinsi, which-was not by any means so common as this
shell usually is in Ireland, were associated small stunted forms of Limnaca
pereger, Valvata piscinalis, and Pisidiwm nitidum. The presence of Planorbis
glaber, associated with P. albus, is interesting, as it has often been stated that
these two shells do not inhabit the same waters. In all probability P. glaber
will in time give way before the other. The only record for Arion hortensis
is that from the garden at McDermott’s hotel in Louisburgh, where it was,
no doubt, imported with plants. As no previous work has been done in this
out-of-the-way district, we can only imagine the effects produced’ by the
shifting of the sands, which for the last hundred years or so has been the
curse of the Dooaghtry coast.
From the changes which have taken place during the last ee years
(compare the old and modern Ordnance maps), I should not be surprised
if some of the present lakes will entirely vanish during the next. century.
The ancient graveyard, formerly surrounded by dunes, and until a generation
ago used for interment,-now forms a fortress-like mound upon the coast, and
offers an ever-weakening resistance to the elements, for while the wind and
rain remove the lighter material from it the river undermines its foundations.
The sight of tombstones, skulls, bones, and even coftins and their contents,
sliding down a sandy slope into the river below, is one that is not easily
forgotten. A few Helix aspersa still live in this desecrated spot, rabbits
burrow beneath the remaining head-stones, and the cattle use as a “ rubbing-
post” the end of a coffin, which projects from the face of the sandy cliff.
Olare Island Survey—Luand and Fresh-water Molluscu. 23 41
ou : ERRIS.
Almost the entire district is heavily peat-covered, and were it not for the
small patches of native scrub along some of the river courses—as at Glen-
castle, a wild pass on the lonely road between Belmullet and Bangor—and
the sandy areas along parts of the coast, the list for this division of the county
would be a meagre one indeed. In these small areas of woodland, a typical
“western” fauna is always to be found. That along the shore of Bellagh-
cragher Bay, about a mile north of Mulranny, proved to be one of the most
interesting sanctuaries met with during the survey, and here several species
oceurred which were not met with elsewhere in Erris. The chief species of
interest occurring at Bellaghcragher are Limax maximus, Zonitoides excavatus,
Punctum pygmaewm, Hygromia fusca, Acanthinula lamellata, Balea perversa,
Pupa anglica, and Vertigo substriata. At Glencastle the main feature was
the extraordinary abundance of Hyalinia nitidulu, which, though generally
distributed throughout West Mayo, is not often really common.!
Quite a different fauna exists along the shores of Achill Sound at Curraun
village. Here sand-dunes and dry stony ground form the chief features, and
Vallonia pulchella, Helicella itala, H. intersecta, Helix uspersa, and H. nemoralis
occur in thousands. Of the last-mentioned many remarkable varieties were
taken by our party in September, 1909. On the Boulder-clay cliffs which
face towards the south, a colony of var. roseozonata was discovered, living and
resting under the leaves of the Colt’s-foot (Tussilago Farfara) and apparently
feeding on the orange fungus which attacks the leaves of this plant. Among
the band-formula variations, 12000, 12300, 12034, 00345, and 00305 may be
mentioned, while the fourth and fifth bands in many examples showed a
tendency to split into a number of hair-like streaks. (Plate II, fig. 52.)
The fresh-water fauna of the district is almost nl, streams, peat-holes, and
drains forming the only habitats throughout the greater portion of it. In
Carrowmore Lough Physa fontinalis—a small stunted form—was taken, this
large lake appearing to be its most westerly habitat in this neighbourhood.
Some interesting dwarf forms of Limnaea pereger occur, but the most peculiar
is that living in Carrowmore Lough. This is of a commonplace lacustrine
form in shape, but is so beautifully and evenly striated that its surface has
a distinctly silky appearance in a strong light.
Owing to the great extent of this district and the little time available for
its survey, the absentees from the following list need not be commented upon,
1] have on several occasions noted that in places where H. nitidula was common, HZ. cellaria
was absent, but this may have been merely a coincidence.
R. J. A. PROG., VOL. XXXT. F 23
23 42 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
with the possible exception of Helicella barbara and Hygromia hispida. The
latter must occur somewhere in the area, but is evidently not common; and
the former, though undoubtedly absent from the sandy shores about Curraun,
probably occurs further north along the shore of Blacksod Bay. The fresh-
water list is, I think, possibly complete or almost so. The letters B, C, G, and
M following the name of a species denote that it was found at Ballaghcragher
Bay, Curraun, Glencastle, or Carrowmore Lough respectively. Those not
followed by any letters are generally distributed.
List of Mollusks of Erris.
Limax maximus, B.
L. arborum.
Agriolimax agrestis.
A. laevis, C, M.
Milax gagates, C.
Vitrina pellucida.
Hyalinia cellaria, C, B.
H. alliaria.
H. nitidula.
H. pura.
H. radiatula.
H. crystallina.
Euconulus fulvus.
Zonitoides nitidus, M.
Z. excavatus, B, C.
Avion ater.
A. subfuscus.
A. intermedius.
[A. hortensis (near houses only). ]
A. circumscriptus.
Punctum pygmaeum, B.
Sphyradium edentulum, B.
Pyramidula rotundata.
Helicella itala, C.
H. intersecta, C.
Acanthinula lamellata, B.
Vallonia pulchella, C.
Hygromia fusca, B.
Helix aspersa.
H. nemoralis.
Cochlicopa lubrica.
Pupa anglica.
P. cylindracea.
Vertigo antivertigo, C.
V. pygmaea, B, C.
V. substriata, B.
Clausilia bidentata.
Balea perversa, Bb, G.
Carychium minimum.
Limnaea pereger.
L. palustris, M.
L. truncatula.
Physa fontinalis, M.
Ancylus fiuviatilis (Srahna-
manragh Bridge).
Planorbis spirorbis, C.
Pisidium subtruncatum, M.
P. casertanum.
P. obtusale, M.
P. nitidum, M.
P. personatum, C.
P. pusillum, M.
P. milium, B.
Clare Island Survey—Land and Fresh-water Molluseu. 23 48
THE HiGH GROUNDS OF CURRAUN, CROAGHPATRICK, AND MWEELREA,
AND THE DooLOoUGH VALLEY.
Judging by the fauna of the cliffs of Croaghmore on Clare Island, where
at an elevation of 1000 feet we find twenty-seven species of mollusca, it
cannot be due to altitude that the districts now under consideration yield
such poor lists. This poverty is, I fancy, due rather to the enormous
accumulation of peat upon these mountainous areas. Perpendicular cliffs
are few owing to the smoothing action of the former ice-covering, and where
these exist, as on the northern face of Croaghpatrick, the crumbling nature of
the rocks renders them unsuited to molluscan life. The fact that all these
mountains are composed of non-calcareous rocks also militates against the
compilation of a long list of species. In order to survey satisfactorily such a
district as the present one, a great deal of time and labour would have to be
given up to the work. This I was not able to do, but I consider that it is best
to publish the somewhat meagre list which I have compiled. ‘This consists
of twelve species only, and is the result of four laborious days’ work, none
of which, however, were at the most suitable seasons. Twenty-two species
known to occur in the Doolough valley are included also, as this locality is
completely isolated from the adjoining districts by high ground or peaty
areas.
In the following list, C signifies that the species was found on Curraun Mt.,
P on Croaghpatrick, M on Mweelrea and its neighbours, and D in the Doolough
Valley. With the exception of those from the last area, all specimens were
collected above 500 feet altitude.
Inst of species found in the mountainous areas.
Limax arborum, P. A. intermedius, P.
Agriolimax agrestis, D. Punctum pygmaeum, D.
A. laevis, P. Sphyradium edentulum, D.
Vitrina pellucida, D. Cochlicopa lubrica, D.
Hyalinia alliaria, D. Pupa anglica, M, D.
H. nitidula, D. P. cylindracea, D.
H, pura, D. Vertigo pygmaea, D.
H. radiatula, D. V. substriata, D.
H. crystallina, P, D. Limnaea pereger, M, D.
Euconulus fulvus, D. L. truncatula, M.
Zonitoides nitidus, D. Ancylus fluviatilis, C, D.
Z. excavatus, D. Pisidium personatum, D, M.
Arion ater, C, D, P. P. casertanum, C.
A. subiuscus, C. Margaritana margaritifera, D.
F2
23 44 Proceedings of the Royal Trish Academy.
The last-mentioned species was taken some years ago in quantity by Mr.
Welch in the Bundorragha River between Doolough and she sea; it has not
otherwise been reported from West Mayo, except in the adjoining Erriff Valley.
Mr. Welch is responsible for the majority of the Doolough SESS, as he is
the only collector who has worked that area. sue
The most interesting of the species in the above list is the eal dark alpine
form of Z. arborwm which abounds all over Croaghpatrick, even to the very.
summit, an elevation of 2,510 feet. Attention seems to have been first drawn
to this interesting form of the present slug by Dr. Scharff! who took almost
black specimens at considerable altitudes on Macgillicuddy’s Reeks in Kerry,
during the year 1899. This variety is not, however, confined to the
mountainous areas of the west, as it occurs on Knockdhu, Co. Antrim,
associated with arctic or alpine plants such as Arenaria verna and Dryas
octopetala, at an altitude of about 900 feet.
CLEW Bay AND CASTLEBAR LIMESTONE AREA.
Nowhere in Ireland will the study of the local distribution of the fresh-
water mollusca prove more fascinating than in a district situated on the
fringe of the central faunal area.
In some instances, as in West Mayo, this corresponds with the edge of the
central limestone plain; in other districts, as in the north-east of Ireland, this
is not the case. In the latter part of the country many members of the
central fauna occupy the greater part of Co. Down, as well as the basins of the
Rivers Bann (Lough Neagh) and Lagan. Thus what at first glance would appear
to be due to the influence of the limestone evidently cannot be put down
entirely to that source. Nevertheless, where limestone areas and non-calcareous
and peat-covered ones are contiguous, the line of demarcation of the central
fauna is more strongly marked. This is shown clearly in the district-under
consideration, and a detailed survey of the lakes and rivers between Castlebar
and Clew Bay should prove intensely interesting. Even by the time the
boundary of West Mayo is crossed at Castlebar many of the central species
have vanished ;? among which Planorbis umbilicatus, P. carinatus and P. vortex
are most noticeable.
One species—Neritina fluviatilis—still common at Castlebar, does not
seem to cross the watershed between this and the basin of the Carrowbeg ;
1 See Scharff and Carpenter, Irish Nat., viii, 213-218.
*The district between Castlebar and the River Shannon is perhaps the least known area in
Ireland, und it is not pussible to give at present the exact boundary of these central species. It is
possible that some of them do not occur westward of the Shannon basin.
Clare Island Survey— Land and Fresh-water Mollusca. 23 45
but all the remaining central species found at Castlebar occur also in the Clew
Bay area. Westward of this they are conspicuous by their absence, except
in the coastal lakes south of Louisburgh, where some of them make
their reappearance. That these outliers once upon a time lived in direct
communication with the main body is perhaps possible.
_ The sudden disappearance of the members of the central fauna, as one
proceeds from Newport towards Mulranny, has been commented upon by
J. G. Milne (Journal of Conch., vi, 412-421, 1891), and is worthy of
notice. Thus, my list for Creevaghaun Lough comprises (besides universally
distributed species such as JL. pereger) A. hypnorum, Pl. albus
P. crista, P. fontanus, V. cristata, B. tentaculata, S. corneum, P.
obtusale, P. pusillum, and P. milium; that from Dougan Lough,
L. stagnalis (a peculiarly stunted form), P/. albus, P. contortus, P. spirorbis,
B. tentaculata, V. cristata, P. casertanum, P. lilljeborgi, and P. miliwm;
while from Lough Arrow,! collected by F. Balfour Browne, I have
A. hypnorum, P. fontinalis, Fl. contortus, P. fontanus, B. tentaculata, and
S. corneum. All these lakes lie to the east or south of Newport, and contain
a curious mixture of central and western shells. With the exception of
P. contortus, which occurs in a small lakelet near Burrishoole Abbey, none of
the central species has been reported west of Newport; and Bunnamucka
Lough, a small lake near Rosturk, contains only Z. pereger, L. truncatula,
Pl. crista, and P. milium, P. subtruncatum, and P. pusillum, which, if
L. palustris and P. glaber were present, might be looked upon as a typical
fauna for a small western lake.
In the southern part of the district the local distribution of the central
members of the fresh-water fauna is similar to that around Newport, as eight
of these occur in the Carrowbeg at Westport, and none in the 18 miles of
country which lie between this town and the nearest of the Louisburgh lakes.
The problem which requires to be solved in connexion with these species is
whether they have once had a wide western distribution and have since
retired ¢o the central plain, or whether they have endeavoured to spread from
the central plain in post-Glacial times? The finding of deposits underlying
the peat-bogs might solve this, and it is to be regretted that the study of
these deposits has been greatly neglected.
The terrestrial species of the central type ave, in this district, limited
to three—Pyramidula rupestris, Hygromia rufescens (probably introduced by
man), and I include Swecinea putris—these exhibit a local distribution
somewhat similar to the fresh-water species of the group. The two former
1'lhis must not be confounded with the larger L. Arrow in Co. Sligo,
23 46 Proceedings of the Royal Trish Academy.
are abundant in the environs of Westport, and as far west as Murrisk ;
while H. rufescens is found near houses as far north as Newport, and
sparingly by the roadside at Mulranny, where the roads to Ballycroy and
Achill part. South of Clew Bay all three species live near the harbour at Old
Head, upon the extreme edge of this district, the boundary of which I have
extended so as to include their habitats. Here S. putris occurs sparingly by
the side of the small stream which flows from the woods, and appears on the
verge of extinction. P. rupestris and H. rufescens! are to be found among
limestone boulders near the old lime-kiln, associated with one of the rarest of
West Mayo land-shells, Vallonia costata. The limestone appears to have been
taken from the Boulder-clays forming the cliffs which face the bay some
distance to the east. The upper surface of this Boulder-clay probably marks
the post-Glacial level of the land, where Clew Bay now is. Thus it is possible
that the ancestors of these shells inhabited an area of land, which has since
been destroyed by the inroads of the sea. This idea is strengthened by the fact
that P. rupestris occurs on Dorinish, one of the many islands which stud the
bay, and the only one upon which land-shells have been collected. The semi-
marine species which I include in my list are three in number. Paludestrina
stagnalis is abundant round all parts of the bay (see Nathaniel Colgan’s report
on the Marine Mollusca, Part XXII); P. ventrose was brought to me by
F. Balfour Browne from the salt-marsh below Mulranny ; while Phytia myosotis
is no doubt common in many places, as it occurred south of Newport, in the only
habitat in which I searched for it. The following is a full list of species so far
found in the district. C signifies that the species was found near Castlebar,
W near Westport, N near Newport, M (Murrisk) between Westport and
Old Head, and B (Burrishoole) that it occurred between Newport and
Mulranny. Those species unmarked may be taken as generally distributed
in the district.
List of Mollusks of the Clew Bay and Castlebar Areas.
Limax maximus, W, B, C. A. laevis.
L. arborum. [Milax sowerbyi,” W, B, M.]
Agriolimax agrestis. M. gagates, W, B.
| H. rufescens probably owes its origin here to man’s interference, and is surely an ‘‘ escape”’
from a former cottage-garden, situated close by. ‘Ihe other species are certainly native.
*Since Milax sowerhyi, Arion hortensis and Hygromia ruféscens are confined to the neighbourhood
of habitations, it is impossible to say whether they are ‘‘native”’ or only ‘‘naturalized.’’ Their
standing is therefore given as * * * in the table at the end of this report. In the south-east of
England H. rufescens lives in uncultivated areas, but I haye no record of its being found in Ireland
under such circumstances. Arion hortensis is certainly native in many parts of eastern and central
Treland ; but in the west it appears to be just making its appearance. Many old records for this slug
should in all probability be referred to the dark-grey form of 4. intermedius Normand.
Clare Islund Survey—Lund and Fresh-water Mollusca. 28 47
Vitrina pellucida.
Hyalinia cellaria.
H. alliaria.
H. nitidula.
H. pura, B, M.
H. radiatula.
H. erystallina.
Euconulus fulvus.
Zonitoides nitidus.
Arion ater.
A. subfuscus.
A. intermedius.
[A. hortensis,! W. ]
A. circumscriptus, W, B.
Punctum pygmaeum, M, C.
Sphyradium edentulum, W, B.
Pyramidula rupestris, W, M, C.
P. rotundata.
Helicella itala.
H. intersecta, W, B.
Hygromia hispida.
[H. rufescens, W, N, M, B, C.]
Acanthinula aculeata, C.
Vallonia pulchella, C.
V. costata, M.
Helix aspersa.
H. nemoralis.
Cochlicopa lubrica.
Pupa anglica, W, M, C.
P. cylindracea.
Vertigo antivertigo.
V. substriata, M, B.
V. pygmaea.
Balea perversa, W, M.
Clausilia bidentata.
Succinea putris, W, M.
S. pfeifferi, C.
Carychium minimum.
Phytia myosotis, N.
Ancylus fluviatilis, M, C.
Limnaea auricularia, C.
IL. pereger.
L. stagnalis, C, N.
L. palustris.
L. truncatula.
Planorbis albus, W, N, C.
P. crista, M, N, C.
P. spirorbis, M, N, W.
P. contortus, W, N, C.
P. fontanus, N, C.
Physa fontinalis, W, N, C.
Aplecta hypnorum, N.
Paludestrina stagnalis, W, M, N, B.
P. ventrosa, B.
Bithynia tentaculata, W, N, C.
Valvata piscinalis, W, C.
V. cristata, W, N.
Neritina fluviatilis, C.
Anodonta cygnea, W.
Sphaerium corneum, W, N, C.
Pisidium subtruncatum.
P. pulchellum, W.
P. casertanum.
P. obtusale.
P. nitidum,
P. pusillum.
P. personatum.
P. milium.
P. lilljeborgi, N.
Some examples of Hygromia rufescens collected in the environs of Westport
show distinct traces of the quinquefasciation characteristic of many Helices.
(Plate IT, fig. 43.)
1 See note 2 on previous page.
23 48 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
Some common species are absent from the above list. “This is, no doubt,
due to insufficient work, as I was unable to devote much time to this
district. :
9, ALTIDUDINAL DISTRIBUTION OF SPECIES.
No great amount of work has been done in this direction by British
conchologists, but several interesting papers dealing with it have nevertheless
been published.!
From a purely conchological point of view, a day’s work which perhaps
only yields Arion ater, Limax arborum, and a severe drenching in mist, might
be considered unproductive. I can express from experience a feeling of
sympathy with those who regard the subject from that point of view, but if a
list of a dozen or more species can be compiled at an elevation of a thousand
feet above the sea, the interest attached to such should amply compensate
one for the exertions expended. A complete list of the mollusca found in
Ireland at an altitude over 1,000 feet will, I think, be found closely to
resemble a list of the molluscan fauna of the western islands, with this
difference, that the xerophytic species will be absent. These xerophiles being
all southern species, or having their headquarters in the south of Europe, it
might be imagined that this “alpine” list would include only northern
species. This is, however, not the case, as a fair proportion of those mollusks
met with on our mountain-tops are typical Lusitanians. Thus Milax gagates
lives on the summit of Brandon in South Kerry, one of the few mountains in
Ireland which exceed 3,000 feet in height. Dr. Scharff has pointed out? that
the members of the genus Arion are Lusitanians, yet three of the five
species found in Ireland are almost universally met with on our highest
mountains. ie
Confining ourselves to the district included in the Clare Island Survey, we
find that suitable habitats for mollusea, at an altitude exceeding 1,000 feet,
are few in number and restricted in area. Moreover, the mountains being
almost entirely composed of non-calcareous rocks, smoothed by glaciation, and
covered with accumulations of peat, our alpine list would be small indeed
were it not for the great sea-cliff of Croaghmore on Clare Island. Except for
the two species of Pisidia in the following list, and Ancylus fluviatilis, all are
1 Scharff and Uarpenter: *‘Some Animals from the Magillicuddy’s Reeks.”” Inrish Nat., viii, ~
213-218. 1899. W. Harcourt-Bath: ‘‘On the vertical and bathymetrical distribution of the non- © }
marine mollusca, with special reference to the Cotteswold fauna.’’ Zoologist (4), xiii, 41-53. 1909,
2 European Animals, p. 90,
Clare Island Survey— Land und Fresh-water Mollusca. 28 49
to be found in this ene locality. In the following table all species which have
been recorded as occurring at an altitude of 750 feet or more in West Mayo
are listed.
List of Species found above 750 feet altitude :—
SPECIEs. 750 1,000 1,250 1,500 2,000 2,500
to to to to to
1,000 1,250 1,500 2,000 2,500 upwards.
Limax arborum.
Xx
x x x x x
Agriolimax agrestis. x x = = =
Milax gagates.
Vitrina pellucida. = = =
Hyalinia alliaria.
nitidula.
oS OS O6 OS OS
pura.
radiatula.
erystallina.
Euconulus fulvus. .
Arion ater.
subfuscus.
eX
Ks
|
|
intermedius.
Punctum pygmaeum.
Sphyradium edentulum.
Pyramidula rotundata.
Hygromia fusca.
Acanthinula aculeata.
lamellata.
Cochlicopa lubrica.
Pupa anglica.
cylindracea.
Vertigo substriata .
«eK KKK KKM KKK BKK BK BK XK
Balea perversa. :
Clausilia bidentata
Carychium minimum.
KOE
% XK &
|
|
|
Limnaea truncatula.
Ancylus fluviatilis.
Acicula lineata.
Pisidium casertanum.
Ve eK MK MRK RRM BRB KKK BWR KA SK
personatum.
ep)
23
R.1.A. PROC., VOL, XXXI,
23 50 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
Limax arborum heads the above list in two senses, as it occurs from sea-
level to the summit of Croaghpatrick (2,510 feet), the highest altitude at
which I have collected in West Mayo. Several species just fail to reach the
750-foot contour-line, so far as my experience has gone. Thus on Clare Island
V. pygmaea, V. antivertigo, and Z. excavatus live as high as 600 feet on the
shoulder of Croaghmore, above the Signal Tower, while A. laevis was taken on
Knocknaveen at about 500 feet altitude; and on the mainland this slug was
noted on Croaghpatrick at about the same elevation. Limnaea pereger was
collected in Lough Alisheen (650 feet altitude) among the Mweelrea mountains,
by F. Balfour Browne, this being the highest lake in which, up to the present,
it has been observed in the district. The remainder of the species occurring
in West Mayo are apparently confined to the low-lying parts of the county and
the sea-coast, few of them probably living above an altitude of 250 feet.
10. RECENT OR HOLOCENE DEPOSITS.
SAND-DUNE DEPOSITS.
Small deposits of shells occur in sand at Dooaghtry and on Clare Island
and Achill Island. None of these, however, appear to be of any great age,
and except on Inishbofin, where there is a fine section, nothing approaching
the great sand-hill deposits of Dog’s Bay,’ or the north of Ireland,? has been
found in the districts surveyed.
In the section exposed along the shore of the Harbour on Clare Island
Mr. Welch has obtained Helicella itala, Vallonia pulchella,and Cochlicopa lubrica,
while in a section at Dooaghtry the same collector found H. itala, C. lubrica,
Timnaea pereger, and L. truncatula. The latter deposit had clearly been
formed at the bottom of a small lake or pool, which had, at some subsequent
date, been filled up with blown sand. It is quite possible that, owing to the
destruction of the greater part of the Dooaghtry dunes during the last hundred
years by westerly winds, many deposits have been destroyed. Nevertheless,
around the ancient graveyard, where a small area of the original dunes remains
and good sections are to be seen facing the river-course, I was unable to find
any shells except Helix aspersa and H. nemoralis. These occurred in the upper
layers, associated with the bones and teeth of various animals, and had evidently
been used for human food. From the deposits at Dugort, Achill Island,
1 See R. D. Darbishire on ‘‘ Land Shells at Dog’s Bay, Connemara.’’ Journal of Conch., iv,
317. 1885.
2R. J. Welch: Irish Nat., vii, 77-82. 1898. bid., xviii, 113. 1909.
Clare Island Survey—Land and Fresh-watéer Mollusca. 23 51
J. G. Milne (Journal of Conchology, vi, 412-421) lists six species, all of which
are still living in the neighbourhood, although at that time some had
not been found alive. It is quite possible that none of the above deposits
are of even prehistoric age, for the kitchen-middens at Dugort are still
being augmented by the refuse from the native village. [ use the word
“native” in contradistinction to the newer village known locally as “ The
Colony.”
The deposit which occurs on Inishbofin, opposite Inishlyon, and close to
Carricknamoyla, is of greater interest than any of the foregoing, and seems to
be of considerable antiquity. Many sand-dunes may, however, have been
formed and been obliterated upon this spot before the present series came into
existence ; thus the fact that the lower beds in some cases are within eighteen
inches of the underlying Boulder-clay does not help us to determine the age
of the deposit.
In this section, which is clearly divided into strata, I have found the
following shells :—
Section of the deposit on Inishbofin and list of the shells found in it.
Stratum H.—This bed appeared to be quite recent and to be still forming
at the surface. It contained H. nitidula (frequent), H. itala (common),
H. barbara (&.), V. pulchella ?! V. costata ?! H. hispida (rare), H. nemoralis (r.),
C. lubrica (f.), and C. bidentata (very rare).
Stratum D.—Only a local deposit, and was mainly composed of marine
shells. Possibly a portion of a kitchen-midden.
Stratum C.—H. alliaria, H. nitidula, H. pura, P. pygmaeum, P. rotundata,
A. aculeata, V. pulchella?! V. costata? H. hispida, H. nemoralis, CO. lubrica,
P. anglica, P. cylindracea, P. muscorum, C. bidentata, V. substriata, and
C. minimum.
Stratum B.—Contained H. itala (scattered), C. lubrica (scattered), and
P. muscorum (in a distinct zone).
Stratum A.——This consisted of fine blown sand and appeared to contain no
shells.
Helix aspersa, although the commonest living species in the immediate
neighbourhood, did not appear in any part of the deposit. Of P. muscorum,
the Valloniae, 4. hispida and C. bidentata, found in the deposit, three were not
' Vallonia costata was notrecognized until I returned to Belfast, and by that time I had mixed the
shells that came from the various strata. I cannot be sure, therefore, that both species of Vallonia
occurred in Strata C and E. It is quite possible that one may have occured in C, while the
other may only have been taken from E or vice versa.
G2
23 52 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
taken alive in this part of the island, and V. costata and P. muscorum are not
now known to live on the island at all. The occurrence of V. costata in this
deposit is of particular interest, for not only has this species not been found
alive on Inishbofin, but it has not previously been found on any of the out-
lying islands off the Irish coast. In fact, the only “island” that it has been
taken on—Cruit Island in West Donegal—is connected to the mainland at
low-water by a broad stretch of sand. Were it not for the fact, however, that
V. pulchella is a common resident on these islands, the distribution of its ally
would not be of any special interest.
SHELL-MARLS.
Throughout central Ireland few districts will be found which do not
contain deposits of marl. This material is a fine creamy substance formed at
the bottoms of lakes by decaying vegetation (species of Chara predominating),
shells, other organisms, and particles of calcareous matter. In the district
here dealt with there exist near Castlebar and Westport extensive deposits of
this material; but no information is to hand of the shells contained in them.
That on the shore of Lakelands Lough near Manulla Junction, in Kast Mayo,
was examined in Nevember, 1911, by R. Ll. Praeger and myself. Owing to
artificial drainage the level of this lake, like many others throughout the
central counties, has been lowered. At the time of our visit the lake was slightly
flooded, but was yet some four or five feet below its old level, which was marked
by a distinct beach composed of Carboniferous limestone-boulders. Thus the
marl was exposed on the flat foreshore, and its upper surface was in places some
12 inches above the level of the water in the lake. In some places the marl
was covered by peat to a depth of about 2 feet. At the junction of the peat and
the marl there was in places a band formed of the compressed rhizomes of
Phragmites. Two holes were dug, and samples of the marl from five different
levels were obtained, the lowest sample being from a depth of about 5 feet.
The depth of the deposit we were unable to ascertain; it was, however, at least
9 feet deep in places. Millions of shells lie around the present margin of the
lake, the majority of which are derived from the underlying marl, but these
are mixed with many shells only recently dead.
Among the drift were several species not obtained from the samples of
marl, the fauna of which proved to be very poor.
The list of shells obtained in the drift-material is as follows :—-
Zonitoides nitidus, Succinea pfeifferi, Limnaea pereger, L. palustris,
L. stagnalis, L. truncatula, Planorbis albus, P. contortus, Valvata piscinalis,
V. cristata, Bithynia tentaculata, and Pisidium pusillum.
Clare Island Survey—Land and Fresh-water Mollusca. 23 53
The shells obtained in the samples of marl were :--Limnaca pereger.
L. palustris, L. stagnalis, Valvatd cristata, Bithynia tentaculata, and Pisidiwm
pusillum.
Of these last only a single specimen of Z. palustris was found, in a sample
from a depth of 2 feet ; one each of V. erzstata and L. stagnalis (very young),
at a depth of 5 feet; while the remaining species were common in all the
samples taken.
At least fifteen per cent. of the shells collected in the flood débris of the
lake belonged to V. piscinalis; yet the species did not appear in any of the
samples of the marl examined.
As no great change in the fauna appears to have taken place in the
district, comments on the above lists are unnecessary ; and the fact that certain
species were present in the drifted material and yet absent from the samples
of marl may be due to chance.
The fauna represented in the combined lists would be typical of that
found living in many small lakes in this district, but the apparent absence of
Sphaerium corneum, Physa fontinalis, and Pisidia (other than P. pusillwm) is
strange.
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VOL, R.I.A. PROC., XXXI,
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23 58 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
12, BIBLIOGRAPHY.
Nore :—Many of the papers in this Bibliography do not deal directly with the district surveyed,
but they have been referred to by the writer in the compilation of the foregoing report.
ADAMS, Lionel Ernest, B.A. :
1 Land and Freshwater Mollusca of the Ballycastle District. [Includes
list from Rathlin Island.] Ivish Nat., vi, 179-183. 1897.
BLAND, Thomas:
2 On the Physical Geography of, and the Distribution of ‘Terrestrial
Mollusca in, the Bahama Islands. Ann. Lyceum of Nat. Hist. New
Works xs oll = 3245 M8i73:
Kennarp, Alfred Santer, F.G.S.,and Bernard Barnham WooDWARD, F.LS., F.G.S. :
3 Notes on non-marine Mollusca from some Irish lakes, obtained by
Major H. Trevelyan. Irish Nat., xx, 46-51. 1911.
Minne, J. G.:
4 Notes on the [and and Freshwater Molluscs of Achill Island.
Journ, of Conch., vi, 412-421. 1891.
Mors, Alexander Goodman, ¥£.R.S.E., F.L.S., M.R.LA. :
5 Notes on the Animal of Zimnaea involuta (Harvey). Ann. Mag. Nat.
Hist., (4) iv, 46. 1869.
6 Limnaea involuta probably a Variety of L. peregra. Zool., xlvii, 154—
155. 1889.
PHILLIps, Robert Albert :
7 The Non-Marine Mollusca of Inishmore [Aran Islands]. Irish Nat.,
sabe, IMs), Il )il{0),
Rorpuck, William Denison, F.L.S. :
8 [New variety of Limax arborwm in West Mayo]. Journ. of Conch,
iv, 375. 1885.
ScHARFF, Robert Francis, PH.D , B.SC., M.R.I.A., F.L.S., F.Z.S. :
9 The Slugs of Ireland. Sci. Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc., (2) iv, 513-558,
2 Plates. 1891.
10 The Irish Land and Freshwater Mollusca. Irish Nat., i, 45-47, 65—
67, 87-90, 105-109, 135-138, 149-153, 177-181. 1892.
11 An addition to the Irish Molluscan Fauna. [Pisidiuwm hibernicum
Westr.] Irish Nat., iv, 335. 1895.
12 The Land Mollusca of the Great Skellig. Irish Nat., vii, 9-11. 1898.
13 European Animals: their geological history and geographical
distribution. 8vo, London. 1907.
14 On the evidences of a former land-bridge between northern Europe
and North America. Proc, R. I. Acad., xxviii, Sect. B, 1-28. 1209,
Clare Island Survey—Land and Fresh-water Mollusca. 23 49
STANDEN, Robert, (Hon. Curator Conch. Soc. G. B. & L.) :
15 Land and Freshwater Mollusca [of West Galway mainly, with
records from Inishmore and Mae Dara’s Island]. Ivish Nat., iv,
266-270. 1895.
STELFOX, Arthur Wilson, A.R.1.B.A.:
16 Some notes on the Land and Freshwater Mollusca of Galway and
District. [Including list from Inishmore and Mac Dara’s Island.]
Trish Nat., xvi, 353-264. 1907.
17 Additional notes on the Land and Freshwater Mollusca of north-west
Donegal [including lists from Inishmeane and GolaIsland]. Irish
Nat., xviii, 86-92. 1909.
18 A list of the Land and Freshwater Mollusks of Ireland. Proc. Roy
Trish Acad., xxix, (B), 65-164, Plate vi. 1911.
SreLFrox, Arthur Wilson, and Robert John WELCH :
19 Land and Freshwater Mollusca [of Lambay, Co. Dublin, in report of
the special survey of the island]. Irish Nat., xvi, 41-42. 1907.
20 Land and Freshwater Mollusca [of N.W. Donegal and Tory Island,
in Report of I. F. C. U. Conference, Rosapenna, July, 1910]. Irish
Nat., xix, 172-178, plates5 & 10. 1910.
Taytor, John William, F.Ls.:
21 Monograph of the Land and Freshwater Mollusca of the British
Islands. 8vo. i, 1894-1900; ii, 1907 [still appearing periodically in
parts, many plates and maps of distribution, British and foreign].
Taytor, John William, F.L.s., and William Denison ROEBUCK, F.LS. :
22 Authenticated materials towards a Land and Freshwater Molluscan
Fauna of Ireland. Proc. Roy. Irish <Acad., (2), iv, 672-692.
1888.
THompson, William :
23 Catalogue of the Land and Freshwater Mollusca of Ireland. Ann.
Mag. Nat. Hist., vi, 16-34, 109-126, 194-206. 1841.
Warren, Miss Amy :
24 The Land and Freshwater Mollusca of Mayo and Sligo. Zool., (3),
ili, 25-29. 1879.
25 Limax flavus in the West of Ireland. Irish Nat.,i, 126. 1892.
26 Rare Molluses from Co. Sligo. [Vertigo angustior living in marsh.]
Trish Nat., i, 170-171. 1892.
H2
23 60
WELCH, Robert John, M.R.1.A.
27 Land and Freshwater Mollusca from Great Killary and Wetpue
Trish Nat., vi, 304, 308.
“ Pockets ”
28 Land-shell
1898.
29 Pockets of Landshells, Banmouth Dunes, Portstewart.
Conch., x, 338-339,
1897.
on Sand-dunes.
1903.
Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
Trish Nat., vii, 77-82.
Journ. of
30 Rare or Local Jrish Land and Freshwater Mollusca. Journ. of Conch.,
xi, 16-19.
Wiis, J. W.,
32 Limnaea involuta, probably a variety of L. peregra.
235, 1889.
Woopwarb, Bernard Barnham, F.L.S., F.G.S., F.R.M.S. :
1904.
M.R.C.S, :
31 Shells from Ireland [Galway, Mayo]. Midland Nat., xii, 219.
1889.
Zool., (3), xiii,
33 Note on the occurrence in the British Isles of living specimens of
Pisidium Steenbuchit, Morch, and P. Lilljeborgii, Clessin, with notes of
new records of Pisidia for the Lake District, and fresh localities for
P. supinum, A, Schm,
See KENNARD, A. 8., and B. B. Woopwarp.
Proc. Malacol. Soe. London, ix, 5.
1910.
13. INDEX OF SPECIES.
Acanthinula aculeata, 7, 13, 18,
30, 34, 35, 38, 39, 47,
49, 51.
lamellata, 6, 7, 12, 13, 18,
22, 30, 34, 38, 39, 41,
42, 49.
Acicula lineata, 6, 13, 21, 30,
34, 35, 36, 38, 40, 49.
Agriolimax agrestis, 13, 14, 16,
23, 25, 31, 33, 35, 39, 42,
43, 46, 49.
laevis, 14, 16, 17, 23, 24, 31,
33, 35, 39, 42, 43, 46, 50.
Ancylus fluviatilis, 10, 14, 21,
29, 33, 34, 39, 42, 43,
47, 48, 49.
Anodonta cygnea, 7, 47.
Aplecta hypnorum, 7, 12, 23, 24,
30, 40, 46, 47.
Arion ater, 13, 14, 17, 23, 26, 31,
32, 38, 35, 39, 42, 43, 47,
48, 49.
circumscriptus,
7, 18, 23, 27,
34, 39, 42, 47
Arion hortensis, 11, 12, 13, 17,
18, 26, 39, 40, 42, 46, 47.
intermedius, 13, 14, 17, 23,
26, 31, 32, 33, 35, 39, 42,
43, 46, 47, 49.
mabilli, 17.
subfuscus, 13, 14, 17, 23,
26, 32, 33, 35, 39, 42, 43,
47, 49.
Balea perversa, 13, 20, 30, 30,
36, 38, 39, 41, 42, 47, 49.
Bithynia tentaculata, 7, 38, 40,
45, 47, 52, 53.
Carychium minimum, 12, 13, 19,
23, 28, 31, 33, 35, 39, 42,
47, 49, 51.
Clausilia bidentata, 13, 14, 20,
23, 28, 32, 33, 35, 37, 39,
42, 47, 49, 51.
Cochlicopa lubrica, 138, 19, 238,
28, 31, 32, 33, 35, 39, 42,
43, 47, 49, 50, 51.
Euconulus fulvus, 13, 16, 23, 26,
31, 33,35, 39,42, 43, 47,49.
Geomalaeus mabilli, 17.
maculosus, 1. .
Helicella barbara, 1, 7, 13
97, 34, -35, 36, 38, 42, 51.
caperata, 24.
intersecta, 7, 9, 13, 18, 23,
24, 30, 34, 38, 39, 41, 42,
47.
itala, 1, 9, 18, 23, 27, 31, 33,
34, 35, 36, 38, 39, 41, 42,
47, 50, 51.
striata, 24.
Helix aspersa, 1, 9, 11, 19, 23,
27, 31, 32, 33, 35, 36, 39,
40, 41, 42, 47, 50, 51.
hortensis, 28, 30, 36.
nemoralis, 19, 28, 24, 27,
28, 32, 33, 35, 36, 39,41,
42, 47, 50, 51.
Hyalinia alliavia, 13, 14, 16, 23,
26, 31, 32, 33, 36, 39, 42,
43, 47, 49, 51.
cellaria, 9, 16, 26, 32, 33,
35, 36, 39, 41, 42, 47.
Clare Islund Survey—Land and Fresh-water Mollusca. 23 61
INDEX OF SPECIES — continued.
Hyalinia contracta, 16.
crystallina, 13, 16, 23, 26,
31, 33, 35, 39, 42, 43, 47,
49.
helmi, 26, 32.
hibernica, 16.
nitens, 16.
nitidula, 13, 16, 26, 31, 32,
33, 35, 39, 41, 42, 43, 47,
49, 51.
pura, 13, 16, 26, 31, 33, 35,
39, 42, 43, 47, 49, 51.
radiatula, 13, 16, 23, 26, 31,
38, 35, 39, 42, 43, 47, 49.
Uygromia fusca, 6, 7, 12, 13,
18, 22, 27, 34, 38, 39, 41,
42, 49.
granulata, 22.
hispida, 9, 19, 23, 27, 32,
33, 35, 36, 38, 39, 42, 47,
51.
rufescens, 11, 25, 27, 45, 46,
47.
Limax arborum, 18, 14, 15, 22,
25, 31, 32, 38, 35, 39,
42, 43, 44, 46, 48, 49, 50.
cinereo-niger, 7, 8, 15, 30,
34.
flavus, 11, 30, 33.
maximus, 7, 13, 15, 18, 25,
35, 36, 39, 41, 42, 46.
Limnaea acuta, 29, 38.
auricularia, 7, 13, 29, 38, 39,
47.
involuta, 8, 29.
lacustris, 29.
lagotis, 29.
palustris, 10, 13, 14, 21, 23,
30, 82, 33, 35, 37, 39, 42,
45, 47, 52, 53.
pereger, 8, 10, 14, 20, 23,
24, 29, 31, 32, 33, 35, 37,
39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 45, 47,
50, 52, 63.
praetenuis, 8.
stagnalis, 7, 10, 23, 38, 39,
45, 47, 52, 53.
truncatula, 10, 13, 14, 21,
23, 29, 31, 33, 35, 39, 42,
43, 45, 47, 49, 50, 52.
Margaritana margaritifera, 7,
43.
Milax gagates, 14, 16, 26, 31,
33, 85, 389, 42, 46, 48,
49.
sowerbyi, 11, 25, 46.
Neritina fluviatilis, 7, 44, 47.
Paludestrina jenkinsi, 7, 40, 41.
stagnalis, 7, 23, 24, 29, 46,
47.
ventrosa, 7, 23, 24, 46, 47.
Physa fontinalis, 7, 23, 38, 40,
41, 42, 45, 47, 53.
Phytia myosotis, 7, 46, 47.
Pisidium casertanum, 14, 21, 29,
32, 33, 35, 37, 40, 42, 45,
45, 47, 49.
hibernicum, 7, 8, 35, 37.
lilljeborgi, 1, 7, 8, 29, 44,
47.
milium, 22, 23, 29, 31, 32,
38, 35, 37, 40, 42, 45, 47.
nitidum, 21, 23, 32, 33, 35,
37, 40, 42, 47.
obtusale, 22, 23, 29, 35, 37,
40, 42, 45, 47.
personatum, 14, 22, 23, 29,
31, 40, 42, 48, 47, 49.
pulchellum, 7, 21, 29, 47.
pusillum, 21, 29, 32, 33, 35,
37, 40, 42, 45, 47, 52, 53.
steenbuvhi, 7, 8, 29.
subtruncatum, 14, 21, 35,
37, 40, 42, 45, 47.
Planorbis albus, 7, 39, 40, 44>
47, 52.
arcticus, 1.
carinatus, 44.
contortus, 7, 39, 45, 47, 52.
crista, 21, 23, 29, 35, 37,
38, 39, 45, 47.
fontanus, 7, 45, 47.
glaber, 1, 3, 7, 12, 28, 29,
38, 39, 40, 45.
leucostoma, 21.
parvus, l.
sibiricus, 1.
spirorbis, 10, 14, 21, 23, 30,
35, 37, 39, 42, 45, 47.
umbilicatus, 44.
vortex, 44.
Punctum pygmaeum, 13, 18, 238,
27, 32, 33, 35, 39, 41, 42,
43, 47, 49, 51.
Pupa anconostoma, 19.
anglica, 1, 12, 13, 14,19, 28,
31, 33, 34, 35, 36, 38, 39,
41, 42, 43, 47, 49, d1.
cylindracea, 1, 18, 19, 23.
28, 31, 38, 35, 59, 42, 43,
47, 49, 51.
muscorum, 7, 3d, 36, 51, 52,
Pyramidula rotundata, 13, 16,
18, 22, 27, 31, 32, 33, 39,
39, 42, 47, 49, 51.
rupestris, 6, 7, 45, 46, 47.
Sphaerium corneum. 7, 9, 28, 38,
40, 45, 47, 53.
Sphyradium edentulum, 13, 18,
27, 32, 34, 35, 36, 39, 42,
43, 47, 49.
Succinea oblonga, 7, 8, 38, 39.
pfeifferi, 16, 20, 23, 28, 39,
47, 52.
putris, 7, 28, 30, 45, 46,
47.
Vallonia costata, 7, 23, 33, 46,
47, 51, 52.
pulchella, 12, 18, 23, 27, 31,
32, 35, 36, 39, 41, 42, 47,
50, 51, 52.
Valvata cristata, 7, 40, 45, 47,
52, 53.
piscinalis, 7, 13, 21, 40, 47,
52, 53.
Vertigo angustior, 7, 8, 38, 39.
antivertigo, 20, 23, 28, 31,
33, 35, 36, 38, 39, 42, 47,
50.
lilljeborgi, 1.
pygmaea, 20, 23, 28, 31, 33,
35, 36, 38, 39, 42, 43, 47,
50.
substriata, 13, 20, 25, 31,
33, 35, 36, 38, 39, 41, 42,
43, 47, 49, 51.
Vitrea hibernica, 16.
Vitrina pellucida, 13, 16, 23, 26,
31, 32, 33, 35, 39, 42, 43,
47, 49.
Zonitoides excavatus, 6, 14, 16,
17, 18, 22, 26, 32, 33, 34,
36, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43,
50.
nitidus, 1, 9, 13, 16, 26, 32,
33, 38, 39, 42, 43, 47, 52.
23 62
Fig.
ily
Sal fork Wat is
@
Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
DESCRIPTION OF PLATE II.
Figures 40, 41, and 42 are magnified 1-5 diameters; 46, 47, 48, and 49 are
x 8:2; all other figures are natural size.
Care Isnanp.
. Acuit IsLaNnpD.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
5. [NISHTURK.
do.
do.
. LNISHBOFIN.
do.
do.
. Caner Isnanp.
do.
Limnaea pereger (Miill.).
From a road-side drain near the Abbey. A. W.S., April,
1909.
In one of the pools forming Lough-na-phuca. A. W. S.,
April, 1909.
In one of the pools forming Lough-na-phuca. A. W. &.,
April, 1909.
In shallow lakelet near harbour. A. W.S., July, 1911.
Creggan Lough. A. W.5., April, 1909.
Lough Merrignagh. <A. W.S., April, 1909.
From Light-house Pool (shallow peaty water). A. W. 5.,
April, 1909.
Lough Nakeeroge Hast (very peaty water). A. W. S.,
March, 1910. (L. ? praetenwis Bowell.)
In flood débris from Keel Lough. A. W.S., September, 1909.
In the stream flowing from Keel Lough. A. W.S., July,
1911.
Keel Lough. A. W.S., March, 1910.
Lough Gall. A. W.S., July, 1911.
Lough Doo. A. W.S., July, 1911.
Shallow pools near Lough Doo (water very limy). A. W.S.,
July, 1911.
Lough Coolacknick (shallow and peaty water). A. W. S.,
July, 1911.
In stream flowing from the well at Garranty. A. W.S.,
July, 1911.
Lough Namucka (shallow water and possibly brackish).
A. W.S., July, 1911.
Lough Gowlanagower (only just dead). A. W. S., 26th
July, 1911.
Church Lough. A. W.S., July, 1911.
Lough Fawna. A. W.S., July, 1911.
Kinkeel Lough (water distinctly saline at times). A. W.S.,
July, 1911.
From shallow pools near the summit of the island (water not
more than three inches in depth). A. W.5S., July, 1911.
43.
44,
45.
Clare Island Survey—Land and Fresh-water Mollusca. 23 63
. Norrx Intsnxra. From the bed of a dried-up lakelet. R. Ll. P., July, 1905.
. Taz Mutter. Cross Lough (in sand-dunes). A. W. S., March, 1910.
do. From peaty pools near Bingham Castle. A. W.S8., March,
1910.
do. From roadside drains near Belmullet. A. W.8., March, 1910.
. Eris. Carrowmore Lough (a large lake with peaty water). A. W.5.,
March, 1910.
do. On stones in rapid part of the Owenduff at Sranamanragh
Bridge. A. W.S., March, 1910.
. Loutssuren. . In rapidly flowing part of the Carrownisky River. A. W.S.,
September, 1909.
do. Lough Baun (in sand-dunes). A. W. $., September, 1909.
. Newport. . Creevaghaun Lough. A. W.S., July, 1911.
do. Dougan Lough. A. W.S., July, 1911.
. Westport. . Marsh at Killadangan. A. W.S., March, 1910.
. CastiEBaR. . In Castlebar Lough (on Carboniferous limestone). A. W. S.,
September, 1909.
. Neweort. . From lake in sandhills near Mulranny. G. W. Chaster,
September, 1909.
. Lovissureu. . Dooaghtry. A. W.S., March, 1910.
do. From a drain in a peat bog near Louisburgh, F. Balfour
Browne, March, 1910.
do. From a roadside drain near Old Head (peaty water). A. W.S.,
March, 1910.
. Dootoves Vatury. Glencullen Lough (peaty water). A. W.5., March, 1910.
Clausilia bidentata Strom.
. Cuare Isuanp. Stunted form from the extreme west end of the island.
A. W.58., September, 1909.
do. From 1,000 feet elevation on the cliffs of Croaghmore (show-
ing two years’ growth). A. W.5., September, 1909.
do. From the cliffs of Knocknaveen (an almost smooth specimen).
A. W.8., September, 1909.
Hygromia rufescens Penn.
Westport. . From near Belclare (showing traces of quinquefasciation).
A. W.5., April, 1909.
Helicella itala L.
LourssureH. . From wind-swept parts of sand-dunes near Lough Roonah.
A. W.5S., September, 1909.
do. From sheltered parts of sand-dunes near Dooaghtry. A. W.S.
September, 1909,
23 64
Fig.
46.
47.
48.
52.
55.
Cuare& [snanp.
Co. Lrirrim.
CuarE Isuanp.
do.
. Co. Kinpare. .
. CuarE Isnanp.
Erris.
. Cruare Isnanp,
. QuEEN’s Co.
INISHBOFIN.
Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
Pupa anglica Fér.
From the north-east cliffs. A. W.S., September, 1909. —
Pupa cylindracea Da Costa.
-From a dry limestone wall at Drumahaire (a form typical of
the central plain). A. W.8., September, 1900.
From the north-east cliffs (an intermediate form). A. W.S.,
September, 1909. ;
From an elevation of 1,800 feet on Croaghmore (var. ancono-
stoma Lowe). A. W.S8., September, 1909.
Helicella intersecta Poiret.
From Newbridge, a form referable to H. caperata (Mont.).
A. W. §., September, 1910.
From sand-dunes near the harbour (the large western form).
A. W.S., September, 1909.
Helix nemoralis Miill.
From Curraun sand-dunes (showing tendency of lower bands
to split). A. W.S., September. 1909.
H. aspersa Mill.
From sands near the harbour (showing change in colour and
markings during different periods of growth). A. W.S.,
September, 1909.
H. hortensis Mill.
From near Maryborough (for comparison with H. nemoralis).
A. W.S., September, 1910.
H. nemoralis Miill.
From hillside near Church Lough (to show the similarity
between H. hortensis and H. nemoralis. var. albolabiata).
A. W.5., July, 1911.
Proc. h.I.Acap., Vot. XXXI Part 23, PvaTe I.
R. Welch, Photo
The 1,000-foot path on Croaghmore, the head-quarters of the Land Mollusca.
CrareE IsLanp SurvEY.—STELFOX: LAND AND FRESH-WATER MOL Lusca.
Proc. R.I. Acap., Vor. XXXI. Part 23, Prate II,
40 & 41 ty AL oe 47 48 #8
Crare Istanp SurRvEy.—-STELFox: LAND AND FRESH-WATER Mottusca.
Clare Island Survey,
24
HYMENOPTERA.
By CLAUDE MORLEY, F.ZS., F.ES., &c.
Read NovempBer 13. Published Decemper 7, 1911.
INTRODUCTION.
THE following list of Hymenoptera is the result of one visit to Clare Island and
the Louisburgh district by myself, and of a good deal of work in all parts of
the area—Clare Island, Achill Island, Curraun Achill, Mulranny, Louisburgh,
Belclare, and Westport, by other collectors, notably Rev. W. F. Johnson and
Mr. Halbert. My own work extended over a fortnight in the middle of July,
1910, the first week being spent at Louisburgh in company with Mr, Halbert,
and the second on the island with a large party, of whom Mr. P. E, Grimshaw,
who was investigating the Diptera, worked with me most of the time. The
weather during this visit was of the usual western type, with a good deal of
wind, some rain, and but little sun, not the best weather for the collecting of
Hymenoptera. The captures of Mr. Johnson, who, with his wife—also an
excellent collector—three times spent a month in the district, at dates ranging
from May to September, have added materially to the list.
Our present knowledge of the Hymenoptera of Clare Island and its vicinity
goes to show that the district is, as regards its fauna, decidedly below the
average of a similar extent of land and sea in England, with which alone I
am able to compare it. Among the 324 species enumerated in the following
list are very few with claims upon our interest. I have looked somewhat
carefully through the local list, both of the species on Clare Island and on the
adjacent mainland, and there are recorded in it but twenty species that would
not with absolute certainty be found around any English village south of the
Humber. The great feature of collecting on Clare Island that struck me
when there was the constant occurrence of insects I had only the week before
been netting in my own grounds and the adjoining woods in Suffolk; here
were mountains of over 2000 feet, the sea-shores and geological formation
and climate were totally different, yet the fauna bore none of that individual
stamp one so confidently anticipated in so distinct a locality, The only
novelties I noticed were among the Trichoptera of the mountain streams,
RIA. PROC., VOL. XXXI, A 24
24 2 Proceedings of the Royal Trish Academy.
Of the Aculeata listed below four bees do not occur in the eastern counties
of England (with which I can find nothing nearer in latitude to compare the
Clare Island fauna); these are Sphecodes hyalinatus and S. ferrugatus, Halictus
Freygessnert (which I have from Somerset), and Andrena analis, by no means
rare in the New Forest. Of the Sawflies Abia candens may be widely dis-
tributed, though certainly not common; I have it only from Stradbally. The
record of Croesus Stephensi represents a most interesting re-discovery of a
very dark Croesus, which Rev. F. D. Morice is inclined to think possibly
nothing but a melanic form of a common saw-fly ; it has not been found since
first described many years ago by Edward Newman. Pontania bella, Emphytus
carpini, and Pachyprotasis antennata do not occur in the east coast counties of
England, though not rare in the south. Of the Ichneumonidae, Stenichnewmon
pictus and Ctenichneumon fossorius seem commoner in Scotland than elsewhere ;
Ichneumon memorator was long regarded as doubtfully British, and was pre-
viously known only from South Wales ; Amblyteles subsericans and Microcryptus
subguttatus are not uncommon, though unknown in Suffolk; Atractodes salius
may be peculiarly Irish, as Rev. W. F. Johnson’s capture is the first since
that of Haliday, mentioned in 1839; Pimpla ovivora, Glypta nigrina, and
Mesoleius maculicollis are extremely rare everywhere, as far as our present
knowledge extends, and I have seen no other Cremastus albipennis and Rhogas
bicolor than those from Clare Island.
Much work remains to be done at the Irish hymenopteran fauna. Except
one or two residents in the extreme east of Ireland, notably A. H. Haliday,
and an occasional English visitor to the Lakes of Killarney or southern
counties, no one has paid much attention to the Irish Hymenoptera, or at
least to the parasitic section, which outnumbers the Aculeata by so vast an
extent ; and I believe the same is true of the Saw-flies.
Tt should, therefore, be pointed out that every one of the records is of
distinct value, especially on account of the extreme western position of the
district, and that the list will extend our knowledge of the distribution of the
Britannic Hymenoptera considerably.
The series of valuable papers published by Haliday in the “ Entomological
Magazine” contain many Irish records, and still remain indispensable to
students of the smaller parasitic forms of Hymenoptera.
Haliday also compiled a manuscript “Catalogue of Irish Insects,” which
is now preserved in the Irish National Museum. A very considerable number
of species representing all families of Hymenoptera are included in this
catalogue; however, very many of them, especially amongst the Saw-flies and
larger [chneumons, do not seem ever to have been definitely published as Irish
insects. It is not surprising, therefore, that of the 324 species of Hymenoptera
Clare Island Survey— Hymenoptera. 24 3
in the following list about a hundred are now recorded for the first time from
the Irish area. The majority of these new records occur amongst the
Ichneumonidae.
The aculeate groups, on the other hand, having been much more studied,
naturally yield the fewest novelties. In view of the interest taken in these
insects, it may be pointed out that six species from the Clare Island district
were not previously known to occur in this country. These are :—Gorytes
1v-fasciatus, Crabro albilabris, Sphecodes hyalinatus, Sphecodes ferruginatus,
Halictus Freygessneri ; the last-named species is represented in the collection
by a single injured example, and must be recorded with reserve.
LIST OF SPECIES.
HETEROGYNA.— Ants.
Formica fusca Latr.—Clare Island (Johnson and Morley). MAINLAND: ? 9
at Louisburgh in May, 1909 (Halbert), and July, 1910 (Morley); Mulranny
and abundant at Achill (Johnson).
Lasius flavus DeG.—Common on Clare Island, where all sexes occurred to
Halbert, September, 1909. Maintanp: abundant at Louisburgh
(Morley) ; several ? 2 at Darby’s Point (Johnson).
L. niger Linn.—Clare Island (Johnson, Halbert, Morley). MAINLAND: abundant
about Louisburgh (Morley). Rev. W .F. Johnson found the var. alienus
Forst., on Clare Island.
Myrmica sulcinodis Nyl.—Taken by Johnson at Achill Sound; everywhere
rare.
M. ruginodis Nyl.—Clare Island (Morley) wp to 1500 feet (Johnson); two in
a Puffin’s nest on the Bills rocks in June, 1910 (Praeger). MAINLAND:
Mulranny and Achill Sound, common (Johnson) ; Louisburgh in May,
1909 (Halbert).
M. scabrinodis Nyl.—Clare Island (Johnson), in June and September (Halbert).
MAINLAND: Croaghpatrick in June (Halbert); abundant at Louisburgh
in July (Morley) ; Achill Sound in June (Johnson).
FOSSORES—So.irary WASpes.
Pompilus plumbeus Fab.— Mainianp: Glendarary (Johnson).
P. nigerrimus Scop.—Iwo at Glendarary, Achill L., June, 1910 (Johnson).
A2
24 4 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
Salius exaltatus Fab.—A ? beneath a stone on east cliff of Clare Island, July
(Morley). MarnnAND: one at Knappagh, near Westport, 3rd August,
1911 (Grimshaw).
Pemphredon lugubris Fab.—MAaINLAND: one in Old Head wood, July, 1910
(Morley).
Gorytes mystaceus Linn.—MAINLAND: one 2, Knappagh, Westport, August,
1911 (Grimshaw).
G. quadrifasciatus Fab.— MatnLanp: Glendarary, Achill Island (Johnson).
Mellinus arvensis Linn.—Several nesting in east cliffs of Clare Island, July,
1910 (Morley). MarxzanD: one 2 at Westport, June, 1909 (Halbert).
Crabro clavipes Linn.—MAINLanD : a 2 at Belclare, in July, 1910 (Halbert).
C. leucostomus Linn.— MAINLAND : two at Westport in July, 1911 (Halbert).
C. palmipes Linn.—Common. Clare Island in June (Johnson) and July
(Morley). Maryann: Belclare in July (Halbert) ; Louisburgh, flying
at stone wall, July (Morley) ; Mulranny in June (Johnson).
C. albilabris Fab.— MAINLAND : Mulranny (Johnson).
DIPLOPTERA—SociaL Wasps.
Vespa vulgaris Linn.—MaInuanpD: Sraheens Lough (Johnson); Westport,
August (Grimshaw).
V. sylvestris Scop.—MAINLAND: two g¢ ¢ captured at Westport and Mount
Brown Lough in July, 1911 (Halbert).
It is worthy of note that wasps are unknown on Clare Island. The
islanders know them only through visits to the mainland; to the
island children they are quite unfamiliar.
Odynerus pictus Curt.—Nine of both sexes on Clare Island (Johnson) and
several in their burrows (Morley). MAINLAND: two at Achill Sound,
June, 1910 (Johnson).
0. trimarginatus Zett—A pair on Clare Island in 1909 (Halbert).
0. trifasciatus Oliv.—Clare Island (Johnson).
ANTHOPHILA—BEEs.
Colletes succinctus Linn.—MAINLAND : a 2 at Sraheens Lough and another at
Achill Sound (Johnson).
Sphecodes affinis Hag—Three 2 2 on Clare Island, June, 1911 (Johnson).
S. hyalinatus Sch.—MaINLanD: two ¢ ¢, Castlebar, July, 1911 (Halbert).
S. ferruginatus Sch.—Clare Island (Johnson).
Halictus rubicundus, Chr.—Clare Island (Johnson), MAINLAND: one gat
Westport (Halbert).
. Clare Island Survey— Hymenoptera. 24 5
Halictus quadrinotatus Kirb.—A pair at their burrows on Clare Island
(Morley). MAINLAND: ag at Mulranny in July, 1910 (Grimshaw).
H. eylindricus Fab.— MAINLAND: three 2 2 at Carrowmore Lake in July, 1910
(Morley) ; a g¢ at Westport in August, 1911 (Grimshaw).
H. albipes Kirb—Common. Many? ?on Clare Island in June (Johnson).
MAINLAND : several of both sexes at Castlebar and Mount Brown Lough
in July (Halbert).
H. nitidiusculus Kirb.—Clare Island (Johnson).
H. smeathmannellus Kirb— MAINLAND: a 2 at Belclare, July (Halbert).
H. leucopus Kirb.—MAInLanb: a gat Westport in July, 1911 (Halbert).
H. Freygessneri Alfk—MAINLAND: a doubtful ? at Belclare, July, 1910
(Halbert).
Andrena denticulata Kirb.—Three ? @? flying to a turf wall on Clare Island,
July, 1910 (Morley).
A. coitana Kirb.—Several ¢ ? at their burrows on Clare Island (Morley).
MAINLAND: a pair at Belclare andg gat Westport and Mount Brown
Lough, in July (Halbert).
A. minutula Kirb—MAINLAND : two? ? at Belclare in July, 1910 (Halbert).
A. analis Panz.—One pair taken with the last species at Belclare (Halbert).
Nomada fabriciana Linn.—One specimen on east cliffs of Clare Island, in
July (Morley).
N. flavoguttata Kirb—MAINLAND: a ? in Westport demesne, July, 1909
(Halbert).
Megachile centuncularis Linn.—MAaINLAND: one faded gat Mulranny, July
(Grimshaw).
Psithyrus barbutellus Kirb—MatINLAND: a ? at Westport, July, 1911 (Halbert),
P. campestris Panz—MAINLAND : a 2? at Belclare in July, 1910 (Halbert).
Bombus smithianus White—Clare Island and on mainland at Glendarary
(Johnson).
B. venustus Sm.—Clare Island (Morley, Grimshaw). MAINLAND: Achill Sound
(Johnson) ; Mulranny in July and Westport in August (Grimshaw).
B. agrorum Fab.—Clare Island (Grimshaw). Marianp: Mulranny, Glen-
darary, and Achill Sound (Johnson).
B. hortorum Linn.—One on Clare Island, June, 1911 (Johnson).
B. latreillellus Kirb.—Clare Island, both the type form (Morley) and the
var. distinguendus, Mor. (Grimshaw).
B. derhamellus Kirb.—Clare Island in June and July (Johnson, Grimshaw,
Morley). MaArtnnanD: ag at Mulranny in July, 1910 (Grimshaw).
B. lapidarius Linn.—Clare Island and on mainland at Glendarary (Johnson) ;
Westport, August, 1911 (Grimshaw).
24 6 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
Bombus jonellus Kirb.—Clare Island and on mainland at Glendarary (Johnson).
Apis mellifica Linn.—No bees are kept on Clare Island, and this species is
unknown there. MAINLAND: oneat Mulranny in July, 1910 (Grimshaw).
CHRYSIDIDAE.
Chrysis ignita Linn.—Clare Island in July, 1910 (Morley), and June, 1911
(Johnson).
TENTHREDINIDAE—Saw-rtizs.
Trichiosoma silvatica Lch.—MAINLAND: Mulranny and Achill Sound ; several
in June, 1910 and 1911 (Johnson).
T. tibialis Lch—MAInLAND: one at Mulranny in 1910 (Johnson).
T. Latreillei Lch.—Matnianp: four at Mulranny in June, 1910 (Johnson).
Abia sericea Linn.—MAInLAnD: Glendarary, Achill, in 1910 (Johnson).
A. candens Knw.— MAINLAND: one ? at Achill Sound, June, 1911 (Joknson),
Cladius pectinicornis Fourc.—MAINLAND: one gat Achill in 1909 (Halbert).
_ Trichiocampus ulmi Linn.— MAINLAND : a 2 at Wesport in July, 1911 (Halbert).
Cryptocampus saliceti Fall—MaIntanp: a pair at Achill in June, 1909
(Halbert).
Croesus Stephensi Newm. [Possibly a melanic var. of C. septentrionalis, Linn. |—
One example—the first taken since its description—at Glendarary, 1910
(Johnson, who failed to find more in 1911).
Pontania leucosticta Htg—MAInLAND: one at Achill, 4th June, 1909 (Halbert).
P. bella And.—MAINLAND : one 2 at Achill in June, 1909 (Halbert).
Pteronus myosotidis Fab.—MainLanp: Polranny, one in 1910 (Johnson);
ag at Westport in July, 1911 (Halbert).
P. polyspilus Forst—MAInLAND: ag at Louisburgh, 17th July, 1910 (Morley).
Pachynematus clitellatus Lep—Ag¢on Clare Island, June, 1909; on the
mainland, both sexes at Belclare and Castlebar (Halbert); Old Head
Wood and on Carrowmore Hill at 500 feet, July, 1910 (Morley).
P.albipennis Htg.—MAInLAND: Keel, Glendarary, Mulranny (Johnson).
P. vagus Fab.—MAINLAND: 2 2? at Castlebar and Belclare (Halbert).
P. obductus Htg—MAINLAND : a of the var. conductus, Rthe., at Westport in
July, 1911 (Halbert) ; Croaghpatrick, two? 2? at 2500 feet (Morley).
Pristiphora pallidiventris Fall.—Matnuanp: Westport and Achill in June,
1909 (Halbert); swept at Louisburgh, 17th June, 1910 (Morley).
Eriocampoides annulipes Kl.—MAINLAND: three at Glendarary in 1910
(Johnson).
Clare Island Survey— Hymenoptera. 94 7
Tomostethus dubius Gmel.—MAINLAND: 2 9 at Westport in 1909 and 1910
(Halbert).
T. luteiventris K].—Clare Island, a ? on 9th June, 1909 (Halbert) and June,
1911 (Johnson). MartNianp: Castlebar and Louisburgh (Halbert).
Monophadnus albipes Gmel.—MAINLAND: a at Belclare, Westport, in J uly,
1910 (Halbert).
Athalia lugens K].— MAINLAND: a 2 at’ Westport in July, 1911 (Halbert),
A. lineolata Lep.—MAtInuanp : both sexes at Belclare and Westport (Halbert) ;
Brackloon Wood on 4th August, 1911 (Grimshaw).
Selandria serva Fab.—Clare Island (Morley and Halbert). Martnnanp:
common; Achill Sound, common; Mulranny (Johnson); Westport,
Belclare, and Louisburgh (Halbert); Mulranny (Grimshaw); Louisburgh
and Lake Namucka in July, 1910 (Morley).
8. stramineipes K].— MAINLAND: common; Polranny and Mulranny
(Johnson) ; Belclare (Halbert) ; and Old Head Wood on 13th July, 1910
(Morley).
S. morio Fab.—MaiInianD: a? at Achill on 7th June, 1909 (Halbert).
Strongylogaster cingulatus Fab.—MaINLAND: @ @ at Glendarary, June,
1910 and 1911 (Johnson).
S. delicatulus Fall—MaInLtanD: common; Westport Demesne, Belclare,
Achill (Halbert); Glendarary (Johnson) ; Old Head Wood on 13th June,
1910 (Morley).
Poecilostoma pulverata Retz—MAINLAND: a?in Westport Demesne, May,
1909 (Halbert).
Emphytus calceatus IX].—MAINLAND: two at Glendarary (Johnson); Lough
Namucka, and two at Carrowmore Lake on 17th June, 1910 (Morley).
E. tener Fall—-Matnianp: one at Achill Sound (Johnson).
E. carpini Htg.—MAINLAND: one at Mulranny in 1910 (Johnson).
Taxonus equiseti Fall—MaINLAND: one at Louisburgh on 17th July, 1910
(Morley).
T. glabratus Fall.—Clare Island in June, 1911 (Johnson). MAINLAND: ad at
Castlebar, June, 1909, and at Westport in July, 1911 (Halbert).
Dolerus palustris Kl.—Clare Island, 2 @ on 9th June, 1909 (Halbert).
MaInianp: both sexes at Westport and Belclare (Halbert) ; Carrowmore
Lough on 18th July, 1910 (Morley).
D. picipes K].— MAINLAND: a 2? at Castlebar on 17th June, 1909 (Halbert).
D. nigratus Mill.—Clare Island,a gon 11th June, 1909; and on the main-
land, both sexes at Belclare and to the north-east of Achill (Halbert).
D. aeneus Htg.—MaInianp: Westport Demesne (Halbert); Glendarary and
Achill (Johnson).
24 8 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
Rhogogaster viridis Linn—MAaINLAND: 3g g at Achill, in 1909 (Halbert);
abundant at Glendarary and Mulranny in June, 1910 (Johnson).
Pachyprotasis antennata Kl—MAINLAND: two ? ? at Mulranny in 1910
(Johnson); both sexes at Belelare in July, 1910 (Halbert).
P. rapae Linn.—MAINLAND: twog gat Belclare in July (Halbert); a9 at
Darby’s Point in Achill in 1910 (Johnson).
Allantus arcuatus Fourc.—Abundant on flowers on both island and mainland.
Tenthredo moniliata K].—MAalINLAND: a typical J, with the var. lachlaniana,
at Mulranny in June, 1910 (Johnson).
T. ferruginea Schr.—MaINLanD: 2 @at Glendarary, Mulranny, and Achill
(Johnson).
T. livida Linn.—MAINLAND: ag at Westport on 18th June, 1909 (Halbert).
T. balteata K1.—MAINLAND: a? at Belclare, July, 1910 (Halbert) ; common
at Glendarary, Achill, 1910 and 1911 (Johnson).
T. atra Linn.—MaINLAND: type form at Achill in 1911 (Johnson); seven of
both sexes at Louisburgh (Halbert), and Carrowmore Lough in July, 1910
(Morley). Var. dispar, K]—Louisburgh, Belclare, Westport (Halbert) ;
Glendarary, Curraun, Mulranny (Johnson); and ¢ 2? at Carrowmore
Lough with type in July (Morley).
T. mesomela Linn.—MAaINLAND: two 2 2? at Belclare (Halbert); one at
Mulranny (Johnson).
Tenthredopsis dorsalis Lep—MAtInLAND: Old Head, 13th July, 1910 (Morley .
Two of the var. diluta at Glendarary in 1910 (Johnson).
T. tiliae Linn —MAINLAND: 2 92 at Achill and Belclare (Halbert); Mulranny
(Johnson).
T. Coqueberti K1.—Clare Island, a fin June, 1911 (Johnson).
T. campestris Linn.—Clare Island in June; and one at Mulranny (Johnson).
ICHNEUMONIDAE—ICHNEUMON-FLIES.
Ichneumoninae.
Stenichneumon pictus Gray.— MAINLAND: a? at Sraheens Lough, Achill, June
(Johnson).
Cratichneumon rufifrons Gray.—MAINLAND: common; Castlebar and West-
port in 1909 (Halbert); Achill and Mulranny (Johnson); Brackloon,
Westport, in 1911 (Grimshaw).
C. fabricator Fab—MarInLanD: Sahreens Lough, Mulranny, Achill Sound
(Johnson) ; Brackloon Wood near Westport, August, 1911 (Grimshaw).
C. annulator Fab—Matnianp: Brackloon Wood (Grimshaw); Belclare in
July, 1910 (Halbert).
Clare Islund Survey— Hymenoptera. 24 9
Melanichneumon saturatorius Linn.— MAINLAND: one at Westport, July, 1911
(Halbert).
Barichneumon albicinctus Grav.— MAINLAND: 3 3 at Achill Sound, June, 1910
(Johnson) ; a 2 on Croaghpatrick at 2,500 feet, July, 1910 (Morley).
B. bilunulatus Grav.—A ? on Clare Island, July, 1910 (Morley).
B. vestigator Wesm.—MAINIAND: ag at Mulranny, July, 1910 (Grimshaw).
Ichneumon deliratorius Linn.—MAaINLAND: two 3 ¢ in Brackloon Wood,
August (Grimshaw).
I. latrator Fab.—MAINLAND: a g on reeds at Carrowmore Lough, July
(Morley) ; a 2 of the var. means, Gray., at Achill (Halbert).
I. memorator Wesm.—MAlINLAND: a $ at Carrowmore Lough, with the last
species (Morley ; ¢7. “ Entomologist,” 1910, p. 172).
I. suspiciosus Wesm.—MAINLAND: ¢ 2 at Sraheens Lough, June, 1910
(Johnson).
I. inquinatus Wesm.—MAINLAND: a small ? with the above (Johnson).
I. extensorius Linn.— MAINLAND: af at Mulranny, July, 1910 (Grimshaw).
. gracilentus Wesm.—MAINLAND: a@ at Belclare, July, 1910 (Halbert) and
at Achill Sound, June, 1910 (Johnson).
. confusorius Grav.—Clare Island, aon road to chapel (Morley); @ ¢ at 700
and 1,500 feet (Johnson). Martntanp: ¢ ¢ at Brackloon Wood and
Mulranny (Grimshaw), and a? beneath a sod on Carrowmore Hill, 500
feet, in July (Morley).
I. emancipatus Wesm.—MAINLAND : a gat Mulranny, July, 1910 (Grimshaw).
Chasmias motatorius Fab.—MAINLAND: 2 2? at Achill Sound (Johnson) and
swept from reeds at Carrowmore Lough in July (Morley).
Ctenichneumon fossorius Grav.— MAINLAND: a fat Sraheens Lough, June, 1910
(Johnson).
Amblyteles palliatorius Grav.—Clare Island, ag on 27th July, 1910 (Praeger).
A. subsericans Gray.—MAINLAND: a 2 at Westport, July, 1911 (Halbert).
A. uniguttatus Gray.—MAINLAND: agion reeds at Carrowmore Lough
(Morley).
Platylabus pedatorius Fab.—MAINLAND: a@ at Sraheens Lough, Achill, June
(Johnson).
P. pumilio Holgr.— MAINLAND: ag at Achill in June, 1909 (Halbert).
P. decipiens Wesm.— MAINLAND: a 2 at Achill Sound, June, 1911 (Johnson).
Phaeogenes ophthalmicus Wesm.— MAINLAND: agin Brackloon Wood, West-
port (Grimshaw).
P. impiger Wesm.—MAINLAND: a 2 at Sraheens Lough, in June, 1910
(Johnson).
P. stimulator Grav.—MAINLAND: tend 3, probably referrable to this species,
R,L.A. PROG., VOL. XXXI. B 24
|
a |
94 10 Proceedings of the Royal Trish Academy.
captured in Brackloon Wood, near Westport, 4th August, 1911
(Grimshaw).
Phaeogenes coryphaeus Wesm.—MAINLAND: a ? at Louisburgh, July, 1910
(Halbert).
Dicaelotus rufilimbatus Grav.—Clare Island, several in July, 1910 (Morley).
MAINLAND: common; Darby’s Point in September and the Curraun sand-
hills (Johnson) ; Mulranny (Grimshaw) ; several at Carrowmore Hill and
Lough on reeds, &e., July (Morley).
Colpognathus celerator Gray.—MaInLAnpD: a ¢? at Belclare in July, 1910
(Halbert).
C. divisus Thoms.—Clare Island, several g g (Morley), and ag?at 700 feet
(Johnson). Marnuanp: ag at Achill (Johnson).
Centeterus major Wesm.—Clare Island, ¢ g in 1909 (Halbert) and 1910
(Morley).
Alomyia debellator Fab.—Clare Island, gin June, 1911 (Johnson). Matrn-
LAND: Westport in July, 1911 (Halbert) and on Wild Carrot flower,
Carrowmore Lough, 1910 (Morley).
Cryptinae.
Cratocryptus anatorius Gray.—MAINLAND: a ¢ at Mulranny, June, 1910
(Johnson).
Cubocephalus brevicornis Tasch.—MAINLAND: agat Old Head, 13th July,
1910 (Morley).
Microcryptus arrogans Gray.—MAINLAND: ag at Achill Sound, June, 1911
(Johnson).
M. subguttatus Gray.—Clare Island, ag in June, 1909 (Halbert).
M. bifrons Gmel.—Clare Island, a g (Morley); and Achill, a 9 (Johnson).
M. abdominator Gray. MAINLAND: Carrowmore Hill, Louisburgh (Morley).
M. galactinus Gravy.— MAINLAND : a ?,, Croaghpatrick at 2,500 feet (Morley).
M. nigrocinctus Grav.— MAINLAND: ¢ gat Louisburgh in July (Morley).
M. sperator Mill—Marinnanp: a ¢ at Louisburgh on 15th July, 1910
(Morley).
M. brachypterus Gravy.—Clare Island, one g in July (Morley).
M. micropterus Gray.—Clare Island, a 9 on the cliffs (Halbert). MAINLAND :
ag at Darby’s Point in September (Johnson).
Acanthocryptus quadrispinosus Gray.—Clare Island, one ¢ in June, 1911
(Johnson).
Glyphicnemis profligator Fab.—Clare Island, several on flowers of Heracleum
Sphondyliwm (Morley). Mary~anp: Mulranny and Knappagh Wood
(Grimshaw),
Clare Island Survey— Hymenoptera. 24 11
Glyphicnemis brevis Grav.—Clare Island, a g on Heracleum flower; and swept
at 500 feet on Carrowmore Hill on mainland (Morley).
G. erythrogastra Grav.— MAINLAND: a 2 at Westport in July (Halbert).
Phygadeuon variabilis Grav.-MaINLAND: ¢ g at Mount Brown Lough
(Halbert) and on the top of Carrowmore Hill at 500 feet (Morley).
P. dumetorum Grav.—Clare Island, a 2 in July, 1910 (Morley).
P. exiguus Grav.—Clare Island, a f with the above (Morley).
P. nitidus Grav.—Clare Island, a g in June, 1910 (Johnson). MAIntanp
agin north-east Achill in June, 1909 (Halbert).
P. fumator Grav.—Clare Island, several ¢ ¢ (Morley). Mainianp: Darby’s
Point and Achill Sound (Johnson); Carrowmore Hill and Lough
(Morley).
P. dimidiatus Thoms.—MAInLAND: a @ at Lough Namucka in July, 1910
(Halbert).
Panargyrops aereus Grav.—MAINLAND: ad in Brackloon Wood, Westport,
August (Grimshaw).
Hemiteles sy.—One undeterminable male on Clare Island in June, 1911
(Johnson).
Pezomachus Kiesenwetteri Forst.—Clare Island, a ? in July, 1910 (Morley).
P. zonatus Forst.—Clare Island, a ¢ (Morley). MainLanD: a winged 3 at
Mulranny (Johnson).
P. anthracinus Forst.—MAINLAND: a 2? under a stone, Carrowmore Hill
(Morley).
P. fraudulentus Forst.—Clare Island, one ? in July, 1910 (Morley).
P. instabilis Forst.—Clare Island, one ? with the above (Morley).
P. fasciatus Hab.—MArtnianp: Belclare (Halbert), Louisburgh (Morley),
July.
Atractodes vestalis Hal—Mainuanp: Louisburgh on 17th July, 1910
(Morley).
A. gilvipes Holgr.—Mainuanp: a gat Westport in July, 1911 (Halbert).
A, exilis Hal.—Clare Island, a g (Morley). MaIntanp: @ @ at the Curraun,
sandhills (Johnson), and a gat Louisburgh (Morley).
A, salius Hal.—-MAINLAND: Sraheens Lough, June, 1910 (Johnson). Very
rare.
Pycnocryptus peregrinator Linn.—Clare Island, a¢ (Morley). MAINLAND: a
gat Achill Sound (Johnson).
Spilocryptus abbreviator Fab.—Clare Island: one @ in September, 1910
(Johnson).
Idiolispa analis Grav.—MAINLAND: not uncommon; Belclare (Halbert) ;
Achill Sound (Johnson) ; and Old Head woods (Morley).
B2
24 12 Proceedings of the Royal Trish Academy.
Goniocryptus titillator Linn.—MAINLAND: Sraheens Lough (Johnson), and
Belclare (Halbert).
Habrocryptus alternator Gray.—Clare Island, one ? on the cliffs, 1909
(Halbert).
Pimplinae.
Pimpla brevicornis Grav.—Clare Island, 2? @ in 1910 and 1911 (Johnson).
MAINLAND: Polranny (Johnson) ; Knappagh near Westport (Grimshaw).
P. nucum Ratz.—MAINLAND: a? at Castlebar in July, 1911 (Halbert).
P. instigator Fab.—Clare Island, a ¢ in June, 1911 (Johnson).
P. turionellae Linn.—Clare Island, May, 1909 (Halbert), and September, 1910
(Johnson). Marnianp: Westport (Grimshaw); and I bred the var.
strigipleuris, Thoms., on 29th July, 1910, from a pupa of Charaeas gramims,
found under a stone on the top of Carrowmore Hill, Louisburgh, at 500
feet (Morley).
P. maculator Fab.—MAInLAND: a g in Brackloon Wood, 4th August
(Grimshaw).
P. ovivora Boh.—MAlINLAND: a ? at Achill Sound in June, 1911 (Johnson).
Polysphincta percontatoria, Mill—Marnianp: a g at Achill, June, 1911
(Johnson).
Schizopyga podagrica Grav.—Clare Island, one g in June, 1911 (Johnson).
Clistopyga incitator Fab—Clare Island, two? ?, June, 1911 (Johnson).
MAINLAND: a 2? near Westport in June, 1909 (Halbert).
Glypta fronticornis Grav.—Clare Island, a? in June (Johnson). MAINLAND:
Belclare (Halbert); Louisburgh, Carrowmore Lough, and abundant on
Carrowmore Hill (Morley).
G. nigrina Desy.—MAINLAND: a 9 at Achill Sound (Johnson) ; ag at Carrow-
more Lough on reeds in July (Morley).
G. parvicaudata Bridg—MAINLAND: a ? at Sraheens Lough, June, 1910
(Johnson).
G. lugubrina Holmgr.—MaInLanp: Westport (Halbert); Carrowmore Lough,
several (Morley).
Lissonota parallela Grav.—Clare Island, agin July, 1910 (Morley).
L. insignita Grav.— MAINLAND : a ? at Carrowmore Lough on reeds (Morley).
L. bellator Gravy.—Clare Island, both sexes (Johnson and Morley). Marn-
LAND: Westport (Halbert); Old Head woods, 13th July, 1910 (Morley).
L. nigridens Thoms.—MatmNLanp: Carrowmore Hill,¢, at 500 feet, July
(Morley).
L. errabunda Holmgr.—_MamntanD: Mulranny, one ¢ in July, 1910
(Grunshaw).
Clare Island Survey—Hymenopteru. 24 13
Lissonota dubia Holmgr.—Marntanp: Lough Namucka, one ¢ in July, 1910
(Halbert).
Phytodiaetus coryphaeus Grav.—MAINLAND: twod g near Westport, July,
1911 (Halbert).
Lampronota melancholica Grav.—MAINLAND: ag swept in peat bog, Louis-
burgh (Morley).
Oedematopsis scabricula Grav.—Clare- Island, ¢ ¢ swept at “the wood,”
Portlea, July (Morley).
Banchus pictus Fab.—MAINLAND: a ¢ in the Curraun district, June, 1909
(Halbert).
Tryphoninae.
Exochus nitidifrons Thoms.——MAINLaAnD: a @ at Achill in June, 1909
(Halbert).
E. pallidipes Holmgr—MartntanD: a ? at Achill Sound in June, 1910
(Johnson).
E. pictus Holmgr.—MatntanD: a ? at Mulranny in June (Johnson).
Orthocentrus cubiceps Thoms.—Clare Island, two @ ¢ in July, 1910 (Morley).
Bassus tricinctus Grav.—Clare Island, not uncommon (Johnson and Morley).
MAINLAND: Carrowmore Hill at 500 feet (Morley).
Homocidus lateralis Grav —MAINLAND: a? at Brackloon Wood, 4th August
(Grimshaw). ,
H. tarsatorius Panz.—MAINnLAND: one of the var. pulchellus, Desv., in July,
at Belelare (Halbert).
H. signatus Grav.—Clare Island, a ¢ in June, 1911 (Johnson).
Zootrephus rufiventris Grav.—Clare Island, two in June, 1909 (Halbert).
MAINLAND: both sexes somewhat common at Louisburgh, July (Morley).
Promethus sulcator Grav.—MAINLAND: a at Louisburgh in July (Halbert).
P.laticarpus Thoms.—MaInLanD: a gat Achill, 7th June, 1909 (Halbert).
P. dorsalis Holmgr.—MatnLanp : ag at Louisburgh, 17th July, 1910 (Morley).
P. albicoxa Thoms.—Marnuanp: Achill in June, 1909 (Halbert).
Mesoleius semicaligatus Grav.MAINLAND: a @ at Achill, June, 1911
(Johnson). ;
M. armillatorius Grav.imMAINLAND: a ¢ at Carrowmore Lough on reeds
(Morley).
M. maculicollis Steph—MAtNLAND : one at 500 feet on Carrowmore (Morley):
M. aulicus Gray.—Clare Island; and on mainland on Carrowmore Hill (Morley).
Tryphon brunniventris Gr.— MAINLAND : twenty specimens, all 2 @ were taken
flying to the door and doorposts—which were very hot in a blazing sun—
of the chapel at the extreme top of Croaghpatrick, 2,510 feet, on 14th July,
24 14 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
1910; there were great numbers of them, and one can only suppose them
to have been carried up by an air-current, since the single other specimen
seen was swept from reeds at Carrowmore Lough on 18th (Morley).
Tryphon trochanteratus Holmgr.—MaINLAND: a ¢ at Louisburgh in July
(Morley).
T. vulgaris Holmgr.—MAINLAnD: a¢ at 500 feet on Carrowmore Hill (Morley).
Exenterus aurifluus Hal.— MAINLAND: ag swept at Carrowmore Lough, July,
1910 (Morley).
E. hostilis Holmgr.— MAINLAND: one at Louisburgh on 17th July (Morley).
Mesoleptus ruficornis Gray.— MAINLAND: ag at Brackloon Wood, Westport,
August (Grimshaw).
Nerispudus sulphuratus Grav.—MAINLAND: a ¢ at Louisburgh, 17th July
(Morley).
Euryproctus chrysostomus Gray.—MAINLAND: agat Lough Namucka, July,
1910 (Halbert).
Perilissus filicornis Grav.—MAINLAND: July at Westport (Halbert) and
Mulranny (Grimshaw).
P. naevius Gmel—Clare Island, one specimen in July, 1910 (Morley).
Polyblastus rivalis Holmgr.—MAINLAND: a g near Westport in July, 1911
(Morley).
P. Westringi Holmgr.—MaInLanD: a 2 in Brackloon Wood, August, 1911
(Grimshaw).
Ophioninae.
Ophion luteus Linn.—Clare Island, 2 9 in September, 1910, and June, 1911
(Johnson).
Schizoloma amicta Fab.—Maintanp: Knappagh near Westport, 1911
(Halbert and Grimshaw).
Anomalon cerinops Grav.—Clare Island, one 2 in September, 1910 (Johnson),
Paniscus tarsatus Brisch—MAINLAND: a ¢ in Brackloon Wood, August
(Grimshaw).
Campoplex faleator Thunb.—MAINLAND: @? at Sraheens Lake, June, 1910
(Johnson).
C. tenuis Forst MAINLAND: a fat Louisburgh, 15th July, 1910 (Morley).
Casinaria orbitalis Grav.—Clare Island, one specimen in July (Morley).
Limnerium alienatum Grav.—MAINLAND: a 9 at Carrowmore Lough, 18th
July (Morley).
L. cylindricum Brisch.—Clare Island, one female in July (Morley).
Eophora fuscipes Holmgr.—MAINLAND: a ? swept from reeds, Carrowmore
Lough (Morley).
Clare Island Survey— Hymenoptera. 94 15
Omorga tumidula Grav.—MAINLAND: a dat Louisburgh, swept from herbage,
July (Morley).
0. lugubrina Holmgr.—Clare Island, a couple of ? ¢ swept from grass (Morley).
Olesicampa fulviventris Gmel.—MAINLAND : a pair at Darby’s Point (Johnson);
Lough Namucka (Halbert) ; Louisburgh and Carrowmore Lough (Morley).
0. longipes Miill—Clare Island, a single pair swept in July (Morley).
Meloboris rufiventris Grav.—Clare Island, not uncommon; several at Louis-
burgh and Carrowmore Lough (Morley).
M. crassicornis Holmgr.—Matnianp: Lough Namucka (Halbert) ; several ¢ &
at Louisburgh and Carrowmore Hill (Morley).
Angitia parvula Grav.—Clare Island, several of both sexes in July (Morley).
A. fenestralis Holmgr.—MAINLAND: a @ swept at Louisburgh, 15th July
(Morley).
A, vestigialis Ratz.— MAINLAND : a swept at Louisburgh, 15th July (Morley).
A. elishae Bridg.—Clare Island, several 2 @ ; and both sexes commonly at
Louisburgh and Carrowmore Hill (Morley).
A. tibialis Grav.— Clare Island, two pairs swept from herbage (Morley).
A. rufipes Grav.—Clare Island, two ? @ with the last species (Morley).
Cremastus albipennis Zett.—Clare Island, two? 9 taken in September, 1910
(Johnson).
Mesochorus thoracicus Gravy.—MAINLAND: a ? at Achill in June, 1909(Halbert)
M. fuscicornis Brisch.—Clare Island, a # swept in July, 1910 (Morley).
Megastylus mediator Schidd.—MAINLAND: ag at Sraheens Lough, in June
(Johnson).
BRACONIDAE.
Bracon minutator Fab.—MAINLAND: a 2 at Achill Sound (Johnson).
B. fulvipes Nees——MaInLanp: Westport (Halbert) ; Carrowmore Lough, and
at 2,500 feet on Croaghpatirick (Morley).
B. nigratus Wesm.—MAINLAND: a 2 on Croaghpatrick on 14th July (Morley).
B. erraticus Wesm.—Clare Island, one gin July (Morley).
B. triangularis Nees.—Clare Island, two ? ? ; Carrowmore Lough, one (Morley).
B. Roberti Wesm.—Clare Island, one gin July (Morley).
B. epitriptus Marsh.—Clare Island, one ? in July (Morley).
B. discoideus Wesm.— Clare Island, a 2 in June, 1909 (Halbert)
B. variator Nees.—Clare Island, one g in July (Morley)
B. anthracinus Nees.—MaInLAND: a g at Louisburgh, 15th July, 1910
(Morley).
Colastes braconius Hal.—Clare Island, one gin July (Morley).
94 16 Proceedings of the Royal Trish Academy.
Rhogas gasterator Jur.—Clare Island, a gin June (Johnson). Marnianp: Bel-
clare (Halbert), and both sexes on reeds at Carrowmore Lough (Morley),
in July.
R. bicolor Spin.—MAINLAND: a @ of the var. afer, Curt., with the above
(Morley).
R. cireumscriptus Nees——Common; Clare Island (Johnson and Morley);
Knappagh and Brackloon Wood (Grimshaw); Achill (Johnson and
Halbert).
Chelonus inanitus Linn.—Clare Island, one 2 in July, 1910 (Morley).
C. dispar Marsh.—Clare Island, one g in July (Morley).
C. catulus Marsh.—Clare Island, threeg ¢ ; Old Head wood, 13th July
(Morley).
Apanteles sericeus Nees.—Clare Island, one g in July (Morley).
A. spurius Wesm.—Clare Island, common; and common at Louisburgh
(Morley).
A. impurus Nees.—MAINLAND : common ; Croaghpatrick at 2,500 feet, Carrow-
more Hill at 500 feet, and Louisburgh (Morley).
A. octonarius Ratz.— MAINLAND : a pair at Louisburgh, 15th July (Morley).
A. abjectus Marsh.—M AINLAND : a f at Bouris near Louisburgh, July (Morley).
A. triangulator Wesm.—MAINLAnD: Carrowmore Lough, 18th July (Morley).
A. pallidipes Rheinh.—Clare Island, a pair (Morley). Martntanp: Mulranny
(Grimshaw); Lough Namucka (Halbert); Louisburgh and Old Head
(Morley).
A. callidus Hal.— MAINLAND: ag on Carrowmore Hill, 18th July (Morley).
Microplitis sordipes Nees—MAINLAND: 2 9 on reeds at Carrowmore Lough
(Morley).
M. globatus Nees.—MaIniAND: Belclare (Halbert) ; Achill Sound (Johnson) ;
and Carrowmore Lough (Morley).
M. tibialis Nees.—Clare Island, June, 1909; Achill and Belclare (Halbert).
Earinus nitidulus, Nees.—MAINLAND : Sraheens Lough in June, 1910 (Johnson).
Microdus tumidulus Nees.—MAINLAND: ag at Maulranny, July, 1910
(Grimshaw).
Orgilus obscurator Nees.—Clare Island, a ¢ (Morley). MAINLAND: Carrow-
more Lough (Morley).
Perilitus aethiops Nees.—MAINLAND : a 2 at Carrowmore Hill, 500 feet
(Morley).
Meteorus chrysophthalmus Nees.—MaINnLAND: Polranny and Mulranny, June
(Johnson),
M. confinis Ruthe—MAINLAND: a? on rocks at Roonah Quay, 20th July
(Morley).
Clare Island Survey— Hymenoptera. 24 17
Meteorus pulchricornis Wesm.—Clare Island, a ¢ m September, 1910
(Johnson). --
M. unicolor Wesm.—MAInLanD: a ? at Achill in June, 1909 (Halbert).
M. leviventris Wesm.—MAINLAND: agat Louisburgh, 17th July, 1910
(Morley).
Diospilus oleraceus Hal.—Clare Island, a gin July (Morley).
D. capito Nees.—Clare Island, a 2 in July (Morley). -
Coelinius gracilis Hal.—MaintanpD: 3 ¢ at Louisburgh and Carrowmore
Lough (Morley).
Chaeon anceps Curt.—Common: Clare Island in June, 1909 (Halbert), and
June, 1911 (Johnson); on mainland at Belclare (Halbert), and Louis-
burgh (Morley).
CHALCIDIDAE.
Isosoma petiolata Walk.—Clare Island, a g in July, 1910 (Morley).
Torymus erucarum Schr.—Clare Island ; and Carrowmore Lough on mainland
in July (Morley).
T. nigricornis Walk.—Clare Island, on the cliffs (Halbert). MarLanp:
Belclare and Castlebar in July (Halbert).
T. chloromerus Walk.—Clare Island, a 2? in June, 1909 (Halbert).
Lamprotatus spp.—Clare island, several in July (Morley); Westport, July
(Halbert).
Micromelus pyrogaster Walk—MAINLAND: a? in woods near Westport, July
(Halbert).
Pteromalus spp.—Clare Island, several species common (Morley); Westport
(Halbert).
Eulophus spp.—Clare Island, three specimens ; and a 2 at Louisburgh (Morley).
PROCTOTRYPIDAE.
Gonatopus distinctus Kief—Clare Island, one specimen in June, 1911
(Johnson).
Antaeon indivisus Chitty —MAaInLanpD: a g on Carrowmore Hill, 16th July
(Morley).
A. nigroclavatus Chitty—Marntanp: a g, Carrowmore Lough, 18th July
(Morley).
A. filicornis Chitty —Clare Island, two ¢ g¢ in July, 1910 (Morley).
Proctotrypes fuscipes Hal—Clare Island; and Carrowmore Hill on mainland
(Morley).
P. niger Panz.—Clare Island, ? ?in July (Morley). Marnuanp: Brackloon
Wood (Grimshaw).
R.1.A. PROG., VOL. XXXI. Cc 24
24 18 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
Proctotrypes pallidipes Jur.Clare Island, three ? ? in June, 1911 (Johnson).
Cinetus gracilipes Curt.—Clare Island, both sexes swept in July, 1910
(Morley).
C. politus Thoms.—Clare Island, one ¢ in July (Morley).
Trichosteresis nitida Thoms——MAINLAND: one specimen at Achill, June
(Halbert).
Pantoclis brevis Nees—MAINLAND: a@Qat Louisburgh, 17th July, 1910
(Morley).
Diapria spp.—Clare Island, ag and @ of different species in July (Morley).
eratropia (Diapria) sp —MAINLAND : a 2 of this sub-genus at Westport, 1911
(Halbert).
Teleas sp.—Clare Island, a single male of this difficult genus, July (Morley).
CYNIPIDAE.
Rhodites eglanteriae Hig —MatNLANnD: a?at Westport on 15th June, 1909
(Halbert).
Figites scutellaris Rossi—Clare Island, ? ? in July (Morley and Johnson).
Anarcharis tincta Walk.—Clare Island; and a couple at Louisburgh, July
(Morley).
Cothonaspis nigricornis Cam.—A ¢ on carrot flower, Carrowmore Lough, July
(Morley).
Allotria curvicornis Cam.—Clare Island, a single female on herbage (Morley).
Clare Island Survey.
25
DIPTERA.
By PERCY H. GRIMSHAW, F.R.S.E., F.ES.
Read NovemBer 11. Published DEcemBeEr 9, 1912.
INTRODUCTION.
TuE following list of the Diptera of Clare Island and the surrounding mainland
is the result of the examination and determination of over 4,000 specimens.
In addition to the material obtained by myself during a few days’ visit to the
island in July, 1910, and a sojourn of about a fortnight in the neighbourhood
of Westport exactly a year after this date, I have had the advantage of
working through collections made by other entomologists, notably Mr. J. N.
Halbert, Mr. Claude Morley, and the Rev. W. F. Johnson. In the list which
follows, the name of the collector is indicated in every case within paren-
theses, and to all those who have thus assisted me I hereby tender my hearty
thanks.
Of the 519 species here recorded no fewer than 160, or more than 30 per
cent., appear to be new to the Irish fauna. These additions are indicated by
an asterisk (*), while five species which are new to Britain have their names
preceded by a double asterisk (**). In this connexion I must here express
my great indebtedness to Professor G. H. Carpenter, who lent me one of
Verrall’s Lists of British Diptera, marked and most generously placed at his
disposal by Col. J. W. Yerbury, showing what species were already recorded
for Ireland. Without this help I should have found it a very troublesome
task to ascertain which of the following species were new to the country.
With regard to the summarizing of results I feel it to be somewhat
premature to pronounce any definite opinions on the question of distribu-
tion. Our knowledge of the Dipterous fauna of Iveland is very far behind,
and with prolonged periods of collecting any conclusions now formed might
be entirely upset. The following remarks are therefore only to be taken as
suggestive. In the first place, our knowledge of Irish Diptera is in the main
drawn from the records of A. H. Haliday, who appears to have collected
chiefly in the eastern counties. The only paper of any importance dealing
with the western counties is that by Colonel Yerbury on the Diptera of
R.I.A. PROC., VOL. XXXI. A 25
25 2 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy:
Cork and Kerry (“Irish Naturalist,” vol. xi, pp. 74-93), in which 312 species
are recorded. Up to the present, something like 1050 species have been
recorded for Ireland as a whole, which number the present list increases
to 1210. Of this total number, about 43 per cent. have been discovered in
the district covered by the present Survey, and about 13 per cent. have not
been recorded beyond it. This appears to me to show a somewhat large per-
centage of peculiarity ; but whether this is due to insufficiency of knowledge
or to an actual feature in distribution it is not yet possible to say.
My method of collecting has been to pin every specimen which fell to the
net, be the species common or otherwise. The detailed figures given for each
species and locality may therefore have a certain amount of value as indicating
roughly the abundance or scarcity of the species concerned. But against this -
must be set the fact that while several days were spent on Clare Island, other
localities show only the result of a single day’s, or perhaps half a day’s,
collecting. The area richest in Diptera seems to be the Demesne at Westport,
whence 148 species were obtained. This may be accounted for by its varied
character—woodland, marsh, sea-coast, and open ground of various kinds all
occurring within its limits. Belclare and Louisburgh come next, with 145
and 113 species respectively, while in a single forenoon at Mulranny 105
species were obtained.
Regarding the Dipterous fauna of Clare Island itself as compared with the
mainland, little is worthy of note. The following figures indicate the results
of the Survey, and are pretty much what one would expect :—
Total number of species in the whole area investigated . 519
Number of species foundon mainland . .. ‘ . 476
Species found on mainland only . : 6 . 9308
Species common to mainland and Clare ii emél : . 168
Number of species found on Clare Island F ; gall
Species found on Clare Island only . 0 . : . 43
Of the species new to the British fauna one belongs to the Tendipedidae
(Chironomidae), two are Empidae, and two are Anthomyidae. They are as
follows :—
Metriocnemus modestus Mg. (nec Verrall), Mydaea anceps Ztt.
Hilara lasiopyga Lundbeck, Limnophora nigriventris Ztt.
Tachydromia albocapillata Fn.
A word remains to be said as to the nomenclature used in this paper. In
the main I have followed the “Katalog der Paliarktischen Dipteren” of
1 Tn the case of many common species of general distribution in Britain I haye merely stated the
ocalities whence examples were obtained.
Clare Island Survey—Diptera. 25 3
Becker, &c., but have also adopted the names recently resuscitated by Hendel
and other authors from the long-lost paper of Meigen’s entitled “ Nouvelle
classification des mouches 4 deux ailes (Diptera L.).” This paper has given
rise to a good deal of discussion and controversy; but as the International
Commission on Zoological Nomenclature has decided (Opinion 28, October
1910) that the generic names there used must take precedence (when found
valid) over those used in Meigen’s later works, I have decided to use such
names without question, following Hendel’s opinion (Verhandl. der k. k.
zool.—bot. Gesellschaft in Wien, 1908, pp. 43-69) as regards validity or
otherwise. In pursuing such a course I fear many portions of the list possess
an unfamiliar appearance ; but to obviate difficulties I have inserted within
parentheses the names used in Verrall’s List in each case where there is an
alteration.
To save space the following contractions are used:—CI., Clare Island ;
M., Mainland; (H.), J. N. Halbert; (M.), Claude Morley; (J.), Rev. W. F.
Johnson ; and (G.), Perey H. Grimshaw.
LIST OF SPECIES.
ORTHORRAPHA NEMATOCERA.
Family Lycoriidae (Sciarzdac).
_ Lycoria (Sciara) flavipes My—M.: Louisburgh, one g¢ (H.); Brackloon
Wood, one g and one ? (G.).—A woodland species, distinguished by
its large size, slender build, and light colour.
L. thomae Z.—M.: Castlebar Lough, one @ (G.); Westport, one 2
riverside (G.).—A large and conspicuous species, easily recognized by its
smoky wings, and, in the ?, by the yellow stripe down each side of
the abdomen.
[Besides the above, over thirty specimens of this difficult genus were
taken, two on Clare Island and the rest on various parts of the adjacent
mainland. Several species are represented ; but I have not succeeded in
identifying any of them. |
Family Fungivoridae (Mycetophilidac).
*Mycomya (Sciophila) trilineata 7t.—M.: Achill, one ¢ of what I believe is
this species, taken by Mr. Halbert.
Boletina analis M/g—ClI.: one (G.). M.: Louisburgh, one (M.).
Leia (Glaphyroptera) fascipennis J/j7.—M.: Belclare, one ¢ (H.).
Fungivora (Mycetophila) signata My.—M.: Brackloon Wood, two (G.).
A 2
25 4 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
Family Bibionidae.
*Scatopse tristis 7/t.—Cl.: one (G.).
Anarete candidata Hal.—M.: Knappagh, one ¢ (G).
Bibio johannis 2.—M.: Louisburgh, one ¢.
*B. lacteipennis 7/¢.—M.: Belclare, one ¢ and three ° (H.).—This species
is closely allied to the preceding, but easily distinguished in the g sex
by its milky-white wings.
*Philia (Dilophus) femorata M/y7.—M.: Achill N.E., one 2 (HL).
Family Tendipedidae (Chironomidae).
Tendipes (Chironomus) annularis Dey.—M.: Achill N.E., two g and one 2
(H.).
*T. aprilinus MJg.—M.: Westport Demesne, two ¢ (G.); Lough neat
Westport, three g and one 2 (G.).
*T. brevitibialis 74M. : Glendarary, two °(G.); Westport, one 2 in garden
and two g¢ in Demesne (G.); near Westport, one ° (G.); Castlebar
Lough, two 2 (G.).—A small delicate species, of the same group as 7,
viridis Meq., and characterized by its extremely short front tibiae.
*T. dispar M/7—M.: Knappagh, two ¢ (G.); near Westport, one ¢ and
two 2 (G.).
*T. dorsalis My.—CI.: two g (H.). M.: Westport, one 2 in garden (G.),.—
A variable but common species. The longitudinal stripes on the
thorax vary from light chestnut brown to black. The transversely
banded abdomen serves to distinguish it from its allies. Size:
6-7-5 mm.
*T. ferrugineovittatus Z/t.—M.: a single 2 of what I take to be this species
was captured by me in the Westport Demesne on 28th July, 1911. It
is very similar to the common 7. plumosus L.; but the thoracic stripes
are reddish-brown, the metathorax is dark brown with a distinctly
yellow base, and the whole insect is smaller and more greenish in tinge.
*T. nigrimanus Stacy.—M.: Westport, one g in garden (G.).
*T. nubeculosus JMZy—M.: Westport, twenty-six g and five 2 in the
Demesne, two ¢ in garden, and one @ on riverside (G.).
T. pedellus Degy—M.: Westport and Louisburgh (H.); Belclare (H. and
G.); Castlebar Lough and Knappagh (G.).
*T. pictulus 1/y7.—M.: Belclare, two 2 (H.).
T. plumosus Z.—M.: Louisburgh, one ¢ (H.); Belclareand Westport, one ¢
in garden (G.).
Clare Island Survey—Diptera. 25 5
*T, prasinatus Staeg.—M.: Achill, two g (H.); Lough near Westport,
one @ (G.).
*T. psittacinus Mg.—M.: Glendarary, one g, and Achill N.E., two ¢ (H.)
Clogher, one ¢ and two @ (G.). This species has hitherto been regarded
as doubtfully British.
*T. pusillus Z.—M.: Knappagh, four ¢ (G.). The name of this tiny species
is given in italics in Verrall’s “ List” as being only “reputed” British.
I have specimens taken in Edinburgh. No doubt it is constantly over-
looked on account of its small size (2mm.). It is bright green, with
three shining black stripes on the thorax, the middle one of which is
distinctly double behind. The front tibia is shorter than both the
femur and the metatarsus.
T. riparius J/y.—M.: Glendarary, one ¢ (H.); Westport, one g and
four ? in the Demesne and one ¢ in garden (G.).
*T. rufipes Z.—M.: Glendarary, one 3 and one @ (H).
T. tentans /ab.—ClI.: two ¢ and two ? (H.). M.: Lough near Westport,
one $ and four ? (G.).
T. viridis Mcg.—M.: Clogher, two ¢ (G.). A species belonging to the
group characterized by having a green thorax, with reddish-yellow
longitudinal stripes. It is distinguished from many of its allies by
having the front femora and tibiae of approximately equal length.
*Cricotopus bicinctus My.—M.: Westport, one ¢ in garden and one ¢ in
Demesne (G.); Lough near Westport, one @ (G.).
C. motitator Z.—M.: Louisburgh, one ¢ (H.).
C. silvestris Fub.—M.: Westport, four ¢ and one ? in Demesne (G.)
Lough near Westport, one 2 (G.); Belclare, one ¢ (G.). This species has
the femora, with the exception of the tip, whitish, the thorax yellow,
with three shining black longitudinal stripes, and the abdomen velvety
black, with whitish edges to the segments, and usually broad, yellowish
transverse bands on the first, fourth, and fifth segments,
*C. tibialis Mg.—Cl1.: two d (H.); one 3 (G.). M. : Lough near Westport, two d
and two ¢;Clogher, two g¢ and one ¢; Knappagh, one ? (G.). One
of the plainest-looking species of this interesting genus. Distinguished by
its wholly dark tarsi and broad, obscurely whitish band on the tibiae.
The female is similar to the male; but the shining black on the dorsum
of the thorax is broken up by the yellow ground-colour into three more
or less distinct longitudinal stripes.
*C. trifasciatus Panz.—M.: Mulranny, one ? (G.). Var. tricinctus Mg.—M.:
Clogher, five ¢ and one ? (G.); Lough near Westport, one 9? (G.),
A well-marked species, with the first, fourth, and seventh segments
25 6 Proceedings of the Royal Trish Academy.
of the abdomen yellow. In the var. ¢ricinctus the femora are less
extensively yellow, and the longitudinal black stripes on the thorax
broader.
Cricotopus sp—M.:a single @ taken on the shores of a lough near
Westport (G.) represents a tiny species only 1 mm. in length, which
I am not able to identify.
*Orthocladius sordidellus Z#.—CI. (G.). M.: Achill and Belclare (H.) ;
Mulranny, Westport, Lough near Westport, and Castlebar Lough (G.).
An abundant and very variable species.
*Tanytarsus flavipes I/y—M.: Westport, one g in garden (G.). A very
distinet species of this hairy-winged genus. Thorax and abdomen black,
the latter with long, pale yellow hairs; legs pale yellow, and hairy.
T. punctipes Wied.—M.: Lough near Westport, one (G.). Distinguished by
its uniformly black thorax, scutellum, and metathorax, light green
abdomen, whitish wings, and pale legs, with a small black dot on the
extreme tip of the middle and hind tibiae.
*T. pusio My.—M.: Achill, one g¢ (H.); Lough near Westport, one 3 (G.).
A light green, neat little species (25-3 mm.), with three shining black
longitudinal stripes on the thorax, the middle one of which is divided by
an extremely fine line of ground-colour, The genitalia are pale yellowish
and conspicuous.
T. sp.—CI.: one g and one ? (G.). A species with entirely black thorax,
and the front metatarsus half as long again as the tibia. This may
be gmundensis, Egger, but the condition of the specimens renders this
identification doubtful.
*Metriocnemus fuscipes I/y.—M.: Knappagh, three ¢ and one ?; Belclare,
one g and one ¢; Clogher, one g; Lough near Westport, three # (G.).
An easily recognized little species, black throughout, with hairy wings,
strongly hairy abdomen, and hairy legs. Size: 5-4mm. The colour of
the halteres, as a rule, is black in the g and dirty white in the °.
Three of the ¢ recorded above, however, have the halteres the same
colour as those of the ¢. I am convinced that they are all of one
species; and hence must regard the colour of the organs in question
as variable.
**M. modestus I/y.—M. : Lough near Westport, one gf , and Belclare, one 3 (G.).
This is a species new to the British list, and is not the IZ modestus of
Walker's “ Insecta Britannica ” (vol. ii, p. 190), nor of Verrall’s “ List,”
since Walker placed his species in the group characterized by having the
“fore tibia longer than the fore metatarsus by two-thirds.” Walker’s
description (as is so often the case) is useless; and in the determination
Clare Island Survey—Diptera. 25 7
of the specimens before me I have been guided mainly by Strobl (Mitth.
Ver. Steiermark, 1894, pp.189-190) and Van der Wulp (Dipt. Neerlandica,
p- 291). Strobl considers that incomptus, V.d. Wlp. and seitenstettensis,
Strobl, are synonyms of modestus, Mg., while incomptus, Ztt., is a variety
of the same species.
In view of the difficulties connected with the proper determination
of this species I have thought it advisable to prepare, from the speci-
mens before me, the following short description, as an aid to future
workers :—
$. Antennae dark brown, fully as long as head and thorax together.
Dorsum of thorax distinctly shining, of a dirty yellow colour, with three
broad black longitudinal stripes, the yellow ground-colour with distinct
light grey sheen, especially when seen from the front; scutellum dirty
yellow ; metathorax black, slightly shining. Abdomen shining black,
with narrow transverse yellowish bands at the apical margin of each
Fic. 1.—Male genitalia of Metriocnemus modestus Mg.
segment; the whole abdomen covered with yellowish hairs which are
about as long as the abdomen is broad; halteres light yellowish,
with dark knob. Legs yellowish-brown, femora darker, tibiae and
tarsi lighter, tibiae, especially of the middle and hind legs, with a
black dot at the tip ; front tibiae and metatarsi of approximately equal
length.
Genitalia (see figure) conspicuous and hairy, consisting of a pair
of distinctly two-jointed claspers, with three short, slender processes
between them.
Length: 4 mm,
25 8 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
Diamesa ammon. Hal. — CI.: one ¢ (H.). This is an interesting
find. ‘The species was originally described from Ireland (Down, Cork,
and Kerry) in 1856, but I am not aware of any subsequent record, either
in Britain or on the Continent. The genus Diamesa (as now restricted)
is characterized by having the fourth joint of the tarsus heart-shaped and
shorter than the fifth. In D. ammon the antennae of the ¢ have eight
joints, the wings are milky-white (notwithstanding the fact that Haliday
described them as hyaline in this sex), and the thorax obscurely yellowish-
brown, with three longitudinal darker brown stripes, the middle one
of which is double, while the whole thorax is covered with a distinct
whitish tomentum.
Prodiamesa obscurimana J/g.—CI.: two ¢ (H.) and one ¢ (G.). M::
Louisburgh, two ? (M.). This genus differs from Diamesa (sens. str.) in
having the fourth tarsal joint longer than the fifth. P. obsewrimana is
not an uncommon species.
*Procladius nervosus Mg.—M.: Belclare, two ? (H.). A large, shining black
species, with pitchy legs. It is the only British representative of the
genus, which differs from Pelopia (Tanypus, sens str.) in having bare
wings.
*Pelopia (Tanypus) culiciformis Z.—M.: Westport, one ¢ in Demesne>
Lough near Westport, four ? ; Clogher, six ¢ and two ? ; Knappagh,
one g,and Belclare, one 9. This is a true Pelopia (Tanypus) in the
restricted sense, having hairy wings, the fork of the fifth longitudinal
vein petiolated, and the subcostal vein bifurcated at its extremity.
P. sp.—M.: asingle ? of a pretty little species, which I cannot refer to any
described form, was taken by me at Castlebar Lough on the last day of
July,1911. It measures only 2 mm. in length, has an almost white
thorax with very distinct black longitudinal bands, the abdomen black
with whitish incisures, legs pale, with the tips of the tibiae, the tip of
the first tarsal joint, and the rest of the tarsus blackish.
Ablabesmyia nebulosa Mg.—ClI.: one ? (H.); two ¢ (G.). M.: Glendarary,
one ¢ and one 9, and Achill N.E., one @ (H.); Mulranny, one ¢? (G.).
A well-marked species, belonging to a genus characterized by having
hairy wings, with sessile fork of the fifth longitudinal vein, and the
supcostal vein with bifurcated tip.
*A. phatta Hgger.—M.: Knappagh, one ¢, and Belclare, one? (G.). A
pretty species, with mottled wings and annulated legs as in A. monilis L.,
but differing from that species in having the front tarsus in the male
bearded,
Clare Island Survey—Diptera. 25 9
*A, pygmaea V. d. Wip.—M.: Knappagh, one 3 (G.). A tiny species (only
2mm.), easily recognized by its hight grey thorax with three conspicuous
black longitudinal bands and banded abdomen.
*Helea (Ceratopogon) rostrata Winn.—Cl.: Twodand one ?.M.: Castlebar
Lough, one ?; Belclare, a pair ( g and @ ) in cop. and one 2; Lough near
Westport, one ?; and Knappagh, one ¢ and two? (G.). This species
is not uncommon, and is easily recognized by the unusual length of
the proboscis, which is fully as long as the depth of the head. The wings
are practically bare in the g, but distinctly (though only partially)
hairy in the ?.
Culicoides pulicaris Z.—CI.: one ¢(G.). M.: Castlebar Lough, one ¢; and
Lough near Westport, one g (G.). A common species. The genus
Culicoides differs from Helea in the absence of a distinct empodium, this
structure never attaining half the length of the claws. C. pulicaris has
elegantly spotted wings, and is easily recognized.
Palpomyia flavipes M@g.—CI.: one ?(H.); one 9 (G.). M.: Belclare, ones
and one @(H.); Louisburgh, three ?(M.); Westport and Lough near
Westport, one ? at each (G.). This species is distinguished by the following
characters: Thorax shining black, front femora alone armed with spines
up to about eight in number, hind femora yellowish with the apical third
blackish. The genus Palpomyia, containing about half a dozen British
species, has been recently separated by Kieffer, the following being some
of the characters: some or all of the femora spined beneath, none of
them thickened, empodia absent.
Serromyia femorata Hab.—ClI.: one 9 (H.). M.: Glendarary, one ¢ (H.).
The only British species of the genus, which is characterized by the
strongly thickened and spined hind femora.
Family Culicidae.
Anopheles bifurcatus Z.—M.: Westport, one ? at riverside (G.).
Culex pipiens Z.—CI.: one 9? (H.). M.: Westport, one ¢? at riverside
(G.). The “Common Gnat,” of universal distribution in Britain.
Sayomyia (Corethra) plumicornis /ab.—ClI.: three ¢ and one ? (G.). M.:
Glendarary, one ¢ and two 9,and Belclare, one 9 (H.); Clogher, two ¢
and one ? (G.). Thecharacter given by Theobald (Mon. Culicidae, vol. ii,
p. 300) for distinguishing this species from culiciformis, Deg., viz. the
position of the posterior cross-vein, is variable, and hence of no value for
this purpose. Moreover, K. Griinberg, in “Die Siiswasserfauna
Deutschlands—Diptera, p. 94 (1910), places culiciformis, Deg. along with
velutina, Ruthé in the genus Corethra, Mg. (sens. str.), which is
R.A. PROO., VOL. XXXI, B 25
25-10 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
characterized by having the basal joint of the tarsus only about one-fifth
the length of the second.
Family Liriopidae (Piychopteridae).
Liriope (Ptychoptera) albimana Fab.—ClI.: one 2 (J.); one g (G).
L. lacustris 1/g.—M.: Belclare one ¢ (HL).
L. paludosa Mg.—M.: Westport, one ¢ in demesne; Louisburgh, one
(? sex) (M.).
L. scutellaris M/g.—CI.: one ¢ ; M.: Lough near Westport, one ¢ (G.).
Family Dixidae.
Dixa aestivalis Mg.—ClI.: one ¢ and one ?, Creggan (H.). This species is
distinguished from its allies by its entirely clear (unspotted) wings and
its bright yellow thorax, which is adorned with three conspicuous dark
brown longitudinal stripes.
Family Melusinidae (Simuliidae).
*Melusina (Simulium) argyreatum J/g7—M.: Louisburgh, one ¢ (M.).
*M. latipes JM/g.—M.: Glendarary, one ? of what I believe to be this
species (H.).
M. reptans Z.—CI.: one ¢ and one ? (G.). M.: Mulranny, one ? (H.);
Belclare, one 2 (H.).
Family Psychodidae.
Ulomyia fuliginosa Mg.—M.: Belclare, one ¢ (G.).
*Pericoma cognata Haton.—M.: Westport, three 3 in garden (G.).
*P. notabilis Yaton.—M.: Westport, one (? sex).
Family Phrynidae (Lhyphidae).
Phryne (Rhyphus) fenestralis Scop.M.: Westport, two 2 in garden (G.).
A common fly, often found on windows (hence its specific name).
P. punctata /uab.—ClI.: (G.). M.: Westport (H. & G.); Lough near
Westport (G.); Belclare, and Louisburgh (M.).
Family Itonididae (Cecidomyidac).
Hormomyia sp.—M.: Louisburgh, one (M.).
[Two other species of this family are in the collection, but I am
unable to determine them. ]
Olare Island Survey—Diptera. 25 11
Family Limoniidae (Zimnobiidac).
Dicranomyia autumnalis Stacg.—M.: Belclare, one ? (H.). This, is, I believe,
the species given in Verrall’s list as stagmatica, Mg. In the determination
of the name I have followed Osten-Sacken (Berl. Ent. Zeitschr., xxxix,
1894, pp. 251-253). I have not seen a ¢, but the species is already
recorded from Ireland, so that I have little hesitation in applying the
name to the present specimen.
*D. goritiensis Mik.—Cl., one ¢ (? H.), and one ¢ (G.). Of this species I
know no definite British records, although it has a place in Verrall’s
List.
D. lutea My.—M.: Westport, one @ in garden (G.).
*P. mitis M/g.—ClI.: one ¢ near lighthouse (? H.), and one ¢ (G.). M.:
Belclare, one 3: (G.)
D. morio Hab.—ClI.: one ¢ (G.).
Limonia (Limnobia) bifasciata Schrk.—M.: Glendarary, one ? (? H.).
L, quadrinotata Mg.—M.: Brackloon Wood, one ¢; and Belclare, one ¢ (G.).
A handsome species. The thorax is shining ochreous, with four dark
longitudinal stripes; the wings are elegantly spotted in the costal half
only.
L. tripunctata /ab.—M.: Westport, one 2 in Demesne (? H.).
*Rhypholophus nodulosus I/cg.—ClI.: one ¢ (G.). M.: Brackloon Wood,
one @ (G.).
Molophilus ater M/g.—M.: Louisburgh, one ¢ (H.).
*M. bifilatus Verr.—CI.: one g (? H.). M.: Glendarary, one ¢ (? H.).
*M. obscurus My.—CI.: two ¢ (G.). M.: Louisburgh, one ? (H.); Lough
near Westport, one ¢ (G.).
*M. ochraceus Mg.—Cl.: (G.). M.: Castlebar Lough, Knappagh, Brackloon
Wood, Lough near Westport, and Belclare (G.).
*M. propinquus Hgg.—M.: Lough near Westport, one ¢ (G.).
*Erioptera flavescens Z.—M.: Belclare, two ¢(H.); Knappagh, two ¢(G.).
*E. fuscipennis M/g.—CI.: two ? (H.); five ¢ and two 9° (G.). M.: Lough
near Westport, two gand one (? sex); Belclare, one ¢ and one ?; and
Clogher, one ¢ and two @ (G.). :
E. trivialis /g.—CI.: one g (H.) and one # (G),
Symplecta stictica M/y.—M.: Westport, four g¢ and one ? in Demesne (G.),
Gonomyia tenella M/y.—CI.: two d andtwo ? (G.). M.: Castlebar Lough,
one g ; Clogher, one g; and Belclare, one ? (G.).
*Empeda nubila Schwim.—M.: Westport, three g and two @ in garden (G.),
Ephelia marmorata Mg.—CI.: one ?.
B2
25 12 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
*Limnophila discicollis M/g—CI.: one ¢ (G.). M.: Castlebar, one ¢
(? collector),
L. ferruginea My.—CI.: one g, N. side (H.). M.: Louisburgh, one ¢ (H.);
Lough near Westport, one g, and Knappagh, two ¢ (G.).
*L. lineolella Verr.—M.: Brackloon Wood, one ? (G.).
*L. meigenii Verv.—ClI.: one ¢ (G.).
L. nemoralis 1y.—M.; Lough near Westport, one ¢,and Brackloon Wood,
one ? (G.).
L. ochracea My.—-CI.: one ¢ (G.). M.: Westport, one ¢ at riverside, and
Brackloon Wood, one ¢ and four ¢ (G.).
Amalopis littoralis My.—CI.: two ¢ of this fine species were found resting
under the arch of a small bridge over a stream on the south side (G.).
Family Tipulidae.
*Prionocera turcica Fub.—M.; Belclare, five ¢ (G.). This is the Zipula
diana of Verrall’s List. The genus Prionocera is separated from Tipula
on account of the thick, serrated antennae. The species was confirmed
as British in 1892, and since then has been taken in a few widely
separated localities.
Tipula fulvipennis Dey. (/utescens Fab.)\—M.: Mulranny, one ¢ and one ?
(G.); Brackloon Wood, two ¢ and one 9(G.).
T. lateralis Ig—CI.: one ¢ andone 9? (G.). M.: Castlebar Lough, six ¢
and one @ ; near Westport, one ¢; Belclare, one ¢; and Knappagh,
three. ¢ (G.).
T. longicornis Schwm.—M.: Westport, one ¢ (? collector).
T. maxima Poda (gigantea Schrk.).—M.: Belclare, one ? (H.), and one 9
(G.); near Westport, one 9; and Mulranny, one ¢ (G.).
. ochracea My.—M.: Mulranny, one 9 (G.); Belclare, one ¢ (H.).
T. oleracea Z.—CI.: (Milne and G.). M.: Louisburgh (H.); Westport,
Clogher, Knappagh, and Mulranny (G.).
*T. rufina My.—CI.: one ¢ (? collector); three ¢ (G.). M.: Achill, one
$(J.); Glendarary, one ¢(? H.).
*T. scripta My.—CI.: one ¢ (G.). M: Belclare, one ¢, Knappagh, one ¢,
and Brackloon Wood, one ¢ (G.).
T. variicornis Schuwm.—M.: Glendarary, one ¢ (? collector). This is the
Pachyrrhina annulicornis of Verrall’s List.
T. variipennis 1/y.—M.: Curraun District, one ¢ (Scharff) ; Belclare, one
(H.).
Lae
Clare Island Survey— Diptera. 25 13
Pachyrrhina lineata Scop. (histrio Fab.) —CI.: one ¢ and two ° (G.). M.:
Curraun District, one ¢ (S.); Westport, one @ in Demesne (? H.);
Mulranny, one ¢ (G.).
*P. quadrifaria 1/y.—M.: Westport, one 2 in Demesne (H.).
P scalaris Mg. (imperialis Mg.)—M.: Mulranny, one ¢ and one 9 (G.);
Westport, one ? in garden (G.).
ORTHORRAPHA BRACHYCERA.
Family Stratiomyidae.
Nemotelus nigrinus H.—M.: Louisburgh, one ¢ (H.).
*N. notatus Zit—M.: Mulranny, one ¢ and four ? (G.).
N. uliginosus L.—M.: Westport, in Demesne, one ¢ (G.), and two 2 (H.)
Hermione (Oxycera) pygmaea F/n.—ClI.: one ¢(G.); five gand two 9 (M.).
H. trilineata /ab.—M.: Westport, one ? in Demesne (H.).
Hoplodonta (Odontomyia) viridula /ab.—CI.: one 2 (G.). M.: Louisburgh,
one ¢ (M.) and one ? (H.).; Mulranny, two ¢ and one 2? (G.);
Westport, one 2 in Demesne (H.).
Sargus flavipes Wy.—M.: Belclare, one 2 (H.).
8. iridatus Scop.—M.: Belclare, one 9 (H.).
*S. minimus 7//.—M. : Belclare (H.). This represents what I take to be Verrall’s
species under this name.
Chloromyia formosa Scop—M.: Westport, one g and one ¢@ (?H.);
Louisburgh, one ¢ and one ? (H.).
Microchrysa cyaneiventris 7/7—M.: Belclare, one g (H.).
M. polita Z.—CI: one g¢ (M.). M.: Belclare, one 9 (H.).
Beris chalybeata Forst.—M.: Westport, one ¢.
*B. fuscipes 1/g.—_M.: Westport, one ¢ and one ¢ in Demesne.
B. vallata Forst.—CI.: two ¢ (G.). M.: Westport, one g¢ in Demesne
(2 collector); Louisburgh, one ¢ (M.); Belclare, one @ (H.); Darby’s
Point, Achill Island, one ¢ and two @ (J.): Glendarary, one ?, Mul-
ranny, one g and three ¢, and Polranny, one ? (J.).
Family Tabanidae.
Chrysops relictus J/y.—M.: Belclare, one ¢ (H.); Louisburgh, one ¢ and
nine 2? (M.) ; Laghta, Louisburgh, one ¢ (? collector).
Chrysozona (Haematopota) crassicornis Vah/bg.—Cl.: two ¢ and one? (G.).
M.: Laghta, Louisburgh, one ¢ and one ¢ (? collector).
C. pluvialis Z.—CI.: (G.). M.: Belelare (H.); Louisburgh (M.); Croagh-
patrick (H. and M.); Mulranny, Westport, and Lough near Westport (G.).
25 14 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
Tabanus (Therioplectes) solstitialis My—CI.: one? (M.). M.: Louisbureh,
five 2 (M.); Croaghpatrick, one ¢ (M.); Laghta, Louisburgh, two ?.
Family Leptididae.
Leptis lineola 2a).—M.: Belclare, two g (H.); Louisburgh, one s (M.);
Old Head, Louisburgh, one ¢ (H.).
L. scolopacea 2.—CI.: one g andone ¢. M.: Achill, one 9° (J.)andone $
(? collector); Curraun District, one 3 (? collector) ; Croaghpatrick, one g
(H.), one ¢ and one ¢ (M.); Louisburgh, one # and one ¢ (M.).
Chrysopilus cristatus /ub.—Cl.: one ¢ (? collector); four ¢ and two ? (G.).
M.: Louisburgh, one g and two ¢ (M.); Brackloon Wood, one ¢
and one ? (G.).
Family Empidae.
Noeza (Hybos) culiciformis Fal.—M.: Belclare, one ¢ (H.); Westport, twos
in Demesne, and Brackloon Wood, one # and six @ (G.). This is the
species standing in British Lists as grossipes L., but is distinguished from
that species by the yellow colour of the notopleural and postalar bristles,
likewise the yellow colour of the bristles on the margin of the scutellum,
the very large genitalia, and the absence of long hairs on the front tibiae
and tarsi of the ¢. (See Lundbeck, “ Diptera Danica,” Part iu, p. 15,
and Carter, Ent. Mo. Mag., 1912, pp. 59-60).
N. femoratus Ifii//.—CI.: six g and three 9 (G.). M.: Louisburgh, one 3
(H.), one g and four @ (M.); Croaghpatrick, one ¢ (M.); Belclare, one
g$ (H.); Clogher, one 2, Knappagh, one ?, and Brackloon Wood, one
go (G.).
Bicellaria (Cyrtoma) nigra M/g.—M.: Glendarary, two ¢ (H.). -
B. spuria //n.—M.: Westport, one g and one 9 in Demesne (G.).
Rhamphomyia flava #/n.—M.: Castlebar Lough, one 9 (G.).
R. variabilis //n.—CI.: one ¢ (G.). (It should be noted that R. tenuirostris,
Fin. is regarded by Lundbeck as identical with this species.)
*Empis aestiva /w.—M.: Westport, one 2 in Demesne (G.).
E. borealis 1.—M.: Croaghpatrick, one ? (H.).
*E. grisea 7'/n.—M.: Belclare, one ? (H.).
E. livida Z.—CI.: three ¢ and one ? (G.). M.: Westport, one ¢ in
Demesne (? H.); Louisburgh, one ¢ and ? (M.); Belclare, one ? (H.);
Clogher, one ? (G.).
E. stercorea 1.—CI.: one ¢ (G.). M.: Westport, one ? in Demesne (? H.);
Belclare, one ? (H.).
E. tessellata Fub.—ClI.: two g and two ? (G.). M.: Mulranny, one ¢ and
one g (G.); Louisburgh, one ? (M.).
Clare Island Survey—Diptera. 25 15
Hilara chorica Fin.—CI.: seven gf and eighteen ? (G.). M.: Mulranny,
Westport, Lough near Westport, Clogher, Belclare, Knappagh, and
Castlebar Lough (G.).
*H. cinereomicans Strob/.—M.: Westport, one ¢ (G.). The specimen here
recorded agrees in nearly every respect with Strobl’s description, and I
am tolerably certain of the identification. The fork of the cubical vein,
however, appears to be somewhat wider than his description indicates.
On the other hand, the arrangement of the hairs and bristles on the
legs, especially those of the front tibize and tarsi, is very characteristic,
and agrees exactly.
H. flavipes I/g.—M.: Louisburgh (M.); Belclare (H.) ; Iough near West-
port, Knappagh, and Castlebar Lough (G.). Verrall, in his List, followed
Schiner in relegating this species to a distinct genus (Oreogeton), but it
is now generally considered to be a true Hilara.
**H. lasiopyga Lundbeck.—M.: Westport, nineteen ¢ and one ? in Demesne,
July, 1911 (G.). This interesting species, hitherto unrecorded from the
British Isles, was described as new by Lundbeck, in his “ Diptera
Danica” (Part iii, pp. 178-180) in 1910. It is easily distinguished, as
Lundbeck states, “by the erect hairs at the end of the abdomen, and by
the, to be sure small, but, however, very characteristic dilatation at the
base of the middle metatarsi.”” Our Irish specimens agree with the
original description in every respect, save that the front metatarsus
appears to me to be broader than shown in Lundbeck’s figure, while I
can only see one bristle—not a pair—at the apex of the same joint.
H. litorea #/n.—M.: Belclare, one ¢ and three @ (H.); Brackloon Wood,
one g and ? (G).
*H. quadrivittata My.—M.: Belclare, one ¢ (H.).
H. sp.—Two ¢ and four 9? of a species which I cannot determine were
taken by me in the Demesne at Westport, July, 1911.
Trichina clavipes Mg.—CI.: two ¢ and two ¢? (G.). M.: Glendarary,
one g (H.); Louisburgh, one 3 (M.).
Ocydromia glabricula 7/m—M.: Glendarary, one ¢ (H.); Westport, one
3 (?collector); Brackloon Wood, one ? (G.).
Kowarzia (Clinocera) bipunctata Hal.—M.: Belclare, one ? (G.).
Heleodromia fontinalis Hal.—M.: Croaghpatrick, one ¢ (M.); Belclare
three g (G).
Hemerodromia oratoria //n.—M.: Glendarary, one ? (H.); Achill, one 9°.
H. precatoria F/n.—ClI.: one ¢ (H.). M.: Westport, one ? in Demesne (H.).
Chelipoda (Lepidomyia) melanocephala Fab.—CI.: two ¢ and ? (G.). M.;
Glendarary, one ?, and Belclare, one ¢ and one ? (H.).
25 16 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
Drapetis aterrima Curt.—M.: Westport, twelve specimens in Demesne and
one in garden; Lough near Westport, one specimen (G.). According to
Lundbeck (‘ Diptera Danica,” Part i, p. 255) this is the same as nervosa
Lw. and nigritella Ztt.
Tachista arrogans l.—M.: Westport, one 2 in Demesne (H.).
*“Tachydromia albocapillata F/n.—M.: Westport, four ¢ and eight ? in
Demesne, and Knappagh, one ¢ (G.). This species is new to the British
fauna. It is closely allied to 7. albiseta Pz., but distinguished therefrom
by several important characters. The third joint of the antenna is longer,
the whole antenna (without the arista) being about as long as the head,
while the arista is only about as long as the third joint. The legs are
entirely black, except for some obscure brownish about the knees,
while the wings have the cubital vein more curved.
*T. calceata Mg.—M.: Belclare, one ¢ (H.); Knappagh, one 9 (G.).
*T. cothurnata Mcy—M.: Westport, one ¢ and two 2 in garden (G.).
T. flavipes Fab.—M.: Belclare, one ¢ (H.); Westport, one 9? in Demesne
(G.).
*T. fulvipes My.—CI.: one 9 (G.). M.: Roonah, one ? (? collector) ; Mulranny,
two g and eight ? (G.); Westport, one 2 in Demesne (G.). This
species varies much in the colour of the legs. Most of the specimens
from Mulranny have the legs entirely yellow, while the Westport example
shows the other extreme. But I have little doubt of their representing
the same species.
T. longicornis 1/y.—M.: Westport, one pale (immature) 2 in Demesne (G.).
T.minuta M/g.—CI.: one 9 (G.).
*T. pallidiventris M/y.—CI.: one g and two ? (G.). M.: Mulranny one ¢ ;
Westport, two ¢ in Demesne; Castlebar Lough, one g and ? ; and
Knappagh, one ¢ (G.).
Family Dolichopodidae.
Sciapus (Psilopus) platypterus #ab.—ClI.: one 2? (G.). M.: Westport, one
¢ in Demense (? collector); Belclare, one ¢ (H.) and one ? (G.);
Brackloon Wood, one ? (G.).
Eutarsus aulicus I/y7.—M.: Westport, one ? on riverside (G.).
*Dolichopus arbustorum Sfann.—M.: Belclare, one ? (H.).
D. atratus My.—ClI.: two ¢ (H.); two ¢ (no data); four g¢ and four ?
(G.). M.: Achill, one -¢ (no data); Louisburgh, six ¢ and two 9
(M.); one @ (H.).
D. atripes My.—CI.: (G.). M.: Louisburgh (M. and H.); Mulranny,
Belclare, Knappagh, and Lough near Westport (G.).
Clare Island Survey— Diptera. 25 17
Dolichopus brevipennis Mg.—M.: Curraun District, two ¢ (Scharff),
*D. claviger Stann.—M.: Westport, one 9 in Demesne (G.).
D. discifer Stann.—M.: Brackloon Wood, two ¢, and Clogher, one ? (G.).
*D. longitarsis Stann.—ClI.: one ? (G.). M.: Lough near Westport, one
9 (G).
D. nitidus #/2—M.: Westport, Castlebar Lough, Belclare, and Clogher (G.).
D. nubilus J/y.—M.: Mulranny (G.); Westport in Demesne (G.).
D. plumipes Scop.—Cl.: (G.). M.; Westport, in Demesne (H. and G.) and
on riverside (G.); Lough near Westport, and Clogher (G.) ; Louisburgh
(H. and M.); Mulranny (G.).
D. popularis Wied.—M.: Westport, one ¢ (? collector) and one ¢ in
Demesne (? collector) ; Belclare, two 3g and one ? (H.); Louisburgh,
four @ (M.).
D. simplex Mg.—Cl.: (G.). M.: Westport (? collector), five ¢ and five
in Demesne (G.) : Curraun District (Scharff); Mulranny (G.); Louisburgh
(M. and H.); Belclare (H.); Castlebar Lough, Clogher, and Lough near
Westport (G.).
D. trivialis Ha/l.—ClI.: one ¢ (G.). M.: Louisburgh (M.); Mulranny (G.) ;
Belelare (H.); Westport, in Demesne (H. and G.); Lough near West-
port (G.).
D. ungulatus Z.—CI.: (G. and M.). M.: Castlebar (? collector); Mulranny
(G.); Westport, in Demense (G.).
D. vitripennis 1y—ClI.: (G.). M.: Louisburgh (M. and H.): Lough near
Westport, and Knappagh (G.).
*D. wahlbergi 7¢.—M.: Brackloon Wood, one ¢ and one ? (G.).
Tachytrechus notatus Stann.—M.: Knappagh, one 2 (G.).
Hercostomus nigripennis //n.—ClI.: one ¢ (? collector); seven g and five
? (G.). M.: Louisburgh, two ¢ and one ? (M.).
*Hypophyllus discipes Ahr.—M.: Westport, one ¢ caughi in garden (G.).
This species is not only new to Ireland, but is evidently rare in the
British Isles generally. I know of only three previous records, viz.,
two in England and one in Scotland.
H. obscurellus //n.—M.: Westport, one ¢ and four ? in garden, and two
? in Demesne (G.); Brackloon Wood, one ? (G.).
Gymnopternus aerosus /7n—ClI.: (G.). M.: Mulranny (G.); Belclare (H.
and G.); Westport, Clogher, Castlebar Lough, Knappagh, Lough near
Westport, and Brackloon Wood (G.).
Chrysotus cilipes My.—ClI.: (G.). M.: Mulranny, Westport, Castlebar
Lough, Belclare, Knappagh, and Clogher (G.).
C. gramineus #/n.—ClI.: (G.). M.: Louisburgh (M. and H.); Belclare (H.);
R.I.A. PROC., VOL. XXXI, C 25
25 18 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
Castlebar Lough, Westport in Demesne and on riverside, Knappagh,
Clogher, Lough near Westport (G.).
Chrysotus/neglectus Wied.—ClI.: one ? (H.); eight? (G.).
*C. pulchellus Kow.—Cl.: five @ (G).
Argyra argentina Mg.—CI.: one g (M.); and one g (G.), M.: Louisburgh,
one ¢ (M.).
A. diaphana Fab.—M.: Achill, one ¢ (? collector).
A. leucocephala Mg.—M.: Louisburgh, two ¢ (M.); Croaghpatrick, one ¢
(H.); Westport, one ¢ on riverside; Clogher, one g and two ?,and
Brackloon Wood, three ¢ (G.).
Leucostola vestita Wied.—M.: Westport, three ¢ (G.)}.
Rhaphium longicorne //n.—CI.: one? (G.). M.: Glendarary, one ¢(H.);
Louisburgh, one ? (M.).
Porphyrops consobrina Zt.—M.: Westport, two ? in Demesne (G.).
Syntormon monilis JV//k.—CI.: three $ (G.).
S. pallipes #ub.—M.: Westport, three ¢ and six ? in Demesne, and one 9?
on riverside (G.) ; Castlebar Lough, one ? (G.).
S. pumilus M/y.—CI.: one g and one 9 (G.).
S. tarsatus F7n.—M.: Belclare, one ? (G.).
Xiphandrium brevicorne Cu7t.—M.: Clogher, one ¢ (G.).
X. caliginosum M/gy.—M.: Clogher, one ¢ (G.).
X. monotrichum /iv.—ClI.: one ¢ (H.).
*Medeterus dendrobaenus Kow.—ClI.: one ¢ and one ? (G.). M.: Westport,
one ? (G.).
Liancalus virens Scop.—CI.: one 9 (M.); and one ? (G.).
Campsicnemus curvipes //n.—M.: Westport, one ¢ and one ? in garden;
Brackloon Wood, one ¢ and four 9 ,and Belclare, one 92 (G.).
C. loripes Hu/.—ClI.: three ¢ and three ? (G.). M.: Westport, two ? in
Demesne, Lough near Westport, one ¢, Knappagh, one ¢, Brackloon
Wood, six ¢ and three ?,Clogher, one ?,and Belclare, one ? (G.),
Ectomus alpinus Hu/.—ClI.: one 2 (G.).
Teuchophorus spinigerellus Zt.—M.: Westport, one ¢ and one 9? in
Demesne (G.).
Sympycnus annulipes My.—Cl.: (H. andG.). M.: Achill (H.); Mulranny
(G.); Louisburgh (H. and M.); Castlebar Lough, Westport, Clogher,
Knappagh, Belclare, and Lough near Westport (G.).
S. cirrhipes W/k.— CI.: three ¢ (G.).
Anepsiomyia flaviventris W/y.—ClI.: one ¢ (G.).
Schoenophilus versutus W/k.—M.: Knappagh, one ? (G.).
Aphrosylus celtiber MHal—M.: Roonah, Louisburgh, one ? (M.). A
Clare Island Survey — Diptera. 25 19
maritime species, previously recorded from Cornwall, Devonshire, and
Co. Kerry.
Family Musidoridae (Lonchopteridae).
Musidora (Lonchoptera) flavicauda My.—CI.: one ¢ and ? (G). M.:
Louisburgh, one ? (M.).
M. lutea Panz.—M.: Westport, one ¢ and one ? in garden, five ? in
Demesne (G.); Castlebar Lough, two ?,Clogher, one ? , Knappagh, one
?, and Lough near Westport, three ? (G.).
M. trilineata Zt.—CI : one ¢ (G.). M.: Belclare, one ? (H.); Mulranny,
one 2, Westport, one ¢ and two ? in garden, and one g in Demesne,
and Lough near Westport, one ? (G.).
[I cannot convince myself of the distinctness of the above three species,
and believe they are mere colour-varieties. |
CYCLORRHAPHA.
Family Syrphidae.
Paragus tibialis M/n.—M.: Achill, one g (no data); Castlebar Lough,
one 3 (G.).
Pipizella flavitarsis Mg.—M.: Westport, one ¢ (?collector); Louisburgh,
one 2 (M.).
P. virens /ab.—M.: Glendarary, one ¢ (H.); Louisburgh, one ? {M.).
Pipiza noctiluea Z—M.: Castlebar, one ¢ and one ? (H.).
Liogaster metallina Mab.—CI.: (H., M.. & G.). M.: Curraun District
(Zeollector) ; Mulranny (G.) ; Louisburgh (M.) ; Knappagh (G.).
Chrysogaster chalybeata Mg.—ClI.: three gand one ?(G.). M.: Mulranny,
two ?, and Westport, two ¢ in Demesne (G.).
C. hirtella Zw—cCI.: one $ and three ? (G.). M.: Belclare, one ¢ (H.);
Louisburgh, four ¢ (M.).
C. macquarti Zw.—M.: Clogher, one ¢ (G.).
C. solstitialis #/n.—M.: Knappagh, two ? (G.).
C. splendens Wg.—M.: Louisburgh, one g (M.); Clogher, one 9 (G.).
*Chilosia bergenstammi ecker—M.: Castlebar, one 9 (? collector) ; Lough
near Westport, one ¢, and Clogher, one ?-(G.).
C. illustrata Harris—M.: Mulranny, one ¢ and one 2 (G.); Westport,
two @ on riverside (G.).
*C. intonsa Lw.—M.: Clogher, one ? (G.).
C. pagana Wg. (pulchripes Lw.)—M.: Maen: one @ G).
Platychirus albimanus Fu).—ClI.: (H. & G.). M.: Mulranny, Castlebar,
Lough, Lough near Westport, Clogher, and Belclare (G.).
D2
25 20 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
P. angustatus Z/#.—CI.: two @ (G.). .
P. clypeatus My.—CI.: (G.). M.: Mulranny (G.); Belclare (H.); Louis-
burgh (M.); Westport, in Demesne, and on riverside; Lough near
Westport, Knappagh, and Clogher (G.).
*P. immarginatus Zt.—M.: Westport, one ¢ (?collector); Lough near West-
port, one ¢, and Belclare, one ¢ (G.).
P. manicatus My.—Cl.: (G.). M.: Achill (? collector); Curraun District
(Scharff); Mulranny, and Castlebar Lough (G.).
P. peltatus W/g—M.: Louisburgh, one ¢ (M.); Belclare, one 9(H.); Brack-
loon Wood, one ¢ (G.).
P. perpallidus Ver7—M.: Clogher, one 2, and Lough near Westport,
one 2 (G.).
*P. scambus Sfaeg.—Cl.: one ¢ (G.).
Pyrophaena granditarsa Forst—M.: Westport, one ¢ and one 9 in Demesne
(collector), one ¢ on riverside (G.); Louisburgh, one 2 (M.); Lough
near Westport, one ? (G.).
P. rosarum #a#).—CI1.: four ¢ (G.)andone? (M.). M.: Louisburgh, one ¢
(M.), and one 2 (H.); Belclare, one 2 (H); Lough near Westport,
two ¢ (G.).
Melanostoma mellinum Z.—CI.: (G.). M.: Sraheens Lough (J.); Curraun
District (? collector); Achill (? collector); Glendarary (H.); Mulranny
(G.) ; Louisburgh (M.); Westport, Castlebar Lough, Lough near West-
port, Clogher, and Knappagh (G.).
M. scalare /ab.—M.: Sraheens Lough, one ? (J.); Glendarary, one ? (H.);
Louisburgh, one 9 (H.); Westport, one 2? in Demesne; Clogher, two ¢,
and brackloon Wood, one ¢ (G.).
Leucozona lucorum Z.—M.: Westport, one ¢ on riverside (G.).
Ischyrosyrphus glaucius Z.—M.: Westport, three ? on riverside (G.).
I. laternarius 0. 7. Miul/.—M.: Louisburgh, one ¢ (M.).
Didea intermedia Zv.—M.: Knappagh, one ? (G.).
Lasiophthicus (Catabomba) pyrastri 1.—ClI.: two 2 (G.). M.: Mulranny,
one ¢ (G.).
Syrphus albostriatus #/n.—M.: Mulranny, two ? (G.).
S. balteatus Deg—M.: Brackloon Wood, one ¢ (G.).
S. cinctellus Z/.—M.: Westport, one g and two 2 on riverside; Castlebar
Lough, one ¢; Knappagh, two ¢ ; and Brackloon Wood, three $ (G.).
S. corollae Fab.—CI.: one g (G.). M.: Mulranny, two ? (G.); Westport,
one g in Demesne(G.).
S. grossulariae I/y—M.; Westport, one ? in Demesne (G.).
Clare Island Survey—Diptera. 25 21
*Syrphus latifasciatus Mceg.—M.: Mulranny, one ¢ (G.); Castlebar Lough,
one 3 (G.).
S. luniger M/y.—M.: Clogher, one ? (G.).
S. ribesii Z.—CI.: two ? (G). M.: Belclare, one 29 (H.); Westport,
one ¢ and two g on riverside; Knappagh, one 9; and Lough near
Westport, one ? (G.).
8. vitripennis MWg.—CI.: one ? (G.). M.: Mulranny, one 2; Westport,
one g and one 2 in Demesne; Castlebar Lough, one #; and Knappagh,
one 2 (G.).
_Sphaerophoria menthastri Z.—CI.: one ? (H.), and one 3 (G.). M.: Glen-
darary, one g (H.); Mulranny, one ¢ (G.); Louisburgh, one @ (M.);
Belclare, one 2 (H.); Castlebar Lough, one @; and Lough near
Westport, one ¢ and four ? (G.).
Baccha obscuripennis Mg—M.: Brackloon Wood, one ¢ (G.).
Sphegina clunipes /7n.—M.: Sraheens Lough, one ? (J.); Brackloon Wood,
one 3g (G.).
Neoscia (Ascia) floralis Mg.—ClI.: one gs and two 2 (H.); one ? with pale
anterior legs [? dispar Mg.] (G.). M.: Westport, two 2? (?collector) ;
Louisburgh, two ¢ (M.); Belclare, one ¢ (H.); and one ¢ (G);
Castlebar Lough, one ¢; and Knappagh, one ¢ and one @ (G.).
Rhingia campestris M/j.—Cl.: (G.). M.: Belclare (H.); Louisburgh (M.) ;
Mulranny, Clogher, and Lough near Westport (G.).
Volucella bombylans Z.—CI.: two ¢ (G.). M.: Westport, one 2 on river-
side (G.).
V. pellucens Z.—M.: Knappagh, one @? (G.).
Eristalis aeneus Scop.—ClI.: one 3 (H.); two 2 (G.).
E. arbustorum Z.—CI.: (Milne, J.,and G.). M.: Louisburgh (J.); Mulranny
(G.); Belclare, Westport, Castlebar Lough, Lough near Westport, and
- Clogher (G.).
E. horticola Deg.—CI.: (G.). M.: Achill (? collector); Mulranny (G.) ;
Belclare (H.); Louisburgh, one ? var., with quite clear wings (M.) ;
Westport and Knappagh (G.).
E. intricarius Z.—CI.: two ¢ (G.). M.: Glendarary, two (J.) ; Louis-
burgh, one ¢ (M.).
- E. nemorum Z.—CI.: one ¢ (G,).
E. pertinax Scop.—Cl.: (G.). M.: Mulranny, Westport, Knappagh, and
Brackloon Wood (G.).
E, sepulchralis Z.—Cl.: one ¢ (G.).
E. tenax Z.—ClI_: (Milne, Praeger, and G.). M.: Mulranny and Westport (G.).
25 22 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
Tubifera (Helophilus) lunulata Mg.—CI.: one @ (M.). M.: Belclare,
one ¢ (H.).
T. pendula Z.—CI.: (Milne and G.). M.: Mulranny (G.); Belclare (H.);
Westport, Lough near Westport, and Knappagh (G.).
*T. transfuga Z.—M.: Westport, one g (? collector).
Myiatropa florea 7.—M.: Westport, one ¢ and three ? on riverside (G.).
Syritta pipiens Z—M.: Darby’s Point, Achill Island (J.); Mulranny (G.);
Belclare (H.); Westport, Clogher, and Knappagh (G.).
Arctophila mussitans #a).—M.: Knappagh, one ? (G.).
Cinxia (Sericomyia) borealis 7/n.—CI,: one 3g, “between 700 and 800 feet
up the mountain” (J.); one g (M.); three g andone 9? (G.). M.; Achill,
one g (7 collector); Mulvanny, three g (G.); Louisburgh, one g (M.);
Westport, one g on riverside; Knappagh, one g; and Belclare, one 3
(G.).
C. lappona Z.—CI.: one g (G.). M.: Glendarary, one ¢ (H.); Knappagh
G.).
ve Family Dorylaidae (Pipunculidae).
Dorylas (Pipunculus) varipes I1/g7.—M.: Belclare, one ? (H.).
Verrallia aucta /'/n.—M.: Belclare, one ? (H.).
Family Phoridae.
*Spiniphora dorsalis Becker.—M.: Brackloon Wood, one ¢(G.).
*Stenophora unispinosa Z/t._-M.: Westport, one 9 in garden (G.).
*Aphiochaeta campestris /Vood.—M.: Knappagh, one (G.).
*A. rata Collin.—M.: Brackloon Wood, one (G.).
Trineura aterrima /ab.—M.: Glendarary, one (H.).
- Family Larvaevoridae (Tachinidae).
Echinomyia fera 2._-M.: Mulranny, one 9? (G.). -
E. grossa Z.—CI.: one 9 (G.): M.; Mulranny, one 2 (G.); Westport,
one 9 on riverside (G.).
Ernestia (Erigone) radicum /a).—CI.: one ¢ (G.); M.: Castlebar Lough,
one 9; and Knappagh, four g and 3 (G.).
*Carcelia gnava Wg. (Sisyropa lucorwm).—M.: Knappagh, one ¢(G.).
*C. lota Wfy.—CI.: one g and one 2 (G.).
Crocuta (Siphona) geniculata Deg.—Cl.: (H.; M. and G.);.M:: Achill
(7 collector); Mulranny, Westport, Castlebar Lough; Clogher, Lough
near Westport, and Knappagh (G.).
Eriothriz rufomaculatus Deg. (Oliviera lateralis F.)\—M.: Westport, one ¢ in
Demesne (G.); Lough near Westport, one 2 (G.).
Clare Island Survey—Diptera. 25 28
Thelaira nigripes /ab.—CI.: four ¢ and three ? (G.). M.: Belclare
one 6 (H.); Westport, one ¢ on riverside and one 2 in Demesne,
(G.).
Dexiosoma caninum /ub.—M.: Brackloon Wood, eight gand six ? (G.).
Sarcophaga carnaria Z.—M.: Belclare (H.); Westport; Castlebar Lough,
Knappagh, and Clogher (G.). |
*S. haemorrhoidalis 7/.—M.: Clogher, one ¢(G.).
*Brachycoma devia //.—M.: Castlebar Lough, two ¢,and Knappagh, one
3 (G.).
Miltogramma punctatum J/y.—ClI.: one 6(G.).
Pollenia rudis /av.—Cl.: (G.). M.: Belclare (H.); Mulranny ; Westport,
Lough near Westport, Knappagh; and Brackloon Wood (G.).
P. vespillo #ab.—M.: Mulranny, four ¢ and five @ (G.); Castlebar Lough,
one 6(G.); Kmappagh, three ¢; and Belclare, one ¢(G.).
Lucilia caesar Z.—M.: Mulranny, one ¢ and one ? ; Westport, one ¢ in
Demesne and three 9 on riverside; Knappagh, two 9; and Brackloon
Wood, one ¢(G.).
L. sericata My.—M.: Westport, one ¢ and one @ on riverside (G.).
Calliphora erythrocephala Mg.—CI.: one ¢ (Welch); one 9 (? collector);
two g and one 9 (G.). M.: Mulranny, two 2 (G).
C. vomitoria Z—CI.: one ¢ and three ? (G.). M.: Mulranny, two ¢, and
Westport, three ? on riverside (G.).
Onesia cognata M/g.—M.: Westport, one ¢ on riverside, and Lough near
Westport, one ¢ (G.).
*0. sepulchralis Mg—ClI.: (G.). M.: Belclare (H.); Louisburgh (M.);
Westport, Castlebar Lough, and Knappagh (G.).
Family Anthomyidae.
*Graphomyia caerulescens Wahlbg.—M.: Westport, one ¢ on riverside (G.) ;
Lough near Westport, one ¢ (G.). I believe that this species, which
has hitherto gone under the name of picta, Ztt., is merely a colour
variety of the better-known G. maculata, Scop.
G. maculata Scopy—M.: Mulranny, one ¢ (G.); Castlebar Lough, one ? (G.);
Knappagh, two ¢ (G).
Morellia hortorum #/n.—CI.: two ¢ and one ? (G.). M.: Mulranny,
one ¢ (G.); Belclare, one ¢ (H.); Westport, five ¢ on riverside;
Lough near Westport, one 9, and Knappagh, one ¢ and one 9 (G.).
*M. simplex Zw.—M.: Mulranny, two ¢ and three 2 ; Westport, one ¢
and one ¢ on riverside; Castlebar Lough, one ¢; and J.ough near
Westport, one $ (G).
25 24 Procecdings of the Royal Irish Academy.
Musca domestica Z.—CI.: one ¢ and one ? (G.).
*Pyrellia eriophthalma J/cq.—M.: Brackloon Wood, one ¢ (G.).
Pseudopyrellia (Euphoria) cornicina Fab.—CI.: (J.), (Milne), and (G.).
M.: Belclare (Praeger); Mulranny (G.); Louisburgh (M.) ; Westport,
Castlebar Lough, Lough near Westport, and Clogher (G.).
Mesembrina meridiana Z.—M.; Mulranny, one ?, Knappagh, one $, and
Brackloon Wood, one ? (G.).
Haematobia stimulans Mg.—CI.: four ¢ and three 9 (G.). M.: Mul-
ranny, one g, and Westport, one ? on riverside (G.).
*Polietes albolineata /’/n.—M.: Lough near Westport, one @ (G.).
*Phaonia (Hyetodesia) basalis Z#/.—CI.: one ¢ (M.). M.: Knappagh, four
3 and seven 92, and Clogher, one ? (G.).
*P. errans JJg.—M.: Westport, one ¢ (?collector); Brackloon Wood,
one ¢ (G.).
P. incana JWJ7ied.—ClI.: (G.). M.: Achill (?collector); Glendarary (H.) ;
Curraun District (Scharff); Mulranny (G.) ; Louisburgh(H.); Clogher
Knappagh, and Lough near Westport (G.).
*P. pallida ab.—M.: Belclare, one ¢ (H.); Brackloon Wood, four ? (G.).
*P. perdita Mg.—Cl.: two g (G.). M.: Louisburgh, one ? (H.).
*P. scutellaris //n.—M.: Brackloon Wood, one ? (G.).
*p. signata M/g.—M.: Mulranny, one 9 (G.).
Drymeia hamata //n.—Cl.: (Milne), (G.), and (M.). M.: Mulranny (G.);
Louisburgh (M.); Belclare (H. and G.); Castlebar Lough, Westport,
Knappagh, and Lough near Westport (G.).
*Hebecnema (Mydaea) nigricolor #7m—M.: Brackloon Wood, one ¢ (G.).
*H. (Hyetodesia) umbratica M/7.—ClI.: one ? (G.). M.: Mulranny, two ¢ ;
Westport, one ¢ and one ? on riverside; Castlebar Lough, one ¢ ;
Lough near Westport, one @ and one 9, and Clogher, one ? (G.).
**Mydaea (Spilogaster) anceps Z//.—M.: Lough near Westport, one ¢ (G.).
If I am correct in the identification of this species, this is a new record
for Britain. It is distinguished from J/. duplicata, Mg. by the longi-
tudinal lines on the thorax being narrower, the wing-veins more clouded
(especially the posterior transverse), and by the presence of a long
median bristle on the posterior surface of the front tibiae.
*M. depuncta FJn.—M.: \Vestport, one ? in Demesne(G.); Brackloon Wood,
five ? (G.).
*M. duplicata J1/g.—CI.: (Welch and G.). M.: Curraun District (Scharff) ;
Mulranny (G.); Belclare (H.); Westport, Lough near Westport, and
Clogher (G.).
Clare Island Survey— Diptera. 25 25
Mydaea impuncta 77n.—M.: Belclare, one ¢ (H.); Westport, one ? on
riverside (G.).
*M. (Hyetodesia) lucorum Fin.—Cl.: (G.). M.: Achill (? collector) ; Mul-
ranny (G.); Belclare and Louisburgh (H.); Clogher and Brackloon Wood
(G.).
M. (Myiospila) meditabunda #ab.—M.: Louisburgh, one ¢ (M.); Mulranny,
four ¢ and four ?, Lough near Westport, three ¢, and Clogher, one
2? (G.).
M. pagana Fab.—M.: Westport, one ° in Demesne (? collector).
M. (Spilogaster) quadrum /ab.—CI.: one ¢ and two 2 (G.). M.: Mul-
ranny, one ¢ and two @ (G.).
*M. separata Mg.—M.: Westport, one ? in Demesne (G.).
*M. urbana M/g.—CI.: one g and two @ (G.). M.: Westport, one ¢ on
riverside, and Lough near Westport, one ? (G.).
*Hydrotaea albipuncta Z#t.—CI.: one ¢ (G.).
H. dentipes Fub.—ClI.: (Welch and G.). M.: Mulranny and Brackloon
Wood (G.).
H. irritans H/n.—M.: Mulranny, Westport, Castlebar Lough, Lough near
Westport, Knappagh, and Brackloon Wood (G.).
H. militaris 1/g.—M.: Belclare, one ¢ (H.); Brackloon Wood, thirty-one
2 (G.).
*Fannia (Homalomyia) aérea Zit—ClI.: two ¢ (G.). M.: Louisburgh, one ?
(H.); Mulvanny, one °, Westport, one ? in Demesne, and Brackloon
Wood, five ? (G.).
F. canicularis Z.—CI.: one ¢ (? collector); one ¢ and three ? (Welch) ;
one ¢ (G.),
*F. coracina Lw.—M.: Westport. one ¢ in Demesne (G.).
*F. fuscula Fém.—M.: Westport, one ? in Demesne (G.).
*F, genualis Stein.—CI.: one ¢ (G.). M.: Belclare, one ¢ (H.); Mulranny,
one 4, and Lough near Westport, one 2 (G.).
*F. scalaris Fub.—M.: Castlebar Lough, one (G.).
*F. serena Win.—CI.: (G.). M.: Louisburgh (M.); Mulranny, Westport,
Lough near Westport, and Brackloon Wood (G.).
*F. sociella Ziti—M.: Westport, two ? on riverside, and Brackloon Wood,
one 2 (G.).
*Azelia cilipes Hal—ClI.: one ¢ (G.). M.: Belclare, one g¢ (H.)); West-
port, one ¢ and one ¢ in garden (G.).
*A, macquarti Staeg.—M.: Westport, one ¢ on riverside (G.).
*A. zetterstedti Rond.—ClI.: five ¢ and four 9 (G.). M.: Mulranny, two ¢
and two ? (G.).
R.I.A. PROC., VOL. XXX. D 25
25 26 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
*Limnophora litorea /ln.—CI.: one ¢ (G.). M.: Achill, one -¢(? collector).
**Z, nigriventris 7t—M.: Mulranny, four ¢ and five 2, and Westport, four
2in Demesne (G.). This is, I believe, a new record for Britain. It is
recognized in the 2 sex by the highly-polished area on the frons.
-*Hydrophoria ambigua F/n.—M.: Belclare, one ¢ (H.) ; Castlebar Lough, one
g, and Brackloon Wood, four ? (G.).
*H. brunneifrons 7//.—M.: Clogher, one ? (G.).
*H. ruralis Wg—M.: Brackloon Wood, two ¢ (G.). This is the H. anthomytea
Rond. of Meade’s papers and Verrall’s List.
“Hylemyia brunneilinea Zt. (seticrwra, Rond.).—CI.: one ? (? collector); one
g and one 2 (G.). M.: Westport, three ¢ and two @ in Demesne,
Lough near Westport, one ¢ andfour ?,and Clogher, one ? (G.). The
colour of the frontal stripe in the 9 is not constant in this species, being
in some specimens entirely black, and in others black tinged with red in
front. Meade says: “frontal stripe wide and rufous,” but this is not
accurate.
*H. puella Schin. (nee Mg.)—M.: Brackloon Wood, three ¢ and one ? (G.).
This is a rare and little-known species. It is distinguished by its pale
legs, long-haired arista, and two-striped thorax.
*H. pullula 7//.—M.: Knappagh, one ¢ (G.).
H. strigosa Mab.—M.: Westport, one ¢ in Demesne (? collector), three ¢ and
three ? in Demesne and two 9 on riverside (G.); Belclare, three ¢,
Knappagh, one 9, and Brackloon Wood, twenty-two g and two
? (G.).
*H, tristriata Stein (? cinerella Meade).—M.: Brackloon Wood, one ¢ (G.).
*H. variata //n.—ClI.: one ? (Milne); two ¢ andone ? (G.). M.: Westport
Demesne, one ? (H.), one g and one ? (G.); Lough near Westport,
two ? (G.).
Pegomyia bicolor Wied.—CI.: one ¢ (G.). M.: Westport, one ? on river-
side and one ¢ in garden, and Clogher, three ¢ (G.).
*P. flavipes Yn. var. diluta, Stein—M.: Belclare, one ¢ (H.).
*P. rufipes, #/7—M.: Belclare, one ¢ (H.); Brackloon Wood, one ? (G.).
Chortophila (Phorbia) cilicrura Rond.—CI.: two ¢ (G.). M.: Mulranny,
two ?, and Knappagh, one g (G.). [See remarks under C. tricho-
dactyla).
C. discreta My.—CI.: one g (G.). M.: Mulranny, one ¢, Westport, one
gon riverside, Lough near Westport, one ¢, and Clogher, one ¢ (G.).
C. trichodactyla Rond—CI.: one g¢ and four ? (G.). M.: Mulranny, four
g and one 2 ; Westport, two ¢ and two 9in garden, and Knappagh,
one ¢ (G.). The 2 of this species may be distinguished from ‘that of
Clare Island Survey— Diptera. 25 27
C. cilicrura, Rond., to which it bears a very close resemblance, by the
following character, which, I believe, has not been hitherto noticed.
In C. trichodactyla the two rows of acrostichal bristles are much closer to
each other than to the dorso-central row on either side, while the surface
of the thorax between the rows is absolutely bare. In C. cilicrura, on the
other hand, the two rows of acrostichal bristles are as widely apart (or
nearly so) as the distance of each from the dorso-central row, while
there are always a few fineand tiny scattered bristles between them.
*Anthomyia aestiva Wy. (sulciventris Ztt.)—Cl.: (Milne and G.). M.: Mulranny,
(G.), Louisburgh (M. and H.) ; Belclare (H.); Castlebar Lough, Westport,
Lough near Westport, Clogher, and Knappagh (G.).
A. radicum Z.—M.: Mulranny, Westport, Clogher, Knappagh, and Brackloon
Wood (G.).
*Macrorchis intermedia #7n.—M.: Louisburgh, one ¢ (H.); Belclare, one ¢
and four @ (H.); Westport, two ¢ and ten 2 in Demesne, and one 9
on riverside (G.).
*Coenosia geniculata /n.—ClI.: one ¢ (G.). M.: Westport, one ¢ in
Demesne, Castlebar Lough, one ¢, and Lough near Westport, one
3 (G.).
C. pumila #7n.—M.: Castlebar Lough, one ¢ (G). This species has been
recorded as British under the name of C. albicornis Mg.
*C. sexnotata Mg.—M.: Belclare, two ¢ (H.); Westport, two ? in
Demesne (H.).
C. tigrina /ab—M.: Westport, one 2 (? collector) ; one @ in Demesne, one
2 and two ¢ on riverside (G.); Castlebar Lough, one ¢ and two Q ;
Belclare, one 2, Clogher, four ¢ and four 2, Knappagh, four ¢ and
two 2, and Lough near Westport, four ¢ and one 92 (G.).
C. tricolor Z7/7.—M.: Achill N.E., one ¢ (H.). This is the species recorded
in British lists as C. infantula Rond. ; but, as Stein has pointed out, the
two names are probably synonymous, and Zetterstedt’s name has the
priority.
Schoenomyza litorella F/n.—CI.: one ¢ (M.); four ¢ and four ? (G),
M. : Castlebar Lough, three ?, and Westport, one 2 in Demesne (G.):
Fucellia fucorum /7n.—CI.: six ¢ and one 2 (G.). M.: Mulranny,
one ¢ (G.).
F. maritima Ha/.—ClI.: one ? (? collector); ten ¢ and fourteen 2 (G.).
M.: Mulranny, three ? ; Louisburgh, one ? (M.). Judging from the
number of specimens taken, this species appears to be quite as abundant
as the previous species, or even, perhaps, more so.
D2
25 28 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
Family Scatomyzidae (Cordyluridae).
Cordylura pudica I/g7.—M.: Westport, one ¢ (? collector), one 2 on river-
side (G.); Belclare, one 2, Castlebar Lough, one g and one 9, and
Lough near Westport, one ¢ (G.).
Scopeuma (Scatophaga) litorea F/n.—Cl.: (Milne, Welch, G.,and M.). M.:
Croaghpatrick (H.); Louisburgh (M.); Mulranny, Westport, and
Belclare (G.).
S. lutaria Fab.—M.: Castlebar, one 2, and Westport, one 2 (? collector).
S. scybalaria Z.—M.: Clogher, one ¢ (G.).
S. squalida Mg.—ClI.: one 2 (? collector), three ¢ and two 2 (G.). M.:
Achill, one 2 (? collector); Croaghpatrick, one ¢ and two @ (M.),
one ¢ (H.); Louisburgh, one ¢ (H.).
S. stercoraria Z.(+merdaria /ab.)—CI.: (Milne andG.). M.: Curraun District
(Scharff) ; Achill (? collector); Louisburgh (M.).; Mulranny (G.) ;
Westport, Castlebar Lough, Clogher, Lough near Westport, Knappagh,
Belclare, and Brackloon Wood (G.). In the above records I have
included many specimens which would be referred by some authors to
merdaria Fab., but I am convinced that this name should rank as a
synonym only.
S. suilla Fab—CI.: (G.). M.: Mulranny (G.); Croaghpatrick (M.) ;
Louisburgh (M.); Belclare (H. and G.); Castlebar (? collector);
Castlebar Lough (G.); Westport, Clogher, Lough near Westport, and
Knappagh (G.).
*S. villipes 7¢.—CI.: one ° (G.). M.: Achill, one ¢ and one 9? (? collector) ;
Mulranny, two ¢ and two ¢ (G.).
Norellia spinimana //n.—M.: Westport, one ¢ on riverside and one ¢ in
garden (G.).
*Pogonota hircus Zt.—M.: Lough near Westport, one ¢ (G.).
Tricopalpus punctipes I/g.—M.: Castlebar Lough, one ¢ and one 2? ;
Clogher, one ¢, and Knappagh, one 2? (G.).
Family Coelopidae (Phycodromidae).
Malacomyia (Phycodroma) sciomyzina Ha/—CI.: one 2 (M.).
Oedoparea buccata F7n.—ClI.: one ¢ (H.); one ¢ (G.); three ¢ (M.). M.:
Glendarary, one ¢ andtwo ? (H.); Louisburgh, one ¢ and one ?(M.);
Belclare, one 2 (H.).
Fucomyia frigida F7n.—CI.: one ¢ (Welch); five ¢ and one 2 (G.). M.:
Achill, one ¢ (? collector); Mulranny one ¢ (G.); Louisburgh,
one 2 (H.).
Clare Island Survey—Diptera. 25 29
Fucomyia parvula Ha/—Cl.: two ¢ and six ? (G.). M.: Multanny, one
3(G.). I do not feel very sure about my identification of the two species
of this genus. ‘The females appear to differ in nothing but size.
Family Cypselidae (Borboridae).
Cypsela (Borborus) equina //m—CI.: one ? (H.); seven ¢ andsix ? (G.).
M.: Mulranny, one 2 (G.); Clogher, one ¢ and one @ (G.).
C. nitida M@g.—M.: Brackloon Wood, one ¢ (G.).
Olina (Borborus) geniculata Mcg.—CI.: one ¢ (H.); one ¢(M.); three ¢ and
nine ? (G.). M.: Louisburgh, one ¢ (M.); Westport, four ¢ in Demesne;
Clogher, one ¢ and one ? ; and Lough near Westport, one 2 (G.).
Sphaerocera subsultans /ab.—M.: Westport, one @ in garden, and Castlebar
Lough, one ¢ (G.).
Limosina fontinalis /7n.—Cl1.: two(G.). M.: Westport, two in garden, and
Belclare, two (G.).
L. limosa F/n.—M. : Castlebar Lough, nineteen; Westport, four in garden,
four on riverside, and two in Demesne; Lough near Westport, one; and
Clogher, three (G.).
*L. rufilabris Stenh.—M.: Achill, one ? (H.).
L. sylvatica Mg.—M.: Louisburgh, one ? (M.).
Family Dryomyzidae.
Dryomyza flaveola Fub.—M. : Westport, one ? in garden (G.).
Family Helomyzidae.
Helomyza bicolor Zt. (zetterstedti, Lw.).—M.: Glendarary, one ¢ (H.).
H. similis MM/g.—M.: Louisburgh, one ¢ and ¢? (?collector); Westport,
one ¢ onriverside; and Brackloon Wood, twelve ¢ and thirteen 9? (G.).
Leria (Blepharoptera) inscripta I/g.—M.: Westport, one ¢ and one @ in
garden (G.).
*L. modesta My.—M.: Glendarary, one ¢ (H.).
*Heteromyza commixta Collin.—CI.: one ¢$ (G).
Tephrochlamis canescens M/g.—CI.: one ? (M.).
Family Sciomyzidae.
*Sciomyza griseola //n.—M.: Louisburgh, one ? (M.).
8. nana Fln.—M.: Castlebar Lough, one, and Lough near Westport, one
(G.).
*Colobaea (Sciomyza bifasciella //n.—M.: Castlebar Lough, one (G.).
Ditaenia (Sciomyza) cinerella /#/n.—CI.: one ? (G.). M.: Curraun
District, one 2 (Scharff).
25 30 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
*Renocera striata J/j7.—M.: Lough near Westport, one ¢ and one 2 (G.).
This species was only added to the British List in June, 1910, on the
evidence of specimens taken in Scotland (see Collin, nt. Mo. Maz.,
1910, pp. 127-128).
Tetanocera elata 2ub.—M.: Westport, one ¢ in garden and one ¢ on river-
side; Lough near Westport, one ? (G.).
T. ferruginea #/n.—M.: Louisburgh, one ¢ (M.); Knappagh, one ¢ (G.).
T. laevifrons Zw.—ClI.: one ¢(H.). M.: Louisburgh, two g and one ? (M.).
T. robusta Lw.—M. : Louisburgh, one ? (M.) ; Westport, one ? on riverside,
and Castlebar Lough, one 9; Knappagh, one ¢; Clogher, one ¢ and
three ? ; and Lough near Westport, one gand two 2 (G.).
T. unicolor Zw.—CI.: one ¢ (G.). M.: Louisburgh, one ? (M.); Lough
near Westport, one ¢ ; and Clogher, one ? (G.).
Dictya (Tetanocera) umbrarum Z.—CI.: two 2 (H.); one ? (G.).
Trypetoptera (Tetanocera) punctulata Scop.—M.: Westport, one ?
(2 collector).
Pherbina (Tetanocera) coryleti Scop.—Cl.: one d(G.). M.: Achill, one ¢
(2collector); Westport, one ¢(? collector); Belclare, one ¢ (H.); Knappagh,
one ¢ and one 2; Clogher, two ¢ and one ?; and Lough near Westport,
three ? (G.).
Elgiva albiseta Scop.—M.: Belclare, one 2 (H.); Castlebar Lough, four ¢
and four 2, Westport, one 2 on riverside, Clogher, one ¢ and three 9,
Lough near Westport, one ¢, and Knappagh, one ¢ (G.).
E. lineata H/n.—M.: Louisburgh, one ? (M.); LBelclare, one ¢; and
Knappagh, one ? (G.).
Hydromyia (Elgiva) dorsalis #ab.—ClI.: one ¢ (M.)andone ? (G.).
Limnia unguicornis Scop.—M.: Achill, one ? (?collector).
Sepedon sphegeus #a).—M.: Clogher, one 9 (G.).
Family Sapromyzidae.
*Sapromyza apicalis Zw.—CI.: two 2 (G.).
*§. decipiens Zw.—M.: Westport, one on riverside (G.).
*§. illota Zw.—ClI.: one gand one ?(G.). M.: Glendarary, one ? (H.).
*S. longiseta Zw.—M.: Belclare, one ? (H.).
S. lupulina 7ub.—M.: Lough near Westport, one 9 (G.).
*S. opaca Becker.—M.: Belclare, one 9 (H.); Lough near Westport, one ?
(G.).
*S. plumicornis 77n.—M.; Belclare, one ? (H.).
S. praeusta //n.—M.: Glendarary, one ¢ (H.); Westport Demesne, three
?(H.); Belclare, one ? (H.) and one ¢(G-.).
Clare Island Survey— Diptera. 25 31
Sapromyza rorida 7n.—M.: Glendarary, one ¢ (H.); Westport, one ¢ and
eleven ? in garden (G.).
§. trispina Rond.—M.: Achill N.E., one @ (H.); Mulranny, one ¢ and
seven @ (G.). This species has already been obtained in Ireland,
although but recently. (See Collin, Ent. Mo. Mug., 1910, p. 170.)
Peplomyza litura Iq. (wiedemanni Lw.).—M.; Belclare, one 9 (H.).
Family Lonchaeidae.
Palloptera saltuum Z.—M.: Westport, one 2 (? collector).
Family Ortalidae.
Tetanops myopina #/m.—M.; Mulranny, one ? (J.).
Herina (Pteropaectria) frondescentiae Z.—CI.: three (G.); and one (M.)
M.: Westport, one (? collector); Belclare, one, and Louisburgh, one
(H.): Louisburgh, six (M.); Croaghpatrick, one (M.); Castlebar
Lough, four (G.). This is the commonest species of the family.
Family Euribiidae (7Z'rypetidae).
Acidia heraclei Z.—M.: Westport, one ? Roman Island (H.).
Euribia (Trypeta) cylindrica Rob. Dsv. (onotrophes Bouché Lw.).—CI.:
one @(M.). M.: Belclare, two ? (H.).
Urophora solstitialis Z.—CI.: one ? (G.). M.: Louisburgh, one ? and one
(? sex) (? collector); one ¢ Old Head; Belclare, one ¢ (H.).
*U. stylata Mab.—M.: Louisburgh, one g(M.).
Oxyphora flava Geoff. (miliaria Schrk.).—M.: Belclare, one ¢ and one ?
(.).
Tephritis conura Zw.—M.: Westport, one ¢ on riverside, and Lough near
Westport, one ? (G.).
Family Sepsidae.
Sepsis cynipsea Z.—CI.: (G.). M.: Mulranny (G.); Belclare (H.); West-
port, Castlebar Lough, and Lough near Westport (G.).
Sepsis violacea Mg.—M.: Westport, one ¢ and one ? (? collector);
Knappagh, one ? (G.).
Enicita annulipes 1/g.—M.: Westport, one ¢ on riverside (G,).
Themira minor Hal.—ClI.: one ¢ (H.); three ¢ and seven ? (G.). M.:
Mulranny, one ? , and Clogher, one gand three 9 (G.).
T. putris Z.—CI.: one ? (G.).
T. superba Hal.—M.: Clogher, one $; Castlebar Lough, one ¢; and
Knappagh, one ¢ (G.).
25 32 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
Nemopoda cylindrica /ab.—ClI.: one ¢ (H.); two ? (G.). M.: Westport,
one in Demesne (H.), and one g in garden (G.) Mulranny, two
2? ; Lough near Westport, one 9 ; and Knappagh, one ° (G.).
*Piophila vulgaris /7n.—M.: Knappagh, one (G.).
Family Psilidae.
Psila atra Mg.—M.: Westport, one ¢ in Demesne (H.).
P. debilis Hgger—M.: Belclare, three ¢ (H.).
*P. humeralis Zt.—ClI.: one 9 (G.).
P. nigricornis M/g.—M. : Louisburgh, one ? (H.); Mulranny, one 9 (G.).
P. rosae Hab.— M.: Belclare, one ? (H.).
Loxocera aristata Pz. (elongata Mg.)—M.: Sraheens, one ? (J.); Roonah,
one ¢ ; Mulranny, one ¢ (J.); Achill, one 2 (? collector); Belclare,
one ° (H.); Louisburgh, three ¢ (M.), onedgand one@(H.); Lough
near Westport, one ? (G.)
Family Chloropidae.
Centor myopinus Zw—M.: Westport, two ¢ in Demesne and one ¢ on
riverside (G.).
*C. nudipes Zw.—CI.: one ¢? (M.), two ¢ and one ? (G.). M.: Croagh-
patrick, one ? (M.); Louisburgh, three ¢ and five ? (M.), and one ?
(H.).
Melanum (Chlorops) lateralis Hal—M. : Westport, ten specimens in Demesne
(G.).
Diplotoxa messoria //n—CI.: one (G.). M.: Castlebar Lough, one (G.).
*Meromyza laeta Mg.—M.: Westport, one in Demesne (G.).
M. saltatrix L.—M. : Louisburgh, two (M.); Westport, one in Demesne (G.).
*Chlorops didyma Z/.—CI.: one (M.). M.: Old Head, Louisburgh, one (no
data); Louisburgh, one (M.); Belclare, one (H.); Westport, four in
Demesne (G.).
*C. hypostigma M/y.—CI.: one (G.). M_.: Louisburgh, one (M.) ; Westport,
two in Demesne (H.); Belclare, one, and Brackloon Wood, three (G.).
C. taeniopa Mg.—M. : Louisburgh, one (M.), and two (H.); Westport, six in
Demesne; Lough near Westport, one, and Clogher, one (G.).
*C. umbelliferarum Schrk. (nasuta Schrk.)—M.: Castlebar Lough, four (G.).
Crassiseta cornuta F/n—M.: Westport, one 9 on riverside (G.).
Family Ephydridae.
Notiphila annulipes Stenh.—M. : Belclare,two ? (H.); Westport,one ? on
riverside (G.); Lough near Westport, one ¢ and one ? (G.).
Clare Island Survey —Diptera. 25 33
Notiphila cinerea #/n.—ClI.: five ?(G.). M.: Mulranny, one gand? (G.);
Louisburgh, five 2 (Morley); Westport, one ? on riverside, Castlebar
Lough, two °, Lough near Westport, one ¢ and one ?, Belclare, one
g and three 2, Clogher, six 2, and Knappagh, three ? (G.).
Trimerina madizans /’/n.—M.: Westport, one in Demesne (G.).
Ephygrobia (Psilopa) leucostoma J/y.—M.: Westport, one in Demesne (G.).
Hydrellia albiceps My.—CI.: one (G.). M.: Achill, one (H.); Louisburgh,
one (M.); Lough near Westport, one; Clogher, three, and Knappagh,
eight (G.).
H. griseola M/m.—ClI.: (H. and G.). M.: Louisburgh (M.); Mulranny,
Westport, Lough near Westport, Knappagh, Clogher, Belclare, and
Brackloon Wood (G.).
H. nigripes 7//M.: Westport, one ¢ in Demesne (G.).
*H. obscura Jy. (discolor, Stenh.).—CI.: one (H.). M.: Knappagh, one (G.).
H. ranunculi Ha/.—M.: Mulranny, one (G.).
*Philhygria vittipennis 7#¢.—M.: Knappagh, one (G.).
Ochthera mantis Deg—M.: Louisburgh, one (M.); Lough near Westport,
one (G.).
Pelina aenea //n.—M.: Westport, one in Demesne (G.).
Parydra coarctata F/n.—CI.: three (G.). M.: Mulranny, one (G.); West-
port, one in garden (G.).
P. fossarum Ha/.—M.: Castlebar Lough, seven, and Belclare, one (G.).
P. pusilla My.—M.: Belclare, one (G.).
- Scatella stagnalis #/n.—ClI.: one (H.); one (M.); five (G.). M.: Westport,
one in Demesne, and Belclare, one (G.).
Family Drosophilidae.
Drosophila melanogaster J/g.—ClI.: two (G.).
D. phalerata M/7.—M.: Westport, two in garden (G.).
Scaptomyza flaveola J/y.—M.: Roonah, Louisburgh, one (no data) ; Louis-
burgh, one (H.).
S. graminum //n.—ClI.: seven (G.). M.: Westport, one on riverside, and
one in Demesne (G.) ; Croaghpatrick, one (M.).
Family Geomyzidae.
*Diastata unipunctata Z//.—M.: Louisburgh, one (M.).
Opomyza germinationis Z.—CI.: N.E. cliffs, one 2 (no data); one ¢ (H.);
two ¢(G.), M.: Louisburgh (no data); Louisburgh (M.); Croaghpatrick
(M.) ;- Westport, Castlebar Lough, Lough near Westport, Belclare,
Knappagh, and Brackloon Wood (G.).
RIA, PROC., VOL. XXXI. 10)
25
25 34 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
Balioptera combinata Z.—M.: Westport, one in Demesne (H.).
B. tripunctata F7n.—M.: Louisburgh, one (H.); Westport, one in Demesne
(Gey :
Anthomyza gracilis #7n.—M.: Westport, two (? collector); Westport, one in
Demesne and one on riverside (G.); Louisburgh, one (H.); Lough near
Westport, one (G.).
*Paranthomyza nitida /7—M.: Westport, four in garden (G.).
Family Ochthiphilidae.
Ochthiphila aridella F/n.—M.: Westport, five in Demesne, and Lough near
Westport, one (G.).
0. juncorum /7.—M.: Westport, one in Demesne (G.).
Family Milichidae,
Phyllomyza securicornis #7n.—CI.: one g (G.).
Family Agromyzidae.
Agromyza flaveola #/n.—M.: Glendarary, one (H.); Westport, one, and
Brackloon Wood, two (G.).
A. nigripes 1/y.—M.: Westport, one on riverside (G.).
*A. reptans Fin. -M.: Westport, one in garden (G.).
Cerodonta (Ceratomyza) denticornis Panz—M.: Louisburgh; two (M.);
Belclare, one (H.); Westport, one in Demesne (G.)-
Family Phytomyzidae.
Phytomyza affinis #/n.—CI.: one(G.) M.: Belclareone (H.); Lough near
Westport, one /G.).
P. flava F/.—M.: Westport, one in Demesne (H.), one in garden and one in
Demesne (G.); Knappagh, one (G.).
*P. flavicornis //n.—M: Westport, six in garden (G.).
P. obscurella #/n.—M.: Louisburgh, one (H.).
P. populicola W/i.—M.: Westport, three on riverside and onein Demesne ;
Belclare, one (G.).
Napomyza lateralis F/n.—CI.: one (H.).
Family Conopidae.
Conops quadrifasciata Deg—M.: Knappagh, three ¢ (G.).
Occemyia atra Fal.—M.: Westport, one in Demesne (HL).
Sicus ferrugineus Z—CI.: one ¢ (M.). M.: Mulvranny, one 3, and Lough
near Westport, one ¢ ‘G.).
OE,
Clare Islund Survey.
26
LEPIDOPTERA.
By W. F. pp VISMES KANE, F.E.S., M.RL.A.
Read Decrmper 11, 1911. Published January 16, 1912.
INTRODUCTION.
THE list of Lepidoptera here presented is arranged so as to show, by means
of representative symbols, captures on Clare Island itself, followed by
mainland localities on the shores of Clew Bay; and in the case of a few
interesting species other records from more distant parts of Mayo are
added. Though a great deal of work was done during the last three summers
by Mr. Greer, Mr. Bonaparte Wyse, and myself, the results are disappointing,
chiefly for the followmg reasons :—First, the enormous tracts of very wet
bog, peculiarly barren of herbage and heather, that stretch for miles in every
direction in Co. Mayo seem, in my experience, peculiarly devoid of Lepi-
dopterous life. The vast moorlands that clothe the sides of the mountains
yield a fauna peculiar and interesting, but monotonous and restricted in species.
Secondly, the coasts of Clew Bay are wanting in the wide margins of sand-
dunes with their pecuhar flora and abundant fauna which form such a feature
of the western coast which faces the Atlantic. Thus a copious list of sand-
hill species also fails to be represented. Thirdly, the general absence of
woodlands, except the small stretch of plantations and scrub at Glendarary,
Achill Island, and some promising wooded slopes near Belclare, and woods at
Westport. And lastly, with the exception of the summer of 1911, the
frequent rainfall, the high winds that so frequently prevail, and the chilly
fall in temperature toward evening that characterized the western coast even
in the hot summer of 1911, and proves so disastrous to the flight of moths,
are too well known to the entomologist in that part of Ireland. Moreover
scarcely any of the numerous species which emerge from March to May
swell the numbers of the list, nor the large host of autumnal species that
are to be taken on ivy blossom in October and November. This is due to the
impossibility of getting research carried on at these periods of the year, in so
remote a district, characterized by so considerable a rainfall. The few spring
insects catalogued were taken by Mr. Greer in May. The results here
tabulated are chiefly records of moorland species, mixed with a fair proportion
of such as inhabit cultivated lowlands, rocky hillsides clothed with scrub, and
species which have an almost universal Irish distribution, But the absence
R,I.A. PROC., VOL. XXXI, A 26
26 2 Proceedings of the Royal Trish Academy.
of certain groups which might have been almost certainly expected is as
remarkable as the presence of others of great rarity in Ireland. For instance,
several evenings were spent on Clare Island watching for Dianthoeciae at
flowering tufts of Silene maritima, a plant which undoubtedly is plentiful on
the precipices on the northern side of the island. Neither D. capsophila,
D. cucubali, nor D. nana, which are so common on the Irish littoral, was
seen, nor any others of the genus. Moreover, at the proper season, careful
and widespread examination of the capsules of Silene proved that none of the
genus were bred on it—an almost unprecedented experience to me on the Irish
coast. The only result of this examination was the discovery of larvae of
Eupithecia oblongata. Further disappointment was caused by the almost
complete failure of the light-house lantern to attract night-flying moths,
which was attributed by the light-house keeper (who was familiar with this
method) to the constant high winds which sweep the lofty cliffs on which
the buildings stand. Dicranura vinula, Saturnia pavonia, Arctia caja, and
a few common Noctuae were the only captures at the lamp. On the main-
land such woodland species as were taken came from the demesne of
Glendarary, near Achill Sound, where several specimens of Macroglossa
bombyliformis were captured; from the woods of Old Head near Louisburgh ;
and from some woods beside the town of Westport and near Belclare. Unfor-
tunately the old oak-woods belonging to the Marquess of Sligo were too far
away from Westport to be examined. The most interesting forest-lands in
Mayo fringe the south-eastern shores of Lough Conn and Lough Cullin,
some fifteen miles as the crow flies to the north-west of Westport. These
extensive woodlands stretch from Muckersnavy to Pontoon. I found them rich
in Lepidoptera. The locality is too distant to be included in this report, but
among the rarities taken there may be mentioned the following :—Cymato-
phora or, i some plenty, of dark coloration; <Acronycta ecuphorbiae var.
montivaga, not very rare; Lobophora halterata, fairly abundant : and
Mr. Bonaparte Wyse was fortunate in taking Cleoceris viminalis at Pontoon —
a rare and very local moth in this country—and also Hucosmia undulata,
which is scarce in Ireland generally, but fairly plentiful at Glendarary, Achill
Island. Here Hadena glauca was taken by Mr. Greer.
It will be noted that the fauna of the limestone district of Mayo on the
eastern side of the Partry Mountains, along the shores of Lough Mask and
Lough Carra, is not represented here. That area seems never to have
been explored by the entomologist. I have observed specimens of Zygaena
pilosellae (the Galway Burnet) on the limestone terraces by Lough Mask,
and probably such species as Phothedes captiwncula, Setina wrrorella, and
Lithosia lurideola, so characteristic of that formation in Galway and Clare, may
Clare Island Survey— Lepidoptera. 26 3
also occur there. But there is no limestone outcrop of this sort within a con-
siderable distance of Westport, and our research was necessarily circumscribed.
The captures on Clare Island, taken in the order of classification, may be
shortly recapitulated first. Among the butterflies Vanessa cardui, with its
powerful flight, visits the island, and perhaps breeds in suitable seasons as well
as V.i0. Satyrus semele, though in sparse numbers, frequents the rocky head-
lands. The “ blues” were represented by Lycaena icarus and L. minima, and
two of the Sphinges occur, Chaerocampa elpenor and Smerinthus populi. The
four handsome moths Nemeophila russula, Bombyx quercus, B. rubi, and Saturnia
pavonia were found on their moorland haunts; and the Puss-moth, Dicranura
vinula, probably feeds on Salix repens, as well as other species of sallow that
grow in scrubland found in sheltered hollows on the eastern side of the
island. Notodonta ziczag also breeds there. Such Noctuae as were taken are
of small interest and almost universally distributed through Ireland. Two
species of Agrotis which breed on sand-hills were found on a small patch
of that deposit on the shore close to the harbour, Agrotis vestigialis and
A. tritici, both of normal type. Cucullia wmbratica was extremely plentifu
and flew to flowers at dusk. Both species of Habrostola were taken,
H., triplasia and H. tripartita. Among the Geometers the most notable was
Dasydia obfuscaria, which fell to the lot of Professor Carpenter, of the Royal
College of Science, Dublin, who, when turning over a stone in search of
Springtails, discovered a freshly emerged specimen of it extended on its surface.
This rare insect will be referred to later on. Of other Geometridae the
following may be mentioned :—Scodiona belgiaria, which is a frequenter of flat
wet bogs in the west of Iveland, but in my experience is never abundant ;
Larentia caesiata and L. salicata, both of which inhabit mountain moors, the
former sometimes very abundant, but only a few were seen on Clare Island ;
Hupithecia oblongata, EH. satyrata var. callunaria, and FE. nanata, the latter
frequent on bogs ; Phibalapteryx vittata, one, frequents marshes, and, except in
some localities, is somewhat rare; Platyytilia isodactylus, a very local plume-
moth feeding on Senecio aquaticus; the only western localities where I have
taken it hitherto are Markree Castle, Co. Sligo, and Moycullen in Connemara.
Of the Microlepidoptera, which seem certainly scarce on Clare Island, the
following are interesting :—Crambus uliginosellus, not hitherto recorded from
Treland ; Sericorts (Olethreutes) micana, also new ; Mixodia palustrana, of which
there are only two Irish records; Hypermecia augustana and Argyrolepia
(Phalonia) badiana, also new Irish records. Of Tineae, Plutella maculipennis
is new to Ireland, and Bryotropha politella hitherto recorded only from the
Belfast district. Very little research on this group of insects has hitherto
been done in Ireland.
A2
96 4 Proceedings of the Royal Trish Academy.
Of captures on the mainland the following species invite comment.
Vanessa 10, formerly for many years scarcely to be met with in the northern
half of Ireland, probably extirpated by a series of inclement summers, has
now re-established itself in Ulster, and was seen in some numbers on Clare
Island as well as on the mainland littoral. Such Lepidoptera, susceptible to
comparatively trifling climatic changes, must have been introduced to this
country since its climate has become stable and temperate. Visits to
Croaghpatrick were made during the first half of June in 1909 and 1910 in
the hope of again finding the alpine butterfly Hrebia epiphron, recorded by
Birchall in 1854 ; but though the locality indicated by him was carefully and
exhaustively examined by Mr. Wyse and myself, no specimen was seen. The
sunless weather and chilly wind probably account for our failure. My
capture of a specimen on Nephin on the 9th June, 1897, however, proves its
survival on the Mayo mountains, but it only flies in bright sunshine. Plusiu
bractea was taken at Old Head, Louisburgh, in some numbers.
The occurrence of Dasydia obfuscaria at Clare Island calls for a fuller
notice. Birchall, in his Catalogue of Irish Lepidoptera, gave Wicklow as a
habitat, and Mr. Bristow as the captor; but that gentleman kindly informed
me that the record was erroneous. Subsequently Kerry was given as a locality
on Mr. Birchall’s authority ; but no Ivish specimen was known until 1898, when
Mr. G. P. Farran took an example at Dowros Head, Co. Donegal. The insect
is a native of Scotland, where it has been taken in the island of Arran, on the
moors of Rannoch, and at Ardrossan. The moths most nearly allied to it of
the genus Gnophos as well as Dasydia have every one an alpine or sub-Arctic
distribution. It is found on the Continent in Finland, Sweden, Norway,
Livonia, and on alpine heights even so far south as near Larche in the Basses-
Alpes. Its food-plants are said to be species of Genista and Vetch. The
Clare Island specimen is unusually dark, and may be referred to Hibner’s ab.
canaria. This species, then, forms, with Larentia flavicinctata at Ballycastle,
Co. Antrim, an additional link between the fauna of Ireland and that of
Scotland and Scandinavia. Its introduction to this country may of course
have come about by flight with a favouring wind. But it certainly is
remarkable that the list here given is chiefly composed of moths which
inhabit Finland, as will be seen by the numerous asterisks appended to
Finnish species in the list below. However, one of the Geometers inhabiting
Achill provides a distributional problem of more complexity, which may be
suitably discussed here.
Nyssia zonaria, Schiff, has been for some years known to exist on the
sand-hills of Dugort, Achill Island; the Rev. W. F. Johnson, during the
progress of this survey, has added those of Keel in Achill, and Mulranny on
are Island Survey—Lepidoptera. 26 5
the mainland, to its habitats; and Mr. A. W. Stelfox that of Belmullet,
further to the north. This moth has an apterous female of very bulky
proportions in comparison with the male; and besides its inability to fly, it is
very sluggish on foot. Hence a colony of these insects is extremely localized,
being able to extend its distribution only on foot during the fortnight or three
weeks’ life of the female, as it wanders in search of its food-plant for the
purpose of oviposition. Its looper larvae can similarly progress in search for
food; but the caterpillars of Geometers are usually very sluggish, having
protective conformation, and they assume not only the pattern but the
attitude of twigs, and their movements are accordingly very deliberate. Thiese
peculiarities have resulted in a very isolated and discontinuous distribution for
this moth in the British Islands as well as through the European continent.
It is, however, numerous where found, and is easily reared. Its European
distribution is as follows :—Armenia, Ural Mountains, 8. W. Russia, Hungary,
Switzerland, N. Central France, Germany, Sweden. Thus, without being a
member of the alpine fauna, it is found on the slopes of mountains, and in
Sweden, as well as in the warmer temperate climates of Armenia and S. W.
Russia, in such localities as the banks of the Seine near Paris, and in poor
pastures suited for the growth of its low-growing food-plants, such as trefoil,
Achillea Millefolium, Centaurea Jacea, Salvia pratensis, &c. Such soils are
generally of sandy or stony, and barren nature, and, like sand-hills, are poor
in nitrogen and such materials as are required by more luxuriant vegetation,
Temperature therefore does not seem an important factor in determining its
distribution so much as the requirements of its food-plants. The phenomenon
of both alpime and maritime habitats for certain plants as well as insects
is thus explicable. Its wide but discontinuous European distribution
warrants us in attributing a very great antiquity to an insect with such
limited powers of locomotion. A parallel in the vegetable world would be a
plant which was devoid of seeds and could only spread by rhizomes. Let us
examine its distribution in the British Islands—for though the difficulties
appear to be accentuated, the facts when set out before us may narrow the
problem to be elucidated. It has not been found in Scotland. In England,
which has been well examined by lepidopterologists, only one station is
known, namely, sand-hills in Cheshire, not far from Birkenhead. About
twenty years ago Mr. D. C. Campbell, of Londonderry, found the larvae at
Ballycastle, Co. Antrim, which I identified; and the moths were subsequently
found in good numbers on the sand-hills there. A few years afterwards
Mr. Sheridan, of Dugort, Achill, sent a male specimen which he caught flying
on the sand-hills at that place.
In the year 1896 Mr. Halbert, of the National Museum, Dublin, in
company with Mr. Dillon and myself, found a numerous colony at Slyue Head,
26 6 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
and again at Roundstone in Galway Bay, on extensive sand-dunes. During
the progress of the Clare Island researches Rev. W. F. Johnson met with the
insect on sand-hills at Keel, which is also in Achill, and on the mainland at
Mulranny, and on sand-hills at the southern entrance of Achill Sound; and,
as stated above, Mr. Stelfox took it on sand-hills near Belmullet. In the
British Islands, therefore, the msect has hitherto been taken exclusively on
sand-hills. In Ireland the length of the coast-line from Ballycastle to Round-
stone, without counting indentations and narrow-mouthed bays, may be stated
roundly as 250 to 250 miles. If we are to postulate that this puny insect crept
along the shore, and was obliged to follow all the indentations of this extremely
broken coast-line, much of it rock and precipice, as well as the banks of
rivers which debouch into the sea, the suggestion is plainly an impossible
one. Its isolated stations along the shore might be reached if the female
could be transported by water. But a coast-wise dispersal thus on the
storm-tossed waves of the north and west of Ireland is unthinkable.
Geologists are now almost agreed that neither the ancient fauna nor flora of
Treland could have survived the Ice Age. And we will not here discuss the
land-connexions of this island with Scotland and Scandinavia, nor with
England and the Continent. But if we predicate its arrival, perhaps via
England, at an early epoch, at a time when the Boulder-clay was being broken
down by frost and alternating temperatures, the scanty and eager herbage
which could grow on the stony and barren débris would be widespread, and
as in the course of ages the soil became more fertile in humus, a richer and
more aggressive flora would drive the weaker plants to the banks of streams,
the sides of hills, and the sea-shore, and with it the insects that were dependent
on them for nourishment. Hence isolated colonies would be found in such
localities, having radiated in all directions from central districts now become
unsuitable. But it may be said that of some twelve moths, which also have
apterous females, Ireland reckons nine as indigenous. Do not the same
problems present themselves in their case? The reply is a simple one, and,
moreover, seems to indicate that they arrived overland before this country
was insulated. The nine others are tree-feeders, and the caterpillars, hung by
a silken web, are blown from tree to tree, and the females are active and
climb the trunks in winter. They therefore accompanied the bushes and
trees on arrival’ Moreover, with the exception of one which is polyphagous,
all are in flight as imagines in the winter or early months of the year. The
females, being apterous, are therefore not blown away from their food-plant,
as would be the case with such weak fliers as are the males. Perhaps Nyssia
has reaped a similar advantage on the wind-swept heights and shores it
inhabits. But to return to the list :—
Larentia salicata, which is usually a local species, occurs on Clare Island
Clare Islund Survey— Lepidoptera. 26 7
as well as on Achill. Melanippe hastata isnumerous at Glendarary on Achill,
and occurs also at Doo Lough and at Pontoon. On the margins of Roonah
Lough below Louisburgh Acentropus niveus was taken in sparing numbers, a
very local species, whose caterpillar feeds under water. And among the
Pyralidae the handsome but local Ennychia octomaculata was in fair numbers
at Mulranny, where I secured a good series; it also occurs on Achill.
The few Microlepidoptera of any interest have been already alluded to.
For the identification of them I am indebted to Mr. Bower, of Chisel-
hurst, and Mr. Durant, of the British Museum. But my chief thanks are due
to Mr. Greer and Mr, Bonaparte Wyse, whose work in the field both at night
and in the day added so greatly to the hard-earned success that I have to
record. Aid was also given by Rey. W. F. Johnson, Mr. P. E. Grimshaw, and
others.
LIST OF SPECIES.
Locatit1es—Cl]. Clare I, A. Achill, M. Mulranny, L. Louisburgh, Cp.
Croaghpatrick, W. Westport. * denotes natives of Finland.
RHOPALOCERA.
Pieris brassicae L. Cl. A. L. W. *
rapae L. Li. *
napi L. Cl. L. Cp. *
Argynnis paphia L. I. «
Vanessa urticae L. Cl. A. W. L. *
io. A.M. L. W. x
cardui Z. Cl. A.
Hrebia epiphron Knoch. Cp. Nephin.
Pararge egeria Z. Ol. Li. *
megaera L. Cl. L. W.
Satyrus semele ZL. Cl. L. «
Epinephele janira Z. Cl. L. W. +
a? approaching var. hispulla.
Nephin.
hyperanthus ZL. L. x
Coenonympha tiphon Rott. A. Doo L.
pamphilus L. A. L. W.*
Thecla rubi L. A.M. x
Polyommatus phlaeas L. Cl. A.M. x
Lycaena icarus Roti. Cl. L. W. x
argiolus L. A. *
minima wes. Cl. A. M. »
HETEROCERA.
Chaerocampa elpenor L. Cl. M. «
Smerinthus populi L. Cl. =
Macroglossa bombyliformis Och. A.*
Zygaena filipendulae L. Cl. M. x
Nudaria mundana L. A. L. W. «
Euchelia jacobaeae L. A. L.
Nemeophila russula L.Cl. A. Pontoon. *
plantaginis L. A. Nephin. *
Arctia caja L. Cl. A. x
Spilosoma fuliginosa L. Cl.A.DooL.
lubricipeda Esp. Cl. A.
menthastri Hsp. Cl. A. x
Hepialus humuli L. Cl. L. A. x
velleda Hb. A. x
hectus L. A. Pontoon. *
Orgyia antiqua L. L.
Bombyx rubi LZ. Cl. A. *
quercus L. Cl. Cp. «
var. callunae. Nephin.
Odonestis potatoria L. Cl. x
Saturnia pavonia Z. Cl.A.L.DooL.*
Drepana lacertinaria L. W,
26 8
Dicranura vinula L. Cl. L.
Notodonta dictaeoides Hsp. A. *
ziezag L. Cl. x
Thyatira batis L. A. *
: derasa L. Pontoon.
Macroglossa bombyliformis Och. A. *
Nooruar.
Acronycta psi L. W. x
rumicis L. Cl. A, *
Leucania impura Hd. L.
pallens L. Li. #
Hydroecia nictitans Bork. L. W. *
Axylia putris ZL. M.
Xylophasia rurea Fb. W. *
lithoxylea Fb. A. x
sublustris Hsp. Cl.
monoglypha Hufn. Cl. A.W. #
var. aethiops Pontoon.
Charaeasgraminis L. Cl. A. L. W. *
Mamestra brassicae Z. Cl. A. W. *
furva Hb. W. x
Apamea basilinea fb. Cl. M. W. *
gemina Hb. Cl. A. M. W. *
didyma Hsp. Cl. L. A. W. *
Miana fasciuncula Haw. M.
Caradrina alsines Brahm. Li. x
taraxaci Hb. Li. *
quadripunctata /b. Cl. M.A.W. *
Acrotis vestigialis Hufn. Cl. x
exclamationis LZ. CJ]. A. #
tritici L. Cl. i. x
strigula Thnb. Pontoon.
lucernea L. Cl, *
Noctua plecta Z. Cl. A. *
umbrosa Hb. L. W.
baia Fb. L. *
xanthographa Fb. L. W.
Triphaena ianthina Hsp. L.
fimbria ZL. L.
comes Hb. L. W.
pronuba L, M. L, W. «
Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
Mania maura Z. LL.
Pachnobia rubricosa fb. Li. Cp. x
Taeniocampa gothica L. lL. Cp. *
incerta Hufn. L. Cp. *
stabilis View. Li. Cp.
gracilis fb. L. Cp.
HapeEnipak.
Cleoceris viminalis Fb. Pontoon. *
EKuplexia lucipara Z. A. #
Phlogophora meticulosa L. A. W. «
Hadena adusta Esp. A. &
glauca Hb. A. *
dentina Hsp. Cl. A. *
oleracea L. Cl. A. #
pisi ZL. A. L. Dool. ¥
thalassina Rott. A. *
Xylocampa areola Hsp. lL. Cp.
Calocampa vetusta Hb. L. Cp. *
Cucullia umbratica L. Ol. «
Gonoptera libatrix L. A. W. x
Habrostola tripartita Hufn. Cl.
triplasia LZ. Cl. *
Plusia chrysitis Z. L. *
bractea Fb. L. x
pulchrina Haw. LL.
gamma JZ. Cl. A. L. *
interrogationis L. Nephin. «
Anarta myrtilli Z. A x
Huclidia glyphica L. Cp. W. *
Hypena proboscidalis L. L. *
GEOMETRAE.
Rumia luteolata L. Cl. A.
Metrocampa margaritaria Z. A. Cp.
Selenia bilunaria Hsp. Cp. Doo L.
Odontopera bidentata Clerch. A. +
Nyssia zonaria Schiff. Achill (Keel,
Dugort, Curraun, Mulranny,
Belmullet.)
Dasydia obfuscaria Hb. Cl. x
Todis lactearia L. Cp. W. *
Acidalia dimidiata Aujn.
A. W. Pontoon. *
Clare Island Survey— Lepidoptera.
Cabera pusaria I, Cl. A. W. «
Bapta temerata Hb. A,
Scodiona belgiaria Hb. Cl. A. Cp. *
Ematurga atomaria L. Cl. A. L. ete. *
Aspilates strigillaria Hb. A, M.
Abraxas grossulariata L. Cl. A. *
Lomaspilis marginata L. Cl.A.L. W.*
Larentia caesiata Lang. Cl. Cp.
Nephin. (Croaghmore 1000 ft.)
salicata Hb. Cl. A.
viridaria Fb. A. *
Emmelesia albulata Schiff.
Cl. A. M. L. #
EKupithecia oblongata Thnb. Cl. A.
satyrata var. callunaria Sta.
A. Doo L.
nanata Hb. Cl. A. W. Nephin. x
absinthiata Clerk. lL. *
minutata Gn. L. W. *
rectangulata L. Li. *
Thera variata Schiff. A. x
Hypsipetes ruberata Fiv. LL. x
trifasciata Bork. A. x
sordidata Fb. L. W. x
Melanthia bicolorata Hufn. Li. x
albicillata L. A.L.W. Pontoon.*
Melanippe hastata L.
A. W.L. Doo L. Pontoon. «
sociata Bork. Cl. A. L. W. x
montanata Bork.
Cl. A. L. W. Doo L. *
galiata Hb. M. W.
fluctuata L. ClA. L.
Coremia unidentaria Haw. A, W. «
Camptogramma bilineata L. Cl. M.
and a very dark form LL. *
Phibalapteryx vittata Bork, Cl.
Eucosmia undulata 2. A. Pontoon. *
Cidaria truncata Hufn. A. Nephin. *
immanata Haw. A. L. Nephin. +
var. marmorata L. W.
testata L. A.*
R.I.A. PROC., VOL, XXXI,
26 9
Cidaria populata L. A. x
Pelurga comitata L. L. A. *
Kubolia limitata Scop. L. ete. *
Pyrauipes.
Scoparia ambigualis 77. Cl. A. L.
Pyrausta purpuralis Z. A. M.
Herbula cespitalis Schiff, A. L. W.
Kinnychia octomaculata Fb. A, M.
Botys fuscalis Schiff. A.
ruralis Scop. IL.
Ebulea crocealis Hb. L.
Pionea forfiealis L. L.
Hydrocampa nympheata Z. LL. A.
stagnata Don. Cl. L. W.
Acentropus niveus Oliv. L.
PrEeRopHort.
Chrysocoris festaliella Hb. A.
Platyptilia isodactylus Zell. Cl.
Mimaeseoptilus plagiodactylus Sta.
Cl.
Aciptilia tetradactyla L, L. Pontoon.
pentadactyla L. W.
Alucita hexadactyla L. W.
CRAMBI.
Crambus pratellus 2. Cl. A.
pascuellus L. A.
sylvellus Hb. A.
uliginosellus Zell. Cl. A. L.
margaritellus Hb. W.Nephin.
perlellus Scop. A.
tristellus fb. L. W.
culmellus L. Cl. L. A.
Aphomia sociella L. Cl. L.
TORTRICES.
Tortrix (Archips) rosana LZ. Cl.
viburnana #’b. Cl. x
viridana LZ. lL. Pontoon.
Penthina dimidiana 77. A.
26
26 10
Sericoris (Olethreutes) fasciana Hw. L.
cespitana Hb. A.
Sericoris lacunana Dup. Cl.
micana Fol. Cl.
Mixodia schulziana FP}. Cp. Nephin. =
palustrana Zell. Cl. x
Cnephasia (Ophelia) osseana Sc. L. =
Bacira lanceolana Hb. Cl. A.
Phoxopteryx unguicella LZ. Cl. A. L.
Hypermecia (Euarmonia) angustana
Hb. Cl. A.
cruciana L. Cl.
Batodes angustiorana Haw. Cl. L.
Dichrorampha plumbana Scop. Cl.
Catoptria (Eucosmia) ulicetana Hw.
A.
cana Hw. L.
Eupoecilia angustana Hb. Cl.
Xanthosetia hamana L. L.
Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
Argyrolepia (Phalonia) hartmanniana
Clerck. A.
badiana Hb. Cl.
TINEAE.
Incuryaria muscalella Fb. A.
Micropteryx calthella L. A.
aureatella Scop. Cl.
Plutella maculipennis Crt. Cl.
Harpipteryx xylostella L. W.
Depressaria nervosa Hw. L.
heracleana De Geer. Cl.
Gelechia ericetella Hb. Cl. A. Cp.
Carrowmore.
Bryotropha terrella Hb. Cl. A.
politella Sta. Cl.
Lita marmorea Hw. Cl.
Borkenhausenia pseudospretella Stn.
Cl.
Glyphipteryx thrasonella Scop. Cl. A.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
Kane, W. F. de V.: A Catalogue of the Lepidoptera of Ireland. West,
Newman, & Co. 1904.
Wyse, L. Bonaparte: Entomological Notes from the Co. Mayo. Ivish
Naturalist, December, 1907.
Lampa, Sven: Forteckning ofver Skandinaviens 6ch Finlands Macro-
lepidoptera.
Stockholm. 1885.
Clare Island Survey.
©
bo
Ue
NEUROPTERA.
By J. N. HALBERT.
Read June 24. Published September 11, 1912.
THE present report contains a short account of the Neuroptera of the Clare
Island district. It is concerned with such insects as the dragonflies, mayflies,
caddisflies, and other insects comprising the Neuroptera of the older
classifications.
Our knowledge of most of the entomology of the district prior to the present
Survey was practically z7/, if we except a few groups such as the moths and
beetles. In the case of the Neuroptera, however, a considerable amount of
collecting had already been done by Mr. J. J. F. X. King, who had selected
the Westport and Newport districts for part of the field-work which it was
necessary to carry out in the preparation of his catalogue of the Irish
Neuroptera published in 1889.!
In order to secure a complete report on this interesting section of the
fauna, it was hoped that Mr. King would be able to continue his work in the
district ; unfortunately neither he nor Mr. K. J. Morton could spare time for
the undertaking In these circumstances the attention given to the Neuroptera
during the Survey was very limited, so that there are comparatively few
additional species to record. They include, however, a few notable insects,
such as the mayfly Leptophlebia vespertina and the caddisfly Limnophilus
Suseinervis.
As a result of the collecting carried on both before and during the Survey
we have now records of 124 species of Neuroptera from the neighbourhood of
Clare Island, or almost exactly half the number recorded in the general Irish
list published about two years ago.’ The local list is made up as follows :—
Dragonflies, 14 species Psocidae, 18 species
Mayflies, 11 ,, Planipennia, &c., 13 __,,
Stoneflies, 5 _,, Caddisflies, BS gy
There is no doubt that these do not represent the complete neuropterous
fauna of the district; yet the group is numerically a small one, and it is
hardly likely that many species remain to be discovered there.
In spite of an abundance of suitable habitats, the district is comparatively
poor in aquatic species. The dragonflies, for instance, are few, but in this
1 A Contribution towards a Catalogue of the Neuropterous Fauna of Ireland. Glasgow, 1889.
2J.J. F. X. Kine and J. N. Hatserr: A list of the Neuroptera of Ireland. Proc. R.I. Acad.,
xxviii, Sect. B, No. 2.. 1910.
R.I.A. PROC., VOL. XXXI. A 27
Pay Be Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
respect the district shares a characteristic of the rest of Iveland, there
being only twenty-three kinds recorded from this country.
Among the rarer dragonflies are Sympetrum scoticum, which occurs both on
Clare Island and on the adjacent mainland. The local Brachytron pratense
occurred on the wooded hillside at Belclare, and Mr. King had previously
taken it near the convent at Westport. A much rarer species is the little
Tschnura pumilio, which Mr. King found many years ago on the Carrowbeg
River. One hot day in July I also met with a specimen fiying over marshy
ground by a small lough (Doo Lough) quite close to Louisburgh. According to
Mr. Lucas it is a very local British insect, occurring in the south-eastern
parts of England. Both of the handsome dragonflies Calopteryxz virgo and
C. splendens occur on the wooded banks of streams in the neighbourhood of
Westport, the former species being an addition to the local list.
The most interesting insect discovered during the Survey is a caddisily,
Limnophilus fuscinervis, which it was my good fortune to capture while
collecting on the wooded shores of Lough Lannough, close to Castlebar. This
insect proved to be unrecorded irom the British Isles: The first specimen, a
male, was taken on June 17th, 1909, and on a subsequent visit in July a few
females were found in the same place, so that it is probably not uncommon
there. It is remarkable that so conspicuous an insect should have been over-
looked in these countries, and it is extremely likely that it awaits discovery on
some lake-shore in northern Britain. Lough Lannough also yielded a
Maytly, Leptophlebia vespertina, which was not previously known to occur
in this country.
This district is decidedly poor in stoneflies (Perlidac); none of the larger
species, Perla, Dictyopteryx, &c., were found, although there are many st reams
affording a suitable habitat for these insects.
Apart from those species which are known to be common and widely
distributed throughout Europe, there is a decided preponderance of northern
over southern species. Amongst forms which may perhaps be included in the
latter category are the dragonfly Ischnura pumilio, the mayfly Cloéon simile,
and the caddisfiy Polycentropus Kingi.
There can be little doubt that most of the twenty-four species taken on
Clare Island found their way to that area in former times while it was still
joined to the mainland. With few exceptions the Neuroptera are winged, yet
the comparatively weak and fitful flight of the majority of these insects would
seem to preclude the possibility of their having flown across the three miles of
ocean which, at its narrowest part, separates the island from the mainland.
*The known Continental range of this caddisfy is northern Lapland, Finland. Sweden,
ae Germany, Sarepta, Denmark; and a variety (var. solutus McLarch) has been found in
ersia,
27 3
The only neuropterous insects which are qualitied for this task are the larger-
bodied dragonflies of the genera Sympetrum, Libellula, and Aeschna—insects
which would have little difficulty in crossing such a sea-barrier.
~ [ am indebted to the Rev. W. F. Johnson and Mr. Claude Morley for notes
of their captures, and to Mr. K.J. Morton and Rey. A. E. Eaton for kind help
in the identification of some difficult species collected during the Survey.
In the list of species the locality names are indicated by the following
Clare Island Survey—Neuroptera.
letters :—
A = Achill Island.
B = Inishbofin.
Be = Belclare.
Bm = Belmullet.
C = Clare Island.
Cb = Castlebar.
L=Louisburgh.
M = Mulranny.
N = Newport.
R = Mweelrea.
W = Westport.
LIST OF SPECIES.
Oponata (Dragonflies).
Sympetrum striolatum Charp.—, A,
B, L, M, N, W.
scoticum Don.—C, W.
Libellula quadrimaculata L.—C, A, L.
Brachytron pratense Mill. Be, W.
Aeschna juncea L.—C, M, R.
Calopteryx virgo L.—Be.
splendens Harr.—W.
Lestes sponsa Hansem.—L.
Pyrrhosoma nymphula Sulz.—C, A,
L, W.
Ischnura pumilio Charp.—L, W.
elegans Van Lind.—O, A,B, L, W.
Agrion pulchellum Van Lind.—Be, W.
puella L.—Be, W.
Enallagma cyathigerum Charp.—C, A,
B, L, W.
EPHEMERIDAE (Mayflies),
Ephemera vulgata L.—Cb.
danica Miill.—W.
Leptophlebia cincta Retz.—W.
vespertina L.—Cb.
Caenis halterata Hab.—W.
Baétis binoculatus L.—C.
pumilus Burm.—C.
Cloéon simile Haton.—A, N, W
Eloéon rufulum Wiill.—W.
Kedyurus insignis Haton.—W.
lateralis Curt.—C.
PERLIDAE (Stoneflies).
Chloroperla grammatica Poda,—, W.
Tsopteryx torrentium Pict.—C, A, L,
W.
Nemoura cinerea Oliv.—L, W.
variegata Oliv.mA, Cb, M, W.
Leuctra Klapaleki Kempny.—W.
Psocipak.
Amphigerontia bifasciata Latr.—W.
Psocus nebulosus Steph.—W.
longicornis /ab.— W.
Stenopsocus immaculatus Steph.—W.
Graphopsocus cruciatus L.—W.
Mesopsocus unipunctatus Wiill.—W.
Philotarsus flaviceps Steph.—W.
Elipsocus Westwoodi McLach.—W.
abietis Kolbe.—W.
Peripsocus phaeopterus Steph.—W.
Caecilius fuscopterus Latr.—W.
flavidus Steph.—W.
Burmeisteri Brawer.—W.
perlatus Kolbe.—W.
Atropos pulsatoria L.—W.
Hyperetes euestfalicus Kolbe. W.
27 4
Lepinotus inquilinus Heyd.—W.
Troctes divinatorius Miill.—W.
PLANIPENNIA.
Sialis lutaria L.—W.
Sisyra fuscata Fab.—A, Be, W.
Hemerobius micans Oliv. W.
humuli L.— W.
_ lutescens Fab.—W.
marginatus Steph.—W.
nervosus Fab.—W.
Micromus variegatus F’ab.—W.
paganus D.—A.
CHRYSOPIDAE.
Chrysopa flava Scop.—W.
alba L.—W.
flavifrons Brauer.—W.
CoNIOPTERYGIDAE.
Coniopteryx lactea Wesm.—W.
TricHoprera (Caddisflies).
Phryganea striata D.—W.
varia Hagen.—L, M, W.
Colpotaulius incisus Curt.—C, Ch, N,
W.
Glyphotaelius pellucidus Retz.—W.
Limnophilus rhombicus Z.—W.
flavicornis Fab.—W.
marmoratus Curt.—C, A, N, W.
lunatus Curt.—C, N, W.
fuscinervis Zett.—Cb.
ignaceus (Hagen) McLach.—W.
centralis Curt.— W.
vittatus Fab.—M, W.
auricula Curt.—W.
griseus L.—A, M, W.
hirsutus Pict.—W.
luridus Curt.—A, L.
sparsus Curt.—C, A, L, M.
Micropterna lateralis Steph.—A.
Sericostoma personatum Spence.—A,
Cb, L, W.
Goéra pilosa Fab.—W.
Silo nigricornis Pict.—W.
Lepidostoma hirtum Fab.—W.
Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
Beraea pullata Curt.—L, W.
maurus Curt.—C, W.
Odontocerum albicorne Scop.—L, W.
Leptocerus fulvus Ramb.—A, W.
senilis Burm.—N, W.
albo-guttatus Hagen.—W.
aterrimus Steph._N, W.
cinereus Curt.—N, W.
albifrons Z.—N, W.
dissimilis Steph.—W.
Mystacides azurea L.—N, W.
longicornis L.—N, W.
Triaenodes bicolor Curt.—N, W.
Oecetis ochracea Curt.—W.
furva Ramb.—W.
lacustris Pict. W.
testacea Curt.—W.
Hydropsyche instabilis Curt.—W.
angustipennis Curt.—W.
Philopotamus montanus Donov.—C, A,
B, M, P, W.
Wormaidia occipitalis Pict—C, L, W.
subnigra McLach.—W.
Chimarrha marginata L.—L, N, W.
Neureclipsis bimaculata L.—W.
Plectrocnemia conspersa Curt.—C, W.
Polycentropus flavomaculatus Pict.—
C, A, L, N, W.
multiguttatus Curt. W.
Kingi McLach.—_W.
Holocentropus dubius Ramb.—W.
stagnalis Albarda.—W.
picicornis Steph.—C, W.
Cyrnustrimaculatus Curt.—A, L, N, W.
flavidus MeLach.—W.
Ecnomus tenellus Ramb.—W.
Tinodes Waeneri L.—N, W.
aureola Zett.—C, W.
Lype phaenopa Steph.—W.
Rhyacophila dorsalis Curt.—W.
Agapetus fuscipes Curt.—C, L, W-
Hydroptila sparsa Curt.—W.
Oxyethira costalis Curt.—W.
Clare Island Survey.
28
TERRESTRIAL COLEOPTERA.
By REY. W. F. JOHNSON, M.A., FES, anv J. N. HALBERT, M.R.LA,
Read June 24. Published Sepremper, 11, 1912.
INTRODUCTION.
THE district from which Coleoptera were collected had as its centre Clare
Island; it included Achill Island, and extended eastwards to Castlebar and
southwards to Killary Bay, excluding the Galway side; it thus forms a
district of considerable size and variety of surface. Work at the Coleoptera
had been done in the district previously to the Survey of 1909-11 by
W.E. Sharpe, L. H. Bonaparte Wyse, J. N. Halbert, and Commander Walker;,!
and their records are incorporated in the present list.
The work of the section of the Clare Island Survey devoted to the
Coleoptera was carried out by Rev. W. F.and Mrs. Johnson and Mr. J. N.
Halbert, with assistance from Messrs. C. Morley, R. Welch, and N. H. Foster,
Mr, L. H. Bonaparte Wyse was collecting in the district on his own account,
and very kindly sent us a complete list of his captures. We are also indebted
to several other workers for specimens collected during the Survey.
With regard to our work in the district, W. F. and Mrs. Johnson collected
at Curraun, Achill, and Mulranny in June, 1910; at Clare Island in September,
1910, and in June, 1911. Halbert worked at Clare Island, Achill, and
Westport in June, 1909; at Belclare and Louisburgh in July, 1910; and
at the Westport district in July, 1911.
As a-result we are able to present a list of 521 species of Coleoptera.
This cannot be regarded as anything like a complete list of the beetles of the
district. Such a list could only be compiled by resident collectors working all
the year round for several years in succession. This will at once be under-
stood when we mention that the late Mr. Buckle’s list? of the beetles of the
Foyle district, comprising parts of Donegal and Derry, which was the result
of three years’ energetic and skilled collecting by one resident continuously in
1 Vide Johnson, W. F., and J. N. Halbert: A List of the Beetles of Ireland. Proc. R.I. Acad.
(3), vol. vi., 1902.
2 Buckle, C. W.: Beetles collected in Lough Foyle District, Cos. Donegal and Derry. Ivish
Naturalist, ix., p. 2. 1900.
R. J, A. PROG., VOL, XXXI. A 98
28 2 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
the district, produced 760 species; but in this list the aquatic species were
included, which, in our case, are dealt with in a separate paper (Part 29) by
Mr. Balfour Browne. As he has listed 90 species, their addition would bring
the present list to a total of 611 species.
The Clare Island district has also some features tending to restrict the
number of species. The fierce Atlantic gales are not conducive to beetle-life ;
the prevalence of turf-bogs is also an adverse factor, as such localities have
always a comparatively poor insect fauna; and lastly, the scarcity of wood-
land, except about Westport, causes a dearth of a large number of species
which are connected with trees. Thus there is but one Longicorn represented,
—Grammoptera ruficornis, a species which is widely spread in Ireland; but
Mr. Wyse found Rhagium inguisitor and Strangalia armata at Pontoon, just
outside our district. In spite of these drawbacks the district has several highly
interesting species—e.g., Carabus clathratus, C. granulatus vay. interstitialis,
Leistus montanus, Panagaeus crua-major, Tachinus proximus, Myllaena gracilis,
Otiorrhynchus blandus, and others, to which particular reference will be made
further on.
The number of species obtained on Clare Island itself is 238. It will be
noticed that a few of these are not recorded from the mainland, but there is
no reason why they should not occur there. It is remarkable that no species of
Dyschirius was met with on the island, though there isa suitable locality where
their constant companions, Bembidiwm pallidipenne and Bledius arenarius, were
found. Another absentee was Cetonia aurata, which seems to have a great
liking for islands, and has been found on the Aran Islands to the south and
Tory Island to the north. We were also somewhat surprised not to meet
with Leistus montanus on Croaghmore. The groups best represented on the
island were the Carabidae, the Staphylinidae, and the Aphodii. In connexion
with the Aphodii it is interesting to note that A. contaminatus was exceed-
ingly abundant in September, being found from the sea-shore to the top of
Croaghmore, while in June it was not met with at all. On the other hand,
A. scybalarius was found in June, but not in September, and A. dapponwm and
A, atey were much more abundant in June than in September. We should
also like to refer to the very frequent occurrence of such species as Carabus
clathratus, Staphylinus caesareus, and Otiorrhynchus blandus on Clare Island.
As regards the manner in which Clare Island has acquired its present
coleopterous fauna there is no need to labour the subject. Anyone looking
at the map of Clew Bay must be impressed with the feeling that, at no very
vast distance in time, that which is now islands and water must have been
a continuous land-surface, and that Clare Island formed part of the
mainland,
Clare Island Survey—Terrestrial Coleoptera. 28 3
But although we believe that the greater portion of the beetle-fauna
arrived at the area which is now Clare Island whilst it was still part of the
mainland, yet there is no impossibility in a number of species having been
carried over the short distance which now separates the island from the main-
land. On a hot spring or summer day beetles fly freely in the sunshine,
rising to a considerable height in the air, and with a favourable wind they
would easily be wafted from the mainland to the island.
There are sandhills at Keel in Achill, at the southern entrance to Achill
Sound, and at Mulranny. These produced several interesting species, but no
Heterocerus was met with, though the environment was apparently suitable.
We may point out that the only record for Heterocerus for the west coast of
Ireland is Enniscrone, county Sligo, where Johnson obtained it in some
numbers.
In the neighbourhood of Westport there are several lakes, also at Castlebar
and Louisburgh, and at these several good captures were made. The
interesting ground-beetle Pelophila borealis Payk., has been taken at
Ballyhaunis, which is just outside the boundary of the district, and we
hoped to have met with it, but were disappointed ; however, there is every
reason to expect that it will yet be found in the Clare Island district. In this
connexion we would call attention to a few uncommon species which have
been taken at Leenane, on the southern side of Killary Bay, just beyond our
boundary. These include Homalota exilis Er., Quedius umbrinus. Er.,
Cryptobium glaberrimum Herbst., and Chrysomela varians Schall. It is
highly probable that further research will disclose the presence of these insects
within the district.
As might be expected, several of the species noted are of a western
trend in Ireland; among these the following may be mentioned as having
no record from the east coast :—Lcistus montanus,! Dyschirius impunctipennis,
Panagaeus crua-major, Stenolophus vespertinus, Aépus Robinii, Cymindis
vaporariorum, Homalota puncticeps, Stenus lustrator, and Cryptocephalus
aureolus.
Of species that are of northern distribution the following representatives
have occurred, amongst others, in the district :—Carabus clathratus, Nebria
Gyllenhali, Blethisa multipunctata, Patrobus assimilis, Aphodius lapponwm,
Otiorrhynchus blandus, and O. maurus. But of those of distinctively southern
origin we can only mention Aépus Robinii and Rhopalomesites Tardyz. We do
not, however, attempt to draw any conclusions from these records, as we
‘In the Dublin Museum collection there is a handsome dark-green form of this alpine insect taken
by Mr. N. H. Foster on Slieve-na-Glogh in the Mourne Mountains during August, 1902. We have:
no record, however, of its occurrence on the Leinster range.
A2
28 4 Proceedings of the Royul Irish Academy.
do not consider that we are yet acquainted with the whole fauna of the
district.
The Bills, which are included in the district, are rocky islets some nine
miles north-west of Clare Island. A visit was paid to them by R. Ll. Praeger
and R. Welch in June, 1910, and some debris was obtained from old nests of
the Puftin and Great Black-backed Gull. The following beetles occurred in
this habitat :—
Choleva Watsoni.
Athous haemorrhoidalis.
Agriotes lineatus.
Pterostichus strenuus.
Homalota longicornis.
Philonthus fimetarius.
Xantholinus linearis.
We have much pleasure in recording the following additions to the list of
Irish Beetles :—
Homalota mortuorum Thoms.
Tachinus proximus 4&7.
Myllaena gracilis Matthw.
Malthodes mysticus Kies.
Further reference will be made to these in the detailed notes.
The following 56 species have not been previously recorded from the
province of Connaught :—
C. scanicus var. patruelis.
Ephistemus gyrinoides.
Helodes marginata..
Cyphon coarctatus.
C. pallidulus.
Telephorus paludosus.
Malthodes mysticus.
P. albipes.
P. umbratilis.
P. longicornis.
Baptolinus alternans.
Othius laeviusculus.
Lathrobium multipunctum
Stenus canaliculatus.
Dyschirius salinus.
Stenolophus vespertinus.
Pterostichus minor.
Amara lucida.
Pristonychus terricola.
Anchomenus atratus.
Aépus Robinii.
Alianta incana. S. nitens. M. flavoguttatus.
Homalota currax. S. crassus. M. pellucidus.
H. cambrica. S. geniculatus. M. atomus.
H. elongatula. S. cicindeloides. Donacia limbata.
H. oblongiuscula. . Micralymma brevipenne. D. vulgaris.
H. monticola. Agathidium laevigatum. Lochmaea capreae.
H. gemina. Micropeplus porcatus. Longitarsus gracilis.
H. mortuorum. Epuraea florea. Haltica palustris.
Myllaena gracilis.
Conosoma lividum.
Tachinus proximus.
Philonthus addendus.
Lathridius lardarius.
Corticaria denticulata.
C. elongata,
Cryptophagus saginatus.
Cassida nobilis.
Salpingus ater.
Phytobius iy-tuberculatus.
Clare Island Survey—Terrestrial Coleoptera. 28 5
As Croaghpatrick (2510 ft.) is the highest point in the district examined,
it will be of interest to record the species found on the summit, which are as
follows :—
Cychrus rostratus. A. viduus. P. politus.
Carabus catenulatus. Trechus minutus var. P. varius.
C. nemoralis. obtusus. Othius fulvipennis.
Notiophilus biguttatus. Patrobus assimilis. Lathrobium fulvipenne.
N. aquaticus. Cymindis vaporariorum. Stenus geniculatus.
N. palustris. Aleochara brevipennis. Stilicus affinis.
Leistus montanus. Alianta incana. Byrrhus pilula.
Nebria Gyllenhali. Homalota vicina. B. fasciatus.
Loricera pilicornis. H. analis. Athous haemorrhoidalis.
Harpalus latus. H. aterrima. Corymbites cupreus var.
Pterostichus vitreus. H. muscorum. aeruginosus.
Amara spinipes. ‘Tachyporuschrysomelinus. Malthodes flavoguttatus.
Taphria nivalis. Quedius mesomelinus. Salpingus ater.
Anchomenus parumpunc- Q. boops. Otiorrhynchus maurus.
tatus. Philonthus proximus. Ceuthorrhynchus quadri-
dens.
Some of these are natural denizens of the mountain-top, such as Leistus
montanus and Otiorrhynchus maurus; others are casual visitors which have
flown up or been carried up by a current of air, such are Alianta incana,
Malthodes flavoguttatus, Salpingus ater, and Ceuthorrhynchus quadridens, which
were found flying around the freshly painted door of the little oratory on
the summit on a hot July day. It will be noticed that some of the common
Irish mountain species are absent from this list, but that must not be taken
as proof that they are absent from the locality. The visits of collectors of
Coleoptera to the summit of Croaghpatrick have been few and far between, so
that these species are most likely merely awaiting a discoverer.
We are much indebted to Dr. David Sharp, Rs. and Mr. G. C.
Champion, F.z.S., for kind assistance in the identification of critical species.
In the following list the names of localities are indicated as follows :—
A = Achill Island. L = Louisburgh.
B- = Inishbofin. M = Mulranny,
Be = Belclare. P = Croaghpatrick.
Bm = Belmullet. R = Mweelrea.
C = Clare Island. S = Inishshark.
Cb = Castlebar. T = Inishturk.
Cu = Curraun Achill. W = Westport.
D = Doo Lough and Delphi.
28 6 Proceedings of the Royal Trish Academy.
' Curraun Achill includes the whole of the eastern side of Achill Sound.
We have placed Clare Island first in each case, so that the species occurring
in the island can be at once picked out.
In the complete list of species from the district, which now follow we
have adopted the arrangement and nomenclature of Fowler and Sharp’s
“Catalogue of British Coleoptera” (1893 ji
Some critical notes on new British species of Gabrius and Parnus have
recently appeared in the “ Entomologists’ Monthly Magazine.” The available
material from the Clare Island district is not sufficient to permit a satisfactory
treatment of these genera in the present paper.
In the more extended notes on certain species of special interest which
follow, we have made use of the following initial to indicate the captors of the
specimens :—
R.E.D. .. Hon. R. E. Dillon. C. M. . Claude Morley.
N.H.F. .. Nevin H. Foster. R. LLP. .. R. Lloyd Praeger.
J.N.H. .. J.N. Halbert. W.E.S. .. W. E. Sharp.
W.F.J. .. W.F. Johnson. J.J. W. .. Jed. Walker.
H.8.J. .. Mrs. Johnson. L.B. W. .. L. H. Bonaparte Wyse.
H.W.K... H. Wallis Kew. kh. W. . R. Welch.
LIST OF SPECIES.
Cicindela campestris L.—C, A, B, M.
Cychrus rostratus L.—C, A, P, R.
Carabus catenulatus Scop.—C, A, L,
IP, IR
nemoralis Miill,—A, P.
clathratus Z.—C, A, B, D, L, T,
W.
granulatus £.—C, A, Cb, Cn.
v. interstitialis Duft.—C, A.
Notiophilus biguttatus #.—C, A, Cn,
IDj, 12.
substriatus Wat.—A.
aquaticus Z.—C, A, B, P, W.
palustris Duft.—C, A, M, P.
Leistus montanus Steph.—A, P.
fulvibarbis Dej.—A. C.
Nebria brevicollis F.—C, A, L, W.
Gyllenhali Sch.—A, P, R, W.
Blethisa multipunctata L.—Cb.
Elaphrus riparius L.—M, W.
cupreus Duft.—C, B, L, M, W.
Loricera pilicornis #’.—C, A, M, P, W.
Clivina fossor L.—C, A, B.
Dyschirius impunctipennis Daws.—A,
M.
politus Dej.—A.
salinus Schaum.—M.
clobosus Herbst.—A, B, Be, W.
Broscus cephalotes L.—C, A, Bm, Cn.
Panagaeus crux-major L.—Cb.
Badister bipustulatus #.—A, Be.
Stenolopus vespertinus Panz.—B.
Bradycellus cognatus Gyll.—A, L.
distinctus Dej.—W.
Verbasci Duft.—A, W.
Harpalus puncticollis Payk.—W.
ruficornis #’.—-C, A, B, L, W.
aeneus #.—C, A.
Clare Island Survey— Terrestrial Coleoptera.
Harpalus latus Z.—C, A, B, D, W.
Dichirotrichus pubescens Payk.—A,
M.
Stomis pumicatus Panz.—W.
Pterostichus cupreus L.—C, L.
versicolor Stim.—C, A, B.
madidus #’.—A, L, M, W.
vitreus Dej.—P.
niger Schall.—C,_B.
vulgaris L.—C, A, L, R.
nigrita #.—C, A, Cb, L, W.
eracilis Dej.—B.
minor Gyll.—A, Be.
strenuus Panz.—C, A, L, W.
diligens Stwrm,—L.
vernalis Gyll.—L, M, W.
striola #.—C, A, Cn, R.
Amara fulva Dej.—A, M.
apricaria Stwrm.—W.
spinipes auct.—C, A, P.
bifrons Gyll. —Cn.
ovata .—A, M.
familiaris Duft—A.
lucida Duft.—A.
trivialis Gyll.—A, Be, Cn.
communis Panz.—C, A, L, W.
plebeia Gyll.—C, L.
Calathus cisteloides Panz.—C, A, Bm,
L.
mollis Marsh.—C, A, Cn, L, M.
melanocephalus L.—C, A, L, W.
v. nubigena Hal.—C, A, B.
Taphria nivalis Panz.—C, L, P, W.
Pristonychus terricola Herbst.—W.
Laemostenus complanatus Dej.—W.
Anchomenus angusticollis #'.—W.
dorsalis Miill.— C, A, Cb.
albipes /.—C, A, B.
marginatus L.—C, A, B, L, W.
parumpunctatus: #.—C, A, L, W.
atratus Duft.—C.
yiduus Panz.—Cb, P,
28 7
Anchomenus viduus v. moestus Duft.—
Cb, W.
gracilis Gyll.—B, L, W.
piceus Z.—A, W.
Olisthopus rotundatus Payk.—C, A, L,
M, W.
Bembidium rufescens Guér.—Cn, W.
Mannerheimi Sahl.—A, Be.
aeneum Germ.—Cn.
doris Panz.—W.
normannum Dej.—W.
lampros Herbst.—C, A, M.
decorum Panz.—Be.
bruxellense Wesm.—-C, Be.
saxatile Gyll.—C, A, B.
littorale Ol.--C, A, B, M, W.
pallidipenne //.—C, A, M.
bipunctatum L.—C, A, B.
punctulatum Drap.—A.
Aépus Robinii Lab.—C, B’sod.
Trechus minutus #’.—C, A.
v. obtusus Hr.—C, P.
Patrobus assimilis Chaud.—C, P.
Cymindis vaporariorum L.—A, P.
Cyclonotum orbiculare #'’.—A, W.
Sphaeridium scarabaeoides #'.——C, A,
Cn, W.
bipustulatum #’.—L.
Cereyon littoralis Gyll._C, A, M, W.
depressus Steph.—C, Cn, M.
haemorrhoidalis Herbst.—C, A,
Cn, L.
obsoletus Gyll.—Cn.
flavipes 7.—C, A, L, W.
melanocephalus L.—C, Be, L,
unipunctatus L.—C.
quisquilius Z.—C.
analis Payk.—C, W.
Megasternum boletophagum Marsh.—
C.
Cryptopleurum atomarium /’—B, W.
Aleochara fuscipes #’.—D,
28 8 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
Aleochara brevipennis Grav.—C, §, Myllaena gracilis Matth.—W.
L, D. Conosoma lividum H7.—C.
bipunctata Ol.—Cb. Tachyporus obtusus L.—L.
lanuginosa Grav.—t, A, L, W. v. nitidicollis Steph.—C, A,
moesta Grav.—A. Cn, W.
succicola Thoms.—C, A, W. solutus H7.—W.
nitida Grav.—a. chrysomelinus .—A, Be.
morion Grav.—W. humerosus H7.—C.
grisea Ar.—A, Cn. tersus Hr.—A, W.
alearum Faw.—Cn. ; hypnorum F’.—C, A, Cn, L.
obseurella H7.—A. v. meridionalis. Fairm.—C.
Oxypoda opaca Grav.—M. pusillus Grav.—C.
longiuscula Hr.—W. Tachinus proximus [7.—C.
Astilbus canaliculatus #’.—C, A. rufipes L.—C, A, M, W.
Alianta incana Hr.—P, W. marginellus #.—L, W.
Homalota currax A7.—Be. laticollis Grav.—W.
cambrica Woll.—Be. Megacronus cingulatus Mann.—A.
eregaria Hr.—A. Mycetoporus lepidus Grav.—L.
elongatula Grav.—l. Quedius mesomelinus Marsh.—C, P,
volans Serib.—A, L, W. W.
vestita Grav.—A, Cn. fulgidus #'.—W.
oblongiuscula Sharp.—c. puncticollis Thoms.—W.
vicina Steph.—P. cinctus Payk.—C, A, M.
halobrectha Sharp.—A, W. fuliginosus Grav.—c, A.
puncticeps Thoms.—A. tristis Grav.—C, A.
monticola Zhoms.—W. molochinus Grav.—C, B.
circellaris Grav.—C, A, Cn. picipes Mann.—C.
gemina Er.—Cb, W. rufipes Grav.—C, A, L.
analis Grav.—cC, A, P, W. attenuatus Gyll.—C, L.
aquatica Thoms.—Chb, D. semiaeneus Steph.—C, A, L, M.
mortuorum Thovis.—P. boops Grav.—C, A, P.
nigra A7v.—W. Creophilus maxillosus L.—C, A, B, L,
atramentaria Gyll—_tC, A, L, M. M, 8.
longicornis Grav.—B, M. Leistotrophus nebulosus f’.-—A.
aterrima, Grav.—c, P. murinus Z.—C, A, Bm.
laticollis Steph.—Cb. Staphylinus pubescens De G.—C, A.
fungi Grav.—A, Cb, W. erythropterus L.—C, A, L, W.
v. Clientula Hr.—A, W. caesareus Ceder.—C, A.
Xenusa sulcata Aves.—A. Ocypus olens Miill.—C, A, Cn, L.
Falagria obscura Grav.—A. cupreus fossi.—C, A, B, L.
Autalia rivularis Grav.—Cb, W. ater Grav.—C, Bm, L, W.
Encephalus complicans |estw,—W, morio Grav.—C.
Clare Island Survey—Terrestrial Coleoptera. 28 9
Philonthus splendens F.—C, M.
intermedius Boisd.—C, A, M, W.
laminatus Creutz.—C, A, L, M.
aeneus Rosst.—M.
proximus Ar.—C, A, B, M, W.
addendus Sharp.—M.
politus #.—C, A, Li, P, W.
varius Gyll.—C, A, M, W.
marginatus l’.—C, A, D, L.
albipes Grav.—C, L.
fimetarius Grav.—C, A, D, W.
sordidus Grav.—aA, Cb.
ebeninus Grav.—C, A, Cb.
umbratilis Grar.—C, L.
longicornis Steph.—D.
yarians Payk.—C, Cb, D, M.
quisquiliarius Gyll.—C.
nigrita Nord.—L.
micans Grav.—L,
nigritulus Grav.—A.
trossulus Nord.—A.
puella Nord.—D.
Cafius xantholoma Grav.—A, M.
fucicola Curt.— A.
Xantholinus glabratus Grav.—C, A,
Cn, W.
punctulatus Payk.—C, A, Cn.
ochraceus Gyll.—C, A, Be, Cb.
tricolor #’.—W.
linearis Ol.—C, A, B, L.
longiventris Heer.—Cn, L.
Baptolinus alternans Grav.W.
Othius fulvipennis #'.—A, P.
laeviuseulus Steph.—C, A, M.
melanocephalus Grav.—A.
myrmecophilus Aies.—C, A, W.
Lathrobium boreale Hoch.—C, A, W.
fulvipenne Grav.—C, A, P.
brunnipes f’.—C, A, Cb.
quadratum Payk.—Cb, W.
terminatum Grav.
v. immaculatum Fowler.—D.
R.I.A. PROC., VOL, XXXi,
Lathrobium multipunctum Grav.—C,
Stilicus affinis Hr.—A, P.
Hvaesthetus laeviusculus Mann.—D,
Stenus Juno /’.—A, Cb, L.
ater Mann.—Cb.
speculator H7.—A.
lustrator Hr.—A..-
buphthalmus Grav.—A, L.
canaliculatus GylliW.
nitens Steph.—W.
declaratus Hr.—A, W.
erassus Steph.—Be, W.
v. littoralis Thoms.—Be, W.
brunnipes Steph.—C, A, Cb.
ossium Steph.—A.
geniculatus Grav.—P.
impressus Germ.—C, A, Be.
pubescens Steph.—Cb.
pallitarsis Steph.—C, Cb, L, W.
nitidiusculus Steph.—L, W.
picipes Steph._W.
cicindeloides Grav.—a.
similis Herbst.—C, Be, Cb, W.
tarsalis Lyun.—C, L, W.
Bledius spectabilis Ar.—M.
arenarius Payk.—C, A, M.
pallipes Grav.—A.
longulus #7.—A, L.
Platystethus arenarius Fowrc.—C, A,
Wi.
Oxytelus rugosus Grav.—A, Cn, Cb.
laqueatus Marsh.—C.
sculpturatus Grav.—W.
mavitimus Thoms.—C, A.
complanatus H7.—W.
tetracarinatus Glock.—A.
Trogophloeus corticinus Grav.—Cb.
Lesteva pubescens Mann.—L.
sicula H7.—A.
punctata Hr.—C, D.
Olophrum piceum Gyll.—A.
Arpedium brachypterum Grav.—a.
28
28 10
Micralymma brevipenne Gyl/.—C, A,
Cn.
Omalium rivulare Payk.—C, A, Be,
W.
laeviusculum Gyll.—A, W.
riparium Thoms.—C, A.
excavatum Steph.—W.
Megarthrus depressus Lac.—C, A.
Pselaphus Heisei Herbst.—C.
Scydmaenus collaris Wiil/.—C.
Agathidium nigripenne Kug.—W.
laevigatum Er.—C.
Anisotoma ovalis Schmidt.—A.
calearata Hr.—A.
Necrophorus humator F.—A, Cn.
mortuorum /’.—A.
Necrodes littoralis L.—D.
Silpha opaca L.—A.
rugosa L.—D.
subrotundata Steph.—C, A, B,
L, W.
Choleva Watsoni Spence. —Bills.
Hister neglectus Germ.—W.
carbonarius //.—W.
Saprinus aeneus F.—Cn.
Coccinella x-punctata L.—C, A, M, W.
xi-punctata L.—C, A, B, L.
Halyzia xvi-guttata L.—W.
xiv-guttata L.—C, M, W.
Coccidula rufa Herbst.—C, Be, L, W.
Micropeplus poreatus Payi.—C.
Brachypterus pubescens /?r—C, A,
W.
urticae F.—C, A, W.
Cercus pedicularius L.—C, W.
Epuraea aestiva L.—L, M.
deleta Er.—W.
Meligethes aeneus F'.—W.
Rhizophagus cribratus Gyll.—aA. W.
Lathridius lardarius De Geer.—A, Cb.
Coninomus nodifer Wesiw.—W.
Enicmus transyersus O/,—W.
Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
Enicmus denticulata Gyll.—W.
Corticaria elongata Humm.—W.
Melanophthalma gibbosa Herbst.—C,
W.
Telmatophilus Caricis OJ.—Be, W.
Typhae Fall.—Cb, W.
Antherophagus pallens Gyll.—C.
Cryptophagus saginatus Siwrm.
scanicus L.—C.
vy. patruelis Stwrm.—A, M, W.
dentatus Herbst.—W, M.
affinis Sturm.—W.
Micrambe vini Panz.—C, W.
Atomaria fuscata Schin.—W.
atricapilla Steph.—C, W.
basalis B7.—Cb.
mesomelas Herbst.—W.
analis Er.—B.
Ephistemus globosus Waltl.—C.
gyrinoides Marsh.—C. W.
Byturus tomentosus F’.—B.
Byrrhus pilula L.—C, A, B, P, W.
fasciatus F’.—P.
Cytilus varius F.—C, A, B, L, W.
Simplocaria semistriata /’.—A.
Elmis parallelopipedus M/ul/_—C.
Parnus prolifericornis Ff’.
Aphodius fossor L.—C, L, W.
foetens F'.—Cb.
fimetarius L.—C, A, Cn, M.
scybalarius #.—C, Cn, M.
ater.—C, A, Cn, L.
nitidulus #'.—C.
sordidus F’.—A, M.
rufescens F'.—A, M, L, W.
lapponum Gyll.—C, Cn, M.
putridus Stwim.—C, A, Cn.
punctato-sulcatus Stm.—cC, A, L.
prodromus Brahm.—C, M.
contaminatus Herbst.—C.
rufipes L.—C, Cn, L.
depressus Kug.—C, A, M, L, R.
Clare Island Survey—Terresirial Coleoptera.
Aegialia arenaria #'.—C, A, Cn.
Geotrupes spiniger Marsh.—C.
stercorarius 1.—C, A.
sylvaticus Panz.—C, A, W.
Serica brunnea L.—C, A, B, L, W.
Melolontha vulgaris /'.—Be, Cb.
Phyllopertha horticola £.—Cn, Bm,
B, W.
Cryptohypnus riparius /.—C, A, M,
B.
Athous niger L.—C, A, B, W.
haemorrhoidalis /.—C, A, b, Cn.
Adrastus limbatus 7.—A.
Agriotes obscurus L.—C, A, L, W.
lineatus L.—C, B, L.
Dolopius marginatus L.—A, Be.
Corymbites cupreus /.—C, A, P.
v. aeruginosus #.—A, B, P.
tessellatus #.—C, A, L, W.
quereus Gyll.—t, A.
v. ochropterus Steph.—c, A,
W.
Dascillus cervinus L.—C, Be.
Helodes minuta Z.—A, B, Be, W.
marginata F.—C, A.
Microeara livida 7.—Be, W.
Cyphon coarctatus Payk.—C, A, Cn,
W.
nitidulus Thoms.—C, Be, W.
variabilis Thwnb.—A, Bn, W.
pallidulus Boh.—C, A, L.
Padi L.—W.
Hydrocyphon deflexicollis Mill. Be.
Scirtes hemisphaericus L.—L.
Telephorus nigricans v. discoideus
Steph.—Be.
lituratus F’.—C, A.
bicolor F'.—C, A, B, W.
paludosus Fall.—Cn.
flavilabris Fall.—C, A, L, W.
Rhagonycha fulva Scop.—Be, W.
linbata Z’homs.—C.
28 11
Rhagonycha pallida /.—C, A, Be.
Malthinus punctatus owrc.—Be.
Malthodes marginatus Latr.—W.
mysticus Aies.—Be.
flavoguttatus Kies.—P.
pellucidus Kies.—Be.
atomus Thons.—W.
Niptus crenatus /’.—C.
Priobium castaneum /’.— Be.
Cis nitidus Herbst.—W.
Octotemnus glabriculus Gyll.—A.
Grammoptera ruficornis /.—A.
Donacia crassipes /’.—L.
versicolorea brahm.—Cb, L.
dentipes #.—W.
limbata Panz.—Be.
thalassina Germ.—C, L.
impressa Payk.—Be, Cb, L, W.
simplex /.—C, Be, W.
vulgaris Zsch.—A, L, W.
clavipes #'.—B, Be, L.
sericea L.—C, A, Cb, W.
discolor Panz.—C, A, L, W.
Lema lichenis Voet.—Chb, L, W.
Cryptocephalus aureolus Sujfr.—B, T.
Chrysomela Banksi #'.—A.
staphylea L.—R.
polita L.—C, W.
Gastroidea viridula De G.—C, Cn, M,
W.
Phaedon armoraciae 1.—A, W.
Phyllodecta vulgatissima L.—W.
marginella L.—C, B, M, W.
Prasocuris Phellandrii L.—C, W.
Lochmaea Capreae Z.—L.
suturalis Thonus.—C, A, M.
Galerucella Sagittariae Gyll.—A, L,
W.
lineola #.—C, A, W.
calmariensis ..—C, A, M, L.
tenella L.—Cb, L, W.
Longitarsus holsaticus L.—C, L,
28 12
Longitarsus luridus Scop.—C, A.
melanocephalus All.—A.
pusillus Gyll.—C.
gracilis Awts.—C.
laevis Duft.—C.
Haltica palustris Weise.—W.
Phyllotreta undulata MAwts.—A, Cb,
L, W.
Aphthona lutescens Gyll.—C, Be, W.
nonstriata Goeze.—C, Bb, W.
v. aenescens Weise.—Be, W.
atratula All.—Cb, W.
Sphaeroderma testaceum F’.—C.
Cardui Gyll.—C, A, L, W.
Crepidodera transversa Marsh.—C, A,
L.
ferruginea, Scop.—C, A, L, W.
fulvicornis Fab.—C, B, L.
Plectroscelis concinna Marsh.—A, W.
Psylliodes chrysocephala L.—A, Cn.
cuprea [Koch.—A,
affinis Payk.—C, L.
Cassida nobilis L.—W.
flaveola 7’hunb.—C, A, W.
equestris F'.—W.
viridis #.—A.
Helops striatus Foure.—B.
Salpingus ater Payk.—P.
Rhinosimus ruficollis L.—W.
planirostris /’.—W.
Apion cruentatum Walt.—C, Be, W.
haematodes Kirby.—C.
viciae Payk.—C, Be, W.
apricans Herbst.—C, A, L, W.
dichroum Bedel.—C, A, L, W.
Carduorum Kirby.—C, W.
virens Herbst.—W.
aethiops Herbst.—C, A.
Ervi Kirby.—B, Be.
seutellare Kirby.—W.
Loti Airby.—W.
violaceum Airby.—A, Le, L, W.
Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
Apion Hydrolapathi Kirby.—C, Be, W.
humile Germ.—C, Be, Cb, W.
Otiorrhynchus atroapterus De G.—C,
-A, B, M.
blandus Gyll._C, A, B, L, R, W,
Bilis.
maurus Gyll.—a, P.
ligneus Ol.—A, Be.
picipes #.—C, A, M, W.
suleatus 1’.—A, L.
rugifrons Gyll.—C, A, L, W.
Strophosomus Coryli #.—Be, Cb, W.
Sciaphilus muricatus /’.—Be, W.
Liophloeus nubilus /’.—Cn.
Polydrusus tereticollis De G.—Be.
pterygomalis Boh.—Be.
cervinus L.—Be, Cb.
Phyllobius oblongus L.—W.
Pyri L.—Cb.
viridiaeris Laich.—Cb.
Philopedon geminatus /’.—C, A, M,
Ib, IE
Barynotus Schonherri Zett.—C, A, Cn.
Alophus triguttatus 1’.—C.
Sitones griseus /’.—Cn.
regensteinensis Herbst.—C.
lineellus Gyll.—A, Cn.
tibialis Herbst.—B.
flavescens Marsh.—C, A, M, W.
puneticollis Steph.—A, W.
lineatus L.—A, Be.
sulcifrons Thunb.—C, Be.
Hypera Rumicis L.—C, A, Cb, W.
Polygoni L —A.
Plantaginis De G.—C, Cn.
trilineata Marsh.—L.
nigrirostris /.—A, Cb, L, W.
v. ononidis Stev.—L.
Liosoma ovatulum Clairv.—A.
oblongulum Goh.—W.
Orchestes Rusei Herbst.—Be.
Salicis L.—C, L, W.
Olare Island Survey— Terrestrial Coleoptera.
Rhamphus flavicornis Clairv.—C, W.
Grypidius Kquiseti ”.—L.
Erirrhinus acridulus .—C, A, Be, W.
Dorytomus maculatus Marsh.—B, Be.
Bagous Alismatis Marsh.—Cb, W.
Gymnetron Beccabungae L.—L.
Mecinus pyraster.—Be.
Anthonomus Rubi Herbst.— L.
Comari Crotch.—W.
Lythri #.—C, W.
Coeliodes quadrimaculatus L.—C, Cb,
W.
Poophagus Sisymbrii /’.—Cb.
Ceuthorrhynchus assimilis Payk.—L.
Hricae Gyll.B.
quadridens Panz.—P.
28 15
Ceuthorrhynchus pollinarius Forst.—
C, W.
pleurostigma MJarsh.—A.
litura #’.—L. W.
Ceuthorrhynchidius troglodytes /.—
CG, A.
Dawsoni Bris.—C.
Rhinoneus pericarpius £.—C, A, Cn.
Kubrychius velatus Beck.—Cb, W.
Phytobius quadrituberculatus /’.—Cn,
W.
canaliculatus Fahr.—W.
Limnobaris pilistriata Steph.—W.
Balaninus salicivorus Payk.—A, W.
Rhopalomesites Tardyi Curt.—Cb, W.
Trypodendron domesticum [.—W.
NOTES ON THE LIST.
Carabus clathratus L.—Clare Island: Croaghmore and roadside at Toormore,
C. granulatus L. var.
June (J. N. H.); under stones on turf wall near lighthouse (C. M.);
under stones in boggy ground west of lighthouse road and in Toor-
more, June and September (W. F. J.). Achill: heathery banks of
Sraheens Lough; under stones on low walls in N.E. Achill, and on sand-
hills (J. N. H.); Glendarary, and bogs in Curraun Achill, on wet
sphagnum, June (W. F. J.); Dugort (L. B. W.). Louisburgh: on bridle
path at Laghtaeighter, July (J. N. H.). Doo Lough, August (L. B. W.).
Inishturk (R. Ll. P.). Inishbofin (G. P. F.). Westport (J. J. W.).
This handsome ground-beetle is one of the most interesting insects of
the district, and the foregoing notes give a good idea of the variety of
environment in which it occurs. In Iveland generally it is found in the
north, west, and south, with one locality (Sugarloaf) in Co, Wicklow.
interstitialis Duft—Clare Island and Curraun
(J. N. H. and W. F. J.). Achill (L. B. W.).
Some specimens from the above localities are referable to this variety,
which has the raised elytral ridges greatly reduced, and the granules not
so strong as in the type, giving it an appearance somewhat resembling
C. arvensis. One example from Croaghmore is identical with continental
types of the variety from the Tyrol. Itis of a dull black colour, and the
central ridge of each group of elytral ridges is only very slightly stronger
than the others. Bronze-coloured forms of the variety also occur, This
28 14 Proceedings of the Royal Trish Academy.
form has also been found at Newtownhamilton (W. F. J.), Waterville,
Parknasilla, Glengariff, and Caragh Lake in Ireland, and at Stornoway
and Loch Maree in Scotland (G. C. Champion in /itt.). Mr. Donisthorpe
also notes it from South Kerry (Irish Naturalist, xii). So far as we are
aware this variety has not been previously recorded from the British
Islands. The type form is common throughout the district.
Leistus montanus Steph.—Slievemore (J. N. H.). Croaghpatrick (Dawson,
Geod. Brit.).
This local alpine species was taken in April on the summit of
Shevemore, where it was very difficult to catch among the heather. It
is found in North Britain and the mountains of western Europe
(Pyrenees, Switzerland, Tyrol).
Nebria Gyllenhali Sch.—Achill Island and Shevemore (J. N. H.). - Croagh-
patrick and Mweelrea (L. B. W.).
Also an alpine insect, though often met with at low altitudes in
Ireland, where it is widely distributed. Occurs throughout the northern
Palaearctic region, and on the mountains of central Europe.
Blethisa multipunctata L.—Castlebar Lough (J. N. H.).
A few specimens of this uncommon beetle were obtained under
stones on the muddy margin of the lake in June; a northern species,
being found in northern and central Europe, Siberia, and North
America.
Notiophilus palustris Duft.—Achill Island.
A form was taken with dark tibiae, which may be referable to
NV. hypocrita Spaeth (vide Ent. Mo. Mag., 1908, p. 103).
Dyschirius impunctipennis Daws.—Keel and Mulranny (W. F. J.). A some-
what local species in Iveland, the other records for it being from Donegal,
Antrim, Sligo, and Kerry. It was taken in company with Bledius
arenurius. ‘These specimens are referable to a variety in which the
striae of the elytra are quite distinctly punctured.
D. politus Dej.—Keel (W. F. J.), taken in company with the preceding. It
has been found in Ireland on both the east and west coasts.
D. salinus Schaum.—Mulranny (W. F.J.). Though pretty widely distributed
in Ireland, there is no previous record of this species from the west coast.
Panagaeus crux-major L.—Castlebar (W. E.58., vide Irish Naturalist, xix,
p- 245). Taken on the lough shore by Mr. W. E. Sharp.
This is one of the most local of Ivish insects, and the present is the
second record of its occurrence in Ireland, the previous one being
Mr. F. Neale’s capture of it on the shore of Fin Lough, Co. Clare.
Tn England it is found in the east and south.
Clare Islund Survey—Terrestrial Coleoptera. 28 15
Stenolophus vespertinus Panz.—Inishbofin (R. E. D.). This species has a
limited range in Ireland, occurring only in the south and west.
Pterostichus vitreus Dej.—Croaghpatrick (W. E.5.). Taken on the summit
by Mr. W. E. Sharp. It is widely distributed in Ireland on high
ground, A northern species ranging through northern Europe, Siberia,
and North America.
P. minor Gyll.—Achill Island at Sraheens Lough (W. F.J.). Belclare (N.H. F.).
Though by no means common, it is widely distributed in Ireland.
Amara lucida Duft.—Achill Island at Dugort (W. F. J.). Taken in June in
flood refuse which had been carried down by a little stream to the sandy
beach. Rare; the other Irish records are from Donegal, Down, Armagh,
and Dublin.
Calathus melanocephalus IL. var. nubigena Hal.—Clare Island on Knocknaveen,
Achill Island at Keel and Dugort (W. F. J.). Slievemore (J. N. H.).
Inishbofin (R. E. D.). This alpine variety is found throughout Ireland
both on mountain and plain; the specimens from lower ground being not
so markedly dark as those from a greater altitude.
Pristonychus terricola [lerbst.—Westport (J. N. H.). Taken under a large
hencoop in a garden. Its first recorded occurrence in the west of
Treland.
Laemostenus complanatus Dej.—Westport. Four examples found under a
stone at the Quay by Mr. Bonaparte Wyse. Probably introduced
through commerce.
Anchomenus parumpunctatus F. ab. tibialis Heer.—Clare Island (W. F. J.).
An aberration of a dull pitch-black colour, It has also been taken in
Donegal at Rathmullan (J. J. W.).
A. atratus Duft.—Clare Island (W. F. J.). Taken under stones beside the
road to the lighthouse. Rare in Ireland, the other records being from
Donegal, Derry, Louth, Wexford, Cork, and Kerry.
Bembidium lampros Herbst. var.—Mulranny (W. F. J.). Taken on the beach
among stones. This beautiful variety is of a steel-blue colour, and
the striae of the elytra are less strongly punctured than in the type.
Johnson has taken it at Ardara, Co. Donegal, among turf. Mr. G.
Champion informs us he has a somewhat similar variety from Chobham
in Surrey.
B. pallidipenne [].—UClare Island, Keel, and Mulranny (W. F. J.). Taken on
sands in company with Bledius arenarius.
Aépus Robinii Lab—Clare Island (H. W. K.). Taken in crevices of rocks
between tide-marks in June. 1910. Mz. Stanley Kemp took this species
at Blacksod in September. It is very local, the only other Irish records
28 16 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
being from Cork and Kerry. It is possible, however, that its small size
and habitat cause it to be passed over. Aépus marinus Strom., and
Cillenus lateralis Sam. have been taken at Ballynakill just outside the
- district. ae
Patrobus assimilis Chaud.—Clare Island, on summit of Croaghmore (W. F. J.).
Croaghpatrick (J. N. H.). Mweelrea (L. B. W.). It is abundant on the
summit of Croaghpatrick. A mountain species with a northern range
in Europe. Z
Cymindis vaporariorum L.—Achill Island on Minnaun cliffs (J. N. H.).
Croaghpatrick (W. E.S.). The only other Irish record is from the
Donegal mountains. It is remarkable that this species should in Ireland
have occurred only on the west coast. In Great Britain it is found in
suitable localities from Staffordshire to the Highlands. It is a mountain
insect. Those met with in Achill were very difficult to capture among
the long heather. It is distributed throughout the northern Palae-
aretic region and the mountainous districts of central Europe.
Cercyon obsoletus Gyll_—Curraun Achill (E. 8. J.), taken on the sandhills
at southern entrance of Achill Sound in stercore bovino. Though it has
a wide range in Ireland, being recorded from Donegal, Antrim, Armagh,
Galway, Dublin and Waterford, yet it is by no means common.
Aleochara brevipennis Grav.—Clare Island (W. F. J.). Summit of Croagh-
patrick and Louisburgh (J. N. H.). This species is much more common
in the south and west than in the rest of Ireland. In Great Britain it
is not common, though widely distributed, and in France it is moderately
common, being found there in forests among moss in which it
hibernates. E
A. moesta Grav.—Achill Island (J. N. H.). Taken under decaying seaweed
just above tide-mark on the coast near Sruhill Lough near the northern
entrance of Achill Sound. This is the only Irish record for this
species. In Great Britain it is somewhat rare, while elsewhere it
occurs not only in Enrope, but extends its range to Siberia and North
America. .
Alianta incana Er.—Westport and Croaghpatrick (J. N. H.). This is a rare
species in Ireland, for there are but two other Trish records, from
Armagh and Fermanagh.
Homalota cambrica Woll.—Belclare (J. N. H.). Taken among sandy gravel
at the Owenwee River. Decidedly local in Ireland, having only been
taken in Donegal and Wicklow.
H. oblongiuscula Sharp.—Clare Island, June (J. N.H.). Very rare, the only
other Irish locality being the summit of Slieve Donard, in Co, Down,
Clare Island Survey—Terrestrial Coleoptera. 28 17
where it was taken first by Mr. G. C, Champion, and subsequently by
Halbert.
Homalota halobrectha Sharp.—Achill and Westport (J. N. H.). Dr. D.
Sharp thinks that one of the Westport specimens is “var. minor
immature.” The only other Irish records are Magilligan sands and
Kenmare, though it also occurs at Baldoyle on the Dublin coast. It is
found on the sea-coast over the greater part of Europe.
H. monticola Thoms.— Westport (J.N.H.). A large form of this beetle was
taken in the demesne in July. It had been taken previously at Dublin
and Waterford.
H. gemina Er.—Westport and Castlebar (J.N.H.). Taken by sweeping in
; marshy places on the margin of lakes. There is only one other record for
i¢ in Ireland, viz., Portmore Lough, Co. Antrim, where it was taken by
Halbert in 1910.
H. mortuorum Thoms.—Croaghpatrick (J. N. H.). A few specimens were taken
on the summit in July. The only other known [rsh locality is Slieve
Donard, where it was taken in August, 1902, by Halbert, but not hitherto
recorded.
Xenusa sulcata Kies.—Achill (J .N.H.). The other Irish records for this
uncommon Irish species are Shane’s Castle, Co. Antrim, the Dublin
coast, and Kenmare. It is found abroad on the sea-coast of northern
Europe.
Myllaena gracilis Matth.— Westpori (J. N. H.). Two examples were taken in
moss. This species has not been previously recorded from Ireland, and in
England it appears to be confined to the midlands.
Tachyporus tersus Er.—Achill and Westport (J.N.H.). he range of this
species in Ireland, though widespread, is little known. Hitherto it has
only been recorded from Co. Sligo.
Tachinus proximus Kr.—Clare Island (W.F.J.). Taken on the summit of
Croaghmore in September, 1910. This is an addition to the known Irish
beetle-fauna. It is found in high and northern districts, and according to
Ganglbauer is not rare in the alpine regions of Europe.
Megacronus cingulatus Mann. (W. F.J.). A single specimen (which has the
elytra suffused with black) was taken in June, 1910, on the sandy shore
near Glendarary.
The range of this species in Ireland is west and south, from Donegal
round to Waterford.
Leistotrophus nebulosus F.—Achill (W.F.J.). Taken at Sraheens Lough.
This species has a rather restricted range in Iveland, not being recorded
from the south or south-west. Previous records are from Antrim, Dawn,
R.1.A. PROC., VOL. XXXII, Cc 28
28 18 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
Armagh, Fermanagh, Meath, and Roscommon, so that the present is its
most westerly record.
Philonthus addendus Sharp—Mulranny (W. F. J.). Taken on the beach
in. June, 1910. This is its first recorded occurrence in the west
of Ireland, though otherwise it is widely distributed through the
- country.
P. longicornis Steph.—Clare Island (W.F.J.). Doo Lough (L. B. W.)
Westport (J.N. H.).
Like the preceding, this species has not been previously recorded
from the west of Ireland, nor does it seem to have been met with to the
south of Dublin.
P. nigrita Nord.—Castlebar Lough (J. N.H,). A remarkable form of this
species was met with on the shores of this lake. It is smaller than the
type, and has the elytra and abdomen more finely punctured. Dr. D. Sharp,
to whom we have submitted specimens, supposes that it must be referable
to the present species; but he has seen no other like it. Similar forms
were taken in the Belfast district by Mr. Buckle.
Cafius fucicola Curt.—Achill (W. F.J.). Taken on the sandy beach at
Dugort among seaweed. This species is found locally round the Irish
coast, being rarer than the allied C. zantholoma. Abroad it ranges
along the south and west coasts of England, Wales, and Scotland,
occurring also in the Isle of Man. Apparently it has been recorded only
from the British and French coasts (jide Reitter, 1906).
Xantholinus tricolor F.—-Westport (J. N.H.) Taken in the demesne among
decaying seaweed, which seems to be its common habitat.
Baptolinus alternans Grav.—Westport (J.N.H.). A single specimen was
taken under the bark of a decayed fir-tree in the demesne. It has not
been previously recorded from the west of Ireland, nor is there any record
of it between Fermanagh and Cork.
Evaesthetus laeviusculus Mann.—Delphi(J.N.H.). Taken in moss. This is
quite a western species in Ireland, for the only other record is from
Leenane, which is practically in the same district, where it was found in
fiood-refuse from the Erniff river in April.
Stenus Juno F.—Mr. W. E. Sharp in the “ Irish Naturalist ” (vol. xix, p. 247,
1910) recorded Stenus ater Mann., from Castlebar Lough. He now informs
us that the specimens are referable to the present species.
S. lustrator Er.—Achill (J.H.N.). Taken on the summit of Slievemore in
April. Scarce in Ireland; there is but one other record, which is from
Fermanagh,
Clare Island Survey—Terrestrial Coleoptera. 28 19
Stenus nitens StephWestport (J. N.H.). Taken on the banks of the river
in July. Rare in Ireland; the other records are from Antrim, Armagh,
and Fermanagh. ;
S. geniculatus Grav.—Croaghpatrick (J. N. H.). A single specimen was taken
on the wing on the summit of the mountain on a hot July day. It is
said to be attached to heathy localities. The only other Irish record is
from Neweastle, Co. Down, where it was found by Mr. G. C. Champion.
It ranges through northern and central Europe.
Bledius spectabilis Kr.—Mulranny (W.F.J.). ‘Taken on the sandy beach in
company with B. arenarius. The only other western locality is Enniscrone,
Co. Sligo. The other records are from Donegal, Down, Dublin, Wicklow,
and Kerry.
Oxytelus maritimus Thoms.—Clare Island (W.F.J.). Achill, Sruhill Lough
(J. N. H.). A maritime species found in sea-weed. It is not common
in Ireland, the other records being from Donegal, Galway, Meath,
and Dublin. It is distributed widely over the coasts of western
urope.
Lesteva pubescens Mann.—Croaghpatrick and Westport (J. N. H.), Louisburgh
(C. M.). Found amongst wet moss in a tiny runnel half way up Croagh-
patrick in July. Mr. E. A. Newbery has recently pointed out (Ent. Mo.
Mag. (2) xxi, p. 109) how this species may be separated from L. fontinalis
Kies, a species which has not yet been recorded from Iveland. An
examination of the specimens standing under this species in Irish
collections shows that Z. fontinalis occurs in the Foyle, Lough Neagh,
Armagh, and Belfast. districts.
L. sicula Er.—There is some doubt as to the correct name to use for. the species
standing under “sicula”” in British collections (vide Entom. Mo. Mag. (2)
xxi, p. 251, 1910).
L. punctata Kr.—Clare Island and Delphi (J. N. H.). Taken on Croaghmore
at a height of 1500 feet in July.
Micralymma brevipenne Gyll.—Clare Island (H. W. K.). Achill Island at Keel,
and Curraun Achill (W.F.J.). Found among seaweed and between
tide-marks in company with Aépus Robinit.
It has not been previously recorded from the west of Iveland. Occurs
on the sea-coasts of Great Britain, northern France, Denmark, and
Scandinavia.
Agathidium laevigatum Er.—Clare Island (J. N.H.). Found on Croaghmore
cliffs in July at 1300 feet. This is the first record of its occurrence in the
west of Ireland.
C2
28 20 Proceedings of the Royat Trish Academy.
Anisotoma ovalis Schmidt.—Dugort (W.F.J.). Found on the sandy beach
among flood-rubbish carried down by a small stream.
Silpha subrotundata Steph.—Both the black and brown forms of this interesting
species occur commonly throughout the district. Curiously enough, some
of the specimens from Clare Island and Achill Island approach the English
S. atrata more closely in structure than the average lish mainland
form.
Choleva Watsoni Spence.—The Bills (R. Ll. P.). A single specimen in birds’
nest refuse. Has occurred in a similar habitat in the Scilly Isles (Ent.
Mo. Mag. (2) xx, p. 54, 1909).
Antherophagus pallens Gyll.—Clare Island (W.F.J.). Taken by sweeping
herbage in June. Widely distributed but not common in Ireland. It is
often found associated with Humble-bees (Bombus).
Telmatophilus Typhae Fall_— Westport and Castlebar (J. N.H.). Found in
company with 7. caricis, though more local in Ireland; the only other
records being from Antrim and Clare.
Byrrhus fasciatus F.—Croaghpatrick (J. J. W.). The other Ivish records
are from Derry, Down, and Wicklow.
Elmis paralellopipedus Miill—Clare Island (J. N. H.). Conmon amongst
moss inrapid stream flowing from Croaghmore.
Aphodius foetens F.—Castlebar (J. N. H.). A single specimen was found
suuning itself on a stone at Castlebar Lough. Though widely distributed
in Ireland, ranging from Derry to Kerry, and from Galway to Dublin, it
is not at all common, and generally only single specimens occur. The
late Dr. Bailey met with it, also singly, in three localities in the Isle
of Man.
A. fimetarius, L. ab. castaneus Bouskell—Clare Island, and Achill Island at
Darby’s Point (E.S.J.). Taken in both localities in stercore bovino.
The elytra in this form, instead of being bright red, are of a
deep chestnut brown. Bouskell records it from Leicester in numbers.
(Bouskell, F.; The Variation and Distribution of the genus Aphodius
(Illiger). Trans. Leicester Literary and Philosophical Society, January,
1901).
A. ater De G., ab. terrenus Steph.—Clare Island (E. 8. J.). Curraun Achill on
Polranny Mountain (W.F.J.). Found plentifully on Knocknaveen and
on the headlands at Ooghbeg in stercore ovino.
In this aberration the elytra are red-brown, almost red, and more
shining ; specimens generally small; punctures stronger. It is recorded
from Queenstown and Bunerana (J.J. W.).
Clare Island Survey—Terrestrial Coleoptera. 28 21
Aphodius sordidus F.—Achill Island at Dugort (L. B. W.}. Mulranny
(EH. S. J.). Very local in Ireland, being recorded only from Derry,
Antrim, Dublin, and Kerry.
A. rufescens F., ab. melanotus Muls.—-Mulranny (E.8. J.). Taken on the sand-
hills im stercore bovino. In this aberration the elytra are chestnut brown,
with the margins lighter. It does not appear to have been recorded
from Ireland before.
A. lapponum Gyll.—Clare Island and Mulranny (H.S.J.). Curraun Achill, on
Polranny Mt. (W.F. J.). Found in great numbers on Knocknaveen
in stercore ovino. An aberration occurred on Polranny with the elytra
suffused with black. It is widely spread in the mountainous districts
in Leland.
A. putridus Sturm.—Clare Island (E. 8. J.), found on Knocknaveen and
headlands at Ooghbeg in stercore ovino.
Local in Ireland according to present records, which are from Donegal,
Antrim, Down, Sligo, and Kerry.
Cyphon pallidulus Boh—Clare Island (C. M.). Curraun Achill (W. F. J.).
Louisburgh (C. M.). Scarce in Iveland. The only other record is from
Glencar, Co. Kerry, where Mr. Donisthorpe took it by “sweeping in a
damp spot.’ (Irish Nat., xii, p. 59.)
Hydrocyphon deflexicollis Miull.—Belclare (J. N. H.) Taken by sweeping
herbage on the banks of the Owenwee River, July.
Malthodes flavoguttatus Kies.—Croaghpatrick (J. N.H.). A single specimen
found flying on the summit of the mountain in July. Rather local; has
been recorded from Antrim, Waterford, and Kerry.
M. pellucidus Kies——Belclare (J.N.H.). Though not previously recorded
from Connaught, this species is undoubtedly more widespread than the
present records indicate.
M. mysticus Kies.—Belclare (J. N. H.). Specimens of a Malthodes taken in this
locality are in all probability to be referred to the present species, though
the record should perhaps be given with reserve. The species has been
recorded as Irish from Dublin specimens, which proved to be the common
M. marginatus.
Telephorus lituratus F.—Clare Island, and on Achill Island at Sraheens Lough
(W. F.J.). Taken by sweeping among heather. Occurs in scattered
localities throughout Ireland ; rather commoner in the south.
T, paludosus Fall.—Curraun Achill, on Polranny Mountain (W. F.J.). Taken
by sweeping among dwarf sallows on the northern side of the hill, where
it rises from the road between Achill Sound and Mulvanny. There is no
28 22 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
previous record for it from the west of Ireland. It is usually found in
northern and mountainous districts.
Telephorus flavilabris Fall.—Dark forms with the thorax and base of the
femora pitchy black are common in the district.
Niptus crenatus F.—Clare Island (R. W.). A single specimen found in a hay-
loft. Probably introduced. :
Donacia crassipes F.—Louisburgh (J. N. H.). Met with once on water-lilies
at Lough Cahasy in July. Widely distributed in Ireland, but very local.
The only other recorded western locality is Lough Gill, Co. Sligo, where
it is common.
D. versicolorea Brahm.—Louisburgh and Castlebar (J. N. H.). Local, but
generally distributed throughout Ireland.
D. dentipes .— Westport (J. N. H.). his beautiful species is common on
the banks of the Westport River close to the town. It is abundant also
at Moyeullen, in Co. Galway.
D. limbata Panz.—Belclare (J. N. H.). ‘Taken once at Prospect Lough in
July. It has not been previously recorded from the west of Ireland.
D. impressa Payk.—Belclare, Louisburgh, Westport, and Castlebar (J. N. H.).
Not uncommon by sweeping water-plants. There is no record of its
occurrence in Ireland east of a line drawn from Londonderry to Carlow.
Recorded by Fowler from a few localities in the south of England.
D. vulgaris Zsch. (D. typhae Ahr.) —Achill, Louisburgh, and Westport (J.N.H.).
Local and not previously recorded from the west of Ireland. ‘The other
Trish records from Antrim, Down, Armagh, Westmeath, and Dublin.
D. clavipes F.—Inishbofin (R. E. D.). Belclare and Louisburgh (J. N. H.)
Rare in Ireland. The other records are from Antrim, Armagh, Ros-
common, and Clare; and Johnson has an unrecorded specimen from
Donegal. Also at Moycullen in Co. Galway (J. N. H.).
D. discolor Panz.—Clare Island, Achill, Belclare, Louisburgh, Westport.
Common throughout the district.
Cryptocephalus aureolus Sutfr.—Inishbofin and Inishark (R. E. D.). There
are specimens of this handsome species from the above localities in the
National Museum. Haliday indicates in his Ms. list of Irish Coleoptera
that this species was taken in the west of Connaught, but does not give
any precise locality.
Lochmaea Capreae L.—Louisburgh (C. M.). Belclare (J. N. H.). A single
specimen was beaten off willows at the latter locality in July.
Aphthona atratula All.— Westport and Castlebar (J. N. H.). Very local in
Ireland, though spread over all four provinces.
Clare Istand Survey—Terrestrial Coleoptera. 28 28
Crepidodera (Chalcoides) fulvicornis Fab. (C. smaragdina Foudr.).—Clare Island,
Achill Island (Glendarary), and Mulvanny (W.F.J.). Belclare (J. N. H.).
Taken by beating willows in June and September. Mr. James Edwards,
in a paper’ on this genus, gives fresh characters for separating the present
species from C. helixines, or aurea Geotfr., as he calls it. In the present
insect the thorax at the base is clearly narrower than the hase of the
elytra, and its puncturation is very coarse, and nearly or quite as deep
as that in the elytral striae; but in aurea (helixines) the thorax at the
base is as wide as the base of the elytra, its puncturation feeble or
evanescent, very much less deep than that of the elytral striae. It seems
probable that all our Ivish records of C. helixines will have to be referred
to C. fulvicornis.
Haltica palustris Weise.— Westport (J. N. H.). A few specimens taken by
sweeping herbage in the demesne. We are indebted to Mr. J, Edwards
for verifying the identification of this and the preceding species.
Cassida nobilis L.— Westport (J. N. H.). Specimens of this pretty “Tortoise
Beetle” were bred from pupae found at Westport in July attached to
the underside of stones on a grassy part of the sea-shore. The other
Trish records are from Down, Louth, and Clare, so that it is very
local.
Salpingus ater Payk.—Croaghpatrick (J. N. H.). Taken on the summit of
the mountain on a hot July day. A very rare beetle. There is but one
other record for Ireland, and that is Dublin (Dr. Power), while Fowler
(Brit. Coleoptera, vol. iv., p. 52) says:—*Of all the specimens I have
seen, one only appears to be related to the type S. ater, and this was
taken by Mr. Champion at Aviemore, Inverness-shire” ; nor can we find
any record of its occurrence since.
Otiorrhynchus blandus Gyll.—Clare Island and Achill (J. N. H.). Inishbofin
(R. E. D.).. Louisburgh, Mweelrea, and Westport. The Bills (R. Ll. P.
and R. W.). This boreal weevil is spread all round the north, west, and
south coasts of Ireland, being common in suitable localities, and extending
to the sea-level. It is found in Scotland, where it is common, but the
only other recorded locality is Lapland.
Ceuthorrhynchus quadridens Panz.—Croaghpatrick (J. N. H.). Taken on the
wing on the summit in July. Very widely distributed in Ireland, and
displays a penchant for gorse.
! Vide “On the British species of Chalcoides Foudras,’’ Ent. Monthly Mug., (2) xx, p. 127,
1909,
28 24 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
Eubrychius velatus Beck.—Westport and Castlebar (J. N. H.). Common
among Myriophyllum in Coolbareen Lake at Barley Hill and other lakes
in the district.
Limnobaris pilistriata Steph.—Westport (J. N.H.). All the records from
Ireland of Limnobaris T-albwm are to be referred to this species (vide
Ent. Mo. Mag. (2), xvi, p. 224, and Irish Nat., xix, p. 33).
Rhopalomesites Tardyi Curt.— Westport and Castlebar (J. N. H.).
Although no living examples were found during the Survey, this
interesting weevil is no doubt locally common, judging by the occurrence
of its dead remains and the traces of its boring operations in old ash-
trees in the Westport district. The headquarters of the Holly Weevil
are undoubtedly in Ireland and the south-west of England ; yet it is more
widely distributed in Britain than was formerly supposed to be the case,
as evidenced by recent records (Entom. Mo. Mag. (2), xvi, xxi) from the
Isle of Man, Lancashire, and elsewhere in the Britannic area.
Clare Island Survey,
29.
AQUATIC COLEOPTERA. .
By FRANK BALFOUR BROWNE, M.A. (Oxon.), F.R.S.E., F.Z.S.
Read DEcreMBER 11, 1911. Published January 28, 1912.
For the vice-county of West Mayo the published records of water-beetles
include a total of four species so that, so far as this group is concerned, the
Clare Island Survey has had practically virgin soil to work upon. The total
number of species in the accompanying lists is ninety, a number which
compares not unfavourably with that for other Irish counties which have been
worked.
In studying this group I have only twice been able to visit the district
but I have been assisted by several friends, Messrs. A. W. Stelfox, R. J. Welch,
J. N. Halbert and the Rev. W. F. Johnson having collected water-beetles for
me while carrying on their own work. I am especially indebted to
Mr. Stelfox who not only collected on several occasions a large number of
specimens but also managed to find three species which, but for him, would
not have appeared in the lists. His discovery of Deronectes griseo-striatus ou
Achill Island is specially noteworthy and, it may be mentioned, it was he
who first found the species in Ireland, bringing me a specimen from the
Parkmore district, Co. Antrim, in June, 1910. Mr. Halbert has also taken
three species which I failed to find, the most interesting of which is Octhebius
viridis which previously has only occurred in the east and south-east of
Treland. The four gentlemen mentioned, between them, collected fifty-one
species, a highly creditable total, considering that water-beetles were entirely
off their lines of work.
In the lists of species I have not included Helochares lividus, Forst.
Without having gone very carefully into the matter, 1 had come to regard
H. lividus and H. punctatus as having been separated on insufficient grounds.
After mentioning this to Dr. Sharp he wrote to me that he had re-investigated
the matter and that they are distinct species. In West Mayo I found both
light and dark specimens of Helochares but I seem to have brought home only
dark ones and I have since wondered whether those that were pale-coloured
R,I,A, PROC., VOL. XXXI. A 29
29 2 Proceedings of the Royal Trish Academy.
may not have been /ividus. Dr. Sharp tells me thatin the New Forest district
this species only occurs in the salterns, so perhaps it is much more local than
the records indicate. It has been recorded for at least thirty-eight out of the
seventy English vice-counties but there is no record for either Scotland or
Ireland. Is it possible that HZ. punctatus has light- and dark-coloured forms and
that those of us who have come to the conclusion that it is merely a variety of
lividus have never examined the latter species ? The absence of records of the
latter from Scotland could be accounted for on the ground that in more
northern latitudes perhaps only the dark form of punctatus occurs !
With regard to the area dealt with in this paper I have included all the
records for West Mayo. These are, however, almost all for the district
covered by the Survey that is, Clare Island and the surrounding mainland.
Mr. Halbert visited the district in 1897 and worked Achill Island and also
apparently the district about Killary Harbour.’ He however only recorded four
species of water-beetles, one of these being tiie first Irish record for Paracymus
nigroaeneus, discovered in flood-refuse by the Erriff River, erroneously described
in the “List of the Beetles of Ireland”* as being in Galway. Mr. Stelfox
collected in various places besides around Clew Bay. He brought me
specimens from Belmullet, Bangor and Castlebar and also from Caher and
Tnishturk, islands which are within the vice-county of West Mayo. I myself
have collected in both Clare and Achill Islands, in the Curraun and Achill
Sound district and also round about Louisburgh and to some extent in the
neighbourhoods of Murrisk, Westport and Newport. My first visit to the
district was in July 1909 when I had a day or two about Achill Sound and on
Achill Island, spent a few days on Clare Island and a few days at Louisburgh.
My second visit was in March and April 1910 when I again visited Louis-
burgh and Achill, being about ten days in the district altogether. Two
projected visits had, at the last moment, to be cancelled so that various places
which, from a study of the map, seemed to promise good results have not been
touched at all. I greatly regret not having had an opportunity of properly
working the mountain loughs and peat-holes. Mr. Stelfox brought me a few
specimens from highland loughs but, excepting D. griseo-striatus from Lough
Aigher on Achill, there was nothing characteristic of these habitats. One
visit I made to high ground in the Mweelrea mountains produced a single
specimen of Agabus congener, the only one so far found in Ireland, but March
is not the time of year for that kind of work and otherwise my climb
produced nothing interesting.
1 Trish Nat., vii., 1898, pp. 135 and 212.
* Johnson and Halbert, Proc. Roy. Irish Acad., 1901,
Clare Island Survey—Aquatie Coleoptera. 29 3
Mr. Halbert has suggested (loc. cit.) that Dytiscws lapponicus might be
expected to occur in some mountain tarn in this district and I think,
especially after the discovery of D. griseo striatus, which occurs with it in the
western islands of Scotland, it most probably occurs either in Achill or in
some of the loughs on the Curraun high ground where, I understand, alpine
plants are found. Several other highland species almost certainly occur in the
pools on the high ground as, for instance, Hydroporus morio and H. melanarvus
and Agabus arcticus. The first species is found in Leitrim, Derry, Antrim,
Armagh and Wicklow, always in mountain districts, while the second I have
met with in Leitrim and Down, and it has been recorded from North Kerry
A. arcticus nas so far occurred only in Antrim and Wicklow but I have no
doubt that it will be found in many other localities, especially in the north
and west.
With regard to Clare Island which, owing to the limited extent, I worked
more exhaustively than other parts of the district, there are three or four what
might be called main classes of habitat. First, the peat-moss pool habitat
covering most of Knocknaveen, Croaghmore and the western end of the
island ; secondly the lake habitat which is very limited in extent, and thirdly
a fresh-water marsh habitat, also very limited, found chiefly in the south and
east of the island on the farm-land area, soil which has presumably been
converted by man from acid into mild humus. A fourth kind of habitat might
be added and that is the streams which are very few and small and which,
unfortunately, I entirely neglected. By far the greater part of the island is
composed of peaty ground so that the oxylophile fauna naturally pre-
dominates.
The only species characteristic of the lake habitat were found in Creggan
Lough and in a smaller lough or large pond (Loughanaphuca) at the western
end of the island. Haliplus fulvus and Laccophilus obscurus occurred in both
these while Deronectes assimilis occurred only in Creggan Lough.
The cultivated area had a fauna of thirty-four species out of the total of
forty-seven taken on the island. Nine collections were made in this area, and
probably every pond and marsh was worked. Of the fauna eleven species
occurred here and nowhere else on the island. These were :—
Hydroporus planus. Laccobius alutaceus.
Agabus paludosus. L. minutus.
Ilybius fuliginosus. Limnebius truncatellus.
Dytiscus punctulatus. Octhebius pygmaeus.
Hydrobius fuscipes. Cyclonotum orbiculare.
Philhydrus coarctatus.
A2
29 4 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
The following species occurred chiefly in this area :—
Haliplus ruficollis' 8 out of 12 occurrences in the island.
H. lineatocollis. 4 out of 6 % » »
Hydroporus palustris. 4 out of 6 ‘ D .
Helophorus brevipalpis. 8 out of 15 y 5 3
When plants occur only on a cultivated area on an island, any question
as to their origin is swept aside by the assumption that they have been
brought in by man, but in the case of water-beetles such an assumption is
untenable. None of the above-mentioned species are entirely absent from
peaty ground but every species is predominantly helophile as opposed to
oxylophile. We therefore have here the same problem as presented itself in
the case of the island of Higg.* Is the helophile fauna a remnant from a
pre-peat age or is it a new fauna which has drifted into the island in recent
times ?
It is to be noted that of the four species which occurred in Eigg, three
are among the Clare Island helophiles also, viz.: H. fuscipes, H. brevipalpis
and C. orbiculare while the fourth Eigg species is normally found in moving
water and not in stagnant pools, as is also A. paludosus in the above list; it
occurred in some marshy ground with drainage water running through it.
There is however nothing distinctive about this helophile fauna; a few
of the species are southern, e.g. H. lineatocollis, H. planus, D. punctulatus, and
L. alutaceus, while the rest have a wide continental distribution, some of them
throughout most of the palaearctic region, e.g. H. brevipalpis and O. pygmaeus,
and some even reaching North America, e.g. J. fuliginosus and H. fuscipes.
There seems to be nothing therefore to assist in determining the age of the
group so that it merely becomes a question as to the time of arrival of the
general fauna, which will be referred to later on.
Forty-five collections were made on Clare Island and forty-seven species
were found and in the following list I have given, after each species, the
number of collections in which it occurred.
1 [All the specimens which I kept—only a few—and all those which were sent me are H. rufi-
collis, De G. Possibly however some of the related species occurred. Vide Edwards, J.: ‘A
Revision of the British species of Haliplus, Latr.”” EMM., xxii, Jan., 1911.]
* F. Batrour Browne: ‘‘ Aquatic Coleoptera of the North Ebudes.’’ Ann. Scott. Nat. History,
July and October, 1911.
A)
[wo
or
Clare Island Survey—Aquatic Coleoptera.
CLARE ISLAND LIST.
Haliplus confinis, Steph. 1 Rhantus bistriatus, Bergstr. 2
fulvus, F. 2 Dytiscus punctulatus, 7. il
ruficollis,! Bret. auct. 12 marginalis, Z. 1
lineatocollis, Marsh. 6 Gyrinus minutus, /. 3
Laccophilus obscurus, Panz. 6 natator, Scop. 5
Caelambus inaequalis, /. 11 Hydrobius fuscipes, Z. 1
Deronectes assimilis, Payhk. 1 var. picicrus, Thoms. il
Hydroporus lepidus, Ol. 3 Philhydrus melanocephalus, O/. 23
tristis, Payk. 16 minutus, Ff. 3
gyllenhalii, Schiod. 20 coarctatus, Gredl. 1
palustris, Z. 6 Paracymus nigroaeneus, Sahib. 9
incognitus, Sharp 6 Anacaena globulus, Payk. 12
erythrocephalus, L. 2 limbata, /. 2
celatus, Clark 1 Helochares punctatus, Sharp 6
memnonius, Vic. 2 Laccobius alutaceus, Zhoms. 2
obseurus, Sturm : 20 minutus, Z. ot
nigrita, F’. : : , 10 Limnebius truncatellus, Zhunb. 2
pubescens, Gy/l. : > BO Helophorus aquaticus, Z. 5)
planus, F. : : Se gual viridicollis, Steph. 36
lituratus, #. : a ey brevipalpis, Bedel. 13
Agabus paludosus, /’. ee ill Octhebius pygmaeus, Z. 1
sturmii, Gyll. . A ane lejolisii, Rey & Muls. 2
bipustulatus, L. 30 Cyclonotum orbiculare, /’. 1
Ilybius fuliginosus, & 5 2
By far the majority of the collections were made in peaty pools where
Sphagnum and Eriophorum formed the dominant vegetation and if we there-
fore take out of the above list those species which occurred in most collections
we have an association of peat-pool species as follows :—
Hydroporus gyllenhalii, )
Hydroporus pubescens, i 36 sees 20
Helophorus viridicollis, ) ebsem 23
Agabus bipustulatus, 5 onl) URSA, ¢ ; i UE
Philhydrus melanocephalus, . 26 Anacaena globulus, se he
These same eight species head the lists of the Skye and Eigg (Joc. cit.)
and Coll? water-beetles, although not in precisely the same order. Thus the
' May include several species. Unfortunately no specimens were kept.
* F. Batrour Browne: ‘The Aquatic Coleoptera of the Mid-Ebudes.”” Ann. Scott. Nat. Hist.,
April, 1910.
29 6 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. -
typical peat-pool fauna of Clare Island is identical with that of these other
three islands.
Only three species in the Clare Island list call for any remark. JZ. celatus
occurred at 700 feet on Croaghmore in a small pool in a trickling stream, the
typical habitat of the species. The Irish records for this species are few. It
was first taken by Mr. J. N. Milne at Downhill (Derry) and recorded by the
late C. W. Buckle. A single specimen was taken by Rev. W. F. Johnson in
1907 in Co. Armagh, and I have since that taken the species in Mid Cork (1)
August 1907; in Down, 1908; in Leitrim and Clare Island, 1909 and in
Co. Antrim, August 1911. It is a mountain species by choice, and therefore
in Iveland its distribution is marginal but it is, I think, much less rare than
the records indicate.
P. nigroaenevs Was common in a few peat-holes at various parts of the
island up to about 700 feet above sea-level. It occurred also on Achill and
on the mainland but did not seem to be so common as in the pools on Clare
_ Island.
O. lejolisii I found on both sides of Clare Island, east and west, and it
was common. On the east side I found it at once quite near the hotel and
just above high-water mark. At the west end I searched for a considerable
time before I discovered it; here it was in pools rather more than 100 feet
above the sea, which gives some idea of the delicacy of the balance between
this insect and its environment. It always occurs along a narrow belt
sufficiently close to the sea to be certain of an intermittent but fairly frequent
supply of sea-water in the form of spray and yet far enough above the high-
tide mark to ensure occasional flushings of the pools with fresh water. The
height above sea-level at which it occurs on the western side of the island as
compared with the eastern side indicates the comparative wave-motion on the
two sides.
Achill Island produced much the same kinds of habitat as Clare Island
but I worked the former much less thoroughly than the latter and found only
thirty-eight species. Only nine collections were made during each visit and
on the second occasion I did not work any of the same places as on the first
so that a comparison of the results is not quite reliable, although perhaps it
indicates the relative abundance of species in July and March. In the former
month the average number of species per collection was eleven or twelve while
in the latter it was only five or six.
Apart from D. griseo-striatus already referred to, the only species worthy
1 «Beetles collected in Lough Foyle District, Counties Donegal and Derry.’’ Irish Nat.,
January, 1900, pp. 2-11.
Clare Island Survey—Aquatie Coleoptera. 29 7
of notice from Achill is Laccobius reqularis of which [ found one male specimen.
It is quite readily recognised from the other Laccobii which come near it by
the aedeagus. This species was first recorded as British by Dr. Sharp! from
Brockenhurst and he mentions having seen specimens from Surrey. It has
since been recorded from Berks and South Devon,? and these are at present
the only known British localities. It was first introduced under Motschulsky’s
name but, owing to the vagueness of that author's description, Rey’s name
has since been adopted.
The Achill Island list, including all records, amounts to forty-four species
and is as follows :—
ACHILL IsLanp LIsT.
Haliplus fulvus, F. (W. F. Johnson, Ilybius fuliginosus, Ff.
1911). aenescens, 7'oms.
ruficollis,? Brit. auct. Rhantus bistriatus, Bergstr.
lineatocollis, Marsh. Dytiscus punctulatus, 7.
Laccophilus obscurus, Panz. Gyrinus minutus, 7.
Caelambus inaequalis, /’. natator, Scop.
Deronectes assimilis, Payk. opacus, Sahlb.
xii-pustulatus, O/. (A. W. Stel- Hydrobius fuscipes, var. picicrrs,
fox, 1911). Thoms.
griseo-striatus, De G. (A.W.5., Philhydrus melanocephalus, Ol.
1911). minutus, /’,
Hydroporus lepidus, O/. Paracymus nigroaeneus, Sab.
umbrosus, Gyll. Anacaena globulus, Payk,
gyllenhalii, Schiod. limbata,
palustris, Z. (A. W.S., 1911). var. ovata, Reiche.
incognitus, Sharp. Helochares punctatus, Sharp.
erythrocephalus, Z. Laccobius regularis, fey.
memnonius, Vic. alutaceus, Zhoms.
obseurus, Sturm. minutus, Z. (A. W. 8., 1910).
nigrita, J’. Limnebius truncatellus, Zunbd.
pubescens, Gyll. Helophorus aquaticus, L.
lituratus, F. viridicollis, Steph.
Agabus sturmu, Gy/l. brevipalpis, Bedel.
chalconotus, Panz. Octhebius bicolon, Germ. (J. N.
bipustulatus, L. Halbert, 1898).
1¢* Taccobius seutellaris, Motsch., in England.’’ EMM., ser. 2, xx, 1909, p. 217.
2J.R. ie B. Tomi: ‘‘New Localities for LZ. seulel/aris, Motsch.’”? MMM., ser. 2, xxi, 1910,
p. 15.
3 Vide foot-note, p- 5.
29 8 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
The only species worth mentioning from the Curraun district is Octhebius
punctatus. I succeeded, after much labour, in finding at Mulranny two or
three specimens of this, one of the only two salt-marsh species in the West
Mayo list. I spent a very short time in this locality, and took only twenty-
three species. The Westport district, where I took forty-two species, may
be passed over without comment.
The Louisburgh district produced sixty-nine species and was therefore the
richest part of the whole area. This was largely due to variety of habitat,
for instance, the numerous pools in the Boulder-clay along the road to Doo
Lough, in which many helophile species occurred, and the sandy loughs along
the coast where, besides helophiles, one or two lake species find a home. The
halophile fauna was remarkable for its absence, although several places
seemed to be specially suitable for it.
The occurrence of Ayabus congener in this district has already been referred
to and otherwise only three species need be mentioned. Helophorus granularis
was found in hundreds in the flooded grassy ground by the Bunowen River in
the spring. A single specimen had occurred in a shallow grassy ditch in the
neighbourhood in the previous July, perhaps a survivor of the army of the
previous spring. A
Hydraena testacea, previously only taken once in Ireland, at Thomastown
(Kilkenny),! occurred very sparingly in one grassy ditch near Louisburgh.
This species is easily passed over and is, I fancy, chiefly a spring insect. It
occurs mostly in the southern counties of England but has once been recorded
from Scotland (IKirkeudbright) and I took it in the Isle of Man.
From this district A. W. Stelfox brought me a single specimen of Agabus
unguicularis, a species I was unable to find. An interesting point about its
distribution in Ireland is its apparent absence from the south-eastern counties.
It occurs in the north and west as far south as North Kerry but there is no
record for Leinster or for the eastern part of Munster.
The following list includes all the species taken on the mainland of West
Mayo. After each species I have indicated the districts in which it has
occurred and, unless I have taken the species myself, I have given the
initials of the collector. In a case where I have received a species or one has
been recorded from a district in which I myself have taken it I have only
given my own record, as in the case of the Clare and Achill Island lists.
1 Johnson and Halbert’s ‘‘ List,’’
Clare Islind Survey— Aquatic Coleoptera.
MAINLAND LIST.
Haliplus obliquus, /”.— Westport (J. N. H.)
confinis, Stepi.—Louisburgh.
29 9
fulvus, #.—Belmullet (A. W. 8.) ; Louisburgh; Westport and Castlebar
(J. N. HL).
ruficollis,, Brit. auct.—Belmullet (A. W. 8.): Curraun; Louisburch;
Westport.
ruficollis, De G.—Rosturk and Newport (A. W. S.).
wehnekei, G'er.—Louisburgh (J. N. H.).
lineatocollis, JZarsh.—Curraun ; Louisburgh ; Westport.
Noterus sparsus, Marsh.—Louisburgh ; Westport.
Laccophilus obseurus, Panz—Curraun ; Louisburgh ; Westport.
Hyphydrus ovatus, .—Westport; Castlebar.
Caelambus v-lineatus, Zett.—Louisburgh ; Westport.
inaequalis, #.—-Curraun ; Louisburgh ; Westport.
ix-lineatus, Steph.—Louisburgh.
impressopunctatus, Schal/.—Louisburgh.
Deronectes assimilis, Payk.—Louisburgh.
elegans, Panz. ([depressus, Brit. auct.].—Louisburgh ;
(W. E. Sharp).
xii-pustulatus, O/.—Louisburgh ; Killala (W. E. Shar))).
Hydroporus pictus, #’.—Louisburgh ; Westport.
lepidus, O/.—Curraun ; Louisburgh.
rivalis, Gyl/.—Louisburgh.
septentrionalis, Gv//.— Louisbureh.
lineatus, /.— Westport.
tristis, Payk.—Louisbureh.
umbrosus, Gy//.— Louisburgh ; Westport.
angustatus, Stwrm.— Westport (A. W. S.).
gyllenhalii, Schiddte—Curraun ; Louisburgh ; Westport.
vittula, #7.—Louisburgh.
palustris, 2.—Curraun ; Louisburgh; Westport.
incognitus, Sharp.—Louisburgh.
Kallala ;
erythrocephalus, Z.—Curraun (A. W. 8.) ; I.ouisburgh ; Westport.
memnonius, Vic.—Louisburgh ; Westport.
obscurus, Sturm.—Curraun; Louisburgh.
nigrita, #—Belmullet (A. W.S.); Curraun; Louisburgh; Westport.
1 Vide foot-note, p. 5.
RIA. PROC., VOL. XXXI. B
29
29 10 Proceedings of the Royal Trish Academy.
Hydroporus pubescens, G'y//—Curraun ; Louisburgh ; Westport.
planus, #.—Curraun ; Louisburgh.
lituratus, #.—Curraun; Louisburgh.
Agabus paludosus, #.—Belmullet (A. W. S.).
affinis, Payk.—Louisburgh.
unguicularis, 7homs.—Louisburgh (A. W. S.).
congener, Payk.—Louisburgh.
nebulosus, /orst.— Westport (Murrisk).
sturmii, G'y//.—Louisburgh.
chaleonotus, Panz.—Louisburgh; Westport.
bipustulatus, 2.—Curraun; Louisburgh; Westport
Tlybius fuliginosus, “,—Louisburgh.
obscurus, Marsh.—Louisburgh.
aenescens, Z’oms.—Curraun ; Louisburgh.
Rhantus bistriatus, Bergstr.—Louisburgh.
Colymbetes fuscus, L.—Castlebar (A. W. S.); Louisburgh.
Dystiscus punctulatus, #.—Louisburgh.
marginalis, 2.—Curraun ; Louisburgh.
Acilius sulcatus, Z.—Louisburgh.
Gyrinus minutus, /'.— Louisburgh.
elongatus, Avbé.—Belmullet (A. W. 8.); Westport.
natator, Scop.—Curraun ; Louisburgh ; Westport.
marinus, Gyl/.— Westport.
Orectochilus villosus, J/i//.—Louisburgh ; Castlebar.
Hydrobius fuscipes, Z.—Louisburgh ; Westport.
var. picierus, Thoms.—Curraun ; Louisburgh.
Philhydrus melanocephalus, 0/.—Curraun; Louisburgh; Westport.
nigricans, Zett.—Killala (W. E. Sharp).
minutus, #.— Louisburgh.
coarctatus, (7ed/.—Louisburgh ; Westport.
Paracymus nigroaeneus, Sa//b.—l.ouisburgh ; Westport.
Anacaena globulus, Payk.—Curraun ; Louisburgh.
limbata, #.—Louisburgh.
var. ovata, Reiche.—Louisburgh ; Westport.
Helochares punctatus, Sharp.—Louisburgh.
Laccobius alutaceus, Z’oms.— Louisburgh.
minutus, Z.—Louisburgh ; Westport.
bipunctatus, #.— Westport.
Limnebius truncatellus, 7/uwnb.—Louisburgh; Westport.
Chaetarthria seminulum, Herbst.—Louisburgh; Westport,
Clare Island Survey— Aquatic Coleoptera. 29 11
Helophorus aquaticus, Z.—Louisburgh ; Westport.
viridicollis, Steph. (acnerpennis, Thoms).—Belmullet (A. W.S.); Curraun ;
Louisburgh ; Westport.
affinis var. griseus, Herbst.—Louisburgh ; Westport.
granularis, Z.—Belmullet (A. W.8.); [ouisburgh; Westport.
brevipalpis, Bedel—Curraun ; Louisburgh; Westport.
Octhebius viridis, Peyron.—Westport (J. N. H.).
pygmaeus, /.— Westport.
bicolon, Germ.—Curraun; Louisburgh; Westport.
punctatus, Stepr.—Curraun.
lejolisii, Rey and Mwls.—Louisburgh.
Hydraena testacea, Curt.—Louisburgh.
riparia, Kug.—Louisburgh ; Westport.
gracilis, Germ.—Louisburgh.
Cyclonotum orbiculare, /’.—Louisburgh ; Westport; Castlebar.
The only other parts of West Mayo for which I have any records are
Caher Island and Inishturk from which Mr. Stelfox brought me a few
specimens after his visit last July. From the former I have two species :—
C. inaequalis and A. stwrmit and from Inishturk I have three :—-H. lituratus,
G. natator and O. lejolisi.
From the inequality in the time spent in the different districts it would
not be possible to make any comparison of the separate faunas, but what 1
said with regard to the habitats on Clare Island will explain any differences in
the mainland districts. For instance, a number of species occurred on the
Curraun peninsula and about Louisburgh which were not found at Westport
merely because no peat moss was worked in the latter district. So far as I
know, geological conditions have little or no direct effect upon the water-
beetle fauna. Where the conditions are such as to produce acid humus, the
oxylophile fauna occurs, while in areas of good drainage the helophile fauna
dominates. But peat-mosses occur even in limestone areas and are not
peculiar to any particular geological conditions, although some rocks may be
better suited to their formation than others.
With regard to the relationship of the Clare Island fauna to that of the
mainland, it possesses one species, Hydroporus celatus, which was not found
anywhere else but which almost certainly occurs wherever a suitable habitat
exists. It is by no means a rare species but the small trickling streams in
which it normally lives are easily passed over and thus the species seems to
be scarce. There is, therefore, nothing peculiar about the Clare Island water-
beetle fauna as compared with that of the mainland. The total of forty-seven
species compares favourably with that of other islands I have worked; on
B2
29 12 Proceedings of the Royal Trish Aademy.
Coll, which is larger but farther north, the same number of species occurred
while on Eigg, still farther north, and with very poor accommodation for
helophiles, there were only thirty-seven species. I doubt very much,
however, whether there is much relationship between the size of an island
and the number of species it possesses—which seems to me to depend
entirely, or almost so, upon the variety of habitats. I have spoken in a
general way of fresh-water-marsh, and peat-moss, but each of these names
really covers a number of different habitats which grade into one another in
such a way that only a very critical examination would reveal the differences.
For instance, the heating capacity of a pond depends upon its depth and the
nature of the water-supply and of the soil in which it lies. This will affect
the vegetation and the fauna and assuming that heating capacity alone were
what determined these—and | believe it is of some considerable importance—
we might find two or three apparently different kinds of ponds possessing the
same general fauna and flora. Then again Birge has shown in his “ Plankton
Studies on Lake Mendota” that of two species, one was abundant and the
other scarce according as to which got the start at the beginning of the
season and, from what is known of the oecological relations between species,
the result of such a struggle might quite well affect the whole fauna and flora
of the habitat, so that two ponds closely similar in all their physical characters
might contain very different species and yet be classed as the same habitat.
Further, the nature of the habitat is constantly and often rapidly changing
owing to the growth and decay of the fauna and flora. A small, shallow
pool with no surface vegetation heats up rapidly and cools rapidly while a
pool filled with vegetation has a much more equable temperature ; in a pool
partly covered with vegetation the temperature differs in the bare and pro-
tected parts as much as 8 or 10 degrees at the hottest time of a summer day.
Thus a pool which one year is a suitable habitat for species which endure
extremes of heat and cold, may next year be suitable for those which only
endure small variations.
There seems, however, to be much less variation in the “ peat-moss” pool
habitat than in the “fresh-water marsh” pool habitat and hence the similarity
between the faunas of oxylophytic areas such as Clare Island, Coll, Higg, and
Skye. I would therefore account for the poverty of Clare Island fauna in
comparison with that of the adjoining mainland merely through lack of
variety of habitat. There seems to be geological evidence that the island
has become separated from the mainland only in comparatively modern times,
so that no question arises as to how the fauna may have reached it.
''Trans. Wisconsin Acad. Sci., &c., x. & xi.
Clare Island Survey —Aquatic Coleoptera. 29 13
With regard to the water-beetles of West Mayo as a whole, they include
species showing very different ranges of distribution in Ireland. Most of
them show no particular localisation ; a smaller number are marginal in their
distribution, being almost or entirely confined to the coastal counties while a
very few are remarkable chiefly in that they are absent from the centre and
east of Ireland. Some of these latter are found in the north and west, others
in the south and west, none apparently being common to north, west and
south.
This ‘“‘ western’ group consists of only eight species but if we include a
few which, although not so far found in West Mayo, occur in one of the
neighbouring western counties, it consists of thirteen species which are as
follows :—
West and North Species. West and South Species.
N. Caelambus ix-lineatus, Steph. S. Copelatus agilis, /.
N. Deronectes griseo-striatus, De G. S. and W. Paracymus nigro-aeneus,
S. Hydroporus dorsalis, F. Sahlb.
N. H. melanarius, Stwrm. S. Helochares punctatus, Sharp.
N. Agabus unguicularis, Zhoms. S. Laccobius ytenensis, Sharp.
N. A. congener, Payh. 5. L. regularis, Rey.
N. Dytiscus lapponicus, Gill. S. Hydraena testacea, Curt.
The accompanying “ symbol ”-maps illustrate the distribution of these two
groups :—
WDED LD AN WD ED LD AN
FE TY AR DO FE TY AR DO
WMSL LE WO WMSL LE MO
EM RO CV LH EM RO CV LH
WC NG LF WHME WG NG LF WHME
SG KC KD DU _ $G KC KD DU
CL NI QC CW WI CL NT QC CW WI
NK LK ST KK WX NK LK ST KK WX
SK MC EC WA SK MC EC WA
WC wc
Fic. 1.—West and North Group. Fic. 2.—West and South Group.
With regard to their British distribution, six of these species may be
described as belonging to the “Scottish ” and “ Highland” types—marked N.
in above list—and six apparently belong to the “ English ” type—marked 8.
29 14 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
in the list—while one species with a southern and western distribution might
possibly be described as belonging to Watson’s “ Atlantic” type.
A reference to the Continental distribution of these thirteen species shows
that seven of them have a range from Scandinavia to south Europe; iz,
D. griseo-striatus, A. congener, D. lapponicus, H. melanarius, H. dorsalis,
C. agilis and P. nigro-aenevs. The first three however owe their southern
distribution to the fact that they there inhabit highland lakes while the
fourth has, I think, two forms—a smaller highland and a larger lowland one
—which may account for its very wide range. WH. dorsalis is a distinctly
northern species and like D. griseo-striatus and D. lapponicus has a holarctic
range, while the other two species, C. agilis and P. nigro-aeneus, are much
more common in the south than in the north. Two other species of the
thirteen are northern, i.c., C. iz-lineatus and A. unguicularis, and do not extend
south of Belgium and North Germany, while the remaining four species are
distinctly southern not being recorded from farther north than about the
latitude of Denmark.
The Continental distribution of these species therefore corresponds with
the Ivish distribution while that in Britain differs from both only in the cases
of H. dorsalis and P. nigro-aenevs. Apart from these two cases we have
therefore in the western Irish group two clearly-marked elements and if we
analyse the distribution of the other seventy-nine West Mayo species we find
that in them also we have northern and southern elements, and in some cases
anomalies with regard to British distribution. For instance, Cuelambus
v-lineatus is a good example of a distinctly northern species abundant in
pools in Lapland, according to Zetterstedt (Insecta Lapponica, 1840), and not
found south of Denmark and north Germany. It is also a good example of
anomalous British distribution since it has occurred sparingly in various
parts of England, even as far south as the New Forest (Hants S.), while in
Scotland it has so far been recorded from only four counties—Kirkcudbright,
Fife, South Perth and Forfar. Of the markedly southern species, H. lituratus,
O. punctatus and probably 0. lejolisii may be mentioned, while a number of
others are also southern, e.g. H. lineatocollis, N. sparsus, L. obscurus, H. ovatus,
D. elegans and xii-pustulatus, H. lepidus, pubescens and planus, A. nebulosus;
&e., &e.
The western group is therefore chiefly peculiar on account of its “ wester-
ness” but it also contains the two most arctic of all our British water-beetles—
D. griseo-striatus and D.lapponicus. The southern species are more southern
than the majority of the similar group of the generally distributed fauna so
that we may to some extent associate the western localisation with extreme
northern or extreme southern Continental range. This is significant from the
Clare Island Survey——Aquatie Coleoptera. 29 15
fact that in other groups the same tendency is noticeable. It has been
accounted for on the ground that these western species are a remnant of the
pre-Glacial fauna and flora, the northern species having come southward with
the Glacial period, the southern having come northward at an earlier date.
The statements in either direction are at present most unconvincing.
Bulman! for instance points out that “Ice-sheets and glaciers terminate in
temperate latitudes so that a temperate fauna would be in close proximity to
ice, as in Switzerland, the Himalayas and America,” and he suggests that the
British fauna was not exterminated during the Glacial period, but only some-
what reduced. Scharff? produces evidence to show that the Ice Age was a
much less severe period than is generally supposed and he also accommodates
the bulk of the present fauna and flora in our islands during that period.
This view undoubtedly has the advantage of being able to account for the
comparative abundance of mammals, a group which, however easily the rest
of the fauna and the flora might be transported can scarcely have reached
our area after that became separated from the continent, and although there
seems to be great differences of opinion with regard to when that separation
took place, the majority of geologists seem to favour the view that it happened
during or about the time of the Glacial period.
On the other hand, Clement Reid* regards any survival of our flowering
plants, except in the case of a few arctic and alpine species, as quite
impossible. He mentions the discovery in alluvial deposits of south Devon-
shire almost at sea-level, of leaves of the dwarf arctic birch and some arctic
mosses as indications of the severity of the Glacial climate and also refers to
evidence of floating ice in the English Channel. His views are supported
also by the work of Lewis on the Scottish Peat-mosses! who finds evidence
that the first flora on the Glacial deposits consisted of arctic species such as
Dryas octopetala.
But even many of those who recognize the arctic nature of the fauna and
flora of the Glacial period consider that the southern and western Irish group
is pre-Glacial and apparently follow Edward Forbes’ in regarding it as having
reached our area during or before the Miocene period. Forbes, however,
1 <The Effect of the Glacial Period on the Fauna and Flora of the British Islands.’’ Nat. Sci., ili,
1893.
2“ The History of the European Fauna,’ 1899, p. 64, et seq.
3 The Relation of the Present Plant Population of the British Isles to the Glacial Period.’
Brit. Assoc., Section K, Portsmouth Meeting, 1911.
4 Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinb. :—xli, Part ili, 1905; xlv, Part ii, 1906; xlvi, Parti, 1907; xlvii,
Part iv, 1911.
5 «¢The Geological Relations of the Fauna and Flora of the British Isles,’? &e. Mem. Geol,
Survey, vol. I. 1846,
29 16 Proceedings of the Royal Trish Academy.
included as part of his theory as to the origin of this group a land-connexion
between the Spanish peninsula and the British Islands. It seems to me that
even if this group survived the Glacial period in the west of Ireland there is
no reason why it should have reached, and no evidence that it did reach, this
country from that direction and in the alternative there is some reason for
saying that no land-connexion would have been of any use to it.
Now climate has always been recognized as one of the chief factors in
limiting the area of distribution of a species, in fact we rely upon it to such
an extent that we deduce the character of the climate of a country in past
ages from the nature of the species which inhabited it. We find that, in
Eocene and Miocene times, the lion, hippopotamus and other animals which
now live in tropical countries inhabited the British Isles and we conclude
that our country at that time enjoyed a hot climate. We know also that
during the same period the Arctic Regions were occupied by species now found
in temperate latitudes and we conclude that the climate of the Polar Regions
was then temperate. Further, we can trace from the early Tertiary period
to the early Pleistocene or post-Pliocene a gradual change in the faunas and
floras of the northern hemisphere such that we conclude there was a gradual
cooling of the climate over the whole area until the British Isles had slowly
changed from hot to temperate and from temperate to cold, and until they
endured the rigours of what we now call an “arctic” climate. Geological
evidence as to the Glacial period supports the palaeontological record so that
the relationship of climate to fauna and flora, at any rate for that epoch, is
fully established.
On the basis of this relationship between fauna and climate, every species
may be regarded as having a climatic area which it is capable of occupying.
About seme centre within that area the conditions of existence will approach
the ideal for the species but towards the limits the conditions will become
less and less suitable. Further, this climatic area will consist of large habitable
areas dotted with uninhabitable “islands” and also, especially towards the
limits, of isolated patches or “islands” in the midst of uninhabitable tracts.
Fluctuations of climate will affect the area, isolating new patches and
bridging old gaps; they will affect the rate of production of the species and of
competitive species so that there will be constant changes in the oecological
relations. The centre of production will however normally produce an excess
of individuals and the surplus will distribute itself, replacing losses and
spreading as far as climate and competition will allow.
With changes in climate such as those which led up to the Glacial period,
'Nathorst, A. G.: ‘ Fossil Floras of the Arctic Regions as evidence of Geological Climates.’’
Geol. Mag., N.S., Decade V, yol. viii, pp. 217-225. May, 1911.
Clare Island Survey—Aquatic Coleoptera. 29 17
the centre of production of such a species would have moved southward, and
with the retreat of the ice would again have returned northward and the
palaeontological record is clearly explicable on this assumption. It is obvious
therefore, that the present-day centre of production of any species only
indicates the climatic type to which that species belongs and cannot in any
way be regarded as the permanent home of the species. It must however be
remembered that altitudinal movement is equivalent to latitudinal so that a
species domiciled in the mountains of southern Europe during the tropical
and warm temperate periods would occupy a temperate or even arctic
“island” and could, by descending to the plains as the climate grew colder,
maintain its centre of production in the same geographical area.
With regard to Forbes’ Lusitanian species it is not contended that they
were “tropical” in the Miocene period. They are not so now and from the
fact that at least many of them occur in the mountains in the Spanish
peninsula, they are not even warm temperate species. At the time when the
British islands enjoyed a tropical climate these “ Lusitanians””—if they were
then in Spain and Portugal—must have been high up in the mountains and
just as effectively isolated from Ireland as if an ocean rolled between these
two areas as it does at the present day. Forbes’ hypothesis of a land-bridge,
to account for these species reaching Britain from the Spanish peninsula
during Miocene times is therefore of no avail, unless we assume also the
existence of a mountain-range and in western Europe mountain-chains tend
to run east and west, not north and south.
When we remember also that from Miocene to Pleistocene the general
movement of the fauna and flora was southward, it seems even less probable
that our south-western Irish group came to us from south-western Europe—
unless they have reached us since the climax of the Glacial period. At some
time previous to the Glacial period our country enjoyed a temperate climate
and, assuming that these species survived the cold period here, it seems more
reasonable to believe that they came to us from the north and that they
reached the Spanish peninsula from the same direction.
With regard to the western group being a relict fauna and flora, it is to be
noted that the species are not in the west confined to the mountains. Many
of them, both northern and southern, descend almost to sea-level and are
found living side by side. It has been suggested that the damp atmosphere
of the west is the dominating climatic factor, but this can scarcely affect the
water-beetle fauna. It seems more likely that the small annual range of
1T draw a distinction between his group and that of later writers who do not distinguish between
his ‘‘ Lusitanian’’ and ‘‘ Gallican’’ types.
R.I.A. PROC., VOL. XXXI. C 29
29 18 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
temperature may be of some importance in suiting these “ westerns” better
than it suits the bulk of the fauna and flora. The tendency of mountain
species to descend on the coasts has long been known and the mountain
climate for a large part of the fauna and for the flora resembles the coast
climate in its limited annual range of temperature. The summer heat in
mountain districts is not excessive and direct insolation is controlled by the
prevalence of clouds, while in the winter the smaller animals and the plants
are protected from excessive cold by a covering of snow and, in the case of
water species, the temperature will, of course, not fall below freezing-point.
That our “arctics” can however withstand greater variations of tempera-
ture is seen from the fact that some of them still survive in other parts of
our islands. For instance, Caelambus v-lineatus and ix-lineatus and Agabus
congener are found in Hampshire, and the latter has also occurred in West
Kent and Berkshire, in situations approaching sea-level. The first-mentioned
species also occurs not only all over Ireland but is the commonest species in
some of the hot mill-dams in the neighbourhood of Belfast, where the
temperature runs as high as 25°C (77° F). In the case of plants many of
them live well in our gardens in all parts of the country provided they are
protected from excessive cold during the winter.
The localisation of these “arctics ” seems therefore to be due chiefly to
the fact that the conditions which they endure in mountain districts and
on our western coasts are less inconvenient to them than to the bulk of the
fauna and flora and their position is therefore due to competition. They are
really species which have been squeezed out of the better places by stronger
competitors and, in our latitudes, they are now penned into the only situa-
tions where they have an advantage over those species which happen to
require a greater annual range of temperature for their existence.
The so-called “Lusitanians” may be a similar group to the arcties, but
requiring rather more warmth than these. They may represent a few sur-
vivors of the pre-Glacial temperate group which had been driven out of the
better places and owe their survival in Ireland to the fact that they had been
penned in along the western coast.
2
On the other hand, if the squeezing-out process took place in pre-Glacial
times it may equally well be taking place now, so that genuine pre-Glacials
may, in the west, be mixed with post-Glacials. In another paper (“The
Aquatic Coleoptera of the south-east of Ireland,” Irish Nat., January, 1912)
I have suggested that those water-beetles which show a south-eastern Irish
distribution are the latest arrivals in the country. The range of these species
is almost entirely confined to the coastal counties, but several have spread
westward as far as Kerry and one or two even as far as Clare. Pe/obius
hire Island Survey —Aquatic Coleoptera. 29 19
tardus, Herbst. has spread along the south coast only. Helochares punctatus
which is common in West Mayo and has also occurred in West Galway
extends along the south coast as far as Wexford, and Octhebius viridis
extends from Armagh round the south and west coasts to West Mayo,
It seems possible therefore that the southern section of these western
water-beetles may be merely a squeezed-out portion of the main
southern group of immigrants. On the other hand, it might be that
in the west of Ireland they represent a relict of the pre-Glacial temperate
fauna, while the English and southern Irish individuals have reappeared
from the south in post-Glacial times. The British distribution of P. nigro-
SI
Ol
NS Ca
HB SS
S RWRE EL BF AN
WI EI PN AS
M AMPM FF KI
I DNSG PC KF
CT B RE LL ED HD
AY LA PE BWNN
WDED LD AN WTKB DF SK RX SN
FE TY AR DO CU WLNY DM
WM SL LE MO IM ML MY EY
EM RO CV LH Al SL WYSY LN
WGNG LF WHME CR DB FT CH DY NM LS
SG KC KD DU MN MG SP St LR CB WNEN
CL NI QC CW WI CD RA HF WO WWNO HU WS ES
NK LK ST KK WX PB CM BR GE OX BX BD H'l NE
SK MC EC WA GM MM GW NW BK MX SE
WC L NS SW NH SR WK EK
ND SS DT SH WXEX
EC sD IW
SC WC
Fic. 3.—Distribution of Paracymus nigro-aeneus, Sahl.
aeneus seems to favour this view. It occurs in the southern English counties
from Kent in the east as far north as Nottingham and it reappears in
western Scotland in Main Argyll, Coll and Mull (Mid-Ebudes), and Eigg
(North Ebudes). Its occurrence in the Isle of Man, which was entirely
glaciated, and where the whole fauna and flora are undoubtedly post-Glacial,
is not so easily accounted for unless it is one of those “ectopic”’ cases
29 20 Proceedings of the Royal Trish Academy.
to which I referred in a previous paper (“The Aquatic Coleoptera of the
Mid-Ebudes,” Joc. cit.). The entire absence of Forbes’ “ Lusitanians” from
Britain might also perhaps be regarded as favouring the view of their pre-
Glacial existence in Ireland.
The fact that the ice-sheet at the climax of the Glacial period did not
completely cover the whole British area no doubt helps to make the question
of survival of the fauna and flora more difficult. The north and south
migration ceased perhaps before all the temperate species had been ex-
terminated but it seems difficult to believe that much of our present fauna
and flora could have endured the “ tundra” conditions which appear to have
existed even in the South of England.
If, as seems possible, at least the bulk of the southern species came from
the south then, on the grounds already stated, they are post-Glacial
immigrants. If, on the other hand, the climatic conditions were not so severe
as many believe and the bulk of the fauna and flora survived in the country,
then they arrived from the north and possibly only the warm temperate
species localised in the south and east have arrived since the passing away of
the Glacial period.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
1898. Hapert, J. N.: “Impressions of Achill,’ Irish Nat., vii, p. 135.
(Mentions two species—H. obscurus and O. bicolon.)
1898. ———_—————- Trish Field Club Union, Kenmare Conference,
Irish Nat. vii, p. 212. (Mentions capture of P. nigro-aeneus in
flood refuse, Erriff River in spring, 1897.)
1901. Jonnson, W. F., and J. N. Hatsert: “A List of the Beetles of
Treland.” Proc. Roy. Irish Acad., Ser. iii, vol. vi. (Mentions seven
species from Mayo, but only in the case of H. tristis and H.
obscurus is any reference to locality given. These are both West
Mayo records.)
Clare Island Survey.
30
HEMIPTERA.
By J. N. HALBERT.
Read Junz 24. Published Sepremuex 7, 1912.
PREVIOUS to the organization of the present Survey, nothing was known of
the hemipterous fauna of the Clare Island district, which includes a
considerable part of Mr. Praeger’s botanical division of West Mayo (division
number 27).
The following records are the result of a few short visits to the district
during the last three years, so that they cannot be regarded as supplying a
complete list of this section of the fauna. Owing also to the pressure of
other field-work, it was not possible to devote to these delicately organized
insects the special attention which is necessary in order to secure a
representative collection. This result could be attained only by very
persistent work, as anyone who has attempted to collect such wary insects as
Cicadina (the “frog-hoppers” of gardens) will understand. Still, I believe
the following list conveys a fair idea of the prevalent forms of Hemiptera
occurring in the Clare Island neighbourhood.
The actual area in which collecting was carried out ranges from Achill
Island inland to Castlebar, and southwards to the Mayo shore of Killary
Harbour. At least one interesting species (Aépophilus Bonnairet) is recorded
from Blacksod Bay, immediately north of Achill.
With regard to the natural features of the district, little need be said, as
full accounts have already appeared in other reports of this series. For present
purposes it is only necessary to point out that old-established woodlands
are rare except in the neighbourhood of Westport, where, in the fine demesne
of the Marquis of Sligo, most of the woodland species were collected. A great
deal of the district is occupied by bare mountain (reaching in Croaghpatrick
2510 feet) and moorland, rather poor ground for hemipterous insects, though
a few interesting species may be expected to occur in such places. There are
sandhills at Curraun, Mulrauny, and elsewhere; these do not seem quite as
productive of insect life as are those of the east coast.
Three excursions were made to the Clare Island district in June and the
first half of July, as opportunity occurred, and most of the species were
collected on these occasions. ‘The late summer and autumn species were not
R.I.A. PROC., VOL. XXXI. A [30]
80 2 Proceedings af the Royal Irish Academy.
specially sought for, which no doubt accounts for many absentees from the
list, especially as I believe the Hemiptera to be decidedly later in reaching
maturity in these exposed western localities than they are in the south of
Treland.
In the following list there are records of some 172 species of Hemiptera,
belonging, with two exceptions, to the Heteroptera and Cicadina groups. The
only species of the family Coccidae noted were Chionaspis salicis and Orthesia
cataphracta; the latter is common in moss throughout the district. No
attempt was made to collect the Aphidae, an important group which has not
been studied to any extent in this country.
Naturally the great majority of the species recorded below are common
and widely distributed in the British Isles. There is, however, a leavening
of rare or local species, including the usual mixture of northern and southern
forms, which we find in all orders of insects in the west of Ireland. As
examples, the following may be referred to:—Orthostira cervina, Aépophilus
Bonnaire, Gerris costae, Myrmedobia tenella, Teratocoris Saundersi, Dicyphus
pallidicornis, Coriza Scotti, Coriva Germari, Cixtus brachycranus, Liburnia
distincta, Limotettix intermedia, and Orthesia cataphracta.
The most interesting of these is undoubtedly Aépophilus Bonnatrei, a sub-
maritime insect which was found in its usual habitat, between tide-marks, at
Blacksod, as well as on the Galway coast. Since the discovery of this local
species by Mr. A. R. Nichols on the shore at Dungarvan, it has been regarded
as one of our most typical Lusitanian animals, as it is only found on the
French and Spanish coasts, and in the south-west of England (see page 7).
Bearing in mind the continental distribution of Aépophilus, this extension of
its known range into the west of Iveland is not surprising.
From a survey of the hemipterous fauna I should he inclined to believe
that the southern element is not so well represented in West Mayo as it is in
the more diversified county of Galway. For instance, in the family
Pentatomidae, which includes the “shield-bugs,” only three species were
found in the Clare Island district, though a fourth, Pentatoma baccarum, almost
certainly occurs.
In various parts of Galway I have found Pentatoma prasina (at Noss),
Pentatoma baccarum (Roundstone), Piczodorus lituratus, Picromerus bidens
(Moycullen), Podisus luridus (Clonbrock and Woodford), and the brightly
coloured Zicrona coerulea (Woodford). These insects have a decidedly
southern range in the Britannic area; and it is not unlikely that some of
them may prove absent from West Mayo.
As Clare Island is the centre of interest in these researches, it should
perhaps be mentioned that sixty-six species, including twenty-six Homoptera,
Clare Island Survey— Hemiptera. 30 3
were collected there.. Most of these were found in the east, where there
is some stunted native wood. It will be noticed that a few of these were
not found on the adjacent parts of the mainland, though there is no
reason why they should not be found throughout the district. Amongst
the less common Hemiptera oceurring on the island are Orthostiva cervina,
Gerris costae, Dicyphus pallidicornis, Notonecta furcata, Coriza Scotti, and
Coriva Bonsdorfi. Not a single representative of the family Pentatomidae
was found on the island.
With regard to the way in which the hemipterous fauna found its way to
Clare Island, there seems little doubt that it must have reached that area
while it was yet joined to the mainland. No doubt the great majority of the
species are winged, yet, with few exceptions, they cannot be regarded as strong
fliers, and, compared with beetles, they are rarely seen on the wing. I would
be inclined to believe that, short of the assistance of strong gales of wind, the
three miles of open sea which separate the island from the nearest point of
the mainland would be quite an effectual barrier: to these insects. Some
few Hemiptera, such as Aépophilus, are devoid of wings.
Amongst the Heteroptera two species—Dicyphus Hpilobii and Corira
Scotti—have not been previously recorded from Ireland; while of the
Cicadina, a group which is very imperfectly known in this country, some
thirty species are now recorded as Irish for the first time, I have notes,
however, of the occurrence of the great majority of these in other Irish
localities.
I am indebted to Mr. J. Edwards, 1es., for kindly verifying the
identification of certain of the more critical species.
The initial letters following the species in the general list stand for the
following localities :—
A = Achill. Cb.= Castlebar.
B = Inishbofin. L = Louisburgh.
Be = Belclare. P = Croaghpatrick.
C = Clare Island: W = Westport.
LIST OF SPECIES.
Hererorrera, S. arenarius Hahn.—C.
Tropicoris rufipes L.—W. Drymus sylvaticus /uh.—C.
Acanthosoma haemorrhoidale L.—A. Scolopostethus decoratus Hahn.—W.
A. dentatum De G.—A. Piesma quadrata /’1eb.—W.
Cymus grandicolor Hahn.—Be, Cb, W. Orthostira brunnea Germ.—W.
Stygnus rusticus fall._W. O. cervina Gernv.—C.
8. pedestris Fall.—W. O. parvula Pall.—C, Li,
A2
30 4
Derephysia foliacea Fall.—W.
Monanthia cardui L.—W.
Aépophilus Bonnairei Sig.—B’sod.
Hydrometra stagnorum L.—L.
Microyelia pygmaea Duf.—L.
Velia currens Fab.—C, A, W.
Gerris costae H. S.—C, A, P.
G. thoraciea Schwm.—C.
G. lacustris L.—C, A, W.
G. odontogaster Zett.—C.
Nabis flavomarginatus Scholtz.—, W.
N. limbatus Dahlb.—W.
N. ferus L,—C.
Salda saltatoria 1.—C, L, P, W.
. pallipes Fab.—A.
. orthochila Fieb.—C, B.
. scotica Curt.—Be.
. littoralis Z.—A, Cb, L. W.
.cincta H. S.—W.
Lyctocoris campestris /all.—C, L.
Temnostethus pusillus H. S.—W.
Anthocoris confusus Reut.—C, W.
A. nemoralis /’ab.—W.
A. sylvestris L.—C, W.
Myrmedobia tenella Zett.—Cb.
Pithanus Maerkeli H. S.—C, B, L, W.
Miris calearata Fall.—A, Be, L, W.
M. laevigata L.—Cb, W.
M. holsatus Fab.—Cb, W.
Megaloceroea ruficornis Fourc.—L, W.
Teratocoris Saundersi D. d: S.—Cb,
Wie
Leptopterna ferrugata Fall.—C, L, W.
Monalocoris filicis L.—C, Be, L, W.
Phytocoris longipennis F/lor.—W.
Calocoris striatellus Fab.—W. —
C. sexguttatus Fab.—W.
C. bipunctatus Fab.—C, A, L, W.
C. roseomaculatus De G.—L, W.
Oncognathus binotatus Fab.—W.
Plesiocoris rugicollis Fall.—C,
DN
a]
mM
nn
Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
Lygus pratensis Fab.—C, W.
var. campestris Fab.—W.
. contaminatus Fall.—A, Be. W.
. viridis Fall._W.
. luecorum Mey.—C, L.
. pabulinus Z.—C, P, L, W.
. pastinacae Fall.—L.
. cervinus H. S.—Be, W.
Poeciloscytus unifasciatus Hab.—Cb,
W.
Liocoris tripustulatus /ab.—W.
Rhopalotomus ater L.—Be, L, W.
Labops saltator Hahn.—W.
Dicyphus epilobii Reuwt —W.
D. pallidicornis Fieb.—C.
Campyloneura virgula H. S.—W.
Cyllocoris histrionicus L.—Be, W.
Aetorhinus angulatus Fab.—W.
Globiceps dispar Boh.—W.
Mecomma ambulans Fall.—Be, W.
Cyrtorrhinus caricis /all.—Cb, W.
Orthotylus marginalis Reut.—C, L.
Heterocordylus tibialis Hahn.—A.
Phylus melanocephalus L.—W.
Psallus betuleti Fall._Be, W.
P. lepidus fieb—Be, W.
P. Fallenii Rewt.—Cb, W.
P. varians H. S.—W.
P. sanguineus /ab.—C, W.
Plagiognathus viridulus Fall.—C, Be,
Ib, WW
P. arbustorum Fab.—W.
Asciodema obsoletum D. ¢ S.—W.
Nepa cinerea L.—C, A, T, W.
Notonecta glauca L.—L, W.
var. furcata Fab.—C, Li, W.
Corixa Geoffroyi Leach.—C, A.
C. Sahlbergi Fieb.—C.
CG. striata Fieb.—C, L, W.
C. distincta Fieb.—C, Cb, W.
C. Fallenii Fieb—A, L,
Jel fea) lea [eet fecal fe
Clare Island Survey— Hemiptera.
Corixa moesta I’icb.—C, A.
. semistriata Mieb.—C.
Fabricii Fieb.—C.
. fossarum Leach.—C, Cb.
Scotti Fieb.—C, A.
. praeusta Fieb.—C, A.
. Germari Fieb.—A.
. Bonsdorffi Sahlb.—C, A, W.
AAADAOAE
CicaDINA,
Cixius pilosus Ol.—Be, W.
C. cunicularis L.—B, W.
C. nervosus Z.—C, A, Be, W.
C. stigmaticus Germ.—P.
C. brachycranus /’ieb.—W.
Liburnia notula Germ.—Cb, W.
. vittipennis J. Sahlb.—W.
distincta Flor.—A, L.
. lepida Boh.—Cb.
. pellucida Fab.—W.
. difficilis Hdw.—W.
. discreta Hdw.—W.
. forcipata Boh.—-Be, L, W.
Fairmairei Perris. —C, Cb, W.
limbata ab.—C, W.
Aphrophora alni /all.Cb, W.
Philoenus spumarius £.—C, A, L, W.
var. leucophthalma L.
var. leucocephala L.
var. lateralis L.
var. ustulata Fall.
var. lineata Fab.
var. populi Fab.
P. lineatus L.—C, Be, W.
Ulopa reticulata /ab.—C, W.
Megophthalmus scanicus Fall.—C.
Macropsis lanio £.—W.
Bythoscopus rufusculus /%eb.—A, Be.
B. flavicollis L.—C, A, Be.
Pediopsis impurus Boh.—C, L.
Idiocerus lituratus /all.C, W.
I. confusus /lor.—C,
fel fe few fe fe fed fed fel IS
30 5
Agallia venosa Hall.—W.
Evacanthus interruptus L.—C, A, L,
W.
Tettigonia viridis L.—C, A, L, W.
Strongylocentrotus agrestis all.—Cb,
Tt, W.
Acrocephalus neryosus Sel.—C, Cb,
W.
A. albifrons £.—C, P, W.
Athysanus sordidus Zett.—A, W.
A. grisescens Zett.—A, W.
A. communis J. Sahlb.—Cb, W.
A. obscurellus Kbm.—W.
A. obsoletus Kim.—C, W.
Deltocephalus pascuellus “all.—W.
. Flori Fieb.—Chb, W.
. socialis /’lor.—W.
sabulicola Curt.—l.
. striatus 1.—Be, L, W.
. pulicarius Hall.C, L, W.
. distinguendus Flo7.—C, L.
Thamnotettix prasina /’all.—W.
T. subfuscula [’all.—Be, W.
Limotettix striola Hall.—C, Cb, W.
L. intermedia Boh.—W.
L. quadrinotata Fab.—W.
L. sulphurella Zett.—W.
Cicadula septemnotata /all.—Cb, W.
C. fasciifrons Stal.—Cb, L, W.
C. sexnotata Fall.—L.
C. Fieberi Hdw.—C.
Dicraneura flavipennis Zett.—C, W.
Kybos smaragdulus Fall.—W.
Rupteryx vittatus L.—W.
E. urticae Yab.—W.
HK. auratus L.—W.
Typhlocyba ulmi L.—W.
Livia juncorum Lat.—C, Cb, W.
Rhinocola ericae Cwrt.—P.
Aphalaria picta Zett—C, W.
Psyllopsis fraxini L.—W.
Psylla pineti /°lor.—A, W.
SIeeeu
30 6 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
Psylla salicicola Férst.—C, L. Psylla buxi Z.—W.
P. Hartigii Flor.—Be. ;
P. betulae L.—C. : Sagan,
P. peregrina Fi7st.—W. Chionaspis salicis Z.—W.
P. Forsteri_/*lor.—W. Orthesia cataphracta Shaw.—G,-A, L,
P. alni Z.—W. Wi.
NOTES ON THE LIST.
Acanthosoma haemorrhoidale L.— , Found at Sraheens Lough on Achill
A. dentatum De G.— ! Island in June (W. F. Johnson). Both
are widely distributed insects in the southern parts of Great Britain.
Piesma quadrata Fieb.—Westport district, under stones, and by sweeping on
the sea-shore, July.
Orthostira brunnea Germ.—Westport district ; found frequently in moss while
searching for Acari; also sent in moss from Leenane in April.
0. cervina Germ.—A few specimens found in moss sent from Clare Island in
June. Has been recorded from Armagh and Waterford, and there is an
example in the collection of the late C. W. Buckle taken at Portmore
Lough in the Lough Neagh district.
Microvelia pygmaea Duf—Lakes south of Louisburgh, and probably over-
looked in other places. Widely spread in Iveland from Dublin and
Armagh to Kerry and Donegal.
Velia currens Fab.—Clare Island, Achill, and Westport district, apterous
form only. The rare winged form of this species may be met with in
restricted spots year after year in company with the undeveloped form—
as in the shallow bed of the River Dodder at the foot of the Dublin hills.
Mr. Buckle found it at Shane’s Castle, Lough Neagh, in the autumn
months.
Aépophilus Bonnairei Sig.—An adult specimen of this very local insect was
found between tide-marks, at Elly Bay, Blacksod, during September,
1909, by Mr. 8S. W. Kemp, who has kindly presented it to the National
Museum.
Nor is this the only western locality in which it has occurred. While
studying the littoral fauna of County Galway some years ago,
Mr. W. M. Tattersall found adult examples of Aépophilus at Ballinakill’
(March), and also at Tawin, a peninsula quite close to Ardfry (February,
1909). At both places it was found between tide-marks in the cavities
1Mr. Tattersall tells me that the exact locality is Green Rocks at the entrance to Fahy Bay,
Ballinakill.. These consist of a small group of isolated rocks which are covered by the sea at high
tide,
Clare Island Survey— Hemiptera. 30 7
of stones which had been bored by Saxicava. The only other recorded
locality in this country is at Dungarvan on the Waterford coast, where
the first Irish specimen was discovered by Mr. A. R. Nichols some years
ago. (Entom. Mo. Mag., (2), viii, 1897.)
The known range of Aépophilus is distinctly south-west European,
as the only continental records are from the French and Spanish
(Galician) coasts. The species has long been known as a denizen of the
Cornwall and Devon littoral, as at Polperro, Mousehold, Penzance, Lyme
Regis, Plymouth, and between Barnstaple and Ilfracombe in North
Devon. Mr. G. C. Champion has also met with the larva under deeply
imbedded stones just below high-water mark on the beach at Totland
Bay, Isle of Wight, in company with its usual associates Aépus and
Micralymma. (Entom. Mo. Mag., xxx, 1894.)
Gerris costae H. S.—Lakes on Clare and Achill Islands; Polranny
(W. F. Johnson); in a pool near the summit of Croaghpatrick, June.
I have taken this highland form commonly in the Dublin and
Wicklow Mountains (River Dodder, pools on Kippure, Lough Bray, and
at Kelly's Lough on Lugnaquilla).
Mr. G. W. Kirkaldy has noted’ the peculiar distribution of this
water-bug. It is found over the greater part of central and southern
Europe, but has not, apparently, been found in Scandinavia. In the
Britannic area, on the other hand, it is decidedly a subalpine insect,
occurring in North Wales and throughout the Scottish Highlands. An
English locality (Burton) is recorded in Derbyshire.
Nabis flavomarginatus Scholtz.—Lowisburgh and Westport. The winged form
occurred in the latter locality, and I have also met with it in the Dublin
district and in South Clare. (Armagh, W. F. J.)
Lyctocoris campestris Fall—Clare Island, and on Mweelrea. Occurred in
a hay-loft in the first-mentioned locality, and was probably introduced
there.
Myrmedobia tenella Zett—A female of this local insect was captured by
sweeping herbage in a marshy place on the shore of Lough Lannough at
Castlebar in July. I had previously found this species in County Dublin
(Lucan demesne), Meath (Laytown sandhills), and in Galway (Clonbrock).
Saunders records it from a few localities in Suffolk.
Teratocoris Saundersi D. & S.—Found commonly at Castlebar, Louisburgh,
and Westport by sweeping herbage in marshy places. This species is
said to occur rather locally in England; it is widespread in Iveland,
oceurring in Dublin, Louth, Wicklow, Galway, and Kerry,
1A Guide to the Study of British Water-bugs (Aquatic Rhynchota). ‘‘ Entomologist,’’ xxxii,
p- 298.
30 8 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
f
Both of these insects are common in the
west of Ireland; they are rarer, however,
towards the east.
Lygus lucorum Mey.—T'aken by Mr. Morley on Clare Island and at Louisburgh.
Paeciloscytus unifasciatus Fab—Castlebar Lough and in the Westport
demesne. Rather a local species, occurring chiefly in the west of
Treland. I have usually taken it by sweeping herbage on lake margins,
as in Limerick (Lough Gur) and South Clare. The only locality known
for it in the east is in the Belfast district (Lagan Canal), where it was
taken by Mr. C. W. Buckle.
Dicyphus epilobii Reut.—In the Westport demesne. Although this insect has
not been definitely recorded from Iveland, it is probably widespread, as
I have taken it several times in the Dublin district (‘Tibradden, Tallaght,
Donabate, and Santry).
D. pallidicornis Fieb.—Clare Island and Louisburgh; common everywhere on
Digitalis (C. Morley). The range of this species in Ireland is not known,
though probably it will be found to occur wherever its food-plant, the
Common Foxglove, is abundant. Mr. Donisthorpe found it in north
Kerry. Widespread in Great Britain.
Globiceps dispar Boh.—A few specimens taken by sweeping in meadows in
Westport demesne. Not common in Ireland.
Notonecta glauca L. var. furcata Fab—Common in Creggan Lough aud other
small lakes on Clare Island; also at Louisburgh and Westport. <A
melanic variety, which is probably common throughout the district. It
has been found in various localities in Donegal (Foyle district, Bun-
doran, &c.), at Bangor (Co. Down), Kenmare, and it is the prevalent
form in Ballyknockan bog in Co. Wicklow.
The allied Plea was not found ; it occurs, however, in Cregduff Lough,
near Roundstone, outside the limits of the Clare Island district.
Corixa Germari Ficb.—A single example of this local species occurred in a
small lake in north-east Achill during June. As has been pointed out
by Mr. Kirkaldy,’ the Coriza carinata of the Saunders “ Catalogue”
comprises two species, which may be separated by the shape of the
frontal fovea and of the strigil in the male. The insect here recorded is
a male, and is undoubtedly to be referred to the species he calls
C. Germari Fieb. Other localities for the species are Lough Gill, where
it occurred in small pools on the lake-shore in July, Foyle district in
March (C. W. Buckle), and at Ardara (W. F. Johnson). The insect
recorded under the name of C. carinata, from Newcastle, Co. Down, in
Oncognathus binotatus Fab.—
Plesiocoris rugicollis Fall_—
1 Kirealdy, G. W. On the specific distinctness of Covixa carinata and C. Germari, &c.
‘** Entomologist,’’ xxxi, 1898, p. 249.
Clare Island Survey— Hemiptera. 30 9
Saunders’ “Monograph” is probably to be referred. to the present
species ; it was taken by Mr. G. C. Champion. F
The distribution of Coriza Germari in Great Britain is decidedly
northern. It is recorded as occurring in various localities in Scotland
as far north as the Shetlands.
C. striata Fieb.—Specimens of this common species taken in peaty lakes, such as
Avullin and Creggan Loughs on Clare Island, are decidedly darker than
the average, and the pale lines of the clavus are less dilated inwardly.
Dark forms of C. nigrolineata Fieb. were also common in such places.
C. Scotti Fieb.—Found in various small peaty lakes on Clare and Achill
Islands. ‘This species has not been previously recorded from Ireland.
It is evidently widespread in the north and west of Ireland, as I have
taken it in the lakes at Fair Head (Antrim), Milford district (Donegal),
and in Lough Crincaum near Killarney. There is a specimen in
.:Mr. Buckle’s collection taken at Roosky (Donegal) in the beginning of
: February. Evidently a northern species in the Britannic area, Saunders
records the following localities—Shetlands, Morayshire, Argyllshire,
Mull, and Strathglass.
Corixa Bonsdorffi Schlb.—Lakes on Clare and Achill Islands, and at Westport.
Widespread in Ireland, occurring in the counties Donegal, Sligo,
Armagh, Galway, Dublin, Westmeath, and Kerry. In county Dublinit
is abundant in the Royal Canal, along which it has evidently made its
way from the Mullingar lakes, where it is quite common. ‘The nymph
of C. Bonsdorfi is rather a distinctively coloured insect. It is of a delicate
greenish white, the apical margins of the body-segments and the con-
nexivum are brown, and the lateral margins of the wing-pads are orange-
yellow. Both the notum and wing-pads are clothed with long black hairs.
Cixius stigmaticus Fieb.—A specimen of Cixius taken by Mr. C. Morley on
Croaghpatrick on heather, is referred by him to this species. Mr. Edwards!
mentions only two British localities for this insect : “ Deal, on Hippophde
rhamnoides (Douglas) ; Inverness-shire (Buchanan-White).”
C. brachycranus Fieb.—A single specimen taken by sweeping amongst “scrub”
on the shores of Lough Lannough, at Castlebar, in July. It is recorded
as being not uncommon in woods in England, ranging from Penzance to
Newcastle at least. Though not previously found in Ireland, it is
probably widespread there, as the species may be easily confused with
the common C. nervosus. Identification verified by Mr. Edwaxds.
Liburnia notula Germ.—) Frequent in marshy places in the Westport and
L. vittipennis J. Sahlb.— | Castlebar districts.
' The Hemiptera- Homoptera of the British Isles, p. 26.
PROC, R.I.A., VOL. XXXI. B ig 30
30 10 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
L. distincta Flor.—A brachypterous male of this rare little hemipteron was
captured in the woods at Sraheens Lough on Achill Island in June; and
the female occurred by sweeping on the moor at Laghta near Louisburgh
in the month of July. These are the first recorded specimens from
Ireland, where if is apparently very local, as it seems unrepresented
amongst some hundreds of Cicadima collected in all parts of Ireland.
Equally rare also in Great Britain: only one locality, Bournemouth, is
recorded. However, Mr. Edwards tells me he took both sexes of this
insect at Roydon Fen near Diss, Norfolk, on the 21st September, 1908.
Abroad it is recorded from Bohemia.?
L. discreta Edw.—Male taken at Mountbrown Lough near Westport. I had
previously collected this species in the east of Ireland on the Laytown
and Portmarnock sandhills.
L. sp.—Some examples of a small yellowish brown Liburnia with the apical
part of the elytra marked with black were taken in the Westport district
and elsewhere in Ireland. [tis impossible to identify these with certainty
until the discovery of the male insect.
Idiocerus confusus Flor.—Taken by Rev. W.F. Johnson and Mr. Claude Morley
on willows in the patch of “scrub” near Portlea on Clare Island.
Elsewhere I have taken it at Portmore, Lough Neagh.
Tettigonia viridis L—The variety arundinis Germ. occurs on Clare Island.
At Castlebar a rather unusual variety was noticed in which the vertex
of the head and the hinder two-thirds of the prothorax are black instead
of the usual bright green. I have also an extreme melanic form from
Ballycastle (Antrim) with the elytra and most of the thorax shining black.
Deltocephalus Flori Fieb.—At Coolbareen Lough in the Castlebar district.
Not previously recognized in Ireland.
D. distinguendus Flor.—Mr. C. Morley notes the occurrence of this species on
Clare Island and at Louisburgh.
Limotettix intermedia Boh.—Taken on the bank of the Westport River, and at
Coolbareen Lough in the same district durmg July. A rare insect in
Great Britain: the only recorded locality is Loch Greenin, where it was
taken by Mr. Douglas as long ago as September, 1866.
Orthesia cataphracta Shaw.—Occurs commonly in moss throughout the
district, especially on the mountains, as on Croaghmore and Croagh-
patrick. The distribution of this curious insect is distinctly northern.
Mr. Newstead in his work on British Coccids records it from Greenland,
Seandinavia,and northern Europe. It is widespread in Ireland and. Scot-
land, including the western Hebrides, and hasalso been found in Lancashire.
Denbighshire, Carnarvonshire, and on the Cotswolds near Chetenham.
? Melichar, Cicadinen von Mittel-Europa, p. 78-
Clare Island Survey.
31
ORTHOPTERA.
By GEORGE H. CARPENTER, B.Sc.,
Professor of Zoology in the Royal College of Science for Ireland.
Read June 24. Published SerremBer 7, 1912.
THE collection of Harwigs and Grasshoppers from Clare Island and the
neighbouring mainland has served to do little more than make known the
presence of a few common and widely spread species of an order which is not
strongly represented in the British Islands as a whole. Excluding the
obviously introduced Common Cockroach (Blatta orientalis), found in the
outhouse on Clare Island which served the naturalists as a laboratory, the
following list includes one species of Earwig, the House Cricket, and four
Grasshoppers. All of these, with one exception (Mecostethus grossus), are found
on Clare Island as well as on the mainland.
LIST OF SPECIES.
GRYLLIDAE.
Gryllus domesticus, Linn.
Clare Island, not uncommon (Praeger). Doubtless also on neighbouring
mainland.
The House Cricket is probably widespread in rural districts of Ireland,
though there are very few specimens of it in the National Museum. In towns
it seems to be easily driven out by competition of the Cockroaches. It ranges
widely over Europe, and North Africa, which is believed by Burr to have been
its original home.
ACRIDIIDAE.
Tettix bipunctatus (Linn.).
Clare Island (P. H. Grimshaw), July, 1910.
Louisburgh, May, 1909; Castlebar, June, 1909, and July, 1911
(Halbert).
PROC. R.I.A., VOL. XXXI. A ; 31
31 2 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
A widespread species both in Ireland and Great Britain, and ranging
over most of the Palaearctic Region (Europe, North Africa, North and West
Asia).
Stenobothrus (Omocestus) viridulus (Linn.).
Clare Island (Grimshaw), July, 1910.
Belclare, Westport, July, 1910; Westport Demesne, July, 1911-
(Halbert).
Numerous examples of this common [British and Jrish grasshopper were
taken both on the island and the mainland. It is a species of northern
distribution, ranging all over Scotland (Evans), and inhabiting, on the -
Continent, northern and central Europe, and the mountains of northern Spain,
Siberia, and Mongolia (Burr).
Stenobothrus (Stauroderus) bicolor (Charp.).
Clare Island (Grimshaw), July, 1910.
Westport demesne and Mount Brown Lough (Halbert), July, 1911.
This species is evidently common in the district, though less abundant
than 8. viridulus. It is widespread in Great Britain and Ireland, and has an
enormous range over the Palaearctic Region—eastward to Japan, and
southward to North Africa and Burma.
Mecostethus grossus (Jinn.).
Doolough, Co. Mayo (H. Bonaparte Wyse).
This large and handsome Grasshopper has long been known as a feature
of the fauna of Connemara (Carpenter), and it is of interest to record it from
a station further to the north. It has been found also in Oo. Kerry, but never
in the midlands or east of Ireland. Its British and Continental distribution
is very puzzling. In England its headquarters appear to be the Channel
district (Dorset, Hants, Surrey) and the eastern fenland country (Huntingdon-
shire and Cambridgeshire). There seems to be only one old and doubtful
record for Scotland. Abroad, on the other hand, the species seems distinctly
northern, as it ranges all over northern and central Europe from Lapland to
the Alps and Balkans, extending also into Siberia, northern Spain and
Portugal, and northern Italy.
FORFICULIDAE.
Forficula auricularia, Linn.
Clare Island and throughout the district. Common everywhere.
Miss E. K. Saunders, when on Clare Island in August, 1909, collected
over 100 Earwigs, which have been forwarded to Mr. H. H. Brindley,
©
Clare Island Survey—Orthopteru. 31 3
of Cambridge. Mr. Brindley is studying the variation of mainland and
island Earwigs, in continuation of the observations which he published in
1892 in collaboration with Professor W. Bateson, on the forceps of male
Earwigs collected on the Farne Islands off the coast of Northumberland. Of
about 1000 Farne Island specimens, 583 were males, and these showed a
marked dimorphism with regard to the length of the forceps, the majority of
the specimens falling into two groups averaging respectively 3°5 mm. and
7mm. in the forceps-length. It seems that on the mainland of Great Britain
“high” males—as those with long forceps are called—are relatively scarce.
My. Brindley in a recent letter has kindly informed me that 40 per cent. of
the Earwigs collected on Clare Island were males, and that among these there
were no strikingly “high” specimens, and only a “slight suggestion of
dimorphism.” The Earwigs of Clare Island, therefore, show far less
“insularity ” in character than those of the Farue Islands on the east coast
of Great Britain. Among the specimens which I have examined, a male from
Louisburgh has 7mm. forceps, while two Clare Island males have forceps
only 4:5 long.
The Common Earwig is one of the most abundant and widespread insects
in the British Islands, and has an immense foreign range—Europe, North
Africa, Madeira, western Asia, and North America.
DISTRIBUTIONAL NOTES.
With the exception of JMecostethus grossus, which was not found on Clare
Island, and of the House Cricket, the species of Orthoptera listed above are
among the commonest of Irish insects. ‘The family of the Long-horned
‘Grasshoppers (Phasgonuridae), which is but scantily represented in the Irish
fauna, has no representative in the above list, no specimen of the group
having been found in the district. The genus Gomphocerus, belonging, like
Stenobothrus and Mecostethus, to the Acridiidae, which occurs in the south
and south-west of Ireland, is also absent, so far as our present knowledge
goes, from Clare Island and its neighbourhood.
So far as the Orthopterous fauna is concerned, we may conclude that
Clare Island was peopled from the mainland, and the general distribution of
five of the species found on the island does not suggest an immigration prior to
the Glacial Period. None of the Grasshoppers nor the Earwig can be
‘declared incapable of having reached the island, even since its separation
from Co. Mayo; and Gryllus domesticus, a messmate of Man, may have been
introduced artificially. The discontinuous range of JJecostethus grossus, on the
other hand, suggests considerable antiquity, and despite its general northern
ol 4 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
distribution on the Continent, its circumferential stations round the east,
south, and west of Great Britain and Ireland, tend to show that it entered
England from the south, and Ireland from the west. It may be very
probably regarded as an inhabitant of the old western Continental land in
pre-Glacial times.
REFERENCES.
Bateson, W., and H. H. BrinpLEY: On some cases of Variation in Secondary
Sexual Characters statistically examined. Proc. Zool. Soc., Lond., 1892,
pp. 585-594.
Burr, M.: Synopsis of the Orthoptera of Western Hurope. Entom. Record, .
vols. xv, XVi, XVI, XVill, X1x, xx, xxi, 1903-9.
CaRPENTER, G. H.: Orthoptera, in Report of Galway Field Club Union
Conference. Irish Nat., vol. iv, 1895, pp. 257-8.
Evans, W.: A Contribution towards a list of Scottish Orthoptera. Ann. Scott.
Nat. Hist., 1901, pp. 26-31,
REDTENBACHER, J.: Die Dermatopteren und Orthopteren von Oesterreich-
Ungarn und Deutschland. Wien, 1900.
Clare Island Survey.
32
APTERYGOTA.
By GEORGE H. CARPENTER, B.Sc.,
Professor of Zoology in the Royal College of Science, Dublin,
PLaTE I.
Read Junr 23. Published Aveusr 2, 1913.
Tue Apterygota collected on Clare Island comprise two species of Thysanura
(Bristle-tails) and eighteen of Collembola (Springtails). My own field-work
on Clare Island was restricted to a short week in July, 1911; but several of
my colleagues, whose names are given below, detected and secured valuable
specimens at other times; for this help I am sincerely grateful. The list
might doubtless be extended by research during the colder months of the
year; nearly all the specimens enumerated were found in the summer.
These lowly insects—primitively wingless, as they are believed to be by
most entomologists—are of much interest to the morphologist, and also to
the student of geographical distribution. Being without the power of flight,
they cannot cross sea-channels unless they be accidentally carried by
birds, &e., and a knowledge of their range seems therefore of special value
in any endeavour to trace the paths of immigration by which various faunas
have reached the districts which they now inhabit.
It is somewhat disappointing to find that the majority of the Clare Island
Apterygota are common and widespread Ivish species. The insects of this
group inhabiting the island represent, on the whole, an attenuated remnant
of forms dominant on the mainland. Yet one of the Springtails—/olsomia
iv-oculata (Tullberg)—is one of the least-known members of the Britannic
fauna, and has not hitherto been recognized in Ireland. Among the
Thysanura, the careful scrutiny given to every Clare Island specimen has
yielded the unexpected result that two shore-haunting species — closely
similar in appearance, but definitely separable structurally—have been for
many years past included under the name Petrobius (or Machilis) maritimus
Leach. The Clare Island Petrobius is that commonly found around the Irish
coasts. The characters by which it may be distinguished from its scarcer
relation—so far found only in Co. Dublin—are discussed below.
R. J, A. PROG., VOL. XXXI. A 32
32 2 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
An interesting and suggestive distributional fact is furnished by the
discovery of the Petrobius and three species of Collembola on the Bills
Rocks—a small group of outlying crags, with scanty vegetation, nine miles
west-north-west of Clare Island,
THYSANURA.
MACHILIDAE,
Praemachilis hibernica Carpenter.
Machilis polypoda, Carpenter and Evans (Proc. Roy. Phys. Soc. Edinb.,
xiv, 1899), and most British lists.
Croaghmore cliffs, 1500 feet (A. W. Stelfox, July, 1911), one specimen.
This species—described (1907, pp. 55-6, pl. 16) from examples taken on
Lambay, Co. Dublin—is now known to be generally distributed in Ireland
and in Great Britain. The genus Praemachilis, to which it belongs, is included
in a section of the family distinguished from Machilis by no abdominal
segment having more than one pair of exsertile vesicles: see Silvestri’s
paper (1904, p. 5). P. hibernica is closely allied to, perhaps identical with,
P. italica (Grassi), from southern Europe.
Petrobius maritimus Leach.
Petrobius maritimus Leach (Edinb. Encyel., ix. 1809, and Zool.
Miscell., iii, 1817).
Machilis maritima Lubbock (Ray Society Monograph, 1873), and
subsequent English writers (in part).
Not . maritima Oudemans, Beitrage, 1886.
Nor P. maritimus Silvestri (Redia, 1904, and Bull. Portict, 1911).
On all parts of the Clare Island coast above high-water mark, also under
stones of walls on the low cliff-tops, and along roads near the sea. In
outhouse of hotel (June, 1909); on wall above harbour and at top of eastern
cliffs (July, 1911); road between Glen and Jill on wayside wall (July,
1911). Eastern and north-eastern coast from harbour to lighthouse.
(R. Welch, September, 1909.) The Bills, eastern rock, 50-100 feet above
sea-level. (R. W., June, 1910). Wherever the species is seen, individuals
are numerous; but their agility in running and leaping makes it hard to
capture them.
On the mainland the species is common near the shore throughout the
“Clare Island District.” Blacksod Bay (R. Southern, Sept., 1909). Curraun
Achill. (R. F. Scharff, June, 1909). Roonah (N. H. Foster, May, 1909).
Louisburgh (N. H. F., May, 1909, and J. N. Halbert, Aug., 1910). Old
Head (N. Colgan). Achill.
Clare Island Survey—Apterygota. 82 3
Beyond the district the species extends its range all around the Irish
coast, both on the east and west. It is far commoner than the other shore-
haunting Petrobius (which I hope shortly to describe as a new species); and
I have no doubt that it is the form figured by Leach (1817, pl. 145) and
Lubbock (1873, pls. liv, lxvi). Specimens from the eastern Scottish coast, in
the Irish National Museum collection, are undoubtedly co-specific with the
Clare Island and common Irish insect.
A species of Petrobius which occurs on the Dutch coast has been well
described and figured by Oudemans (1886), who calls it Machilis maritima
Latreille. It is certainly not the Irish and British species now under con-
sideration, as the sub-coxa of the eighth abdominal segment in the male is
prolonged into a rounded lobe, which is not the case in the true maritimus
of Leach. This character has been emphasized in a recent paper by Silvestri
(1911), who, apparently accepting Oudemans’ species as certainly identical
with Leach’s, has unfortunately defined a sub-genus Petrobius, characterized
by the feature just mentioned. As Petrobius was established by Leach for
his P. maritimus, Silvestri’s nomenclature will require modification; but as
I am doubtful of the value of sub-genera in a group where our knowledge of
specific distinctions is still very incomplete, I make no suggestion on the
subject here. Until the Continental Petrobii have been critically examined,
the range of P. maritimus outside the British Islands must remain doubtful.
The genus Petrobius, according to the recent diagnosis of Silvestri (1904),
is distinguished from Machilis (with which it agrees in the presence of two
pairs of exsertile vesicles on each abdominal segment from the second to the
fifth inclusive) by the absence of genital processes (gonapophyses or paramera)
on the eighth abdominal segment in the male. There can, I think, be no
doubt that Verhoeff’s genus Halomachilis, lately established (1910, pp. 428-9)
for an Adriatic species, is identical with Petrobius. Verhoeff points out an
easily observed character common to both sexes—the absence of scales on
the feelers beyond the two basal segments. Further the apex of the mandible
is without definite teeth.
DIAGNosis OF Petrobius maritimus SENS STR.
Length, 25mm. Feelers longer than body. Paired ocelli of the ordinary
dumb-bell shape, a transverse diameter apart (Plate I, fig. 1, 0). Median ocellus
cordate, the apex directed upwards (fig. 1, om). Mandible with apex simple
and slender, slightly sinuate on the inner edge (fig. 2); slight indications
of teeth may be present in the male (fig. 3). Maxilla with tip of lacinia
projecting beyond or as far as top of galea (figs. 4, 5); palp 74; length of
feeler, six elongate segments of palp with the proportional lengths 6: 6:65:
9:8:6. The three terminal segments long and slender, only the antepen-
A2
32 4 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
ultimate slightly swollen apically. Highth abdominal sternwm (fig. 8), with
sub-coxae not produced into rounded lobes. Ninth abdominal sternum (fig. 9),
with sub-coxae produced into pointed processes; stylets slender and elongate,
terminating in a prominent spine nearly half ¢
the length of the appendage. Gonapophyses
unannulated, not nearly reaching the apex
of the sub-coxa, beyond which the tip of
the penis projects but slightly. Ovipositor
of female nearly as long as the cerci, which
are half as long as the median terminal
appendage of the abdomen.
The above characters will serve to
differentiate this insect from our other
Irish species. In the latter the paired
ocelli are almost in contact, the median
ocellus is sub-ovate, the apex of the
mandible is rounded, the lacinia of the
maxilla is markedly shorter than the galea,
and the palp, less slender than in P. mart-
timus, has its six elongate segments pro-
portionally as 6:6:85:85:6. With a
little practice the two species can be
distinguished as to this character by means
of a hand-lens. More important, however,
are the differences in the eighth and ninth
abdominal segments and their appendages.
Tn the other species, the stylet of the ninth
segment in both sexes is relatively short,
and its spine inconspicuous and stumpy.
The sub-coxa of the ninth segment is drawn
out into a very short acuminate process;
but that of the eighth segment is pro- PETROBIUS MARITIMUS,
duced into a prominent rounded lobe as pera Ldominel peccuicne (oeizle
: ‘ : ventral aspect: s., sternum ; 5.c.,
in Oudemans’ species. The gonapophyses sub-coxa ; st., stylet.
reach beyond the tip of the sub-coxa, and °* Ninth He peem peemment stqmmale
ia ahi ih ag ventra aspect. $.c., sub-coxa;
penis beyond the extremity of the J.) gonapophysis; p., penis.
stylets. Magnification of figs. 8 and 9 = 36.
Silvestri has lately (1911) described several new species of Petrobius
from North America, placing them in a sub-genus Pedetontus, which he
distinguishes by the absence of the characteristic rounded lobe on the sub-
Clare Island Survey—Apterygota. 82 5
coxa of the eighth abdominal segment, by the annulation of the gonapophyses,
and by the extreme shortness of the penis, which does not reach as far as
the sub-coxae of the ninth segment. It is of great interest to find that our
western Petrobius serves as a connecting link between the Continental and
eastern Irish species on the one hand—with which it agrees in its unannulated
gonapophyses—and the North American species (Pedetontus) on the other,
which it resembles in its simple eighth abdominal sub-coxae ; as regards the
length of penis, it seems quite intermediate. The general aspect of this
species is well enough delineated in Lubbock’s coloured plate (1878, pl. liy).
His details of structure (l.c., pl. xvi) do not emphasize points of importance
in differentiating between the two species now under discussion; but the
lengths of the gonapophyses and penis, and the slender elongate stylets in his
plate Ixvi, fig. 7, seem clear evidence that he had the present species before him.
For further details reference may be made to the figures accompanying
the present paper. It is only necessary to call attention to a few additional
points in connexion with the jaws. ‘Those of the female are generally
larger and stronger than those of the male; but reference has been made
above to the slight suggestion of apical teeth on the mandibles of the
latter sex, which in some cases show also a few conical teeth near the
molar area (fig. 3). The lacinia of the maxilla terminates in a somewhat
blunt tooth (fig. 5), from the inner face of which project two delicate
lamellae ; between these, a hairy process, like am elongate brush, may be
seen. The basal segment of the maxillary palp has two processes, a longish
acute dorsal and a small rounded ventral lobe; these are far more prominent
in the female (fig. 5) than in the male (fig. 4). The labial palps are remark-
able—probably in all species of Petrobius—for the curious, broad, flattened
spines, with minute processes on the terminal segment (figs. 6-7). These
vary in shape among themselves, and show a number of fine longitudinal
striations. The labrum (see fig. 1) is beset with long bristles and a number
of short, stout spines at the tip. The maxillula has already been figured in
the Proceedings of the Academy (vol. xxiv, p. 324). The comparative
structure of the various species of Machilidae is worthy of careful study.
Superficially alike, the allied forms may be readily distinguished by definite
details of the jaws and abdominal appendages.
COLLEMBOLA.
PODURIDAE.
Achorutes armatus (Nicolet).
A few specimens in moss (J. N. Halbert, August, 1911).
The species, though not common, is widespread in both Great Britain
32 6 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
and Ireland, and has a well-nigh cosmopolitan range abroad, inhabiting, for
example, Greenland, Siberia, South America, and Sumatyra.
A. longispinus Tullberg.
Portnakilly, a few on herbage near the beach (July, 1911).
This species, nearly allied to the last, is found both in the east and west
of Ireland, as well as in Scotland and northern England. It seems to be a
characteristically Arctic sect, inabiting Novaya Zemlya, Spitsbergen, Franz
Josef Land, and Lapland, and appearing also, like other members of this order,
in South America.
A. viatieus (Linn.) ‘ullbere.
A. murorum Lubbock (Monograph, 1878).
In soil of hotel garden, numerous (R. Welch, June, 1910); Strake, in
newly manured soil, many (July, 1911).
This is another very widespread insect, probably distributed throughout
the British Islands, and ranging from Greenland and Spitsbergen to Tierra
del Fuego at the far extremity of South America, and to Macquarie Island in
the Antarctic Ocean south of New Zealand.
Xenylla maritima Tullberg.
Kinnacorra, on beach, a few (July, 1911).
This species is known both in the east and west of Ireland, as well as in
Scotland, England, and Jersey. Abroad it ranges in Europe from Norway
and Finland to France, and is recorded also from North America. Neither
in the British Islands nor on the Continent is it confined to the sea-margin,
being found at inland localities under the bark of trees, as well as in moss
and garden-soil.
Anurida maritima (Guerin).
Common around the shore in rock-crevices between tide-marks (R. Southern
and R. Welch, June, 1910); numerous on the surface of south-eastern rock-
pools (July, 1911).
This well-known little insect is found on the southern, eastern, and
western coasts of Ireland and Great Britain, and has been recorded from the
shores of eastern North America, Scandinavia, Heligoland, and France.
ENTOMOBRYIDAE.
Folsomia quadrioculata (Tullberg).
In moss, several (August, 1911, J. N. Halbert).
This is an interesting addition to the Irish fauna, and thus far it has not
been recognized on our mainland. Lately introduced to the English lists by
Bagnall (1910) and Collinge and Shoebotham (1910); it is widely spread
Clare Island Survey—Apterygota. 32 7
over northern and central Europe, inhabiting also North America and the
Arctic regions.
Isotoma sensibilis (Tullberg).
The Bills, in Puffins’ nests (R. Welch, June, 1910). Also at Islandeara
on bark, and Belclare, near Westport (J. N. Halbert, July, 1911).
The presence of this delicate insect on such remote outliers as the Bills
Rocks is noteworthy. Probably it has a wide range in Ireland. I have
seen specimens from Cos. Kerry, Sligo, Wicklow, and Louth ; and it is known
to occur both in Scotland and England. It ranges from Novaya Zemlya
and northern Europe to France, Switzerland, and Austria, and occurs also in
North America.
In recent years, some authors have identified this species with Linné’s
I. arborea. Linnaniemi states, however (1912, p. 144), that in the latter the
two terminal abdominal segments are distinct, while in J. sensibilis they are
fused together.
Isotoma olivacea Tullberg, var. grisescens Schiiffer.
Croaghmore cliffs, 1800 feet (A. W. Stelfox, July, 1911).
This form has already been recognized in Ireland (Co. Dublin), as well as
in Scotland and the north of England; it has a wide range in northern
and central Europe. The type-form of J. olivacea, from which grisescens
differs in a few minor structural features as well as in colour (see
Linnaniemi, 1912, pp. 150-151), is found also in Greenland and the Arctic
Islands.
Isotoma viridis Bourlet.
Apparently common all over the island. Croaghmore summit, dark purple
form (July, 1911); the Bills Rocks, in Puffins’ and Gulls’ nests, dark olive-
green form (R. Welch, June, 1910); wood near Capnagower, var. riparia
Nicolet (R. Welch, June, 1910); Croaghmore cliffs, 1,500 feet, var. pallida
Nicolet (A. W. Stelfox, July, 1911); under wayside stones near Maum, vavr.
‘pallida Nicolet (July, 1911). On mainland between Roonah and Louisburgh,
var. riparia Nicolet (N. H. Foster, May, 1909).
This is one of the commonest and most widespread of Irish and British
insects ; while abroad it ranges over northern and central Europe, Siberia,
North America, and Arctic Islands.
Isotomurus palustris (Miiller).
Croaghmore cliffs, 1,300 feet, a few (A. W. Stelfox, July, 1911); by
stream on north slope of Knocknaveen (July, 1911). Also on mainland at
Belclare, Westport (J. N. Halbert, July, 1911), and near Lough Moher.
This, like Jsotoma viridis, has a very wide distribution, and extends beyond
32 8 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
the northern regions to the Azores, the Argentine, and the Malayan Islands.
In Great Britain and Ireland it is widespread, though perhaps not quite
so abundant as Jsotema viridis.
Tomocerus minor (Lubbock).
Macrotoma minor Lubbock (Trans. Linn. Soc., 1862).
Macrotoma tridentifera Tullberg (Sveriges Podurider, 1872).
Tomocerus plumbeus Lubbock (Monograph, 1873).
Abundant through the island : Croaghmore cliffs, 1,300 feet (A. W. Stelfox,
July. 1911) ; Kill, under stones (July, 1911); wood at Capnagower(R. Welch,
June, 1910); northern and eastern cliffs (R. W., 9th September, 1909) ;
Kinnacorra (July, 1911); slope of Knocknaveen, beneath stones (July, 1911).
Also on mainland throughout the district ; Westport, Belclare, and Knappagh
(J. N. H., July and August, 1911); Achill (July, 1911, and H. W. Kew,
June, 1910); Curraun (R. F. Scharff, June, 1909).
Another exceedingly common and widespread Irish and British springtail.
Its foreign range is also extensive—Norway and Sweden; Russia and Finland:
Germany, Heligoland, Bohemia, Switzerland, and the Azores; probably also
in North and South America.
Tomocerus longicornis (Miiller).
Podura longicornis Miller (Prodr. Zool. Dan., 1776).
Tomocerus longicornis Lubbock (Monograph. 1873).
Tomocerus plumbeus Carpenter and Evans (Proc. R. Phys. Soc. Edinb.,
1899).
Like the preceding species, this is abundant throughout the island ;
Croaghmore cliffs, 1,300 feet (A. W. Stelfox, June, 1910, and July, 1911):
wood at Capnagower (R. Welch, June, 1910, and July, 1911); north and east
cliffs (R. W., September, 1909); Kill, under stones (July, 1911). Also on
the mainland throughout the district: Westport, Belclare, and Knappagh
(J.N. Halbert, July and August, 1911) ; Achill (H. W. Kew, June, 1910).
Both in Ireland and Great Britain this species is common and widely
distributed ; abroad it has much the same distribution as 7. minor, and is
known to inhabit also Siberia, ranging to 70° N. lat.
Entomobrya Nicoletii (Lubbock).
Degeeria Nicoletii Lubbock (Trans. Linn Soe., 1867).
D. muscorum Lubbock (Monograph, 1873).
Clare Island (R. Welch, June, 1910).
This is a widespread insect in Ireland and Great Britain ; it ranges south-
wards and eastwards to Italy and Siberia (70° N. lat.).
Clare Island Survey—Apterygota. 32 9
Lepidocyrtus cyaneus Tullberg.
Lepidocyrtus purpureus Lubbock (Monograph, 1873).
L. violaceus Lubbock (Monograph, 1873).
The Bills Rocks, in Puffin’s nest, one specimen (R. Welch, June, 1910).
The presence of this tiny insect on this remote rock is somewhat
surprising, especially as it was not found elsewhere during the Survey. It
must, however, be generally distributed, as it ranges all over the British
Islands, and abroad from Greenland and North America as far as Africa and
Malaya.
Orchesella cincta (Linné).
Clare Island (June, 1910), a single specimen referable to the dark variety
vaya Linné.
Strange to record, no other specimens were found on the Survey; so the
species can hardly be as common in the district as it is elsewhere in Ireland
and in Great Britain. Abroad it ranges throughout Europe to Siberia, and
inhabits also Greenland and North America.
Orchesella villosa (Geoffroy).
Portnakilly, one under a stone (July, 1911).
No further specimens of this springtail were found in the district. It
seems to be distinctly scarce in Ireland, and has hitherto been found only
in Cos. Dublin, Wicklow, and Kerry. In Great Britain it has been found in
southern Scotland as well as in England, while on the Continent it is known
to inhabit Germany, France, and Switzerland.
SMINTHURIDAE.
Sminthurides aquaticus (Bourlet).
Sminthurus aquaticus Lubbock (Monograph, 1875).
Kinnacorra, on surface of pool behind storm-beach, in enormous numbe rs
(July, 1911).
This pretty little species is known from Ireland (Co. Dublin), Scotland,
and England. Abroad it ranges from Norway and Finland to France,
Switzerland, and Austria, and probably inhabits also North America.
Dicyrtomina minuta (O. Fabr.).
Papirius ornatus Lubbock (Monograph, 1873).
P. nigromaculatus Lubbock (¢. ¢.).
Croaghmore cliffs, 1,300 feet (A. W. Stelfox, July, 1911); wood at
Capnagower (July, 1911).
This insect is common in Ireland and in Great Britain; abroad its range
extends over the greater part of Europe.
R.A. PROO., VOL. XXXI. B 32
32 10 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
SUPPLEMENTAL LIST.—MAINLAND.
Although only a few of the species from Clare Island, enumerated above
were found on the adjacent mainland, there can be no reasonable doubt that
they belong to the fauna of the district. Seven species of Collembola, how-
ever, not found on Clare Island, occurred on the mainland or Achill; and it
seems convenient to enumerate these in a separate list.
PODURIDAE.
Lipura ambulans (Linné).
Belclare, Westport (J. N. H., July, 1911).
This species is common in soil and under stones throughout Ireland and
Great Britain. Abroad it is found both in Europe and North America, but
it does not extend into arctic or subarctic regions. Linnaniemi states (1912
p- 91), for example, that it is very scarce in Finland, and appears to be
restricted to the southern districts of the country.
ENTOMOBRYIDAE.
Anurophorus laricis Nicolet.
Achill, on trees in wood near the Sound (July, 1911).
This is another widespread Inish and British species, inhabiting also North
America, Europe, and Siberia.
Entomobrya nivalis (Linné).
Degeeria annulata Lubbock (Monograph, 1873).
Belclare, Westport (J. N. H., July, 1911).
This is another widespread springtail with Britannic and foreign distribution
like those of the last-named species.
Entomobrya multifasciata (Tullberg).
Degeeria nivalis Lubbock (Monograph, 1873).
Croaghpatrick (J. N. H., June, 1909).
The occurrence of this species in our islands is interesting, as it may
usually be found on the tops of mountains (I have taken it on the Macgilly-
euddy’s Reeks and the Mournes), and also in gardens and greenhouses. As
yet 1t does not seem to be certainly known outside northern and central
Europe.
Lepidocyrtus lanuginosus (Gmelin).
Belclare and Knappagh, Westport (J. N. H., July and August, 1911).
A widespread species in Ireland and Great Britain, extending throughout
Europe into northern Siberia, Spitsbergen, and North America.
Clare Island Survey—Apterygota. 82 11
SMINTHURIDAE,
Sminthurus fuscus (Linné).
Westport (J. N. H., July, 1911). Achill (H. W. Kew, June, 1910),
In Ireland as well as in Great Britain the species is widespread, but
less common than others of the family. Abroad it is known from many
European countries, from North Africa, the Azores, and North and South
America.
Sminthurus viridis (Linné).
Westport (J. N. H., July, 1911).
This is a common and widespread insect in Ireland and Great Britain,
while its range abroad extends from Novaya Zemlya to Japan, Tunis, and
La Plata.
DISTRIBUTIONAL NOTES.
The Apterygota of Clare Island are remarkable for the generally northern
facies presented by the fauna. Of the eighteen species of Collembola, all but
two—Anurida maritima and Orchesella villosa—are included in Linnaniemi’s
Finnish list (1912); and all but six—the two above-mentioned with Xenylla
maritima, Tomocerus minor, Sminthurides aquaticus, and Dieyrtonuna minuta
—inhabit arctic or sub-arctic countries. In correspondence with the far
western position of Clare Island, it is also noteworthy that of its eighteen
recorded springtails, all but three—Hntomobrya Nicoletvi, Orchesella villosa,
and Dicyrtomina minuta—are found in America, or at least in Greenland.
Attention has already been called to the American affinities of the common
Trish shore-haunting Thysanuran—Petrobius—though it is not known to be
identical with any transatlantic species. The other Thysanuran—Praema-
chilis hibernica—and the Collembolan Orchesella villosa mentioned above, are,
on the other hand, members of the southern or Mediterranean faunistic group.
Our knowledge of the distribution of these insects is as yet too scanty to
warrant any dogmatic generalizations; yet the facts of the Clare Island
Apterygotan fauna harmonize well with the theory of a western Continental
land linking the present Irish area with south-western Europe, and with
America by way of the Arctic Regions. At the same time the presence of
the springtails recorded from Puffins’ and Gulls’ nests on the Bills Rocks,
warns us that we must admit the possibility of the accidental transport of
these small insects across sea-channels by the agency of birds.
REFERENCES,
1910. Baanatt, R. S.—Short Notes on some new and rare British
Collembola. Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Northumb. and Durham, ii, 2.
1899. Carpenter, G. H., and W. EvAns—The Collembola and Thysanura of
the Edinburgh District. Proc. Roy. Phys. Soc. Edinb., xiv.
82 12 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
1904. CarPENTER, G. H., and W. Evans.—Some Springtails new to the British
Fauna. Proc. Roy. Phys. Soc. Edinb., xv.
1907. CarpENTER, G. H.—Aptera, in Contrib. to Nat. Hist. Lambay,
Co. Dublin. Irish Nat., xvi.
1910. Cottincz, W. E., and J. W. SdozsorHAM—The Apterygota of Hert-
fordshire. Journ. Econ. Biol., v.
1809. Leacn, W. E.—Article “Entomology,” in Brewster’s “Edinburgh
Encyclopedia,” ix.
1817. Zool. Miscellany, iii.
1912. Liynanremi, W. M.—Die Apterygoten Finlands. Acta. Soc. Scient.
Fenn., xl, 5.
1873. Lussock, J.—Monograph of the Collembola and Thysanura. Ray
Society.
1886. OupEMANS, J. T.—Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Thysanuren und
Collembolen. Bijdr. tot de Dierkunde (Amsterdam).
1900. ScHAEFFER, C.—Die arktischen und subarktischen Collembola, in
Romer u. Schaudinn’s Fauna Arctica, i, 2 (Jena).
1904. Sttvestr1, F.—Nuovi Generi e Specie di Machilidae. Redia, ii.
1911. Contributo alla Conoscenza dei Machilidae dell’ America
Settentrionale. Boll. Lab. Zool. Portici, v.
1910. VeRHOEFF, K. W.—Ueber Felsenspringer, Machiloidea, 4 Aufsatz :
Systematik und Orthomorphose. Zool. Anz., xxxvi.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE J.
2 Structural details of Petrobius maritimus.
IG.
1. Head of male, front view, showing eyes (¢), lateral ocelli (0), median
ocellus (0.m.), and labrum; also basal, central, and terminal region
of feeler.
2. Right mandible of female, hinder aspect.
3. Left mandible of male, front aspect.
4. Right maxilla of male, hinder aspect; g., galea, Ja., lacinia, p., palp.
5. Portion of left maxilla of female, front aspect (galea, g.; lacinia, la. ;
and basal segment of palp, p.).
6. Right half of labium of female. p., palp.
Magnification of figs. 1-6 = 36.
7. Sensory spines from tip of labial palp.
Magnification = 250.
} m, molar area.
Proc. R.I.ACAD., VoL. XXXI.
PART 32, PLATE I.
CLARE IsLAND SURVEY.—CARPENTER: APTERYGOTA.
ae i
i) ye a
pe ae
i
Navi
i
Clure Island Survey.
SY)
CHILOPODA AND DIPLOPODA.
By REV. W. F. JOHNSON, M.A, FES.
Read Novemuer 11. Published Decemper 5, 1912.
Or the Myriapoda of Ireland very little is known, this group having been
almost entirely neglected by Irish naturalists. The only Ivish record that I
can find previous to 1893 is a list published by the late Robert Templeton in
1836. Beginning with 1893 we have five papers published on the subject in
the “Irish Naturalist ” by Messrs. Pocock, Carpenter, Broélemann, and Selbie;
and this constitutes the sum-total of our knowledge of the Irish Myriapoda
to the present date. In these papers thirty-four species are enumerated, to
which I am now able to add two more, bringing the total up to thirty-six
species. As there are only some fifty species enumerated from Great Britain,
this list is not so meagre as would appear at first sight; at the same time it
must be remembered that Great Britain is not much better off in the matter
of the investigation of these animals than Ireland is,
The Myriapoda are divided into five Orders, of which we are, in the
Clare Island list, only concerned with two, viz., the Chilopoda or Centipedes,
of which the most familiar example is the long narrow yellow ceutipede -
Geophilus, so often found in gardens; and the Diplopoda or Millipedes, the
best-known of which is the shining black Julus Worm, also met with in
gardens. In the Ivish list there is a representative of a third Order, the
Symphyla.
The work on the Myriapoda of the Clare Island district was carried out
under considerable difficulties. None of those who collected had any special
knowledge of the habits and habitats of these creatures, and all were engaged
in other work. It is therefore matter for congratulation that the list is as
good as itis. Of the thirteen species enumerated, eleven occurred on Clare
Island; and, though we cannot hope to have a complete list of the species
from the mainland, it is highly interesting to find so many on the island, for
R. J. A, PROG., VOL. XXXI. ~ A 33
33 2 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
these creatures could not make their way across the sea, and must therefore
have taken up their abode while the island was still part of the mainland.
I have to thank Mr. C. M. Selbie, B.Sc., of the National Museum for
kind assistance in the determination of these species, and the gentlemen
mentioned below for collecting specimens.
I have used the following abbreviations of the names of those who
collected in the Clare Island district :—
F.—N. H. Foster. P.—R. Lloyd Praeger.
H.—J. N. Halbert. S.—A. W. Stelfox.
J.—W. F. Johnson. W.—R. Welch.
K.—H. Wallis Kew.
Class MYRIAPODA Leach.
Order CHILOPODA Latreille.
Family Lithobiidae Newport.
Lithobius forficatus Linné. — Clare Island (J. & K.). Westport (H.).
Belclare (F.). Bills Rocks, 50-120 ft., im Puffin’s nest (P. & W.).
L. variegatus Leach.—Clare Island (J.). Inishbofin (P.).
L. melanops Newport.—Clare Island (K.). Knappagh Wood, Westport (H.).
Lamyctes (Henicops) fulvicornis Meinert.—Clare Island (J.). Inishturk (W.).
Family Geophilidae Leach.
Geophilus carpophagus Leach (condylogaster Latzel)—Clare Island (J.).
Belclare (F.).
Linotaenia maritima Leach.—Clare Island(K.). Mweelaun (P.). Belclare (F.).
Schendyla submarina Grube.—Clare Island (K.).
S. nemorensis C. Koch.—Clare Island (K.).
Order DipLopopa Gervais.
Family Glomeridae Leach.
Glomeris marginata Villers.—Clare Island, on Croaghmore at 1000-1300 ft.
on north side (W.); wood at Portlea and near Lough Avullin (K.).
Clare Island Survey—Chilopoda and Diplopoda. 30 3
Family Polydesmidae Leach.
Brachydesmus superus Latzel—Clare Island (K.). Inishturk (S.). Westport
(H.).
Family Iulidae Leach.
Iulus luscus Meinert (Britannicus Verhoeff).—Clare Island (K. & J.). Inish-
bofin (P.). The Bills, in Puffin’s nest (W.). Westport (H.}.
I. punctatus Leach.— Westport (H.).
I. teutonicus Pocock (Londinensis Leach).— Delphi (H.).
Two of the above, Lamyctes fulvicornis and Schendyla submarina, have not
been previously recorded from Ireland. The former seems to be attached to
the banks of streams, and is said to have the power of remaining under water
for some time. It has been found in Europe, north Africa, and North
America. The latter is a denizen of the sea-shore, in this habit resembling
Linotaenia maritima, along with which it was taken by Mr. Kew in rock-
crannies between tide-marks. It has occurred in Great Britain and Italy.
I have thought it advantageous to subjoin a full list of the Irish Myriapoda
to serve as a starting-point for future workers. To facilitate reference I am
giving, under counties, all the localities recorded, with names of the authors
of the papers in which the records occur, full reference to which will be
found in the Bibliography appended.
I have used the following letters to indicate the authors’ names :—
B.—H. W. Brolemann. S.—C. M. Selbie.
C.—G. H. Carpenter. T.—R. Templeton.
P.—R. I. Pocock.
Class MYRIAPODA Linné.
Order CuiLoropa Latreille.
Family Lithobiidae Newport.
Lithobius forficatus Linné.—Antrim (Cranmore,' T.). Dublin (Lambay, C.).
Galway (B.). Wicklow (Poulaphouca), Cork (Glengariff and Bere
Island), Kerry (Dingle) (P.).
L. variegatus Leach.—Antrim (Cranmore, T.). Galway (B.and C.). Dublin
(Mountains), Wicklow (IGlruddery, Glen of the Downs, Enniskerry),
——
1 Cranmore is now part of Belfast.
33 4 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
Galway (Kylemore), Cork (Glengariff and Berehaven), Kerry
(Killarney) (P.).
L. melanops Newport.—Dublin (Lambay, C.).. Wicklow (Poulaphouca),
Kerry (Derrynane), Cork (Castletown Berehaven) (P.). Galway (B.).
Clare (Ballyvaughan, C.).
L. microps Meinert.—Cork (Glengariff, P.).
Family Scolopendridae.
Cryptops hortensis Leach.—Antrim (Cranmore, T.). Dublin(P.). Galway (B.}.
Family Geophilidae.
Geophilus carpophagus Leach (condylogaster Latzel).— Wicklow (Great Sugar-
loaf, P.), Galway (B.).
G. flavus De Geer (Jongicornis, Leach).—Antrim (Cranmore, T.). Dublin
(Lambay, C.). Galway (Kylemore), Kerry (Dingle), Cork (Glengariff), ©
(P.). Galway (B.).
G. truncorum Meinert.— Antrim (Ballycastle, 8.).
G. gracilis Meinert.— Galway (B.).
G. proximus C. Koch.—Galway (B.).
G. electricus Linné.— Antrim (Cranmore, T.).
Linotaenia crassipes C. Koch.— Cork (Kinsale, P.). Galway (B.).
L. maritima Leach.—Down (Bangor, T.). Dublin (Lambay, C.), (Portmar-
nock, P.). Galway {B.). Clare (Ballyvaughan, C.).
Schendyla nemorensis C. Koch.—Donegal (Glenveigh), Dublin {Lambay) (S.)
Stigmatogaster subterraneus Leach.—Antrim (Cranmore, T.). Dublin,
Wicklow (The Dargle) (P.). Galway (B.).
Order Sympayta Ryder.
Family Scolopendrellidae Newport.
’ Scolopendrella immaculata Newport—Dublin (Lambay), Galway (Gentian
Hill) (C.). :
Order DipLoropa Gervais.
Family Polyxenidae Gray and Jones.
Polyxenus lagurus Linné.—Dublin (Lambay, C.; Phoenix Park, P.). “ :
Family Glomeridae Leach.
Glomeris marginata Villers.—Antrim (Cranmore, T.; Ballinderry, P.).
Down (Rostrevor), Donegal (Bundoran), Meath (Kells), Dublin
Clare Island Survey— Chilopoda and Diplopoda. 33 5
(Howth), Wicklow (Woodenbridge and Glen of the Downs), Kildare
(Leixlip), Galway (Kylemore), Kerry (Killarney), Cork (Castletown
Berehaven) ‘P.). Galway (B.).
Family Polydesmidae Leach.
Brachydesmus superus Latzel—Dublin (Lambay, C.). Galway (B.). Cork
(Glengariff, P.).
Polydesmus complanatus Linné.—Dublin (lambay, C.). Galway (B.),
(Kylemore, P.).
P. gallicus Latzel.—Armagh, Westmeath (Mullingar), Cork (Castletown
Berehaven and Glengariff), Waterford (Lismore), (P.). Galway (B.).
Family Chordeumidae- C. Koch.
Atractosoma polydesmoides Leach.—Armagh, Dublin (Leeson Park) P.
Craspedosoma Rawlinsii Leach.—Down (Downpatrick, 8.).
Family Iulidae Leach.
Blaniulus venustus Meinert (Zulus pulchellus Leach).—Antrim (Cranmore, T.).
B. fuscus Am Stein.— Wicklow (Enniskerry), Galway (Kylemore), P.
B. guttulatus Bosc.—Galway (B.).
Tulus pusillus Leach.—Antrim (Cranmore, T.).
I. luscus Meinert (Britannicus Verhoeft).—Galway (B.), (Kylemore, P.),
(M‘Dara’s Island, C.). Clare (Ballyvaughan, C.). Dublin (Lambay, C.).
Wicklow (Enniskerry, P.). Kerry (Derrynane, P.).
I. punctatus Leach:—Antrim (Cranmore, T.).- Dublin (on the mountains, P.),
(Lambay, C.). Galway (Kylemore), Wicklow (Enniskerry), Kerry
(Killarney), Cork (Glengariff), (P.).
I. pilosus Newport.—Louth (Drogheda), Galway (Kylemore), Wicklow
(Enniskerry and Poulaphouca), Kerry (Killarney), (P.).
I. ligulifer Latzel.—Cavan (S.).
I. sabulosus Linné.—Antrim (Cranmore, T.). Dublin (Tibradden, P.).
Wicklow (Belmont and Devil’s Glen, P.). Galway (B.).
I. niger Leach.—Dublin (Tibradden, P.). Wicklow (Devil’s Glen, P.).
I, teutonicus Pocock.—Mayo (Delphi, 8.).
33 6
1836.
1893.
1895.
1896.
1907.
1912.
Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
TEMPLETON, R.—List of Irish Myriapoda selected from the papers
of the late John Templeton. Loudon’s Magazine of Natural
History, pp. 12, 13.
Pocock, R. I.—Notes upon some Irish Myriapoda. Irish Naturalist,
ii, p. 309.
CARPENTER, G. H.—Myriapoda [of the Galway Field Club Union
excursion]. Irish Naturalist, iv, p. 256.
BRoLEMANN, H. W.—Lithobius variegatus Leach. Irish Naturalist,
Ve) Pawli2s
CARPENTER, G. H.—Myriapods [of Lambay]. Irish Naturalist, xvi,
(os Bi
SELBIE, C. M.—Some New [Tvish Myriapods. Irish Naturalist, xxi,
p- 118.
i
‘ia
ay
ay!
iy
i y
pen
i 1 :
a i
va U
7
il if
Clare Island Survey.
34
PYCNOGONIDA.
By GEORGE H. CARPENTER, B.Sc.,
Professor of Zoology in the Royal College of Science for Ireland.
Read NovemBer 11. Published DecemBer 5, 1912.
THE collection of “Sea-spiders” from the marine area included in the Clare
Island Survey’s field of work comprises only eight species, most of which are
common and widespread around the Irish coasts. The specimens were mostly
collected by officers of the Fisheries Branch of the Department of Agriculture,
to whom I am indebted for the opportunity of publishing the results now
given. The area extends from Blacksod Bay in the north to Ballynakill
Harbour in the south. There can be little doubt that all the Pycnogons taken
might be expected to inhabit any suitable localities throughout the district ;
but it may be of interest to enumerate the species that have, so far, been
found in the various centres of observation.
BuacksoD Bay.
Nymphon gracile. Ammothea echinata.
Phoxichilidium femoratum. Endeis laevis.
Anaphia pygmaea. ; Pycnogonum littorale.
CLEW Bay AND CLARE ISLAND.
Nymphon gracile. Anaphia pygmaea.
Anaphia petiolata. Pycnogonum littorale.
INISHBOFIN AND INISHTURK.
Nymphon eracile. Anaphia pygmaea.
Anaphia petiolata. Endeis laevis.
BALLYNAKILL HARBOUR.
Nymphon gracile. Anaphia pygmaea.
Pallene brevirostris. _ Ammothea echinata.
Anaphia petiolata. Endeis laevis.
R.I.A. PROC., VOL. XXXT. A 34
34 2 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
The greater number of species in the first and fourth localities as
compared with the second and third is probably due to the long-continued
and systematic collecting carried on by the Fisheries officers at Blacksod
and Ballynakill. I now proceed to give a systematic list of the species,
with a few topographical and bionomic notes. The generic nomenclature of
Norman (8) has been followed.
NYMPHONIDAE.
Nymphon gracile (Leach).
Blacksod (Feorinyeeo Bay, shore), Clew Bay (May, 1910), Inishbofin (Bofin
Harbour), Ballynakill (Coastguard Bay and Deep, 1-8 fms.)—(see 1, 2).
Adults of this handsome species are most frequent in the spring months
(March and April).
The synonymy of this species has been elucidated by Norman (8), who
has shown the identity of Leach’s types in the British Museum with JV,
gallicum of Hoek. It is a West Channel species, ranging northward along
our west coast to Killala Bay. In the Irish Sea it is scarce, but I have
examined specimens from Larne Lough and Malahide inlet.
PALLENIDAE.
Pallene brevirostris, Hodge.
Ballynakill (Coastguard Deep, 6-8 fms., see 2. Fahy Bay, one male at
surface, 21st March, 1902).
This, though it occurs both on our east and west coasts, seems to be a
distinctly rare species in Irish waters. It has a very wide range abroad,
having been dredged off the south-west coast of Norway, in the North Sea,
English Channel and Mediterranean, and off the coast of Connecticut, North
America.
Phoxichilidium femoratum (Rathke).
Blacksod (Elly Bay, south shore, one female, 25th September, 1911).
This is also a scarce species, though occurring on both our east and west
coasts. From the distribution as given by Norman (8) it seems to belong to
the northern faunistic group.
Anaphia petiolata (Kroyer).
Clare Island (33 miles S.E. of lighthouse, 13-163 fms., 26th May, 1909,
two females), Clew Bay (south of Mulranny Pier, 5-11 fms., 26th May and
23rd August, 1909, two females), Inishbofin (2). Ballynakill (2), many
specimens.
Clare Island Survey—Pycnogonida. 34 3
‘This is one of the commonest and most widespread of Irish Pyenogonida,
occurring probably all round our coasts. Abroad it has been recorded from
southern Norway, the Mediterranean, and the North Pacific (coast of Alaska),
though some of these records as collated by Norman (3) may refer to the
next species (4. pygmaea).
Norman points out that the generic name Anaphia (Say, 1821) must
replace Anoplodactylus (Wilson, 1878).
Anaphia pygmaea (Hodge).
Blacksod (Feorinyeeo Bay, north shore, 16th September, 1910, one female ;
Elly Bay, south shore, 25th September, 1911, one male). Clare Island (shore,
23rd May, 1909, one ovigerous male; 3°3 miles E.S.E. of Lighthouse, 26th
May, 1909, 20 fms., one ovigerous male). Inishturk (2:3 miles S.E. of Tower,
13 fms., 25th May, 1909, one female). Ballynakill (Fahy Bay and Coast-
guard Deep, 1-8 fms., see 2; north entrance, 6-8 fms., 14th March, 1904, one
ovigerous male).
Norman (8) unites this species with the preceding (A. petiolata, Kr.), and
the fact that the two forms have a similarly wide distribution, and often
inhabit the same locality, might be held to support the opinion that they are
identical. For some time past, however, the constant, if slight, distinctions
observable between the adults have convinced me that the two are worthy of
“specific ” distinction, and that Hodge was justified in separating pygmaca
from the foregoing species (which he called attenuata). I am gratified to
learn that Dogiel, working at the development of Pycnogonida at the Mill-
port Biological Station, Isle of Cumbrae, confirms the distinction: “The
specific independence of A. petiolata from A. pygmaea was definitely proved.
The difference between these two species, very slight in adults, is very pro-
minent in the larval stages, the six-legged larvae of A. pygmaea being blind,
whilst the larvae of A. petiolata possess a pair of-eyes. Another difference is
the genus of host inhabited by the parasitic stages of these species. The
larvae of A. pygmaea infest the polyps of Campanularia ; the larvae of A.
petiolata form cysts in Coryne ” (4, p. 31).
AMMOTHEIDAE.
Ammothea echinata, Hodge.
Blacksod (Feorinyeeo Bay, north shore, 15th March, 1911, two females).
Ballynakill (Coastguard Bay and Deep, north entrance, 6-8 fms.., see 2).
The Pyenogon has a very similar distribution to that of the two species of
Anaphia, occurring on both our east and west coasts, and extending from
34 4 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
Norway to the Mediterranean. In Irish waters, however, it is not nearly so
abundant as the Anaphia species. arait :
ENDEIDAE.
Endeis laevis (Grube).
Blacksod (Feorinyeeo Bay, south shore, 14th September, 1909; Elly Bay,.
north shore, 12th March, 1910). Inishbofin (2). Ballynakill (2).
This is another widespread species, occurring probably all round the Irish
coast, and ranging from Norway to the Mediterranean and the Azores.
Norman has shown (3) that Endeis (Philippi, 1843) must be used for this
genus. The name Phoxichilus, which he, following Stebbing, would transfer
to Pseudopallene, had better be dropped altogether ; otherwise great confusion
will result to future workers who are not specialists in the nomenclature of
Pyecnogonida.
PYCNOGONIDAE.
Pycnogonum littorale Stroem.
Blacksod (Elly Bay, south shore, 17th September, 1910). Off Achill
Head (“ Fingal,” 144 fms., see 1). Clew Bay (15 fms., see 1).
Probably this species is to be found all round our coast. Its exceedingly
wide geographical and bathymetric range (shore to over 700 fms. off our south-
west peninsulas) has often been remarked.
REFERENCES.
1. Carpenter, G. H.—On some Pycnogonida from the Irish coasts. Sci
Proc. R. Dublin Soe., vol. viii, 1893, pp. 195-205, pl. xii.
2. —— The Marine Fauna of the Coast of Ireland. Pt. vi. Pyenogonida.
Fisheries, Iveland, Sci. Invest., 1904, iv. [1905].
3. Norman, A. M.—The Podosomata (=Pyenogonida) of the Temperate
Atlantic and Arctic Oceans. Linn. Soc. Jour.—Zool., vol. xxx, 1908,
pp. 198-238, pls. 29, 50.
4, DociEL, V.—Note on Research in Marine Biol. Assocn. W. Scotland, Annual
Report, 1911.
Clare Island Survey.
35
ARANEIDA,
By DENIS R. PACK BERESFORD, B.A.
Read Novausee 13. Published Decemuer 8, 1911.
INTRODUCTION.
WHEN studying the geographical distribution of spiders, we must bear in
mind that, although they have no wings, their means of dispersal are almost,
if not quite, as great as if they had; for most species are aeronauts in their
youth, while many of the smaller species are probably carried about by the
wind at all times. The question then what species of spiders we are likely
to find in any given area resolves itself very much into a question of suitable
habitat, or what kinds are likely to survive and increase under the conditions
in which they may find themselves. Thus on cliffs exposed to the Atlantic
storms, only the hardiest of species, such as Segestria senoculata and Teatria
denticulata, which live amongst stones and in crannies in the rocks, can sur-
vive. Both these species are present in enormous numbers on the cliffs in
the far west of Clare Island. Then in sheltered nooks facing south or west
we find species such as Dysdera crocota and Heliophanus cupreus, which usually
inhabit warmer localities, while again on the mountain-tops we find species
like 7meticus prudens, which, in this country at all events, seems to be
confined almost exclusively to such places.
Again, we are met with the difficulty that such a small amount of work
has yet been done at spiders, that we know but little of the life-histories and
general distribution of any but the commonest species. Thus, though some
kinds are met with nearly everywhere in suitable habitats, many species are
extraordinarily local, so that though quite numerous in a very limited area,
they disappear entirely outside it, to reappear in another colony elsewhere.
Others, especially in the male sex, are very short-lived, and are only found in
the adult stage, in which alone it is possible to identify them with any
certainty, for very short seasons of the year; consequently it is evident that
in order to make anything like a complete survey of the species inhabiting
any given area, it would be necessary to live and collect in that area, not only
all the year round, but for many years in succession.
Work of this sort being manifestly impossible in a locality such as Clare
Island, all one can hope to do is to give a list of the species which are to be
RIA, PROC., VOL. XXXI, A 35
85 2 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
found fairly commonly there. My own work in the district included four
days spent on the island in July, 1909, followed by a longer stay at
Mulranny ; while in September, 1911, with Leenane as headquarters, the
district between Clew Bay and Killary Harbour was explored.
As may be seen from the list which follows, in which 108 species are
recorded, the spiders of Clare Island do not differ materially from those of
the adjoining mainland. There are a few species which have been found in
the one district that have not so far occurred in the other; but so far as I
know there is no particular reason why they should not do so.
The complete area under survey is the western half of Co. Mayo, known
in Mr. R. Ll. Praeger’s scheme by the initials WM. or the number 27.
In the list, I have put after the names of the species the letter C, which
indicates that the species occurs on Clare Island, or M, which means that it
has been found on the mainland of Co. Mayo, or both letters, if it is common
to the whole area. I give also a few notes on some of the rarer species, three
of which are new to the Ivish list.
A small collection was also sent me by Mr. R. Ll. Praeger and Mr. R. Welch
from the Bills rocks, which lie some nine miles to the west of Clare Island,
and which deserves special note. It contained the four following species :—
Segestria senoculata L., Lephthyphantus tenuis Bl., Pedanostethus lividus Bl.,
and Lycosa ruricola de Geer. Of these, there was a single specimen only of
the second and third, while there were several of each of the other two. A
wild and exposed spot such as the Bills rocks is the natural habitat of Segestria
senoculata, a very hardy species, and one which lives in crannies of the rocks
and would thus escape the fury of the Atlantic storms; but it is certainly
remarkable to find that a delicate little spider like Lephthyphantes tenuis
should be able to maintain itself on such a spot.
Professor Carpenter informs me that he received several years ago the
following species from Inishbofin :—Segestria senoculata, Xysticus cristatus,
Tetragnatha extensa, Araneus cornutus, Lycosa ruricola, Pirata piraticus, and
Pardosa nigriceps.
I wish to offer my sincere thanks to Dr. A. Randell-Jackson for the
great help he has given’ me in identifying the species that were unknown to
me, and also in confirming the identification of many others among the
less common kinds. I have also to thank Dr. R. F. Scharff, Professor G. H.
Carpenter, Mr. R. Welch, Mr, Nevin Foster, Mr. H. Wallis Kew, Mr. P. H.
Grimshaw, and Mr, R. Ll. Praeger for collections sent me from the island and
various other parts of the district. I have also made use of Professor
Carpenter's records, in his “ List of the Spiders of Ireland,” of captures on
Achill Island.
? Proc. R.I. Acad., ser. 3, vol. y, pp. 128-210. 1898.
Clare Island Survey—Araneida. 35 3
LIST OF SPECIES.
Dysdera crocota Koch. M. C. Lophomma subaequale Camb. C.
Harpactes Hombergii Scop. C. | Dicymbium nigrum B/. M. C.
Segestria senoculata Z. M. C.
Drassus lapidosus Koch. M. C.
Walckenaera nudipalpis West. C.
Wideria antica Bl C.
troglodytes C. LZ. K. C. | Gongylidiellum vivum Camb. M. C.
Clubiona holosericea de G. M. C. Neriene rubens B/. M.
reclusa Camb. M. C. Dicyphus bituberculatus Wid. M. C.
neglecta Camb. C. Dismodicus bifrons B/. M.
diversa Camb.. M. Gongylidium fuscum &/. M.
brevipes Bi. M. | retusum West. M. C.
Micaria pulicaria Swnd. M. C. agreste Bl. M. C.
Agroeca gracilipes Bl. M. Erigone atra Bl. M. C.
Oxyptila trux Bl. M. C. dentipalpis Wid. M. C.
horticola Koch. C. arctica White. M. C.
Xysticus cristatus Cl. M. C. promiscua Camb. C.
Cryphoeca sylvicola Koch. M. longipalpis Swnd. M.
Argyroneta aquatica CZ. C. Maso Sundevallii West. C.
Tegenaria Derhamii Scop. M. C. Microneta saxatilis Camb. C.
Textrix denticulata Oli. M. C. subtilis Camb. C.
Hahnia montana Bl. M. C. Tmeticus abnormis Bl. M. C.
elegans 7. M. Huthwaitii Camb. M. C.
Amaurobius similis B/. M. C. bicolor 67, M.
Nesticus cellulanus Ci. M. prudens Camb. M.
Theridion lineatum C7. M. C. Hilaira uncata Camb. M. C.
sisyphium Cl. M. | reproba Camb. M.
Enoplognatha thoracica Hahn. C. excisa Camb. C.
Pedanostethus lividus Bl. M. C. Porrhomma pygmaea Bl. M.
arundinetis Camb. M. _ Bathyphantes concolor Wid. M. C.
Peponocranium ludicrum Camb. M. | variegatus Bl. M. C.
Cnephalocotes curtus Sim. M. | gracilis B7. M.
Ceratinella brevipes West. C. nigrinus West. M.
Araeoncus humilis Bl. M. C. Lephthyphantes tenuis B7. M. C.
Pocadicnemis pumilla B/. M. C. Blackwallii Kulcez. M. C.
Metopobactrus prominulus Camb. M. | Mengei Kulcz. M.
Tiso vagans Bl. M. C. | leprosus Ohl. OC.
Savignia frontata B/. M. ericaeus Bl. M. C.
Diplocephalus castaneipes Sim. M. minutus Bl. M.
fuscipes Bl. M. C. | Linyphia clathrata Sund. M. C.
A 2
35 4 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
Linyphia triangularis C7. M. C. Araneus quadratus C7. M.
pusilla Sund. M. cornutus Cl. M.
Stemonyphantes lineata Zin. M. Dolomedes fimbriatus C7. M.
Bolyphantes luteolus 6/7. M. | lLycosa terricola 7h. M. C.
Tapinopa longidens Wid. M. C. | ruricola de Geer. M. C.
Pachygnatha Degeerii Sund. M.C. | pulverulenta Cl. M. C.
Clerckii Sund. M. C. perita Latr, M.
Tetragnatha extensa Linn. M. C. Pirata piraticus Cl. M. C.
Meta segmentata C/. M. C. Pardosa amentata Cl. M. C.
Merianae Scop. M. C. nigriceps Zh. M. C.
Menardii Latr. C. pullata C7. M. C.
Singa pygmaea Sund. M. palustris Zinn. M. C.
Zilla x-notata Cl. M. C. Neon reticulatus B/. M.
atrica C.K. M. Euophrys frontalis Bl. M. C.
Araneus diadematus Cl. M. C. Heliophanus cupreus Walck. C.
NOTES ON SPECIES NEW TO IRELAND.
Of the above list three species have not previously been taken in Ireland;
they are as follows :—
Pedanostethus arundinetis Camb.
Metopobactrus prominulus Camb.
Diplocephalus castaneipes Simon.
Pedanostethus arundinetis Camb.
I took several females of this species, which is new to the Irish list, at
Mulranny, Co. Mayo, and also at Recess, Co. Galway, in July, 1909. It
has been recorded from only five localities in Great Britain, ranging from
Dorset to Paisley in Scotland. On the continent of Europe it has been found
in Sweden, Holland, Bavaria, and Hungary.
Metopobactrus prominulus Camb.
I took a single female of this species, which has not previously been found
in Ireland, at Mulranny, Co. Mayo, in July, 1909. Dr. Jackson was kind
enough to identify it for me. In England it has been found to be widely
distributed, ranging from Dorset to Northumberland, but it has not so far
been taken in Scotland. On the Continent it is recorded from France, Bavaria,
Nassau, and Silesia.
Clare Island Survey—Araneida. 85 5
Diplocephalus castaneipes Simon.
A single female of this very rare species was sent me amongst a collection
made by Mr. H. Wallis Kew on Clare Island in June, 1910, and kindly
identified for me by Dr. A. R. Jackson. This is the first record of its capture
in Ireland ; but since I have been acquainted with it, I have come across five
females, labelled as from Rathmullen, Co. Donegal, which are preserved in the
National Museum in Dublin, and which undoubtedly belong to this species,
and must have been taken some years previously. Unfortunately there is
nothing to show when or by whom they were captured. The only known
locality for it in Great Britain is on Snowdon, where it was discovered by
Dr, Jackson; whilst on the continent of Europe it has occurred only in two
mountainous places in Southern France.
NOTES ON THE RARER SPECIES.
Drassus troglodytes Koch.
A single female of this uncommon species was taken on Clare Island in
April, 1909. It has been found in seven other localities in Ireland, and is
widespread in Great Britain, but is nowhere common.
Clubiona neglecta Camb.
I took one male and four females of this rare spider on the cliffs of Clare
Island, facing south and east. It had been taken in four localities in Ireland
previously, all being near the sea. This is the first record of its capture in
Connaught. In England it has been found only in Dorsetshire.
Agroeca gracilipes Bl.
I took a single mature male of this species, which is very rare in Ireland,
at Delphi, Co. Mayo, in September, 1911. There are only three previous
records of its capture in Ireland, viz. at Armagh; Roundstone, Co. Galway ;
and Newcastle, Co. Down.
Oxyptila horticola Koch.
A pair of this by no means common species were taken by Mr. R. Welch
in September, 1909, on the north-eastern end of the island, and two more
females were found on the western promontory in July. It is widely distributed
in Ireland and Great Britain.
Argyroneta aquatica Cl.
Considering the small amount of water on Clare Island it was very
interesting to find this spider in considerable numbers in the little Creggan
Lough. Adult specimens were taken from April to July.
35 6 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
Hahnia montana Bl.
I took an immature male, probably of this species, on Clare Island in July,
1909, and a mature female on the slopes of Croaghpatrick in September, 1911.
It has been found in only three other places in Ireland.
Enoplognatha thoracica Hahn.
Six females of this species were found in various parts of Clare Island in
June and July. It has been taken in ten places in Ireland previously, all
near the coast. In England it seems to be a rare spider, having been found
in two or three places only.
Peponocranium ludicrum Camb.
I found a single mature female of this spider amongst heather near
Delphi, Co. Mayo, in September, 1911. This, with another female taken on
the Hill of Howth in September, 1908, are the only records of its occurrence
in Ireland.
Cnephalocotes curtus Simon.
Professor Carpenter records this rare species from the north-eastern shore
of Achill. The only other known locality in Ireland is Bangor, Co. Down.
Ceratinella brevipes West.
A single female of this spider was taken by Mr. H. Wallis Kew on Clare
Island in June, 1910. The only other localities where it has been found in
Ireland are Fenagh, Co. Carlow, and on the Ulster Canal near Monaghan.
It was taken in the latter locality by Mr. R. Welch in October, 1909.
Lophomma subaequale West.
I found two males of this rare spider on Clare Island in July, 1909, on the
southern slopes. A single male had been taken previously by Mr. J. N.
Halbert at Terenure, Co. Dublin, and was recorded by Prof. Carpenter in his
“List of the Spiders of Ireland” as Tapinocyba subaequalis West. 1 have since
taken a female at Fenagh, Co. Carlow, while in England it has occurred in
Hampshire only, and on the Continent in Sweden only.
Walckenaera nudipalpis West.
A single female of this rare spider was taken on the summit of Croagh-
more on Clare Island, in May, 1909, by Mr. R. Ll. Praeger. Prof. Carpenter
records it for four localities in Ireland, one being at a height of 3,000 feet on
McGillicuddy’s Reeks, and I have since received a single specimen from
Belfast, taken by Mr. H. L. Orr.
Walckenaera acuminata Bl.
Females of this species were taken on Clare Island from April to July. It
has not occurred before in the province of Connaught, though widely
distributed in other parts of Ireland.
Clare Island Survey—Araneida. 35 7
Wideria antica Bl.
A single female of this spider was taken at Knocknaveen, Clare Island, in
July, 1909. This is its first occurrence in Connaught, but there are seven
other known localities for it in Ulster and Leinster.
Gongylidiellum vivum Cainb.
I took a single female on Clare Island and three more at Mulranny of
this tiny spider in July, 1909. It had previously been taken in Ireland only
at Fenagh, Co. Carlow; Recess, Co. Galway ; and Ardara, Co. Donegal.
Erigone promiscua Camb.
I took a single male of this rather rare spider on Clare Island in July, 1909,
and also several females, probably of the same species, at the same time. It
has occurred in all the four provinces of Ireland, but only in seven localities.
Erigone arctica White.
This species was fairly numerous on the sandy shore near the Harbour
on Clare Island, and also on the sands at Mulranny and the rocks at
Roonah Quay. It has not been found before in Connaught. I also took a single
male at Dog’s Bay, Roundstone, Co. Galway, in July, 1909. I think it will
probably be found all round our coast.
Microneta saxatilis Camb.
A single female of this species was taken on Clare Island in 1909. Its
only previous record in Ireland is from Fenagh, Co. Carlow.
Microneta subtilis Camb.
Mr. H. Wallis Kew sent me a male and three females of this spider taken
on Clare Island in June, 1910. It has been found before in Ireland only at
Fenagh, Co. Carlow, and on Carrantuohill, Co. Kerry.
Tmeticus abnormis Bl.
This rare spider seems to be rather commoner in the west than in other
parts of Ireland. Prof. Carpenter records it from Achill; and Dr. R. F. Scharff
sent me an adult pair he took on Achill in June, 1909. I also took it on
Clare Island, on the side of Croaghpatrick, and at Mulranny.
Tmeticus prudens Camb.
Prof. Carpenter records this species from the summit of Slievemore on
Achill Island, and I took an adult female near the summit of Croaghpatrick
in September, 1911.
Hilaira uncata Camb.
I took a single female of this species on Knocknaveen, Clare Island, in
July, 1909, and two females on a bog on the Erriff River, near Leenane, in
September, 1911. Prof. Carpenter records it from Armagh, and Mr. R. Welch
sent me three females from Monaghan in October, 1909. These are its only
Irish records,
35 8 Proceedings of the Royal Trish Academy.
Hilaira excisa Camb.
_ — Prof. Carpenter sent me a female of this rare species which he took at a
height of 1,300 feet on Croaghmore, Clare Island, in July, 1911. - The only
other places in Ireland where it occurred are Marble Arch, Enniskillen, and
Ballycastle, Co. Antrim.
Hilaira reproba Camb.
Tama two females of this spider on the sands at Mulranny. At the
time Prof. Carpenter published his list, only a single female had been taken
in Ireland, on the North Bull, Co. Dublin. Since that time it has, however,
been taken at several places round the coast—namely, Valencia Island,
Lambay, and Kilroot Point, Co. Antrim; and I may add that it simply
swarms on the southern shores of the Hill of Howth.
Bathyphantes variegatus Bl.
Several females of this rather scarce spider were taken on Clare Island i in
June and July, and a single female at Louisburgh in September, 1911.
Lepthyphantes obscurus Ohl.
A single male of this species was taken by Professor Carpenter at a height
of 1,500 feet on Croaghmore, Clare Island, in July, 1911. It is not a very
common spider, though in some places it occurs in considerable numbers.
Bolyphantes luteolus Bl.
IT took a single adult female of this spider on Croaghpatrick in September,
1911. It has occurred about six times only before in Ireland, and seems to
frequent chiefly mountainous regions.
Meta Menardii Latr.
No specimen of this spider was actually found on Clare Island, but under
some boulders on the southern shore I found one of its remarkable egg-cocoons,
which shows that it is undoubtedly present.
Singa pygmaea Sund.
Mr. J. N. Halbert sent me three females of this rare little spider which
he took on a moor at Lugaloughaun near Louisburgh in July, 1910. The
only other Irish localities known for it are Tullamore, King’s County, and
Muckross, Co. Kerry, in both of which places it was also taken by Mr. Halbert.
Dolomedes fimbriatus Cl.
T took two hali-grown and a number of very small newly hatched specimens
of this handsome spider on a moor near Delphi, in September, 1911. Though
common in Connemara, it had not previously been recorded for Co. Mayo.
Neon reticulatus Bl.
Professor Carpenter records this species from Keem Bay, Achill. Its only
other known localities in Ireland are Leenane, Co. Galway; Kilcarry Bridge,
Co. Carlow ; and Kenmare, Co. Kerry.
Clare Island Survey.
36
PHALANGIDA.
By DENIS R. PACK BERESFORD, B.A.
Read Noyemper 13. Published December 8, 1911.
OF the fourteen species of Harvestmen known to inhabit Ireland, ten have
been taken in the area under survey, and seven on Clare Island.
Liobunum rotundum Latr.
Has not been taken on Clare Island, but occurs on the mainland at
Louisburgh, and further inland. It is distributed over the whole of
Treland.
Liobunum Blackwallii Meade.
Another species that has not been found on Clare Island ; but one specimen
was taken at Louisburgh, and another at Delphi. Previous records are
confined almost entirely to the south and east coasts of Ireland.
Phalangium opilio Linn.
This species, which is common and widely distributed in Ireland, was
taken on Clare Island, and on the mainland at Mulranny, Curraun, and
Delphi.
Phalangium parietinum de Geer.
This rare species was taken at Blacksod Bay by Mr. R. Southern in
1909. The only other localities from which it is recorded in Ireland are
in the counties of Dublin, Wicklow, and Carlow.
Platybunus corniger Herm.
This species was taken both on Clare Island and on the mainland.
Though not very common, it is widely distributed in Ireland. P. triangularis
Herbst., which was formerly considered to be a distinct species, is now
recognized as being identical with P. corniger, but immature.
R.I-A. PROC., VOL. XXXI. A 36
86 2 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
Megabunus insignis Meade.
This very distinct species, which is found all over Ireland, was taken
in all parts of Co. Mayo, and by Professor Carpenter up to a height of
1300 feet on Croaghmore. It has also been found on Inishbofin.
Mitopus morio Fabr.
Probably the commonest species in Ireland. It was taken up to a height
of 1500 feet on Croaghmore, Clare Island, by Professor Carpenter, and
in several parts of Co. Mayo.
Oligolophus agrestis Meade.
This common and widely distributed species has been taken both on
Clare Island, and in the J.ouisburgh district of Co. Mayo.
Oligolophus ephippiatus ©. I.. Koch.
This species has been taken both on Clare island and at Westport in
Co. Mayo. It is widely distributed but not very common in Ireland.
Nemastoma lugubre O. F. Miiller.
'his very common species has been taken nearly all over Ireland,
including many parts of Co. Mayo; and on Clare Island was taken by
Professor Carpenter up to a height of 1300 feet on Croaghmore.
Clare Island Survey.
a”
ARCTISCOIDA.
By JAMES MURRAY, F.R.S.E.
Puates I-III.
Read Aprit 24. Published June 15, 1911.
Order ARCTISCOIDA Schultze (27).*
Family Xenomorphidae Perty (18).
(Water-bears : Tardigrada).
INTRODUCTION.
THe name Arctiscoida is here employed for the group of animals popularly
known as Water-bears. Prof. Hay (7) showed that the long familiar name
Tardigrada was preoccupied, and that the earliest known name applied to the
family was Kenomorphidae Perty (18). As the group is of higher than family
rank, J have recently suggested (17) the adoption of Schultze’s name
Arctiscoida (27) as an ordinal name (although it was given as a family name
subsequent to Perty’s), retaining Perty’s Xenomophidae for the only family at
present in the group.
The word Arctiscoida is of suitable form for an ordinal name, and embodies
the first generic name, Arctiscon Schrank (25), ever applied to a Water-bear.
Historical sketch.—Irish Water-bears appear to have no history. I can
learn of no records previous to the commencement of the work of the Clare
Island Survey.
Various naturalists employed on the Survey have assisted me by collecting
material. In September, 1909, Dr. Penard brought to me some Sphagnum
and other mosses, from which I obtained the first Irish Water-bears, Macro-
biotus echinogenttus and M. augusti. The latter species has not been found in
any subsequent collections.
Ins February, 1911, Mr. A. D. Cotton sent mosses from Belclare, among
which there were found eight species of Water-bears.
In March, 1911, 1 spent about a week in the district, and collected thirty-
* Figures in thick type, enclosed in parentheses, refer to the Bibliography at the end.
R,IeA, PROU., VOL. XXXI. A 37
37 2 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
one species. Mr. G. H. Wailes, who was working the district at the same
time, called my attention to any Water-bears which occurred in the material
he collected, and thus extended our knowledge of the local distribution.
Subsequently Mr. Wailes sent moss from the island of Inishturk, and from
a salt-marsh on Clare Island, both of which gave good results, the salt-marsh
yielding the type of one of our new species (Macrobiotus richtersit).
Lastly, the school-children of Westport collected quantities of moss,
which were sent to me by Rev. J. O. Hannay, m.a. The Canadian species
Macrobiotus occidentalis occurred only in that collection.
NOTES ON THE SPECIES.
Echiniscoides sigismundi (Schultze). (Plate II., figs. 8a—SB.)
Habitat—Among the sediment washed from sea-weeds, under Achill
Bridge ; one example.
The Irish example shows some small differences from those figured by
Schultze (28) and Richters (24). Length 230, exclusive of fourth legs.
Body soft, not plated, with fine pellucid papillae on back and sides. Claws nine
on first leg, eight on second and third, seven on fourth. Two pairs of palps
near the mouth. Spime at base of head (corresponding to seta a of Echiniscus)
large, about 25 long, with a palp at its base. Spine on third leg with thick
base. Fourth leg with a very large soft palp near its base. Web joining the
claws for nearly half their length. Movements very sluggish.
Echiniscus intermedius Murray. (Plate I, figs. 44-48.)
Habitat.—Castlebar, among Cinclidotus from the margin of a little lake
near the railway station; several examples.
The Irish animal agrees with the Canadian form of the species in almost
all details. The palps near the mouth, and also the papillae bearing the
mouth-cirri, are very short and broad. The finding of the species alive
permitted fuller study of the parts of the mouth and of the texture of the
plates than had been previously possible. The teeth possess “ bearers”
(fig. 44), as was first noticed by Herr Thulin, of Lund, Sweden, who recently
found the species. It is the only Echiniscus known to have bearers.
The plates bear two kinds of dots,—one kind very small, uniform, and
pellucid,—the other larger, irregular, and looking like pits (fig. 48). The
larger dots appear to be superficial; and it is necessary to focus deeper to see
the others.
Distribution.—Australia, Hawaii, Canada, Sweden, Ireland
List oF SPECIES COLLECTED, WITH LocaL DISTRIBUTION.
*E. militaris sp. 7.,
Acuiut Is. Crane Is.
- “Aw re = —
Bl/El@ae lel|Slalsi/alasle is
* Achiniscoides sigismundi (I. Seh.) (28), || X
KEchiniscus suillus Eh7. (4), sé I Sk x x
*I. intermedius Merray (15), << || SK
E. gladiator Murray (11), x |
var. exarmatus Murray (18), x sé || SX x x
E. granulatus (Doy.) (1), } x
*E. testudo (Doy.) (1), x
"E. crassus Richters (22), x
x
*E. columinis sp. 7., x
Milnesium tardigradum Doy. (1), < x x x
Macrobiotus hufelandii C. Sch. (26), os || XS x | Xx x | SS | 26 1] 2 |] HW I SK
M. echinogenitus Richters (21), |x x x ||
M. crenulatus Riehters (21), x | xX x
M. harmsworthi Miaray (14), x | x x
*M. occidentalis Mrrray (15), x
M. areolatus Murray (15), x
*M. richtersii sp. 7., x
variety with rounded processes, x
*M. virgatus Murray (15), x x
M. intermedius Plate (19), x x x x x
M. arcticus Mwray (14), x x |x
M. hastatus Meuray (18), x
*M. hibernicus sp. 7., | xX
M. tuberculatus Plate (19), x x
M. papillifer Murray (11), x
M. ornatus Richters (20), x | X | x x
*M. scabrosus sp. ”., x
M. annulatus Wurray (11), x x
M. lacustris Duj. (8), x
M. augusti Murray (18), | Xx
M. schaudinni Richters (28), x x
Diphascon chilenense Plate (19), x
D. scoticum Murray (10), | x x x
D. angustatum Mwrray (11), x | x
* Those murked with an asterisk are additions to the Britannic Fauna.
Byer ak = Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
Echiniscus gladiator Murray.
Type.—One example on Slievemore, Achill, between 1,000 and 2,000 feet.
Variety exarmatus.—Abundant on Slievemore, from 1,000 feet to the top, —
and at all elevations on Clare Island; Belclare. Larvae and skins with eggs
frequent.
On mountains the variety is usually found on the higher levels and the
type lower down. In Ireland the variety was abundant from sea-level to the
highest hills, and the type was extremely scarce.
Echiniscus testudo (Doyeére). (Plate IL., figs. 74-7B.)
Habitat.-Among aquatic mosses (Cinclidotus) growing on stones at the
margin of a small lake near Castlebar railway station.
The Irish example differs from that figured by Doyére in lacking seta 0 ;
but Doyére says that most of the specimens obtained in Paris were without
this seta (which is now called }). The plates are more finely dotted than
Doyére shows in his figure. The habitat is different, Doyére’s animal living
among the moss of roofs, etc., and therefore of the kind that dries frequently.
But the water-bears do not strictly confine themselves to certain habitats,
and an aquatic species may casually occur in moss, and vice versa.
Echiniscus erassus Richters. (Plate L., figs. 2a—2c.)
Habitat.— Among Cinclidotus from the margin of a small lake at Castlebar,
extremely abundant.
Adults about 400» in length, by 200, in width. Seta a 80 yu, b 155 p,
c 220 nw, d 150 1; spime over¢ 50 p, over d 60 nw; claws 30 w; skin of 250 » long
with three eggs of 60 by 50. Larva 160 » long, exclusive of legs; only
lateral seta a and d, a 70, d 110; over ¢ and d curved spines of 25 to 30 p;
claws 20. Dots on plates large circles, each surrounded by a hexagon
(fig. 2c), the largest in middle of plates about 6 centre to centre. Upper
pair of cirri near the mouth, shaped like spear-heads (fig. 2B). Three median
plates. Fringe of large triangular spines, separated at their bases. Small
harbs near base of inner claws.
As Professor Richters gave no figure of his species, the larva and some
details are here figured. This is, I believe, the first record of the species
outside of Iceland.
Distribution.— Iceland, Scotland (not previously recorded), Ireland.
Echiniscus militaris sp. n. (Plate L., figs, 14-1c.)
Specific characters.—Small, red. Plates nine, two pairs, two median; dots
Clure Island Survey—Arctiscoida. 87 5
small dises, uniform, close together. Lateral processes five on each side—a
and } setae of moderate length, c and d very long setae, e a short, thick spike.
Dorsal processes three pairs—over / a slender seta, over ¢ and d very large
and thick spines. Fringe on fourth leg of large triangular teeth, separated at
their bases. Claws large, with small inner barbs.
Length about 200 pu, exclusive of fourth legs. Seta a 50, > 50 w,¢ 100 pn,
d 150. Seta over 6 30, spine over ¢ 50, overd 50. Seta a has the
usual palp at its base. Lateral and dorsal setae at b very fine; setae c and d
with thick bases and very fine points. Spines over c and d straight, or nearly
so, very thick and stout, not flattened, but round. Spine e¢ also thick and
round, sometimes enlarged in middle. The dots are pellucid discs, almost
touching at their bases, in regular rows. They did not seem to be either
raised above the general surface, or depressed. None of the plates is crossed
by plain bands. The lumbar plate is trifoliate, and obscurely faceted.
The claws measure about 25 4 im length. The larva has not been seen.
A skin of 180 w in length contained two eggs of 60 u by 50 u.
Habitat.—Castlebar, among Cinclidotus at margin of small lake near the
railway station.
H#. militaris is distinguished from all other species by haying dorsal setae
over b, by the extraordinary thickness of the spines over ¢ and d, and by the
stout spike ate. Only #. africanus has setae over 0, and it has several pairs of
them, and is otherwise very different. 2. bellermanni and L. creplini might
be supposed to have spines over 0; but it is difficult to tell exactly what the
figures are intended to show, and at any rate they differ widely from
EL. militaris.
Echiniscus columinis sp.n. (Plate L., figs. 3a—3B.)
Specific characters.—Size moderate, colour red. Plates nine, v and vi joined,
two median, dots small, uniform, pellucid. Lateral processes five, all fairly
long setae. Dorsal processes two—over c a long seta, springing nearer the
middle line than the posterior angle of the plate; over d a short spine.
Fringe on the fourth leg ; inner claws barbed.
Length about 200 yu, exclusive of fourth legs; seta a about 75 uw; 6, c, and
@50 to 60,4 each; e 125. Dorsal seta over ¢ 80. Fringe of small
triangular spines. The setae taper gradually from the base. The dots appear
to be flat granules, but they sometimes look like pits.
Habitat—Summit of Shevemore, Achill Island.
There are only a few Echinisci described which have five lateral setae.
E. scrofa and E. quadrispinosus both possess some additional plates between
37 6 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
the ordinary plates, and the spine over d is longer. . creplini has three
pairs of dorsal spines. £. othonnae usually has 6 and d as spines, but some-
times all five are setae. It has spicules at the bases of the setae, and the outer
claws are usually barbed.
In distinguishing #. columinis from similar species the position of the
dorsal seta over ¢, nearer the middle line than in most species, 1s an important
character.
Echiniscus sp. ?
Three forms occurred which appear to be related to H#. columinis. Two
of them are figured.
First.—Lateral setae a, c, d, e; over ¢ a moderate spine, over d a spicule.
A spicule on first leg. This form is not figured, as it is exactly like
ZL. columinis (Plate I., fig. 54), but lacks seta 6. The animal was mature, as
an example was found with two eggs in the skin.
Second.—(Plate I, fig 5.) Lateral setae a, ¢, d, e; over c and d small
spicules. This differs from the first form described above in having the
dorsal process over ¢ reduced to a spicule. The setae c, d, and e sometimes
have bulbose bases. Examples with two and three eggs occurred.
Third.—(Plate I1., fig. 6.) Lateral setae a, c,d; over ¢ a moderate spine,
over daspicule. Differs from the type of £. columinis in lacking setae 6 and
e, and the reduction of the dorsal process over ¢ to a spine.
All these three forms agree with Z. colwminis in having the dorsal pro-
cesses over ¢ nearer the middle line than in most species. They differ from
it mainly in the lack of one or two of the lateral setae, and in the varying
proportions of the dorsal process over e.
Milnesium tardigradum Doy.
All the Irish specimens closely examined had three points on each of
the lesser claws of all legs. It is important to note this, as there may be
incipient local races distinguished by the number of points. Often the
number of points varies from one to three in the same individual, the first
leg having one point, the second and third legs two and three, and the fourth
leg three.
Macrobiotus crenulatus Richters.
This arctic species was abundant on the two mountains visited, Shevemore
and Croaghmore, at elevations of over 1,000. feet.
Distribution.—Spitsbergen, Franz Josef Lau, Orkney, Shetland, Ireland.
Clare Island Survey—Aretiscoida. 37 7
Macrobiotus occidentalis Murray. (Plate II1., fig. 14.)
Habitat.— Westport, several examples.
Irish examples did not show the rectangular plates, floating in clear fluid
between two layers of skin, as in Canada. No eggs were found. ‘The species
is recognized from the dotted skin, and the characters of pharynx and claws.
It was ascertained that the dots are arranged in pairs, forming longi-
tudinal, and probably also transverse, rows. The larger paired dots appear
elliptical or almond-shaped.
Herr Thulin, of Lund, has just found the species and eggs in Sweden.
Distribution.— Australia, Hawaii, Canada, Sweden, Ireland.
Macrobiotus areolatus Murray.
Apparently rare in Ireland, where it is replaced by M. richtersii. Only
eggs were seen, in a tarn at about 1,000 feet on Slievemore, Achill.
Macrobiotus richtersii sp.n. (PI. IIL, figs. 154-15.)
Specific characters.—Large, strongly pigmented; no eyes. Teeth thick;
gullet very wide; three narrow rods in pharynx, and a small “comma” distant
from the last rod. Claws of hufelandii-type, jomed for half the length of the
longer one, which has two supplementary points. Processes of egg conical,
truncate, and slightly expanded at apex; egg-surface between the processes
areolate.
Length 750 to 1,000u. Gullet about 16 in width. Pharynx shortly oval,
80u in length; first and second rods about four times as long as broad, third
five times aslong. The pattern on the egg-surface is symmetrical, and consists
of obscure polygons, which appear to have originated as regular hexagons,
each divided by a partition into two equal pentagons. The processes are
faintly papillose; the expansion of the apex varies in amount, and it is
bordered by a circlet of papillae. The egg measures 120 over the processes,
75 without them.
M. richtersii is closely related to M. areolatus, which is distinguished by the
pointed processes of the egg, the claws united at the base only, the absence of
comma in the pharynx, and the possession of eyes.
Habitut—Among Hylocomiwm squarrosum from the salt marsh at
Kinnacorra, Clare Island, collected by G. H. Wailes, March, 1911.
Though it had not been described, the species was previously known, and
had been found in many places—Loch Morar, Scotland (1904); Uganda
(N. D. F. Pearce, 1906); Pretoria, Transvaal (Hewitt, 1910),
37 8 Proceedings of the Royal Trish Academy.
Prof. Richters has studied the egg, which he found in material from
Samoa, and figured it in the “ Moosfauna Australiens,” plate 17, fig. 10. It
is therefore appropriate that this species should be named in honour of the
naturalist who has done so much to extend the knowledge of the Water-
bears.
Variety (figs. 13G-13H).—Processes of the egg shorter, very obtuse, and
rounded. Pattern on the shell sometimes exactly as described for the type,
sometimes with the polygons further divided by partitions.
Embryo in the egg with the rods of the pharynx short and thick, the
length not more than twice the thickness. Adult quite typical. In the
embryo, and also in the adult, the middle rod of the pharynx often appears
shorter than the other two. This suggested that the animal might be
M. virgatus Murray, of which the egg is unknown. There are, however,
several differences: JZ virgatus possesses eyes, has no comma, and the
claws are much thicker, with larger supplementary points.
Habitat.—Among Tortula ruralis growimg on the sandy sea-shore at
Louisburgh, March, 1911, plentiful.
I have not seen any intermediate forms of eggs between the type and the
variety.
M. richtersii is an animal which tends to re-establish faith in the constancy
of species of Water-bears. If the adult only were found, it might be identified
as one of the forms of hufelandii or harmsworthi, or some other species; and
it would be regarded as one of the puzzling intermediate forms which throw
doubt on the validity of species. If the egg only were found, we would suspect
close relationship with Jf areolatus, and no connexion with hufelandu and its
friends. Really the species is very distinct from both; but we must know
both the adult and the egg before we perceive this.
Macrobiotus virgatus Murray.
The occurrence of this recently discovered Canadian species in Ireland is
interesting, in view of the fact that two other Canadian Water-bears and a
Canadian Bdelloid Rotifer were also found in Ireland. The species is another
link between Ireland and the Arctic, as it has been recorded for Franz Josef
Land.
Although unfortunately the egg has not yet been discovered, the species
has two good marks—the short middle rod in the pharynx, and the very thick
claws, thicker than in most species of the hufelandi-group.
1 Zoo!, Jahrh. Abt, f. Syst. xxvi, Taf. 17, fig. 10, 1908,
Clare Island Survey— Arctiscoida. 37 9
Macrobiotus sp.? (Plate I1., figs. 94-98.)
Egg like that of JZ. harmsworthi, with closely set acuminate processes
(fig. 9B). Pharynx of young in the egg with two short rods—first twice as
long as broad, second quadrate—and no comma; teeth thick; gullet of
moderate width ; claws not seen.
This might be WZ. echinogenitus Richters 6; but in that species the pharynx,
when so well developed as in the figure, would usually show the comma
distinctly.
Macrobiotus hibernicus sp.n. (Plate III., figs. 15a—15c.)
Specific characters.—Size moderate. Claws of Diphascon-type. Gullet
slender ; pharynx with three short rods. Eggs round or oval, thick-shelled,
studded with nail-like rods embedded in a hyaline matrix, the rods arranged
in a reticulate pattern.
Egg about 60 w by 70m. The rods have somewhat bulbose bases, are
contracted in the middle, and expanded at the end into a broad head
like that of a nail. The size of the head varies. The reticulate pattern on
the surface is fairly regular, the spaces enclosed nearly circular and about
15 win diameter.
The young squeezed out of the egg was 140 win length. The gullet is
slightly expanded at the end in the pharynx. The rods are nearly equal,
about twice as long as broad, and there is a comma. The claws were too
small to allow details to be accurately seen. The Diphascon character does
not appear to be very pronounced, the pairs being nearly equal, with the long
claw of one pair somewhat produced. This shows an approach to the type of
hufelendii; but it is not safe to take the characters of the claws from
the young in the egg, as their development may be incomplete. The teeth
and pharynx are fully developed earlier than the claws. Eyes were not
seen.
The size of the adult cannot be given, as, although they may have been
present in the material, the identity of any adult with the egg could not be
proven.
Closely related to WZ. arctieus and W. hastatus. Although the observations
are incomplete and the adult is unknown, the reticulate pattern on the egg
and the three rods in the pharynx sufficiently distinguish MW. hibernicus from
these species. Both of them have only two rods in the pharynx, and
the rods on the egg are more numerous and closer together, not forming a
reticulation.
Judging by what is known of the related species, it may be expected that
R.I.A, PROC., VOL. XXXI, B 37
37 10 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
the adult will have the rods in the pharynx relatively longer, and the claws
more decidedly of the Diphascon type.
Habitat—Among moss from the margin of a tarn on Shevemore, Achill
Island, at an elevation of about 1,000 feet; only a few examples.
Macrobiotus papillifer Murray. (Plate I1., figs. 104-10c.)
Variety.—Papillae in number and position as in the type, but arising from
large hemispherical or conical bases. There are six papillae in a transverse
row on each segment and pseudo-segment; and they cover the whole surface
of the segments, touching at their bases. ‘he last three apparent segments
have only four papillae on each. There is a large papilla at the base of each
fourth leg. Pharynx with three short rods, and no comma. Claws unequal,
united near the base only, diverging at about a right angle. Length 200 p.
The large size of the dorsal and lateral processes, which occupy the whole
surface, gives the animal an appearance very different from that of the type;
and it may prove to be a distinct species. It agrees in pharynx and claws.
The variety has been seen in Scotland, but never recorded.
Habitat.—Salt-marsh, Clare Island; among Sphagnum, Blantyre Moor,
Scotland.
Macrobiotus ornatus Richters.
All the three forms described by Richters (spinifer, spinosissimus, and
verrucosus) occurred in Ireland.
Var. verrucosus. (Plate II. fig. 124 to 12c.) As Professor Richters
identified my first drawing of I. scabrosus as this variety, it is here figured
and described in order to point out the differences. Var. verrucosus is exactly
like the other varieties of Jf. ornatus, except that the spines are greatly
reduced or lacking. All these varieties are smaller than J/. scabrosus; the
papillae are in regular rows across the segments; there are no eyes; and the
claws are Y’s with short stem, rather than V’s. The spines of the spiny
varieties spring from the transverse ridges, and in the var. verrucosus these
ridges are still represented by lines.
Macrobiotus scabrosus sp. n. (Plate II., figs. 114, 113.)
Specific characters.—Small, papillose; papillae unequal and irregular ;
gullet narrow, pharynx with two short rods; dark eyes; claws V-shaped,
united at base only, pairs equal, claws of each pair unequal.
Length about 250 ». The slender gullet ends with conspicuous apophyses,
and the two rods of the pharynx are little longer than broad. There is no
Clare Island Survey—Arctiscotda. 37 11
comma. The back, sides, and the basal parts of the legs are papillose. The
papillae are scattered irregularly, not arranged in transverse rows, and some
are very large. Some have the appearance of being the product of secretion ;
but if so, they are strongly fixed, and do not come off under rough usage. ‘The
claws diverge but moderately.
Habitat—Among moss from the sea-shore, Clare Island.
This animal was recorded in 1905 (11) for Scotland as var. verrucosus of
M. ornatus Richters; but I have since seen reason to doubt the identity with
Richters’ species. The differences are—the larger size, the possession of eyes,
the irregularity of the papillae, and the relatively larger claws of different
form.
All the forms of If. ornatus, including verrucosus, occurred in W. Ireland.
All were smaller, without eyes, with papillae in regular transverse rows,
and very small claws. The claws are partly united, forming little Y’s, with
the arms unequal.
Richters’ name has not been adopted for the new species, because it is
believed we are dealing with a different animal, and that there is a verrucose
variety of MZ. ornatus.
Distvibution.—Only known in Scotland and Ireland.
Macrobiotus augusti Murray.
Although it has a fairly wide range, since it has been noted for the Arctic,
Scotland, Ireland, and Australia, I/, augusti seems to be rare, or extremely
local. In Scotland it occurs in one patch of bog, and not in any of the
numerous similar bogs in the same neighbourhood. Similarly, in Ireland,
where the whole country seems suitable for it, it only occurred once.
M. schaudinni Richters. (Plate III., figs. 164, 168.)
As Richters gave no figure with his description of this species, it is here
figured. It is a fairly large animal, and possesses eyes, three short rods in the
pharynx, and claws of the Diphascon-type. There are some differences from
Richters’ animal, but they are too slight to justify its separation in the
meantime.
Irish examples have not the rods very obviously increasing in size from
first to third, and very often there is no comma.
Though only recently described from Spitsbergen material, the animal
has long been known in Scotland, and has just been recorded for that
country (16). It was abundant in some localities in W. Ireland, though it
did not appear to be generally distributed.
B2
37 12 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
SUMMARY.
The Clare Island Survey has collected thirty-three species of Water-bears,
besides some distinct varieties which may eventually be elevated to the rank
of species.
The examination of the Ivish Water-bear fauna will be instructive in so
far as it brings to light some correspondence with the faunas of other
countries, as well as peculiarities of its own.
It is natural to compare the Irish Arctiscoida first with those of Scotland,
as the countries are so near, and so similar in physical features and climate.
Scotland has fifty species of Water-bears, and Ireland has thirty-three.
Scotland has been worked for a longer time and over a wider area. As the
Trish list was compiled in one small corner of the island, the number of species
may be considered very fair as a beginning.
The amount of difference between these two adjacent countries is con-
siderable. There are twenty-two species common to the two countries, leaving
twenty-eight Scottish species which are unknown in Ireland, and eleven Irish
species which have not been recorded for Scotland. The difference is reduced
by the recording here of three species previously known in Scotland, but not
recognized as distinct.
Among the eleven species not found in the Scottish list there are five
which are described as new species. Macrobiotus richtersii and M. scabrosus
are here recorded for Scotland, so that there are only three species which
at present appear to be peculiar to Ireland (Hehiniscus militaris, H. columinis,
and Macrobiotus hibernicus).
Arctic Species in Ireland.—It was expected that some Arctic species might
appear on the Irish mountains, as they are known to occur in Scotland.
Sixteen species, or nearly half of the Irish list, are common to Ireland and
the Arctic Region; but the majority of these are cosmopolitan species. The
following half-dozen species are at present limited in their known range to
the north temperate and Arctic regions :-—Echiniscus crassus, Macrobiotus
crenulatus, M. virgatus, M. areticus (also in the Antarctic), MZ. schaudinm,
Diphascon angustatum.
Canadian Species in Ireland.—An interesting feature of the Ivish list is
the occurrence of three Water-bears which were recently discovered in Canada,
and which were hitherto unknown in Europe :—Lehiniscus intermedius,
Macrobiotus occidentalis, and M. virgatus. The two first have now been found
in Sweden by Herr Thulin, though I am not aware that the records have been
published. Z. intermedius is also on record for Australia and Hawaii; but it
is very likely that the three forms will be eventually recognized as distinct
Clare Island Survey—Arctiscoida. 37 13
species. With the Canadian Water-bears there was associated in Ireland
a Canadian Bdelloid Rotifer. This fact strengthens the idea that this
“ Atlantic” distribution may be due to some real community of conditions.
Marine species.—Echiniscoides sigismunds is the first marine Water-bear to
be recorded for the British Isles, and the Irish form has some peculiarities not
previously noted.
Rare and local species——A bout one-half of the Irish species are cosmopolitan
or widely distributed. The others are more or less limited in their range.
Some of these have been already noticed under the Arctic, Canadian, and
Marine species. Others show various peculiarities in distribution. L. gladiator
is in the British Isles, Canada, and New Zealand, but the variety exarmatus
only in Britain and New Zealand; M. harmsworthi in Europe, Australasia,
and the Arctic; JZ hastatus in Britain and Switzerland, M. papillifer in
Britain and Australasia WM. annulatus in Britain, New Zealand, and the
Arctic; J. schaudinni and Diphascon angustatum in Britain and the Avctic.
No doubt further work in other countries will greatly modify our ideas of
distribution, but some species (such as M. augusti and M. hastatus) appear to
be, from some unknown cause, extremely restricted in their range, as among
hundreds of apparently suitable locations they will be found only in one here
and there, or even in a single spot.
Conclusion.—As the thirty-three species of Water-bears were all collected
in a small part of one county, it cannot be supposed that the list is fairly
representative of the whole of Ireland. When other parts of the country,
offerig varying conditions, come to be studied, it would not be surprising if
the list were easily doubled. As there appear to be no earlier records of
Tnish Water-bears, all thirty-three species are new for Ireland. As indicated
in the table on p. 3, there are eleven species which are new records for the
British Isles, making the Britannic list up to sixty-one species. [See Murray
(16) in Bibliography. |
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
There is no bibliography relating to Irish Arctiscoida; but as this is the
first paper dealing with this group in Ireland, references are given to the
works in which the student will find further information about Water-bears
in general, and especially about the species here recorded.
1 Doyverg, M. L.:
Mémoire sur les Tardigrades. Ann. Sci. Nat.,Sér. 2,7. xiv, Zool.,p. 269. 1840.
2 DuJARDIN, F.:
Sur le Tardigrade, ete. Ann. Sci. Nat., Sér. 2, T. x, Zool., p. 181. 1838.
3 Sur les Tardigrades,etc. Ann.Sci.Nat.,Ser.3,T. xv, Zool.,p.160. 1851.
37 14 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
4 EHRENBERG, C.G.:
19
Diagnoses novarum formarum. Verh. K. Ak. Wiss. Berl., p. 530. 1853.
Mikrogeologie. Atlas, Taf. 358. Leipzig, 1854.
GorzE, J. A. E.:
Ueber den kleinen Wasserbir. Bonnet’s Abh. aus der Insectologie,
p. 367. 1773.
IETAYEO Whey beets
A Bear-Animal renamed. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xix., p. 46. 1907.
HEnmnis, Fr. :
Moosbewohnenden Tardigraden, etc. Arch. f. Hydrob. u. Planktonk.,
Bd. vy. 1910.
Mctter, O. F.:
Von dem Birthierchen. Fuessly’s Arch. d. Insectengesch., vi, p. 25.
1785.
Morray, J.:
Tardigrada of the Forth Valley. Ann. Scott. Nat. Hist., p.160. 1905.
—— Tardigrada of the Scottish Lochs. Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinb., xli,
p.677. 1905.
—— Water-bears or Tardigrada. Journ. Quekett Mier. Club, p. 55.
April, 1907.
—— Scottish Tardigrada, collected by the Lake Survey. Trans. Roy.
Soc. Edinb., xlv, p. 641. 1907.
—— Arctic Tardigrada, coll. by Wm. S. Bruce. Trans. Roy. Soc.
Edinb., xlv, p. 669. 1907.
—— Tardigrada. Brit. Antarct. Exped. 1907-9, Sci. Rep., Biol., L.,
p- 83. 1910.
—— Scottish Tardigrada, a review, etc. Ann. Scott. Nat. Hist., p. 88.
April, 1911.
; —— Water-bears or Tardigrada (Suppl. Paper). Journ. Quekett Micr.
Club. April, 1911.
Perty, M.:
Die Familie Xenomorphidae, ete. Oken’s Isis (for 1834), H. xii,
p. 1241. 1835.
Prats, L. H.:
Naturgeschichte der Tardigraden. Zool. Jahrb., Abt. f. Anat., etc., iii,
p. 487. 1888.
Clare Island Survey—Arctiscoida. Sire Is)
20 RIcHTERS, F. :
Fauna d. Umgegend von Frankfurt-a-M. Ber. Senckbg. Natf. Ges.,
p. 40. 1900.
21 —— Nordische Tardigraden. Zool. Anz., xxvii, p. 168. 1903.
22 —— Islandische Tardigraden. Zool. Anz., xxviii, p. 373. 1904.
23 —— Tardigraden-Studien. Ber. Senckbg. Natf. Ges., p. 28. 1909.
24 —— Marine-Tardigraden. Verh. d. deutsch. Zool. Ges., p. 84. 1909.
25 SCHRANK, F. von P.:
Fauna Boica, pp. 178, 195. Landshut, 1803.
26 ScuuttzE, C. A. S.:
Macrobiotus hufelandii. Berlin, 1834.
—— Kchiniscus creplini. Gryphiae, 1861.
SCHULTZE, M. :
Kchiniscus sigismundi. Arch. f. micr. Anat., Bd. L, p. 186. 1865.
27
28
Fig.
la.
1B.
le.
. Echiniscus crassus Richters: larva.
. The same: head of adult.
. The same: part of the surface-markings.
Ee CD BO LS PS
we) SS oy fy PS
Doe
EXPLANATION OF PLATES.
PLATE I,
Echiniscus militaris sp. n.
The same: outer and inner claws, the latter with barb.
The same: part of the surface-markings.
. Echiniscus columinis sp. n.
. The same: outer and inner claws, the latter with barb.
. Echiniscus intermedius Murray : head of adult, showing the “ bearers ”
of the teeth, ete.
. The same: surface texture, of two sorts of dots.
Echiniscus, probably a form of L. columinis.
Echiniscus, probably another form of #, colwminis.
ov 16 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
PLATE II.
7A. Echiniscus testudo Doy., variety.
7B. The same: claw.
8a. Eehiniscoides sigismundi (M. Sch.).
8p. The same: claws, showing the web.
94. Macrobiotus sp.?: teeth and pharynx.
9p. The same: one process of the egg.
10a. Macrobiotus papillifer Murray: variety with very large papillae.
10s. The same: teeth and pharynx.
10c. The same: claws.
11a. Macrobiotus scabrosus sp. n.
11s. The same: claws.
12a. Macrobiotus ornatus var. verrucosus Richters: skin with egg.
128. The same: teeth and pharynx.
12c. The same: claws.
Puate III.
184. Macrobiotus richterswi sp. n. ;
138. The same: teeth and pharynx of adult.
13c. The same: teeth and pharynx of young in the egg.
13p. The same: claws.
13E. The same: egg.
13r. The same: one process of the egg.
13c. The same: variety of the egg.
15H; The same: one process of the egg.
14. Macrobiotus occidentalis Murray, showing the surface-markings in
pairs.
15a. Macrobiotus hibernicus sp.n. The egg.
158. The same: teeth and pharynx of young in the egg.
15c. The same: the claws of the young, probably incompletely developed
16a. Macrobiotus schaudinni Richters.
168. The same: claws.
Part 37. Prater I
Proc. R.I,Acap., Vor. XXXI.
J. Murray, del. ad nat.
CrarE IsLanp SurvEY.—Murray: ARCTISCOIDA
Proc. R.I.Acap.. Vor. XXXI. Part 37. Prater II
J. Murray, del. ad nai,
Prate III,
PART 37.
Proc. R.I.Acap., Vor. XXXI.
J. Murray, del. ad nat,
ARCTISCOIDA.
Murray:
CrarE Istanp Survey.
>
Pre
Clare Island Survey.
38
PSEUDOSCORPIONES.
By H. WALLIS KEW.
Read Ferruary 27. Published June 15, 1911.
A CAREFUL examination of Clare Island for False-Scorpions was made from
the 17th to the 22nd of June, 1910, when most parts of the island were
visited, including the old castle and more modern buildings at the Quay, much
of the coast-line, the broken cliffs of Toormore, the stony drift-covered region
north of Kinnacorra, the small native scrub of Portlea, the low inland cliff near
Ballytoohy, the northern flank of Knocknaveen, and the great southern slope
and summit of Croaghmore. The writer was joined on one or two occasions
by Mr. Thomas Greer and Mr. Robert Welch; and altogether a somewhat
thorough search was more or less satisfactorily completed. As a result it
appeared certain that the little animals for which we were looking were here
unusually scarce ; this fact being related in the main no doubt to the character
of the island’s surface, which is in great part more or less peat-covered and
bogey. Obisium maritimum Leach—a false-scorpion of exceptional habitat—
is doubtless by no means uncommon on the shore below high-water mark ; but
for the rest only a few individuals of CAthonius tetrachelatus Preys. and one
of the common Obisvwm muscorum Leach were found. Of species which follow
man none occurred. The byres were too damp for Cheiridium museorum Leach
and other species which are apt to live in such places; and even the common
Chihonius Rayi L. Koch, which has, mainly as a low-land species, a wide
range in Ireland, appeared to be absent.
OBISIIDAE.
Obisium maritimum Leach.
This animal lives on the shore between tide-marks—always below high-
Water mark—and generally in places subject to rather deep submersion at
every tide. By taking out a geologist’s hammer and chisels and splitting
open narrow fissures in the slaty rocks we found it in some plenty in two places
about Gubanoomeen, on the southern coast of the island. ‘The rocks here had
a moderate covering of Fucus and acorn-barnacles, and were studded over
RIA. PROC., VOL. XXXI. C 38
38 2 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
with limpets and sea-anemones; and in their fissures were living, besides the
Obisium, some of the usual associates of this animal, viz., the blue Collembolan
Anurida maritima, the yellowish carabid-beetle Aépus, and the blackish
staphylinid Mieralymma brevipenne. Of the Obisium itself were observed
numbers of adult and partly grown individuals moving freely on the inner
surfaces of the opened fissures; and in addition to these there were several
females enclosed in their silken brood-nests and bearing the embryo-mass; we
saw also one or two moulting-nests containing the cast-skin of the animal.
Obisium maritimum, already known on the shores of the bays of Kenmare,
Co. Kerry, and Bantry, Co. Cork, is likely to have an extended range on the
littoral zone of Ireland. Beyond, it is known in the Isle of Man, on the
western and south-western shores of Britain, in Jersey, and on the northern
and western shores of Franee.
Obisium muscorum Leach.
A common species among dead leaves, moss, under stones, etc., from sea-
level to the tops of our mountains, but evidently scarce on Clare Island.
One specimen was obtained, in the scrub of Portlea, by sifting dead-leaves
and débris of ferns; and this was the only one seen on the island. On the
adjoining mainland the animal has occurred at Delphi, Co. Mayo (Halbert)
and Leenane, Co. Galway (Halbert).
Ohisium muscorum is common and widely distributed in Ireland, being
already known in the counties of Antrim, Tyrone, Armagh, Down, Dublin,
Wicklow, Carlow, Cork, and Kerry, as well as in Mayo and Galway as above
noted. It is generally distributed in Britain; and its range abroad extends
from north of the Polar Circle in Norway to the Mediterranean.
CHTHONIIDAE.
Chthonius tetrachelatus l’reys.
A species living under stones, etc., more especially in maritime and
inountainous districts, and:sometimes in old gardens. On Clare Island a few '
specimens were found, north of Kinnacorra, on a rough slope of drift; they
were living here, in characteristic fashion, in cavities formed by fragments of
rock which were irregularly massed together and more or less sward-covered.
On the adjoining mainland the animal has occurred at Westport, Co. Mayo
(Pack-Beresford).
Chthonius tetrachelatus is probably widely distributed in Ireland, where it
is known in the counties of Antrim, Dublin, Cork, and Kerry, as well as in
Mayo; it iscommon in Britain, and ranges widely in Europe.
Clare Island Survey.
39
ACARINIDA.
By J. N. HALBERT, M.R.LA.
SECTION I.—HYDRACARINA.
Pruates [.-II1.
Read Fesruary 27. Published May 30, 1911.
THIS paper deals with the species of fresh-water mites (Hydracarina)
inhabiting Clare Island and the neighbouring district. It is mainly the result
of two collecting expeditions organized since the Clare Island Survey was
begun in the spring of 1909, when nothing was known of the water-mite
fauna of the district in which the island is situated.
The first of these expeditions was carried out in the beginning of June, 1909,
when numerous gatherings of these interesting creatures were made in the
neighbourhood of Westport and Castlebar, and also at Achill Island, in the
lakes and bog-pools lying between Achill Sound and Dugort. On this
occasion, also, a few days were devoted to the fauna of Clare Island. Towards
the end of July in the following year about a fortnight was spent collecting in
the district between Belclare and Louisburgh on the southern shore of Clew
Bay; and it may be mentioned that this part was more thoroughly searched
for Hydracarina than was the corresponding district to the north of the bay.
In order to make the list more representative, a few species collected in
the neighbouring highlands of County Gaiway—which certainly belong to the
same faunistic area—are also included. The localities are as follows :—
Ballynahinch Lake, Connemara, eleven species collected in June, 1900, by
W. F. de V. Kane.
Glendalough Lake, Connemara, forming part of the same chain of lakes as
the preceding, fourteen species collected by myself in September, 1905,
Garranbawn Lake, near Ballinakill, ten species collected by G. P. Farran
in June, 1901.
Cartron Mountain, near Letterfrack, three species collected by S. W. Kemp
in March, 1904.
Lake near Clifden, seven species collected by W. F. de V. Kane in
June, 1900.
R. I. A. PROG., VOL. XXXI. A 39
89 2 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
a
The species recorded in the following list are fairly representative of the
Hydracarid fauna of the district, as, with some experience of the habits of the
species, a fairly satisfactory knowledge of this group can be obtained in a
comparatively short time. The ordinary methods of netting, both from boat
and shore, were carried out pretty thoroughly, often necessitating wading,
especially in the case of the small, treacherous peaty lakes, to reach the water-
plants amongst which these mites are mostly to be found. On account of the
remote nature of many of these lakes, a boat was often unobtainable, otherwise
a few additional species might have been found, more especially in the deep
tarns of the mountainous parts.
As regards the general results of the Survey, it will be seen that thirty-one
genera, represented by eighty species of fresh-water mites, were collected.
It is satisfactory to be able to record the occurrence of four previously
undescribed species. These are :—
Hylais relicta 7. sp.
Frontipoda Carpenteri 2. sp.
Atractides (Torrenticola) brevirostris 7. sp.
Unionicola (Atax) rivularis 7. sp.'
The first of these occurred in Glendalough Lake, Connemara; and I have
also taken immature examples in Castlebar Lake, and in the mountain tarn
on Cromaglaun, near Killarney, well known to British conchologists as the
home of the rare water-snail Limnaea involuta. The new Frontipoda is,
however, the most interesting species discovered during the Survey, as up to
the present time the genus was represented by one widely distributed form—
Frontipoda musculus, Miiller—from which the new species is distinguished by
well-marked characters. It is probable that Hrontipoda Carpenteri will prove
of distributional interest when its range in western Europe has been
ascertained. The Atractides adds another to the four species described since
the appearance of the “ Tierreich ” volume ten years ago. Unionicola rivularis
isaremarkably small species apparently inhabiting rivers ; the type specimens
were found in the Westport River, and in the River Nore in S. E. Ireland.
A distinctive name (montanus un. var.) has been given to the interesting
rapid-water form of Megapus spinipes(C. L. Koch). Features of this variety
are the absence of swimming-hairs, and the enlarged claw-armature—modifi-
cations of structure to suit its usual habitat in rapid highland streams,
There will also be found in the following pages a reference to a second
nymphal form which has not been previously observed in the genus Protzia.
‘A fifth new species, Arvhenurus bipapillosus, found recently outside the Clare Island district, is
also for conyenience described in this paper (p. 39).
Clare Island Survey—Acarinida. 39 3
The following twelve species are now recorded for the first time from the
Britannic area :-—
Protzia eximia (Protz). Megapus nodipalpis Sig. Thor.
Sperchon undulosus Koenzke. Megapus tener Sig. Thor.
Lebertia fimbriata Sig. Thor. Unionicola gracilipalpis ( Viets).
Oxus plantaris Sig. Thor. Aturus runcinatus (Sig. Thor).
Atractides amplexus Koenike. Feltria circularis Piersig.
Atractides Maglioi Koentke. Feltria Rouxi Walter.
With the exception of Lebertia fimbriata and Unionicola gracilipalpis, these are
all forms inhabiting low-temperature streams and lakes (stenothermal forms) ;
and as very little appears to be known of the occurrence of these species in
Great Britain, it is extremely likely that they await discovery in the
highland parts of that country.
In addition to the foregoing at least ten other species are additions to the
recorded water-mite fauna of Ireland.
In the present state of our knowledge of Hydracarid distribution it is not
possible to apply to them the geographical groupings which have been used
for insects and other groups. There is no doubt that many of the species are
local and of restricted range, yet, generally speaking, the water-mites ave
remarkably widely spread animals, a characteristic which they share with other
fresh-water organisms. For the present, therefore, it is as well to adopt
Dr. Zschokke’s division of the fresh-water mites into two great faunistic
groups—the Cosmopolitan, and the Northern and Alpine.
The Cosmopolitan group contains a great many species of very wide
distribution, that mostly inhabit lowland waters of a higher temperature
(eurythermal forms), although a few possess a high alpine range.
The Northern and Alpine group, on the other hand, live in waters of a
lower temperature (stenothermal forms), inhabiting the rapidly flowing
streams of upland districts, and cold alpine and sub-alpine lakes.
It will be seen that both of these groups are well represented in the Clare
Island district.
Apart, however, from these two faunistic groups there is evidence of a
distinct northern element inhabiting ordinary high-temperature waters.
As examples we may refer to Lebertia fimbriata Sig. Thor and Ozus
plantaris Sig. Thor, species which have hitherto been recorded only from
Norway.
There is also evidence of a distinct moor-fauna in the Clare Island
district, as well as in the west of Ireland generally. The more characteristic
members of this group are rare in or absent from localities where peat does not
A 2
89 4 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
occur. The following would seem to belong to this peat-moor fauna :—
Thyas vigilans Koenike, Pionacerus Leuckarti Piersig, Arrhenurus Newmana
Piersig, and possibly Oxus plantaris Sig. Thor, and Lebertia fimbriata Sig.
Thor.
Some interesting problems are concerned in the past history of the
fresh-water fauna of the Clare Island district. It is generally agreed that
the area of the island formed part of the mainland in former times, so
_ that a Hydracarid fauna was doubtless established there. We are assured
by those who have studied the evidences of ice-action that the district
must have passed through a period of severe glaciation. ‘Vhis Ice Age is
believed by some to have existed subsequent to the separation of the
island from the mainland; so that, if the ice exterminated the fresh-water
fauna, it must have been reintroduced in some way. On the other hand,
it has been urged from the evidence supplied by the occurrence of peat bogs
that are now partly submerged under the sea that the island may well
have been united with the mainland after the cold period.
With regard to the extermination by ice of the original Hydracarid
fauna, one can only say that, had the conditions been so severe as has been
supposed, the survival of a water-mite fauna resembling the present one would
have been impossible, especially as regards those species that inhabit water
of a higher temperature (eurythermal forms). With those that inhabit
low-temperature waters (stenothermal forms) the case is not so clear, as
these forms reach their highest development in northern and alpine regions ;
indeed Dr. Zschokke, who has carefully studied the stenothermal forms,
believes that they are relics of the Glacial Age.
The dispersal of the fresh-water mites is closely concerned with their
larval stage, when they attach themselves to various winged aquatic insects.
It is chiefly through the agency of these temporary hosts that they are
carried from place to place, and in course of time reach the most remote
localities. Numerous winged aquatic insects are found on Clare Island and
throughout the neighbouring district—such are species of Dytiscus, Agabus,
Notonecta, Nepa, and Corixa, all favourite hosts of Hydracarid larvae. One
would imagine, however, that the wings of such insects as Notonecta, Corixa,
and other aquatic Hemiptera are more suited for comparatively short flights
than for facing a sea-barrier of from 3 to 14 miles over which sweeps an
opposing westerly breeze.
In the case of Dytiscus and Agabus, however, the island must be con-
sidered as being in the “danger zone,” as it is quite possible that these
comparatively strong fliers do occasionally cross from the mainland with
Hydracarid larvae attached to their bodies,
Clare Islund Survey—Acarinida. 39 5
As far as the present water-mite fauna of Clare Island is concerned I am
inclined to believe that it has survived there since the island formed part of
the mainland; and that if glacial conditions did occur subsequent to the
separation of the island they were probably not as severe as is generally
supposed to have been the case. The occurrence of even a short summer—
such, for example, as exists in Lapland at the present day—when permanent
fresh-water pools were formed in sheltered places in the glacial clays, would
probably be sufficient to have preserved a Hydracarid fauna on the island.
Sub-Order HYDRACARINA.
Fam. LIMNOCHARIDAE.
Sub-fam. LIMNOCHARINAE.
Limnochares aquatica (L.).
Sraheens Lough, Achill; common in the shallow margin of Lough Cahasy,
Louisburgh ; Garranbawn Lough, Ballinakill.
Sub-fam. EYLAINAE.
Eylais discreta Koenike. (Plate L., fig. 1.)
Castlebar Lake; lake near Westport; Prospect Lough near Belclare ;
Lough Namucka near Louisburgh.
This fine species, one of the giants of the genus Eylais, occurred abundantly
in the above localities in the southern part of the district.
Var. stagnalis Halbt. (Plate L., fig. 2 a, b.)
Hylais infundibulifera var. stagnalis (6).
The structure of the eye-plate shows considerable variation. The great
majority of the Clare Island district specimens differ from the typical
form, as this is figured by Koenike (12, etc.), in having a chitinous muscle-
attachment projecting well beyond the front margin of the eye-plate in
the middle line (Pl. I. fig. 2). The concavity of the hinder margin is
deeper, and is usually rounded at the apex. This form agrees with the Eylais
which I described under the name Z. infundibulifera var. stagnalis some years
ago. After a careful examination of the abundant material now in hand, there
is little doubt that this form should be referred to a variety of Hylais desereta
Koenike.
The palps in these specimens are decidedly shorter and stouter than in
EL. infundibulifera, The second segment is broad with nine to ten stout spines
along the inner distal margin; those in the middle are pectinated. In the
389 6 Proceedings of the Koyal Irish Academy.
third segment the prominence is only slightly developed, with about eighteen
spines. The fourth segment shows a pronounced hump near the base, lower
half of the inner surface with about twenty long spines, not including a row
of strongly pectinated ones placed distally ; the lower outer margin has about
seven long bristles. Apex of the fifth segment furnished with eight or nine
short, stout, and bluntly pointed teeth.
Many of the Mayo specimens are fully grown, the males measuring about
3mm.,, while the females often reach 5mm. in length. A figure of the male
genital area, which has not apparently been previously figured or described, is
given (Pl. I, fig. 2b), and it will be seen that it is very different from that of
H. infundibulifera figured by Koenike (12, etc.).
Eylais infundibulifera Koenike. (Plate L, fig. 3.)
This species was found in the neighbouring parts of Galway. A figure of
the eye-plate, which is large and variable in shape, is given on Plate L., fig. 3.
Eylais relicta nov. sp. (Plate L, fig. 5 a—f)
During a visit to Connemera in September, 1905, an Eylais occurred in
Glendalough Lake which I was unable to identify at the time. Another
specimen, not quite fully developed, of the same species occurred in Castlebar
Lough (June) during the Clare Island Survey, and a third still smaller specimen
found in a tarn on Cromaglaun Mountain, Killarney, is also to be referred
here. The species may be compared with infundibulifera, and appears to be
undescribed.
The eye-plate (PI. L., fig. 5) is highly chitinized, and rather smaller. The
measurements are as follows :—
Breadth across anterior lenses, ‘407 mm.
Breadth of bridge between the lenses, 110 mm.
Breadth between the hair-pores, ‘O77 mm.
Length of eye-plate, 142 mm.
The front margin of the eye-plate is produced in a broad prominence which
is truncated at the apex, and shows, in the type-specimen (Glendalough Lake),
a cone-shaped subcutaneous part resembling Thon’s figure of #. meridionalis.
The posterior concavity may apparently be either acute or somewhat rounded
at the apex. The reticulated eye-plate is remarkably broad behind, and
distinctly narrowed in front on the inner side, much as in Z. latipons Thon,
while the outer margin is only moderately sinuate. The anterior lenses are
comparatively small and stalked. The hair-pores are placed at some distance
from the eye-plates, and underlying them is a chitinous ring, which is more
strongly developed in the smaller specimens.
Clare Island Survey—- Acarinida. 39 7
The capitulum (Pl. L., fig. 5c) is very similar to that of infundibulifera ; the
length of the maxillary plate is ‘588mm. Both the front and hinder processes
are long and broad; the latter are evenly rounded at the apex. Air-tubes
rather broad, sinuate on the front margins, and they slightly overreach the
hinder lateral processes.
The mandibles are of the usual shape; a character which deserves mention
however, is the shape of the projection—which Thon calls the stigma—on the
front margin of the mandible. In the present species this is blunt (Pl. L.,
fig. 5d), while in the allied species it ends in a sharp pomt. (PI. L., fig. 30).
The palps (PI. L., fig. 5¢) measure about 1356 mm. in length, being a
little longer and more slender than in #. infundibulifera. A remarkable
feature of the second segment is the absence of spines from the middle part
of the inner distal margin; but there is a row of three pectinated spines
towards the inner end, and two more are placed on the ventral surface; the
dorsal surface of the segment carries seven or eight smooth bristles. The
third segment shows scarcely any trace of a ventral prominence, being almost
parallel-sided, lower part of the inner side with about eighteen or twenty
spines, many of which are pectinated; about eight of these are placed ina
group on the apex of the segment. The fourth segment is of very uniform
breadth, not so strongly angled on the ventral side as itis in the allied species,
lower half of the inner surface furnished with about thirty long spines ; several
of those placed towards the end of the segment are pectinated, and in
addition to these there is a row of five or six strongly pectinated spines
along the distal margin. The fifth segment is slightly bent towards the apex.
inner side armed with from ten to twelve stout spines, while the outer side
carries seven or eight; apex furnished with a group of five or six rather
slender and sharply pointed spines, the dorsal surface with four or five long,
smooth spines.
The leg-measurements of the Glendalough specimen are about as follows :—
First leg, 2:892 ; second, 3:072; third, 3°302; and the fourth, 3-763 mm.
Localities.— Glendalough Lake, Connemara, September, 1905, a mature
specimen; Castlebar Lough, ‘immature, June, 1909; Crincaum Lough on
Cromaglaun mountain, Killarney, immature, June.
Eylais Soari Piersig.
Glendalough Lake, Connemara, September, 1905.
Eylais similis Thon. (Plate L., fig. 6.)
Lakes on Clare Island; at Westport and Louisburgh.
A species which is apparently referable to #. sumilis Thon is abundant
39 8 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
in the Clare Island district. The eye-plates of this form are subject to con-
siderable variation. In very young examples the bridge connecting the eye-
plates is absent, and its subsequent development into the mature form can be
seen in specimens of different growth. In fully grown individuals the eye-
plate is distinctly humped on each side of the median incision (PI. L, fig. 6),
and in Irish specimens the central muscle-attachment is large and circular. A
well-developed chitinous ring is usually present under the hair-bearing pores.
The concavity of the hinder margin is generally rounded, as shown in the
accompanying figure, or it may be more or less acuminate, as in the typical
form figured by Thon (24). ‘I'he lenses are comparatively large and unstalked.
In the palps the hump on the third segment is strongly developed, and
carries about ten or twelve spies of moderate length, some of which are
pectinated. The fourth segmentis robust, with six or seven bristles along the
inner lower margin; two or three of these are sometimes pectinated, and there
is a row of four strongly pectinated spines along the distal margin of the
segment.
Lylais similis is apparently a common form in Ireland; and though it
seldom figures in local lists, 1 believe it will prove to be a widely distributed
species.
Eylais celtica Halbt. (Plate I., fig. 4).
LZ. celtica Halbt. (6).
This is one of the largest species of Hylais; the type measured about
4+ mm. in length; the body is depressed in form, and the epimeral region
relatively large.
The eye-plate is large, being about equal in size to that of large examples
of infundibulifera, with a bridge of great length, which is only slightly concave
on the hinder margin, and produced in front in a bluntly pointed prominence.
There is a small central muscle-attachment connected by a very narrow
band of chiton with the eye-plates. The latter are much wider in
front than behind—a very unusual character in Eylais; they are sinuate
both on the inner and outer margins, and the front lenses are large and
cup-shaped. The hair-bearing pores are placed well within the margins of
the plates.
The capitulum resembles that of #. infundibulifera, especially in the shape
of the maxillary plate and pharynx. It measures about 550 mm., not including
the posterior side-processes. The latter are short and curved inwards at their
apices. The air-tubes reach to a point between the end of the maxillary plate
and the chitinous ring near the apex of the pharynx. The latter is long and
narrow. ‘he palps are of the infundibulifera type. Second segment with
Clare Island Survey—Acarinida. 39 9
four or five spines along the inner distal margin, and a group of four pectinated
spines is placed at the extreme inner corner. The prominence on the third
segment is only moderately developed, and carries upwards of twenty long
spines, many of which are strongly pectinated. The lower half of the inner
surface of the fourth segment is crowded with numerous long bristles, while
on the outer side there is a row of nine or ten similar ones.
The type-specimen of this interesting and well-marked species was found
in Ballinahinch Lake, Vonnemara, by Mr. W. F. de V. Kane in June, 1900.
It was not found in any of the lakes in the immediate vicinity of Clare
Island visited durmg the survey. No doubt more specimens will be forth-
coming when the larger lakes of Galway and Mayo have been more thoroughly
searched for these mites.
[I take this opportunity to figure (Pl. I., fig. 7) the eye-plate of Eylais
Koentkei Halbt., of which a specimen was found ina small lake at Ardfry,
county Galway, some years ago. This specimen is more fully developed than
the one from which the species was described. The eye-plate is much larger
measuring about ‘80 mm. across both plates; the length of a single plate is about
44mm. The eye-bridge is long and narrow, with a circular muscle-attachment
in the centre, and the bristles springing from the hair-pures are of great
length. The lens-bearing plates are very characteristic im shape, being
somewhat quadrate in front, and distinctly sinuate on the inner margins. ‘he
general surface is facetted with peculiar diamond-shaped markings, which are
very different from the usual sculpturing found on the eye-plates in this
genus. The lenses are large.
The palps are long and slender (about 1°26 mm.). Second segment with
about seven pectinated spines on the distal margin ; the third is only slightly
swollen, with about eight stout spines at the apex; the innermost ones are
distinctly pectinated; fourth segment with about ten long spines close to
the inner margin, a few of which are arranged in pairs; on the outer side
there are seven long bristles.
A figure of the capitulum will be found on the accompanying plates. |
Sub-fam. PROTZIINAE.
Protzia eximia(Protz). (Plate I., fig.8 a, 0.)
Stream on lower slopes of Croaghpatrick, June, 1905.
A Protzia which I found in the above-mentioned locality amongst aquatic
mosses is apparently to be referred to this species.
The general shape of this specimen (length about 1228 mm., breadth
920 mm.) resembles that of Koenike’s figures (12, fig. 45). The shoulders are
R. I. A. PROC., VOL. XXXI. B 39
39 10 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
very marked, and the front is produced in a rounded prominence. The colour
is a fine scarlet with black-pigmented eyes. The arrangement of the epimera
differs from the figures given by Piersig and Protz. In both of these figures
the genital area is placed considerably in front of the third and fourth epimera,
and shows a row of cone-shaped dises arranged towards the inner margin
of the genital field. In the Croaghpatrick example the end of the genital
area lies between the third pair of epimera; and the discs are placed in a
groove on the outer side, much as they are drawn in Protzia rotunda
Walter (33).
Tn his recent useful handbook on German Hydracarina, Koenike figures
what he considers to be Protzia eximia; and in this the above-mentioned
characters are shown just as they are in the Croaghpatrick specimen (12).
Protzia occurs commonly in certain of the Dublin and Wicklow streams,
though I have not yet ascertained whether all of the specimens collected are
referable to one or more species. It is especially fond of small mountain burns,
where it lurks in aquatic mosses, or clings to small granite boulders in the
bed of the stream. On one occasion, towards the end of September, a number
of specimens were collected in a stream on Kilmashogue, Co. Dublin, amongst
which were two interesting nymphal forms.
Nympxu.—One of these, measuring °870 by 655 mm., resembled the adult
in the shape of the body and the arrangement of the epimera. This specimen
possessed four rather widely separated, cone-shaped, genital discs (Pl. L., fig. 80)
sunilar to those found in the provisional genital area of the nymphs of Thyas.
The second specimen is an encysted nymph measuring about 790 mm. in
length, ovate in shape, and covered with much longer papillae than occur in
the adult. With the exception of the first and second legs of the right side,
the nymphal appendages have disappeared. Inside this nymph-skin all of
the folded legs and palps, and, in fact, all the chitinous parts of the adult
Protzia, can be clearly seen. The interesting point is that the provisional
genital area of this second nymph differs from the four-disked type in having
ten rather small genital discs, arranged five on each side, much as in the
accompanying figure (Pl. I., fig. 8), and these discs are smaller and less
cone-shaped. On the outer side of the field there is a row of short, sharply
pointed spines. Immediately under this provisional area lies the apparently
fully developed genital field of the adult mite. This observation would
seem to show that in the genus Protzia there is a well-marked second
form of the nymph, following on the four-disked type, somewhat similar in
structure to the ten-disked type of Thyas curvifrons Walter, recently
described (38) by Dr. C. Walter from Switzerland (Waldquelle bei Parpan,
1700 m.).
Clare Island Survey—Acarinida. 39 11
Sub-fam. HyDRYPHANTINAE.
Hydryphantes ruber (de Geer).
Common in bog-pools on Cartron mountain, near Letterfrack, March, 1904
(S. W. Kemp).
A few specimens with a somewhat longer eye-plate approaching the variety
prolongatus, Piersig, occurred with the type-form in this locality. In these
specimens the eye-plate measures about “410 mm. along the middle line, by
‘407 in breadth, so that it falls short of Piersig’s description, which gives ‘6 mm.
as the length of the eye-plate in prolongatus. Mr. Williamson has recorded the
variety from Scotland (36).
Thyas longirostris, Piersig.
An example of this fine species was collected by Mr. W. F. de Vismes Kane
in Ballynahinch Lake, Connemara, June, 1900.
I first met with this species at Kenmare, in the south-west of Ireland,
where some extremely large specimens, nearly 3 mm. in length, occurred in a
small pool full of Callitriche in the month of April. It has also been found
in the county Dublin, and in Donegal (Bundoran).
My. Soar has recorded it from the Norfolk Broads, and Mr. Williamson
met with it in the Island of Tiree, Scotland (40).
Distribution—Germany (Koenike); Sweden (Piersig); Switzerland,
Gotland, and Belgium (Walter); British Isles.
Thyas vigilans Piersig.
An adult specimen of this species was found in a Sphagnum-pool near
Louisburgh in July, while the nymph occurred amongst moss on the edge of a
small stream on Clare Island.
These are the first specimens of this interesting species that have been
found in Ireland. The characteristic chitinous plate surrounding the pigmented
median eye is well developed in the nymph.
The provisional genital area carries four rather large paired discs,
separated by an oblong chitinous structure, which appears to be partly
subcutaneous. Three long, stout bristles spring from the front margin and
extend backwards across the genital field.
Thyas vigilans seems to affect pools containing Sphagnum, and the German
specimens occurred in a very similar habitat (18, p. 399). According to Piersig
the larvae of this mite are parasitic on gnats.
Distribution. —Germany (Koenike) ; England (Soar); Ireland.
B2
89 12 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
Sub-fam. DIPLODONTINAE.
Diplodontus despiciens (O. F. Miill.).
Achill Island; Westport River; lakes in the Westport, Belclare, and
Louisburgh districts.
Sub-fam, HyDRARACHNINAE.
Hydrarachna scutata Piersig. (Plate I., fig. 9.)
Lakes at Castlebar, Westport, and in the Louisburgh district.
Common, and, in company with H. conjecta Koenike, the prevalent forms
of the genus found in the Clare Island district, and indeed throughout Ireland
generally.
The shape of the eye-plate varies from the form figured under the name of
H. binominata Vhor, to the type as described by Piersig (18).
There seems little doubt that the immature (nymph) form of Hydrarachna
which has been described as a separate species, under the name of H. biscutata
Thor, is really the nymphal form of H. scutata Piersig. In Ireland it occurs
frequently in company with the last-mentioned species ; but never apparently
in the adult condition. I have found a series of specimens showing
different stages in the development of the eye-plate between the paired
(biseutata) and the adult unpaired (scutata) condition, One of these is
figured, showing the way in which plates of the biscutata form gradually unite
in the frontal region, much as sometimes occurs in H. globosa (8).
Some of these nymphal forms were found in Lough Namucka near
Louisburgh, and in Garranbawn Lake at Ballynakill, county Mayo, in the
month of June by Mr. Farran.
Hydrarachna conjecta Koenike.
Common in shallow lakelets at Craigmore and in Creggan Loughs on Clare
Island; Achill Island; lakes at Westport, Belclare, and Louisburgh.
Apparently common throughout the district.
Hydrarachna distincta Koenike. (Plate L., fig. 10«-c.)
Lough Avullin on Clare Island; lakes at Castlebar and Westport.
1 have referred to this species certain specimens with eye-plates, &c.,
similar to those figured by Piersig in “ Deutschlands Hydrachniden” (Plate I,
fig. 180c). In his description of this species Dr. Koenike compares it with
Clare Island Survey—Acarinidu. 389 13
HT, globosa (de Geer); but if the Ivish specimens are correctly named, they
are much more closely related to H. conjecta Koenike; and I should not be
surprised if they are really a variety of that species.
The eye-plates of two of these specimens, male (Plate I., fig. 10a) and
female (Pl. I., fig. 100), from the Clare Island district are figured in the
present paper. It will be seen that they are very similar to the published
drawing of H. distincta above referred to. ‘lhe fourth epimeron also agrees
in showing a somewhat broader inner end, outside of which there is a
narrow chitinous rim, which is also present on the hinder margin, as in
Koenike’s figure (12, fig. 57).
What especially leads me to believe that this form is a variety of conjecta
is the identity of the male genital area in the two forms. ‘he specimen of
which the eye-plate is figured (Pl. I., fig. 10c) is amale, and the genital area
of this example agrees exactly with that of males showing the typical ribbon-
shaped eye-plate of H. conjecta. The length of the male eye-plate is about
°32 mm. The skin is covered with cone-shaped papillae, which are sharply
pointed on some parts of the body. ‘he palps of the male are remarkably
short and thick; the lengthis about 66mm. The mandible agrees in structure
with that of H. conjecta ; length:about ‘972 mm. The genital area measures
512 mm. in length by ‘587 mm. im breadth.
This species has already been recorded from Lough Gill, Co. Sligo, and
Mr. Soar says it has been found in Lincolnshire (28).
[Hydrarachna Thoni Piersig. (Plate I., fig. 11a-0.)
This species must be recorded with reserve; an immature form collected by
Mr. W. F. de V. Kane in a lake near Clifden very closely resembles Piersig’s
figures and descriptions of this species. Unfortunately only the nymph-form
of H. Thoni has been described.
The characters of the species are based on the structure of the eye-plates,
the genital area, the fourth epimera, and the skin papillae. ‘lhe eye-plate
(length about ‘54 mm.) of the Irish specimen is very hike that of H. globosa,
except that the lower half of the inner margin is not so deeply concave as
it is in that species; this is, however, a variable character. The genital
plates are convex on their outer margin, and are shaped more as in the
nymph of H. scutata Piersig—see preceding remarks on the nymph of this
species. The third and fourth epimera agree almost exactly with Piersig’s
drawings, the subcutaneous chitinous margins of the fourth pair being
well marked (Pl. L, fig. lla). The skin papillae are long, and suggest
the teeth of a saw in their regular arrangement (Pl. I., fig. 110).]
39 14 Proccedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
Sub-fam. SPERCHONINAE.
Sperchon brevirostris Koenike var. pachydermis Piersig. (Plate IL. fig 18.)
Abundant under stones in a stream on the lower slopes of Croaghpatrick ;
Bunowen stream, where it flows from Lugaloughaun, near Louisburgh,
July, 1910.
The specimens from these and from other Ivish localities do not
altogether agree with Dr. Koenike’s description of S. brevirostris. They
are rather to be referred to the form described by Dr. Piersig as
S. pachydermis, which is, I think, a variety of Dr. Koenike’s species.
The Irish form is large, ovate in shape, and with prominent shoulders.
The epidermis is remarkably thick, and there are strongly developed dermal
glands, the arrangement of which is well shown in Piersig’s figure (18, fig. 1851).
The body is covered with low rounded papillae, which are often a little more
prominent on the front margin; the only sharply pointed ones are on the
anterior side margins.
The palps are also somewhat different; they are longer in the variety,
and the chitinmous peg on the ventral side of the second segment is a little
longer. (PI. II., fig. 18.) ‘The rostrum of the mouth organs is also slightly
longer.
The only character in which the Trish form would appear to disagree with
S. pachydermis is in the structure of the first and second epimera. Dr. Piersig
describes the inner ends of these as “nicht durch eine Brucke mit einander
verschmolzen ” (Tierreich, 1901). In the Irish examples they meet in the
middle line, and are often undoubtedly anchylosed posteriorly through a
subcutaneous band of chitin. This does not seem to be a character of much
importance, especially as the joing of the epimera is not very evident, except
in specimens that have been dissected.
I have sent Irish examples of this mite to Dr. Koenike, and he also is of
the opinion that it should be referred to pachydermis, considering that form as
a variety of Sperchon brevirostris. I am indebted to him for a loan of his type-
specimen of that species.
In company with the ordinary form of pachydermis, a few specimens of a
smaller size and brighter colouring occurred on Croaghpatrick. I think these
are the males of the variety pachydermis. The chief difference is in the
epimeral region, which is very much larger. The legs, especially the
last pair, are decidedly longer and of more robust build, and the palps
are also a little longer than in the ordinary form of the female.
Common in many Irish mountain streams ; examples, in various stages of
growth, may be found clinging to the undersides of submerged stones, often
Clare Island Survey—Acarinida, 39 15
where there is a very strong current of water. The greatest altitude at which
I have taken the species is 1,500 feet in the stream flowing from Lough
Fighter on Carrantuohill mountain in Kerry.
Sperchon glandulosus Koenike.
Abundant in streams on Croaghpatrick in June and July.
Sperchon undulosus Koenike.
S. undulosus Koenike, 1907 (11).
Streams on Croaghpatrick, June, 1909; stream flowing from Lough
Namucka, near Louisburgh, July, 1910.
This mite is an addition to the recorded British species, and does not seem
to have been found since it was described from Germany by Dr. Koenike four
years ago. The four-disked genital area of the nymph is figured on Plate II.,
10t@y, 1G).
Sperchon setiger Sig. Thor.
In stream flowing from Lough Avullin, Clare Island.
Pseudosperchon verrucosus (Protz). (Plate II., fig. 20.)
Clare Island in small streams flowing from the hills; Croaghpatrick.
Found commonly in both of these localities in June and July. In the nymph
of this species the nodules on the surface of the body are arranged much as
in the adult mite. The provisional genital area is figured in the present
paper (Pl. IL., fig. 20).
Pseudosperchon verrucosus is an abundant species in Ireland; it occurs
amongst mosses in mountain streams.
Distribution—Norway; Germany; Switzerland; Italy; Scotland; Ireland.
Fam. HYGROBATIDAE.
Sub-fam. TEUTONIINAE.
Teutonia primaria Koenike.
Owenwee River at Belclare ; Carrownisky River near Louisburgh.
Limnesia fulgida C. L. Koch (LZ. histrionica Herm.).
Achill; lakes at Westport, Belclare, and Louisburgh, and in the Galway
highlands,
39 16 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
Both this and the following species are common in lakes throughout the
district, though they were not found on Clare Island.
Limnesia maculata (O. F. Miill.).
In the same localities as the preceding species.
Limnesia undulata (O. F. Mull).
Glendalough Lake, Connemara, September. Not found in the immediate
district of Clare Island.
Limnesia Koenikei Piersig.
In rivers at Westport, Belclare, and Louisburgh.
Sub-fam. ATRACTIDINAE.
Until the appearance of Dr. Koenike’s paper (11) on Atractides' the
species of this genus had not been critically examined by acarologists, and it
was generally assumed that only one well-marked form was found in Europe.’
In that paper he describes three new species; and Dr. Maglio has since
characterized a fifth species from Italy (16). In the present paper a descrip-
tion is given of a sixth species found in the Clare Island district and elsewhere
in Treland.
Atractides brevirostris nov. sp. (Plate IL. fig. 13 a-e).
This species may be compared with 4. anomalus Piersig, which it resembles
in the arrangement of the chitinous plates of the dorsal surface, where the
frontal shield is not enclosed by the large dorsal plate.
The colour is rather dark yellowish brown ; the eye region and parts of the
epimera are tinged with carmine, legs yellow. The body is larger, less ovate,
and the front margin is not concave in the female, as it is in A. anomalus. The
chief differences between the two forms will be more readily seen in tabular
form.
* Torrenticola of authors.
* Under the name of Rusetria spinirostris, Sig. Thor has described an Atractides from Norway.
It is difficult to say if this representsa distinct form. In the ‘‘ Tierreich’’ it is referred to by Piersig
as a doubtful species (18).
Clare Island Survey—Acarinida,
Atractides anomalus C. L. Koch.
Female. Length -793, breadth -665 mm.
Rostrum long and rather slender, greatest
length of rostrum and maxillary part °363 mm.,
breadth of capitulum +132 mm. (PI. I1., fig. 14
a, b.)
Epimera well produced beyond the front
margin of the body. Wedge-end of the first
pair, acute, separated by a slightly greater
distance from the area genitalis. Capitular
recess deep and rather narrow.
Legs of moderate length, more slender and
not thickened at the extremities.
Palps as figured by Piersig (‘‘ Deutschlands
Hydrachniden,” plate xxvii., -fig. 69 d).
Lengths of the segments as follows :—first
-040; second -100; third -080; fourth -130;
fifth -025 mm.
Mandible, length :396 mm.
Genital area as figured by Piersig (18, pl.
xxvil., fig. 69 a).
Male. Length :640, breadth *512 mm.
Epimera—second and third pairs very long
and much narrower at their hinder extremities,
median furrow between the inner margins
occupying more than half the distance between
the genital area and the capitular recess. Well
figured by Piersig (18).
Genital area smaller, only slightly longer
than broad, and placed much nearer the hinder
margin of the body. Length :132, breadth
“121 mm.
39 17
Atractides brevirostris n. sp.
Female. Length °896, breadth +742 mm.
Rostrum decidedly shorter, stouter, and
tapering more rapidly towards the apex;
greatest length, along maxillary shield to tip
of rostrum, -320 mm., breadth of capitulum
“154 mm. (PI. II., fig. 13 4, c.)
Epimera less produced in front, end of the
first pair approaching close to the avea genitalis,
much as in A. complexus. Capitular recess
broader.
Legs longer and more robust, with thickened
terminal segments.
Palps, third and fourth segments a little
shorter, teeth on the second and third seements
stouter, central hump on the ventral side of the
fourth not so prominent, and the distal spine
on the inner side of the same segment is more
strongly developed. Lengths of the segments :
first -040; second -100; third -075; fourth
115; fifth 025 mm. (Plate II., fig. 13 e.)
Mandible, length -352 mm.
Genital area much as in A. anomalus. (Pl. I1.,
fig. 13 d.)
Male. Length -768, breadth -614 mm.
Epimera —second and third pairs much shorter
and broader, median furrow between them
occupying less than half the distance between
the genital area and the capitular recess. (P].II.,
fig. 13 a.)
Genital area larger, decidedly longer than
broad, and placed further away from the pos-
terior margin. Length -209, breadth -154 mm.
Localities —Owenwee River at Belclare, Co. Mayo, June, 1909; River
Lee at Carrigrohane about three miles from Cork. Collected in the latter
locality by Mr. F. Balfour Browne in July, 1907.
Atractides amplexus Koenike.
Carrownisky River near Louisburgh; Owenwee River at Belclare ; stream
flowing from Lough Namutka, July.
In Dr. Koenike’s description of A. amplexus the large dorsal plate is said
to enclose the hinder end of the second frontal shield; and in his drawing of
R.I.A. PROC., VOL, XXXI.
39
39 18 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
the dorsal surface (11, fig. 18) a distinct groove is shown between the two
plates in question. In all of the Ivish specimens the thick chitinous margin
of the dorsal plate is anchylosed with the frontal plate posteriorly. I am con-
vineed, however, that the specimens from the above localities are to be
referred to A. amplexus, as the general structure agrees well with the
description of that species.
[ Atractides anomalus C. L. Koch was not found in the Clare Island district ;
it is common, however, in the mountain streams of Dublin and Wicklow. The
epimeral area of the nymph is figured on Plate II., fig. 14¢; the genital area is
triangular in form and carries four long, narrow discs. }
Atractides Maglioi Koenike.
Glendalough Lake, Connemara, September. Elsewhere in Ireland I have
taken this very distinct species in the River Dargle, county Wicklow, where
males were found in August, 1907.
Distribution.—Known range Germany (Koenike) ; Italy (Maglio) ;
Treland.
It may be useful to give here a synoptical table pointing out characters
for the separation of the six species of Atractides that have now been
described, more especially as I have had opportunities of examining specimens
of all of them from Irish localities. A table of the four German species has
been published by Koenike (12).
1. Hinder part of the second frontal shield enclosed by (or anchylosed
with) the chitinous margin of the dorsal shield, ; et
Hinder margin of frontal shield not enclosed, ; : 0 @
2. Wedge-shaped end of the first pair of epimera approaching close
to the genital area; shape ovate; front margin of the body
straight between the eyes, . . A. amplexus Koenike.
End of first epimera separated from the genital area by
slightly more than a third of the space between the capitular
recess and the genital area; shape decidedly less ovate; front
margin concave between the eyes, . A. connexus Koenike.
3. Anal ring placed on the posterior margin of the body,
A, Maglioi Koenike.
4, Anal ring placed at some distance from the posterior margin, KO
‘The male of dAtractides connexus Koenike has been found in Glendalough Lake, ‘county
Wicklow, in the month of April. Not previously recorded from Britain.
Clare Island Survey—Acarinidu. 839 19
5. Shape of the body elliptical, only shghtly narrowed in front ; frontal
setae very long ; anterior side corners of the large dorsal plate
blunt, 6 0 5 6 . A. ellipticus Maglio.
6. Shape ovate, strongly narrowed in front ; anterior corners of dorsal
shield angled, : : ; : : ntl
7. Rostrum long and slender; capitulum narrower; wedge end of
the first pair of epimera’ removed a short distance from the
genital area; front margin of the body strongly concaye; legs
more slender. Male with the second and third pairs of epimera
much longer, and the genital area placed further back,
A. anomalus C. L. Koch.
8. Rostrum decidedly shorter and stouter; capitulum broader ;
wedge-end of first pair of epimera approaching closer to the
genital area; front margin straight between the eyes; legs
longer with thickened terminal segments. Male with the
second and third pairs of epimera shorter and _ broader ;
genital area placed further forward, . A. brevirostris n. sp.
Sub-fam. HyGROBATINAE.
Hygrobates longipalpis (Hermann).
Achill; Westport ; Louisburgh, &e. Common throughout the district, but
it was not found in Clare Island.
Hygrobates naicus Johnson (reticulatus Kramer).
Clare Island, stream from Lough Avullin; Westport; Carrownisky River,
Lugaloughaun, and other lakes near Louisburgh.
Hygrobates calliger Piersig.
Found in the Bunowen River near Louisburgh.
This is a stenothermal form occurring in rapidly flowing water. It is
common in mountain streams in county Wicklow. The nymph of this species
‘TI have found the males of this elegant species amongst mosses growing on submerged stones in
the River Dodder at Friarstown, county Dublin, in July ; and the female has occurred in the River
Flesk, near Killarney. The species may be easily recognized by its peculiar elliptical shape, which
is quite different from the remaining species of the genus. ‘The known range is Germany and Italy.
This is the first record for the British Isles.
2 The female of A. anomalus C. L. Koch has been described and figured showing the wedge-
shaped end of the first epimera reaching the genital area. In the Irish examples, however, there is
always a short intervening space.
C2
389 20 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
has been described from Switzerland by Dr. Walter (32, p. 529). The pro-
visional genital area of one of these immature forms is figured in the present
paper (Pl. IL., fig. 17).
Distribution —The known range is Norway ; Germany; Switzerland ; Italy;
and Britain (7).
Megapus spinipes (C. L. Koch), noy. var. montanus. (Plate II., fig. 15).
Stream on Croaghpatrick; Bunowen stream at Louisburgh.
The specimens from these localities are to be referred to the large steno-
thermal form of JZ. spinipes, for which it would be convenient to have a
distinctive varietal name. Compared with the smaller eurythermal form this
variety, for which I propose the name montanus, is distinguished by the
following characters :—
montanus noy. var.
Decidedly larger, the Irish specimens ranging from 1 to 1:40 mm. in length.
More richly coloured than the typical form, some specimens are suffused with
a pinkish tinge; the legs are hyaline or pale yellow.
The most distinctive character is the absence of swimming-hairs (in the
typical form, as it occurs in stagnant and slowly flowing water, there are a
few of these hairs on the last three pairs of legs). The claw-armature,
especially of the first pair, is more strongly developed, with a large blade-like
basal part. The terminal segment of the first leg (Pl. IL., fig. 15) is rather more
strongly bent.’ Length of first pair of legs 1-280 mm., fourth pair 1-740 mm.
The palps (480 mm.) are relatively longer, and of more robust structure
than in the lowland form, with a less truncated apex to the fourth segment,
and the sword-like spine on its inner side is much stronger. Certain of these
characters are such as we should expect to find in a stenothermal form. The
absence of swimming-hairs, combined with the greater development of the
claw-armature, is an adaptation for life amongst aquatic mosses, or for lurking
under the stones of the rapid highland streams in which this form reaches its
greatest development.
The variety montanus brings to mind the interesting stenothermal form,
Diplodontus torrenticolus recently described by Dr. Walter from Italy (“ grossen
Quelle bei Sarno”). In this species there is a great reduction in the number
\ The terminal segment of the first leg of the typical eurythermal form is figured (PI. 11., fig. 16)
for comparison; the specimen from which it was drawn occurred in quarry holes near Crumlin,
Co. Dublin.
Clare Island Survey—Acarinida. 39 21
of swimming-hairs present on the legs, as compared with the lowland
Diplodontus despiciens ; the legs are also shorter, stouter, and are furnished
with more strongly developed claws (84).
This variety is no doubt widely distributed. I have found it commonly
in the River Dodder and in various rivulets on the Dublin and Wicklow
mountains, as well as in other localities in Ireland.
Megapus tener Sig. Thor.
Carrownisky River near Louisburgh, Co. Mayo, July.
A male of this little-known species occurred in the above locality, and I
have also taken both sexes in the River Dodder near Dublin.
Length of male about ‘66 mm. The epidermis is remarkably thick and
exceedingly finely lined ; front margin indented and furnished with very long
antenniform bristles.
First pair of legs with the terminal segment short, stout, and less bent
than it is in UZ. spinipes. There are two swimming-hairs on the fifth segment
of the last pair of legs. In males from the River Dodder (Co. Dublin) the
last pair of legs are a little shorter and stouter, and swimming-hairs are
absent. The palps are more slender than the basal segments of the first pair
of legs; the fourth segment, seen from above, is decidedly swollen, and its
dorsal surface is crowded with numerous short hairs; sword-like bristle on the
inner side strongly developed. A figure of the male palp is given by
Maglio (16).
The epimeral area is large ; between it and the hinder margin of the body
there are three pairs of large gland-openings with strongly chitinized
margins.
The female may be easily recognized by the fact that the three genital
dises are arranged in a triangular form instead of in a linear row as they are
in UW. spinipes.
Distribution—tThe ascertained range is Norway; Germany; Italy; and
the British Isles.
Megapus nodipalpis Sig. Thor.
Clare Island, in a rivulet flowing from hills, June; Bunowen River,
Louisburgh, July ; Croaghpatrick, June.
This species occurs in rapid streams and is widely spread in Ireland. The
specimen found on Croaghpatrick is in the nymph stage.
Distribution.— Norway ; Switzerland; N. Italy ; and Britain.
89 22 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
Sub-fam. LEBERTIINAE.
Lebertia insignis Neuman.
Glendalough Lake, Connemara, September.
Lebertia porosa Sig. Thor.
Owenwee River, Belclare; Bunowen River, Louisburgh.
Lebertia fimbriata Sig. Thor. (Plate III., fig. 31.)
Clare Island, in peaty drains on the north-east side of the island between
the Harbour and Maum, June, 1909.
Two examples occurred in the above-mentioned locality. They are of a
golden-brown colour, with darker markings on the dorsal surface; the legs
and palps are greyish.
This is one of the smallest species of the genus Zebertia; and it may be
easily recognized by the elongate form, indented front margin of the body,
and the scarcity of swimming-hairs. A full description of this mite will be
found in the “ Zoologischer Anzeiger ” (29, pp. 41-52).
Although the Clare Island specimens (Plate IIL, fig. 31) agree in
measurement (length “896, breadth ‘614 mm.) with Thor’s description of this
species, yet they are decidedly more elongate in form, and the epimera are
narrower than is shown in his figures in the paper just referred to. The
latter difference may, however, be due to the process of mounting of the
original specimens from which these drawings were made, as a slight
pressure causes the epimera to appear wider. The swimming-hairs are
greatly reduced; there are only two of these, placed on the fifth segment of
the last pair of legs, in the Irish specimens.
Distribution —Lebertia fimbriata is apparently a local species; it has not
been previously recorded from the Britannic area, nor, as far as I can
ascertain, from any European country except Norway, where the original
specimens were found by Dr. Sig. Thor near Kristiania and Bergen.
Rrontipoda musculus (O. F. Miill.).
One example found in Lough Bann, near Louisburgh, July, 1910.
Frontipoda Carpenteri noy. sp.’ (Plate IL., fig. 12a-<.)
This new and very distinct species must be compared with #. musculus,
1 Named in honour of Professor G. H. Carpenter, n.sc., M-R.1.4., whose researches on the
arachnid fauna of Ireland are well known.
Clare Island Survey—Acarinida. 39 23
the only previously known representative of the genus, from which it
differs amongst other characters in its smaller size and shorter and stouter
legs.
The average size is a little smaller than in F. musculus; the length of the
Westport example is 92 mm. and the height about ‘71 mm. The colour of
the living mite was not observed; specimens that have been preserved in
elycerine solution are of a pale brown or pinkish-brown tinge; and the eyes
are pigmented with black.
The skin-sculpture is much as in F. musculus; the general surface appears
to be closely and finely punctured, and presents in places a striated
appearance, while immediately surrounding the eyes there is a small reticulated
area resembling the skin-markings of Hygrobates natcus.
The dorsal groove is moderately wide and straight-sided, showing as a
deep cleft on the hinder margin of the body. A short distance behind the
eyes in this groove there are two chitinous hair-pores placed close together in
the middle line.
In side view (PI. II, fig. 12a) the body is scarcely so strongly arched as in
F. musculus ; a row of about ten hair-bearing pores are arranged in a line close
to the margin of the dorsal groove, and a few others are scattered on the sides
of the body. The epimeral shield in front of the genital area is straight, and
comparatively longer than in F. musculus.
The capitulum is rather long, narrow, and pointed in front. The epimeral
region resembles that of #. musculus; the first pair are bluntly rounded or
truncated at the apex.
The genital area (Pl. II., fig. 12d) measures 145 mm. in length along the
frontal plates, and the breadth across the field is ‘110 mm. ; it is placed closer to
the hinder margin than in /’. musculus. Seen from the side itis prominent and
angled at the hinder end. The genital discs are rather narrow, and distinctly
pointed at the ends in some specimens.
The anal plate is remarkably short, broad and rounded at the apex
(Pl. IL., fig. 12d), and quite different from that of # musculus, which is
prolonged and rather pointed posteriorly.
The palps (PI. II., fig. 12e) are short and much thinner than the first pair
of legs; the length is about 155 mm. At the end of the first segment
there is a strong, curved bristle, which is also finely pectinated. ‘lhe second
segment is only very slightly longer than the first; it is furnished with four
or five stout spines, and a long, fine hair springs from its inner distal corner.
The third segment is shorter than the first, and on its upper part there are
about four very long, fine hairs; two of these are situated on the inner side.
Fourth segment (length -050 mm.), stout, curved outwards on the ventral
O99 24 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
side, where there is a fine forwardly directed hair close to the base of the
segment. The fifth segment is blunt at the apex.
As may be clearly seen in the figure (Pl. IL, fig. 12a), the legs of this
species are much shorter and stouter than in /. musculus; segments 2-5 of
the last three pairs are more or less clavate at the extremities.
The swimming-hairs are remarkably well-developed. There are three long -
terminal spines at the end of the fourth pair of legs; the longest of these
usually equals or is slightly longer than the sixth segment, whereas in
F. musculus it is shorter. One of these terminal spines is much shorter than
the other two, and all of them appear, under a high magnification, to be finely
pectinated.
Male. Specimens which are presumably the males of this species appear
to differ from the females only in their smaller size, as far as the external
characters are concerned.
Nymeu.—A Frontipoda nymph dredged from shallow water in Castlebar
Lough is, judging by its short, robust legs and other characters, to be referred
to the present species.
This example measures -495 mm. in length by ‘253 mm. in breadth.
The legs, palps, and highly chitinized parts of the body were of a greenish
tint in the living mite, the coecal area being yellowish, surrounded by a
darker brown colour. The large black-pigmented eyes are situated on the
front margin of the body, and when viewed from above they show clearly
through the dorsal plate.
The general form (PI. IT., fig. 12) is oblong, narrowed, and evenly rounded
in front, and somewhat truncated at the end ofthe body. The dorsal surface
has a thickly chitinized rim, and is slightly sinuate at the posterior margin.
There is a comparatively wide dorsal furrow with sinuate margins between
which and the side margins of the body there are at least four pairs of
large hair-bearing glands, while in the groove itself are embedded five more
pairs of these glands. Two long bristles are present on both the upper and
lower front margins of the body. The ventral area is very similar to that of the
nymph of Frontipoda musculus figured by Koenike (10, Pl. XI1V., fig. 9), except
that the end of the body is produced in a truncated manner, and is longer.
The apex of the first epimeron is capped by two broad, spade-shaped spines,
one lying immediately behind the other, and the edges of these are extremely
finely serrated, much as they are in Ozus ovalis (O. F. Miller).
The provisional genital area carries the usual four discs, the inner margins
of which are flattened. There are four hair-bearing glands surrounding the
anal plate (Pl. IL., fig. 12c).
Localities.—Lake at Barley Hill near Westport amongst Myriophyllum and
Clare Island Survey—Acarinda. 39 25
Ranunuculus, June, 1909; nymph in Castlebar Lough, June, 1909. Elsewhere
in Ireland I have found this species in a pond on the bank of the River
Corrib (close to Galway, June, 1903); and it also occurs in lakes in the
Killarney district. The specimens of Frontipoda taken in the eastern parts
of Ireland are all to be referred to the common /. musculus, so that the
new species would appear to have a western range in Ireland.
Oxus plantaris Sig. hor. (Plate IL., fig. 21 ac.)
Bog pool in Cartron Mountain, near Letterfrack, County Galway, March,
1904.
A female Oxus collected in this locality by Mr. 8. W. Kemp is apparently
to be referred to 0. plantaris Sig. Thor, a species which has hitherto only been
recorded from Norway. In his short description of the species, Thor
compares it with O. ovalis, which it resembles in size, shape, and colour.
The characters by which he distinguishes it are the spines on the first pair of
epimera, and the peculiar shape of the genital discs.
The Galway specimen is the only representative of the genus Oxus hitherto
found in Ireland. It is preserved in balsam, so that the exact size cannot be
given. The colour of the lLvmg mite is noted as reddish-brown, with a
darker central dorsal area, and the legs are slate-coloured.
The epimeral region is shorter and broader than in female ovalis; and the
posterior concavity to receive the genital area is a little wider, with more
bluntly rounded corners. The first epimeral process is longer and more
slender, with a distinctly sinuate inner margin. In this respect it would
appear to resemble 0. guadriporus Piersig (12, fig. 116 6). Unfortunately the
terminal spine-armature is damaged in the [vish specimen, and only one of
the modified spines remains at the apex of each. ‘This is, however, the long
claw-shaped spine (Pl. II., 21 ¢), described and figured by Thor as one of the
characteristics of the species.
The genital area lies deep in the epimeral region. A decided difterence
from 0. ovalis will be noticed in the peculiar shape of the genital discs. These
have remarkably small external apertures, with the chitinous basal part much
larger; and in the case of the first two pairs these bases are acuminate at
the extremities. Thor points out their resemblance, in this respect, to the
dises of Lebertia brevipora.
The palps are longer than in 0. ovalis; they measure about ‘255 mm. in
length. Two long, stout spines spring from the upper distal extremity of the
second segment. Two rather similar spines are situated near the middle of
the third segment on the dorsal side, and there is a long, fine hair at the
R.A. PROC., VOL. XXXI. D 39
39 26 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
extremity. The fourth segment is long (09 mm.), and concave in its dorsal
outline (Pl. IL., fig. 21 5).
The legs are very similar to those of 0. ovalis; they are, however.
noticeably longer in the present species.
Distribution—Norway, and West of !reland.
Sub-fam. UNIONICOLINAE.
Unionicola (Atax) crassipes (O, F. Miill.).
Clare Island in Lough Avullin; lakes at Westport, Belclare, and
Louisburgh.
Unionicola gracilipalpis (Viets).
A female of this species occurred amongst water-plants in Lough
Namucka, a peaty lake a few miles from Louisburgh, July, 1910.
The present species was briefly described by Viets (80) from specimens
taken near Bremen. Ina subsequent paper (31) the differences between it
and the common U. crassipes were fully defined. It may be easily separated
from the last-mentioned species by the structure of the palps, which are
longer and much more slender; the chitinous pegs on the fourth segment are
much less developed. In the Irish specimens the palps measure 1:05 mm.
in length, agreeing in every respect with Viets’ description of the species.
The legs are slightly longer and more slender in JU. crassipes, this being
especially noticeable in the case of the first pair; and the pegs on which the
long bristles are placed are weaker. Measurement: first pair of legs, -312;
second, 373; third, ‘268; fourth, 360 mm.
The eyes are large and much pigmented with black.
I have also taken this species in Lough Nafin, County Donegal, in the
month of September.
Unionicola rivularis sp. nov. (Plate IIL, fig. 32 a-c.)
Westport River, June, 1909.
This is a small free-living species of Unionicola, which appears to inhabit
rivers, as the only specimens I have found are from the Rivers Nore and
Barrow, as well as from the above-mentioned locality. It is closely allied to
Unionicola crassipes Miller, which it resembles in general structure ; but is
readily distinguished from that species by its much smaller size, and especially
by the palp-characters.
Clare Island Survey—Acarinida. 89 27
The palps (Pl. III, fig. 32 a) are extremely small, being only about half as
long as in average examples of U. crassipes. The second segment is rather
strongly arched dorsally, furnished on its inner side with two small stout
spines. The third segment carries two long and rather stout bristles, one
situated distally, the other springing from near the middle of the outer
surface, and reaching to near the end of the fourth segment. This outside
spine is very much shorter in U. crassipes. Both of these bristles are
decidedly bent towards their extremities, and under a high magnification
(x 386) they are seen to be excessively finely pectinated.
The fourth segment is short and stout in comparison with U. crassipes, and
the three chitinous pegs (length of longest, ‘085 mm.) appear rather close
together in side view; near the base of the segment on the outer side is a very
fine long hair.
The form of the body is oval, except at the posterior end, where it is
flattened, or slightly simuate. The length of the female is 89, and the
breadth ‘69 mm. The colouring is much as in U. crassipes. Some of the
female specimens, collected in the month of June, contained numerous
eggs, the average diameter of which is about 143 mim,
The capitulum has the sides remarkably straight; and overlying the basal
part in some specimens is a thin plate of chitin forming a bridge between the
first pair of epimera. The latter meet or are separated by a slight distance
on the middle line of the body. ‘he sub-cutaneous processes (Pl. IIL,
fig. 32) of the second pair vary a little in length, but they appear to be
longer and more slender than in U. crassipes.
The genital area closely resembles that of U. crassipes. A tigure of that
of the male will be found on Plate III., 32 0.
The male of this species is a little smaller than the female. The measure-
ments are as follows :—
Male. female.
Length of palp 5 i aa. ‘ -40 mm.
- first lee . 1:05 mm. - 1°25 mm.
p second leg . 1:71 mm. 5 1:74 mm.
‘i thirdleg . 1:07 mm. - 1:17 mm,
» fourth leg . 1:08 mm. : 1-74 mm.
Localities —Westport River, June; River Barrow, at Monasterevan,
September ; River Nore, near Thomastown, June.
Neumania spinipes (O. F. Mill.).
Glendalough Lake, Connemara, September.
839 28 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
Feltria Rouxi Walter. (Plate IIL. fig. 30 a—0.)
Amongst aquatic mosses in a stream on the lower slopes of Croagh-
patrick, at Murrisk, County Mayo, July.
The female of #. Rouxi was described by Walter from Swiss specimens,
and apparently the male was unknown. A description of it, with figures, is
given in the present paper.
The colour of this mite is pale yellow, with black pigmented eyes. In the
female, the dorsal surface is occupied by a large shield, which projects
between the eyes, much asin the ¢ of F. cirewlaris; but the small anterior
separate plates present in that species are wanting, and there are only two
small circular plates placed behind the dorsal shield instead of the three
found in F. circularis. The posterior marginal cleft is similar to that of
F. muscicola @, and there is a large anal plate. The antenniform bristles
spring from well-developed frontal prominences, and are usually directed
towards the sides of the body.
The MALE of this species occurred on Croaghpatrick.
It is considerably smaller than the female, measuring only -286 mm. in
length by *253 mm. in breadth, The appendages are much stouter. It
differs from the males of the described species in having the dorsal surface
almost entirely covered by a well-developed chitinous shield (PI. IIL, fig. 30 a),
with the exception of an extremely narrow marginal rim, in which are placed
the prominent hair-bearing papillae. This plate shows the coat-of-mail
sculpture so characteristic of some genera of Hydracarina. About half way
between the middle and the sides of the body, on each side, there is a row of
small hair-bearing glands The end of the body is double-margined, the upper
ledge carrying two papillae.
The arrangement of the epimera is very similar to that of the allied
species. The processes of the first two pairs are rather long, and the outer
margins of the fourth pair are strongly sinuate. The sub-cutaneous margins
are separated by a very narrow space in the middle line.
The male genital plate resembles that of F. musecicola, except that the
front margin is not pointed in the middle; and, judging by Piersig’s figures,
the hinder margin is not so deeply cleft. The number of genital-discs varies.
In the Croaghpatrick specimen there are about twenty-two on each plate.
The legs are remarkably stout, much more so than in the female. The
secondary sexual structure, found on the last segment of the third pair of legs,
consists of three modified spines placed close together on the swollen ventral
margin of the segment (PI. IIL, fig. 303).
The palps are short, and a little stouter than the first pair of legs. Length,
Clare Island Survey—Acarinida. 89 29
‘02mm. The second segment is strongly convex, and the ventral surface is
produced in a prominent rounded knob. Fourth segment suddenly swollen
outwards at the middle of the under side, and at the distal end of the evenly
rounded hump thus formed is placed a forwardly directed hain.
Distribution—The known range is Germany, Switzerland, and Ireland;
this being the first British record of the genus Feltria.
Feltria circularis Piersig.
Found in the same locality as the preceding species.
Occurs also in streams on the Dublin Mountains.
Sub-fam. PIONINAE.
Piona nodata (O. F. Miill.).
Lakes in the north-east of Achill Island ; Lough Cahasy near Louisburgh.
The brightly coloured form figured by Piersig (18, pl. xi., 304) occurred in
the latter locality.
Piona longipalpis (Krendowsky).
Clare Island (Lough Avullin); lakes at Castlebar, Westport, Belclare, and
Louisburgh.
A fine bright red form of this mite is not uncommon in lakes in west and
central Ireland.
Piona stjordalensis (Sig. Thor).
Loughs Baun and Cahasy, near Louisburgh.
Occurred abundantly in these lakes in July; a few specimens of the nymph
were also found, the genital area of which greatly resembles that of the
common Piona nodata (O. F. Mull.).
Distribution—Scandinavia (Thor); Switzerland (Walter, 84); Great
Britain (Norfolk Broads, Soar); Ireland (7).
Piona carnea CU. L. Koch.
Clare Island; Achill; lakes at Westport, Belclare, and Louisburgh.
Common, especially in lakes on peaty ground.
Piona circularis (Piersig).
Clare Island, Lough Avullin, June.
Piona discrepans (Koenike).
Lough Namucka near Louisburgh.
89 30 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
Piona rotunda (Kramer).
Doo Lough and Carrownisky River near Louisburgh ; Garranbawn Lough
near Ballynakill.
Much less common in the Clare Island district than the following species.
The number of acetabula present in the female varies from about 18 to 23 on
each plate.
Piona rotundoides (Sig. Thor). (Plate III, fig. 33 a-0.)
Loughs Cahasy and Lugaloughaun near Louisburgh; Lough Conn;
Glendalough Lake, Connemara ; lakes near Clifden. ;
A Piona which agrees well with Thor’s description (26) of the present
species is widely spread in Irish waters, being especially abundant in the
larger lakes of the west of Ireland. At Lugaloughaun a deep sub-alpine lake,
this species and Hygrobates naicus were the only water-mites found.
The chief character by which it may be separated from . rotunda Kramer
is the greater number of discs on the genital plates. The latter are larger than
in rotunda ; the Irish specimens that I have examined carry from twenty-eight
to thirty-five discs on each plate, and occasionally as many as forty (Pl. LIL,
fig. 33 4). In addition to these there are from two to six discs lying free
between the plates on each side. he hair-bearing pores on the lower extremity
of each plate are arranged in a row close to its margin. In the male the
genital plates are also larger and carry more discs than the allied species
(Pl. IIL, fig. 33 a).
Distribution—Scandinayia (Thor); Great Britain (Norfolk Broads, &e.,
Soar) ; Ireland.
Piona rufa C. L. Koch.
Common in lakes at Westport and Louisburgh.
Piona paucipora (Sig. Thor). (Plate III., fig. 34.)
Lough Conn, June, 1903.
A number of examples were collected im this, the only known Ivish locality,
by Mr. W. F. de V. Kane.
Piona paucipora is closely allied to Piona rufa, but may be easily distin-
guished from that species by the structure of the genital area; the colour of the
mite is yellowish, with dark blotches on the upper side.
In the male there are about ten genital dises; one of these lies free within
the genital plates. The latter are sickle-shaped and are very characteristic of
Clare Island Survey—Acarinida. 39 31
the species. The long spine at the apex of the third pair of legs is armed at
the base with two strongly curved processes, and the chitinous peg at the end
of the fourth palp segment is strongly developed. The third and fourth pairs
of epimera are very large and resemble those of P. rufa, except that their
inner margins are much wider apart than they are in that species.
In the female the chitinous genital plates are very feebly developed, rarely
uniting more than about five dises in one piece. The number of dises in the
Trish specimens varies from eight to twelve on each side. (PI. IIL, fig. 34.)
Distribution—tVhe records of this species are few—Scandinavia (Thor) ;
Gotland (Walter, 35); Germany (Koenike and Thieneniann, 14); Turkestan
(Thor); Mngland (Lincolnshire, George); Scotland (Edinburgh, Rannoch,
Lydoch, Williamson); Ireland.
Piona conglobata C. L. Koch.
Lakes in the Louisburgh district.
A few specimens taken in the Carrownisky River in the above locality are
apparently to be referred to the variety congugula Koenike. This variety may
be recognized by the absence of the small peg which in the typical form is
present at the base of the tooth on the inner side of the fourth segment.
Hydrochoreutes ungulatus (C. L. Koch).
Glendalough Lake, Connemara, September.
Hydrochoreutes Krameri Piersig.
Clare Island; Carrownisky River and Cahasy Lough near Louisburgh.
Much commoner than the preceding species in the Clare Island district,
while the reverse is true of the Hast of Ireland.
Wettina podagrica (C. L. Koch).
One specimen found in the Westport River, June.
This is the first record of the species from Ivish waters.
Distribution.Norway (Thor) ; Switzerland (Walter) ; Germany (Piersig) ;
Italy (Maglio); England and Scotland (Oban, Soar); Ireland.
Pionacercus Leuckarti Piersig.
Clare Ireland, in bog pools, June.
The specimens (3, ? ) from this locality should perhaps be referred to the
variety scutatus Sig. Thor, though they differ somewhat from the description
of that form. The male of scwtatwus is said to have the terminal segment of
39 32 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
the third leg only weakly thickened, with but few bristles. The fourth and
fifth segments of the last pair of legs are described as being furnished with
smooth bristles, and the sixth segment of the same pair is not much swollen.
In the Clare Island specimens (¢ ) the terminal segment of the third leg
is decidedly less thickened than in Piersig’s figure (18, pl. xvii., fig. 430) of
the typical form; it seems to be slightly concave on the lower margin, and
there is a moderate number of hairs. At first sight the bristles on the fourth
and fifth segments of the last pair of legs appear to be smooth, but under a
high magnification a few of them are seen to be extremely finely pectinated
along one side. The terminal segment of the last pair of legs is of the usual
crozier shape, with a row of ten chitinous pegs on the moderately swollen
basal part; an additional one is placed in the deep concavity, and there is
another at the end of the segment.
I have taken this form in various localities in Ireland, where it is not
uncommon in pools on peat moors.
Acercus (Pionopsis) lutescens (Herm.).
Ballynahinch Lake, Connemara, June.
Forelia (Tiphys) liliacea (O. F. Miull.).
Lough Cahasy near Louisburgh.
The females occurred commonly in this locality in July ; the male appears
to be much rarer.
Sub-fam. ATURINAE.
Aturus scaber Kramer.
Streams on Croaghpatrick; Carrownisky River; stream flowing from
Lugaloughaun, June and July.
Aturus runcinatus (Sig. Thor).
Streams on Croaghpatrick, June and July.
Some of the females from these localities contain a single elliptical egg of
huge size in comparison with the mite; one of these eggs measures “154
by -110 mm.
Common amongst aquatic mosses growing on stones in company with the
preceding species. They are probably the most abundant of all of the
stenothermal forms occurring in Irish streams.
Brachypoda versicolor (O. F. Miill.).
Westport River; Cahasy Lough near Louisburgh.
Clare Island Survey—Acarinida. 39 33
Sub-fam. MIDEOPSINAE.
Midea orbiculata (O. F. Mill.).
Crott Lough near Belclare, Co. Mayo.
Mideopsis orbicularis (O. F. Miill.).
Owenwee River at Belclare; Lakes near Westport; Prospect Loughs at
Belclare.
Sub-fam, ARRHENURINAE.
Arrhenurus securiformis Piersig.
Clare Island, Lough Avullin, June.
Widely spread in Ireland, though rather rare and usually met with singly
as far as the male is concerned. No doubt both this and the following species
escaped observation on the adjacent mainland.
Arrhenurus cylindratus Piersig.
Clare Island, Lough Avullin, June.
Arrhenurus globator (O. F. Miull.).
Lough Baun, Louisburgh.
Arrhenurus Kanei Halbt. (Plate III., fig. 26 a-d.)
A female example of this species occurred in a small peaty lake in the
north-east of Achill Island, in the month of June.
Arrhenurus Kanei would seem to be a rare lake-frequenting species ; it
was described from afew specimens discovered by Mr. W. F. de V. Kane in
the north of Ireland (4). The species is closely allied to a Swedish mite,
Arrhenurus nobilis, described by Neuman in his well-known monograph on
Swedish Hydracarina (17) ; and it is a question whether the Irish mite should
not be referred to a variety of that species. If Neuman’s description and
figures of A. nobilis are correct—and judging by their excellence in other cases
there is no reason to doubt this—certain differences are apparent between the
two forms. <Arrhenwrus nobilis has not been found since Neuman’s time, and
unfortunately the single type-specimen! is missing from his collection of water-
mites now preserved in the Gottenburg Museum (Piersig, 19).
The following is a translation of the Swedish description of Arrhenurus
nobilis, for which I am indebted to my friend, D. Freeman, M.A. The modern
names of the structures referred to are inserted in square brackets :—
“Male: The body is oval, rounded anteriorly, posteriorly prolonged to a
long and broad appendage, which at the end is roughly rounded off, and in
1 <<T obtained only one example in October, 1868, at Milaren, near Kungshamn, at a depth of
from 20 to 30 feet’’ (17, p. 92).
R.I.A. PROC., VOL. XXXI. ao) 39
39 34 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
the median line furnished with a transparent, long and narrow lesser appendage,
which at its end is somewhat broader and roughly truncated [petiolus]. On
each side of this proceeds another appendage, which is crescentic and tolerably
broad [club-shaped organs] ; these two meet at their ends outside the median
lying appendage. On each side of this [pair] are two long hairs, twice the
length of the appendage. Examining the creature from the upper side, there
appears (as in A. tricuspidator and A. emarginator) above this appendage
in the median line another short appendage, of equal length and breadth,
transparent, furnished at its hinder end with two incurvations; upon this at
each side stands a short knob, and at the apex a long hair [hyalie-appendage],
The ‘impressed line’ is posteriorly invisible, and more obscure than in other
species within the genus; the part of the back included is inconsiderable. The
epimeral groups are divided by a very inconsiderable interval, the inner ends
of the fourth pair almost touching each other. These epimera are nearly
square, more than twice the breadth of the thnd pair. Zabiwm short and
broad, rounded semicircularly behind. -Anus situated and shaped as in the
last species [4. papillator Miiller], but without the enclosing elevations.
In colowr it is bright green, somewhat approaching to yellow, with two
inconspicuous brown patches on the back. Under side, legs and palpi yellow-
green.”
The length of the Irish species is about 1'2 mm., breadth ‘88mm. The
colour is yellow tinged with green, with reddish brown markings, and the legs,
palps, and epimera are pale green.
The body (Pl. III., fig. 26 @) is oval in shape, hinder end suddenly con- .
tracted and produced to form a well-defined appendage. The dorsal groove
encloses rather less than half of the upper surface; it is evenly rounded in
front, sinuate at the sides, and ends on the side margins of the appendage.
The hyaline-appendage, the petiolus, and the enclosing club-shaped organs
(Pl. IIL, fig. 26 4) appear to agree closely with those of A. nobilis. In
A. Kanei, however, there is a blade-like chitimous process on each side of the
hyaline-appendage which is not indicated by Neuman in his description or
figure of the Swedish species. The petiolus and club-shaped organs spring
from a rounded prominence on the underside of the body appendage. The
epimera are extremely large, fourth pair quadrate approaching quite close to
the genital area.
The legs are long and robust, and the spur on the fourth segment of the
last pair is very strongly developed.
The palps (Pl. IIL, fig. 26 ¢) are short and stout ; the inner end margin of
the second segment is curved outwards and carries about three moderately
long hairs; on its dorsal surface are three or four bristles, one of which is
Clare Island Survey—Acarinida. 89 34
pectinated. Fourth segment very broad at the base, strongly narrowed towards
the apex. ‘The sword-bristle reaches well beyond the end of the segment.
The female (Pl. IIL., fig. 26d) of this species may be easily identified by
its large size and peculiar shape. An example from Dartrey Lough measures
1:53 mm. in length, by 1:20 mm. in breadth. The body is very strongly
narrowed in the anterior half, and the front margin is evenly rounded,
posterior corners very slightly raised in a rounded prominence. The epimera
are very much smaller than in the male. ‘The genital area lies close to the
fourth epimera, and is widely removed from the end margin of the body.
The front margin of the tongue-shaped plates springs from the middle of the
chitinous rim of the genital orifice. Legs shorter than in the male.
Localities —Upper Lough Erne, September, 1899 ; Dartrey Lough, County
Monaghan, October, 1899; lake in the north-east of Achill Island, County
Mayo, June, 1909.
Arrhenurus forpicatus Neuman, var. perforatus George. (Plate ILL., fig. 28-29.)
Lakes near Westport, June; Lough Baun near Louisburgh, amongst a
dense growth of Chara, July.
The specimens found in this district are all to be referred to the variety
perforatus George. It may be readily separated from the typical form by the
structure of the petiolus. In the males of forpicatus the ends of the dorsal
furrow are continued obliquely on the appendage, enclosing the highly
chitinized petiolus. This is oblong and swollen at the centre; and as it is
rather complex, its structure may be best shown by a figure (PI. LIL, fig. 29).
In the perforatus form, on the contrary, the ends of the dorsal groove run
parallel for a short distance on the appendage, and are evenly rounded at the
apex. The petiolus (Pl. III., fig. 28) is much simpler, beg a small prominence
placed close to the concavity of the hinder margin of the appendage. As
Piersig has pointed out, there are some differences in the shape of the
appendage between the two forms, but the structure of the petiolus is quite
sufficient to distinguish them. In the female of the perforatus form the
genital plates are somewhat narrower and more pointed at the free extremities
than are those of the typical form.
The variety perforatus would seem to be the prevalent form in Ireland; all
of my Dublin specimens are to be referred here. The only Ivish examples of
forpicatus that I have hitherto met with are from Loosecaunagh Lough near
Jollarney.
Arrhenurus sculptus Halbt. (Plate ILL, fig. 25 a-c.)
Bog pools on Cartron Mountain, near Letterfrack, County Galway,
March, 1904.
BK 2
39 36 Proceedings of the Royal Trish Academy.
A preliminary description of this mite appeared in the “ Zoologischer
Anzeiger” some years ago {5:. The species is allied to Arrhenurus solidus
Piersig, but may be easily recognized by the shape of the appendage and other
characters. A short description of the female is given in the present paper.
The colour of the type-specimens {Raheny Ponds, County Dublin) is
noted as greenish-yellow, with brown dorsal markings, and the legs are
yellow. Length, including the appendage, slightly over one millimetre.
Compared with A. solidus the body is longer and not so strongly narrowed
towards the front margin, where it is truncated in outline. The chief
difference is in the shape of the male appendage, which is longer, narrower,
and much more distinctly marked off from the body than it is in that species.
A small petiolus structure, which appears to be forked at the extremity, is
placed near the middle of the appendage. The dorsal groove is strongly
narrowed in front and encloses a larger area of the back. The epimera are
much as in A. solidus, fourth pair rather strongly angled at the middle of
the posterior margin.
The palps measure about 32 mm. in length. In side view the distal
extremity of the second segment is armed with a long spine, and on the inner
side there is a small group of long stout spines. The sword-bristle on the
inner side of the fourth segment is short and sharply pointed, and in the
Galway specimen barely reaches to the end margin of the segment. The legs
are decidedly longer and more robust than in A. solidus Piersig, last pair
devoid of a spur.
The female (Pl. IIL, fig. 25 ¢) is a little shorter than the male; the actual
length is 1°05 mm. The body is of a regular oval shape, resembling in this
respect the 2 of A. Stecki Koenike (“ Deutschlands Hydrachniden,” Taf. xxxvi.,
fig. 954), but more oblong. The plates of the genital area are very broad
at the base, and narrow rapidly towards the free end. The delicate plates
protecting the orifice are without chitinous thickenings (“chitinflecke” of
Koenike).
Localities —A male and female of this species occurred amongst refuse
taken from a bog-pool on Cartron Mountain, County Galway, in the month
of March, by Mr. S. W. Kemp: ponds at Raheny, County Dublin, April ;
and a female example has been found in bog-pools near Bundoran, County
Donegal, in the month of September. Mr. C. D. Soar has met with it in
England.
Arrhenurus ornatus George. (Plate IIL, fig. 27.)
Achill Island, frequent in bog-pools and lakes, June.
A common and widely spread mite in Ivish, as well as in British waters
Clare Island Survey—Acariida. 39 37
generally (2). On the other hand, although the species is very distinct and
easily recognized, it would appear to be rare on the continent of Europe. The
only extra-British record that I know of is a recent one from Switzerland
(Walter, 32).
Arrhenurus cuspidifer Piersig.
Lough Baun, Louisburgh, July.
Not uncommon, amongst a growth of Chara.
Arrhenurus tricuspidator (O. F. Mill.).
Achill Island, June.
The colour of the specimens from this locality is a dark reddish-brown ;
the bright red form is rather rare in Ireland. ‘The mite recorded here is the
A. licuspidator of (12) and other references.
Arrhenurus Neumani Piersig.
Achill Island in lakes and bog-pools, June; Glendalough Lake, Connemara,
September.
This species is very characteristic of the lakes and peat-moors of the west.
I have not yet found it in the eastern parts of Ireland.
Distribution.— Widely spread in Europe, ranging from Finland to Italy.
Arrhenurus claviger Koenike.
Lough Cahasy, Louisburgh.
Arrhenurus crassicaudatus Kramer.
Prospect Lough, Belclare ; Loughs Cahasy and Baun near Louisburgh.
[In the lowland part of Galway, outside the limits of the district dealt
with in the present paper, I have found three additional species of Arrhenurus.
These are :-—
Arrhenurus Stecki Koenike.—In a sphagnum-pool near Ross Lake,
September.
Arrhenurus crenatus Koenike.—River Corrib. In a small deep lake on
the limestone at Ballindooley, near Galway, a beautiful bright red form of this
species occurs, which is strikingly different from the dull purplish form found
in the Royal Canal and other places in the east of Ireland.
Arrhenurus albator (O. F. Mill.).—Lakes at Moycullen. |].
With the exception of some slight changes in the arrangement of the
genera and species, the classification made use of in the foregoing list is that
39 38 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
published last year by Dr. Koenike. Perhaps the most notable innovation
found in Dr. Koenike’s arrangement is the inclusion of the genus Sperchon in
Limnocharidae—the recent discovery of the larval form proving its affinity
with that family (18).
In connexion with the Clare Island Survey it may be of interest to indicate
here a few species of Hydracarina which, judging by their known range, are
not unlikely to prove characteristic of the west central as opposed to the east
central parts of Ireland.
In the first column of the following list are recorded the species which
have been found in the west (counties Mayo and Galway) which would appear
to be absent from the east (counties Dublin and Wicklow). The second
column contains eastern species.
A number of evidently widely spread forms are omitted from the lists, as
their discovery in both districts is probably only a matter of time. It should
also be pointed out that the east has been more thoroughly searched for these
creatures, although little is known of the fauna of the Wicklow lakes.
At the present time we do not know enough concerning the local distri-
bution of the fresh-water mites to endeavour to account for their absence
from the districts in question. With regard, however, to the western forms it
will be seen that they are largely denizens of lakes and peat-moors, and, as has
already been mentioned, some of these forms apparently belong to a
Scandinavian or northern element in our fauna (page 3).
Those species marked with an asterisk have not been previously recorded
from the Britannic area.
WEST. EAst.
Eylais Koenikei Hallt. Eylais hamata Koenike.
Eylais celtica Halit. Eylais undulosus Koenike.
Eylais relicta Halt. *Panisus torrenticolus Pzersig.'
*Hydryphantes placationis Thon. Hydrarachna maculifera Pzersig.
Thyas vigilans Koenike. *Sperchon tenuabilis Koenike.*
*Sperchon undulosus Koenike. *Sperchon papillosus Sig. Thor.
*Lebertia fimbriata Sig. Thor. *Sperchon mirus Koenzke.* (variety).
Frontipoda Carpenteri nov. sp. *Atractides connexus Koentke.
*Oxus plantaris Sig. Lhor. Acercus latipes (0. F. MMill.).
‘ Stream in the Devil’s Glen, county Wicklow, in moss on submerged stones.
~ Under stones in the River Dodder, county Dublin.
* and + Found in stream (‘ back drain ’’) running between ‘‘leyels’’ of the Grand Canal near
Clondalkin, county Dublin.
Olare Islund Survey—Acarinida. 39 39
Wesr—continued. East—continued.
* Atractides amplexus Koenike. Forelia parmata Koentke.
Atractides brevirostris nov. sp. *Aturus intermedius Protz.1
Unionicola rivularis nov. sp. Arrhenurus mediorotundatus S. 7’.
Wettina podagrica (C. L. Koch). Arrhenurus Freemani Halt.
Piona paucipora (Sig. Thor). Arrhenurus aftinis Koentke.
Arrhenurus Kanei Haldt. Arrhenurus battilifer var. dilatatus?
Arrhenurus Stecki Koenthe. Arrhenurus truncatellus (0. F. J).
Arrhenurus Neumani P2ersig. Arrhenurus bipapillosus nov. sp.*
1 Tn the River Liffey at Blessington, county Wicklow.
2 Differs from the typical form chiefly in the shape of the petiolus, which is a little shorter and
is distinctly swollen on each side beyond the middle. Seen from above the ends of the genital plates
do not project beyond the sides of the body appendage as they do in the typical form (8) sent to me
by Dr. Koenike. Found in old ponds at Raheny and Sntton, county Dublin (Plate IIT., fig. 23 cc) (4).
3 Arrhenurus bipapillosus nov. sp. Male:—Length -72 mm., breadth -61 mm. Colour yellow
with brown markings, and paler cvecal area. Outline of the body rounded in front and slightly
flattened on the sides. At a point a little in front of the posterior third it is gradually narrowed
towards the body appendage. The latter is rather small, and its sides are almost continuous with those
of the main body. The apex of the appendage is truncated and distinctly indented (depth about
033 mm.) at the centre somewhat as in the American species 4. ovalis Marshall. On each side of
this central notch there is a small hyaline papilla and close to this a long straight hair. Near the
base of the upper side of the appendage there is a curious wedge-shaped petiolus (Plate III., fig. 23 4),
and on each side of this there is a stout bristle of moderate length which is curved outwards at the
extremity. ‘The third and fourth epimera are narrow and of great breadth, their inner ends separated
by a very slight interval. Capitular recess very wide. The genital plates are deep at their bases,
and narrow rapidly towards the sides of the body, which they do not overreach. Inner face of the
second palp segment with a small group of rather long pectinated spines; fourth segment narrowed
towards the extremity (Plate III., fig. 23c).
Locality: Found amongst weeds dredged from the Grand Canal near Clondalkin, county Dublin,
by Miss J. Stephens, in October, 1908.
39 40 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
Danpay, E. V.:
1 Die Eylaisarten Ungarns. Mathemat. und Naturwis. Berichte aus
Ungarn., xvi, 341-364, fig. 1-8. 1903.
GEORGE, C. F.:
2 Arrhenurus ornatus n. s. Science Gossip (n.s.) xvili, 204,205. 1901.
GEORGEVITSCH, Z. :
3 Mazedonische Hydrachniden. 1906.
HALBERT, J. N.:
4 A New Water-Mite from Ulster. Irish Nat., ix, 94,95, fig. 1-4. 1900.
5 Notes on Ivish Fresh-water Mites. Zool. Anz., xxvi, 265-272, fig. 1-14.
1903.
6 Notes on Irish Species of Eylais. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) xu,
404-515, fig. 1-10. 1903.
7 Notes on Irish Hydrachnidae; with Descriptions of a new Genus and
two new Species. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (7) xvii, 4-12, pl. xi,
fig. 1-6. 1906.
KOENIKE, F. :
8 Holsteinsche Hydrachniden. Forschungsber. Biol. Stat. Plon., iv, 207-
247, Taf, 1. 1896.
9 Hydrachniden aus der nordwestdeutschen Fauna. Abh. Nat. Ver.
Bremen. xviii, 14-68, Taf. 1, fig. 1-34. 1904.
10 Zur Kenntnis der Hydrachniden-Gattungen Frontipoda, Gnaphiscus
und Oxus. Zeitschr. Wiss. Zool., Ixxxii, 194-229, Naf. 14, 15.
1905.
11 Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Hydrachniden. Abh. Nat. Ver. Bremen,
xix, 217-266, fig. 1-45. 1907.
12 Acarina, Milben. Brauer, Die Stisswasserfauna Deutschlands. Heft
xii, 13-191, fig. 1-277. 1909.
15 Ein Acarinen- insbesondere Hydracarinen-System nebst hydracarino-
logischen Berichtigungen. Abh. Nat. Ver. Bremen, xx, 121-164,
fig. 1-3. 1910.
KOENIKE, F., and A. THIENEMANN :
14 Beitrage zur Kenntnis der westfalischen Stisswasserfauna. Jahresb.
Westfal. Prov.-Ver. fir Wissenschaft und Kunst, xxxviii, 39-45.
1909-1910,
Clare Island Survey—Acarimda. 39 41
Maatio, C.:
15 Elenco critico degliidrachnidi italiani. Rend. Inst. Lomb., (2) xl, 953-
974. 1907.
16 Idracarini del Trentino, Atti Soe. {Ital. Sc. Nat., xlviii, 251-296,
fig. 1-26. 1909.
NEuMAN, C. J.:
17 Om Sveriges Hydrachnider, Kongl. Svenska Vet—Akad. Hndlgr.,
xvii, 1-123, Taf. 1-14.
Piersic, R. :
18 Deutschlands Hydrachniden. Zoologica, xxii., 1897-1900.
19 Revision der Neuman’schen Hydrachniden-Sammlung des Gotens
burger Museums. Zool, Anz., xx, 333-335, 1897.
Soar, C. D.:
20 A List of the Fresh-water Mites found near Oban, N.B. Journ,
Queckett Micros. Club, (2) vii, 391-394. 1900.
21 A few words on Freshwater Mites (Hydrachnidae). Trans. Edinb.
Field Nat. and Micros. Soc. Session 1902-03, 1-7. PI. iii—vi.
22 British Hydrachnidae: The Genus Piona. Trans. Edinburgh Field
Nat. and Micros. Soce., Session 1906-1907, 372-3892, Pl. xxix—xl.
23 The Genus Hydrachna. Journ. Queckett Micros. Club, (2) x, 271-282,
1 Plate. 1908.
TuHon, K.:
24 Monographie der Hydrachniden Bohmens. Limnocharidae Kramer.
Arch. Naturvis. Landesdurchforschung von Bohmen, xii.
Txor, Sig. :
25 Bidrag til Kundskaben om Norges Hydrachnider, I. Arch. Math,
Natury., xix, 1-74, Taf. 1-2. 1897. }
26 Andet bidrag til Kundskaben om Norges Hydrachnider, II. Arch,
Math. Naturv., xx, 1-40. Plate iii. 1898.
27 Tredil bidrag til Kundskaben om Norges Hydrachnider, Arch.
Math. Natury., xxi, 1-64, Plates vi-xvii. 1899.
28 Hydrachnologische Notizen III. Hine neue Oxus-Art. Nyt, Mag. f.
Naturvidenskab, xxxviii, 277-279. 1900.
29 Lebertia-Studien, II. Zool. Anz., xxix, 41-52, fig. 5-17. 1905.
Vigts, K. :
30 Drei neue Hydrachniden-Formen. Zool. Anz., xxxiii, 50-53, fig. 1, 2.
1908.
31 Weitere hydrachnologische Beitrage. Abh. Nat. Ver. Bremen, xix,
453-479, fig: 1-10. 1908.
R.I.A, PROG., VOL, XXXI. F 39
39 42 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
WALTER, C.: 3
32 Die Hydracarinen der Schweiz. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, xv,
401-573, Taf. lix-Ixii. 1907.
33 Neue Hydracarinen. Arch. f. Hydrobiologie u. Planktonkunde, iv,
1-16, Taf. 1.
34 Eimige allgemein-biologische Bemerkungen itiber Hydracarinen.
Internationale Revue der gesamten Hydrob. und Hydrobiol.,
i, 351-358. 1908.
35 Die Hydracarinen—Fauna der Mastermyr auf Gotland. Archiv f.
Hydrobiol. u. Planktonk., v. 169-184, fig. 1-5. 1910.
WiiaMson, W.:
36 A Contribution to the Hydrachnid Fauna of Scotland. Trans. Edin-
burgh Field Nat. and Micros. Soc., Session 1905-1906, 1-3.
37 Scottish Hydrachnids. Edinb. Field Nat. and Micros. Soc., Session
1906-7, 2, 3.
38 Hydrachnidae collected by the Lake Survey. Proc. Roy. Soe.
Edinburgh, xxvii, 302-307, fig. 4-7. Session 1906-7.
39 Hydrachnids from the Island of Tiree. Ann. Scott. Nat. Hist., 1908,
161-162.
INDEX TO GENERA.
Acercus, 32. Limnochares, 5.
Arrhenurus, 33. Megapus, 20.
Atractides, 16. Midea, 33.
Aturus, 32. Mideopsis, 33.
Brachypoda, 32. Neumania, 27.
Diplodontus, 12. Oxus, 25.
Eylais, 5. Panisus, 38.
Feltria, 28. Piona, 29.
Forelia, 32. Pionacercus, 31.
Frontipoda, 22. Protzia, 9.
Hydrarachna, 12. Pseudosperchon, 15.
Hydrochoreutes, 31. Sperchon, 14.
Hydryphantes, 11. Teutonia, 15.
Hygrobates, 19. Thyas, 11.
Lebertia, 22. | Unionicola, 26.
Limnesia, 15. Wettina, 31.
co ~y
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
Clare Island Survey—Acarinida. 39 43
DESCRIPTION OF PLATES.
PLATE I,
Hylais discreta Koenike. «a, Hye-plate x 115. 6, End of fifth palp segment.
Lylais discreta Koen. var. stagnalis Halbt. g. a, Hye-plate x 115 (lake at
Westport). 0, External genital organ of 3.
Lylais infundibulifera Koenike. a, Eye-plate x 115. 6, Stigma.
Hylais celtica Halbt. Hye-plate x 115.
Hylais relicta sp.nov. «a, Eye-plate x 115 (Ballynahinch Lake). 6, Eye-
plate x 115 (Castlebar Lough). ¢, Capitulum. d, Stigma. e, Palp.
J, end of fifth palp segment.
Hylais similis Thon. LEye-plate x 115.
Lylais Koeniket Halbt. a, Hye-plate x 168 (Ardfry). 6, Capitulum x 47.
Protzia eximia (Protz). a, Provisional genital area of nymph. 6, The
same of another nymphal form.
Hydrarachna scutata Piersig. Eye-plate of nymph x 47.
Hydrarachna distincta Koenike. «a, Hye-plate of ¢. 06, Eye-plate of 2.
ce, Genital area of $ (all x 47).
Hydrarachna Thoni Piersig. a, Right half of genital area and end of
fourth epimeron x 47. 06, Skin papillae.
Puate II.
Frontipoda Carpenteri sp. nov. a, Side view. 06, Dorsal view of nymph.
c, Ventral view of nymph. d, Ventral view of genital area. ¢, Palps.
Atractides brevipalpis sp.nov. a, Ventral view 3. 06, Ventral view of
capitulum ?. ¢, Side view of same x 115. d, Genital area ?. ¢, Palp ?.
Atractides anomalus (C. li. Koch), a, Ventral view of capitulum. 4, Side
view of same. c, Epimeral region of nymph (all x 115).
Megapus spinipes var. montanus noy. Terminal segments of first leg x 224.
Megapus spinipes (C. L. Koch). Terminal segments of first leg x 224,
Hygrobates calliger Piersig, Provisional genital area of nymph.
Sperchon brevirostris var. pachydermis Piersig. Palp of female x 115.
Sperchon undulosus Koenike. Provisional genital area of nymph.
Pseudosperchon verrucosus (Protz). Provisional genital area of nymph.
Oxus plantaris Sig. Thor. a, genital area. 0, Palp. ¢, End of first
epimeron (one of the terminal spines missing).
Oxus ovalis (O. F. Miller). End of first epimeron.
a9 44 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
Fig.
23
24
PLATE III.
Arrhenwus bipapillosus nov. sp. a, Dorsal viewof male. 6, Petiolus
organ. ¢, Palp of male x 224.
Arrhenurus battilifer Koenike var. dilatatus Halbt. a, Dorsal view of
male. 0, Petiolus x 168. cc, Petiolus of typical form (Germany) for
comparison x 168.
Arrhenurus sculptus Halbt. a, Dorsal view of male. 0, Palp of male
x 168. c, Ventral view of female.
Arrhenurus Kanei Halbt. «a, Dorsal view of male. 6, armature of male.
c, Palp of male x 224. d, Ventral view of female.
Arrhenurus ornatus George. Dorsal view of male.
Arrhenwrus forpicatus Neuman, var. penforatus George. Petiolus region
x2 15,
. Arrhenurus forpicatus Neuman. Petiolus region x 115.
Feltria Rouxi Walter. «a, Dorsal view of male. 6, End segment of third
leg x 386.
. Lebertia fimbriata Sig. Thor. Ventral view x 47.
Unionicola rivularis noy. sp. a, Palp of female x 224. 6, Genital area of
male. c, Central epimeral region ?.
Piona rotundoides (Sig. Thor.). a, Genital area of male. 6, Genital area of
female x 85.
Piona paucipora (Sig. Thor.). Genital area of female.
PROG.R.1.ACAD. Vou. XXXI.
PART 39. PLATE I.
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CLARE ISLAND SURVEY - HYDRACARINA.
Clare Island Survey.
39
ACARINIDA.
By J. N. HALBERT, M.R.LA.
SecTIoN 1].—TERRESTRIAL AND MARINE ACARINA.
Pirates TV-VIII.
Read June 8, 1914. Published Marcu 27, 1915.
INTRODUCTION.
Tue following report contains a record of certain groups of the terrestrial
mites and also of the marine species belonging to the family Halacaridae
found during the recent Survey of Clare Island and the surrounding district.
Except as regards one or two of these groups the list must be looked on
as very incomplete. During the field work of the Survey it was necessary
to give a good deal of attention to insects and other invertebrates so that
little time was available for collecting the Acarina. Gradually, however, a
number of species were got together, especially during my later visits to the
district, and through the help of friends in sending gatherings of moss and
other materials in which these small creatures may be found.
As a result, there is now available a list of 186 species which, together
with the 80 fresh-water mites, recorded in the previous section of this
paper (39 i), bring the known acarine fauna of the district up to 266 species.
Incidentally, there are included some records of mites from other parts of
Ireland identified while the present paper was being prepared; these are
printed in italics, and include the only records of Irish mites outside the
limits of the Clare Island district, at least in so far as the groups dealt with
are concerned.
The bulk of the species belong to those two dominant groups of the free-
living mites, the Gamasoidea and the Oribatoidea. As a matter of fact the
list is made up as follows :—
Gamasoidea, . 72 species (including Labidostomma).
Txodoidea, . feeelespecies:
Oribatoidea, . 60 species.
Sarcoptoidea, _ . 5 species.
Thrombidoidea, . 48 species (including the Halacaridae).
R.l,A, PROC,, VOL, XXXI, G 39
39 46 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
In some respects the most interesting mites found during the Survey
belong to the group Gamasoidea. These are small and medium-sized Acarina
of extremely varied habits and structure. The free-living forms may be found
in moist places amongst moss, in fungi, under the bark of decayed trees, &c.
Some peculiar forms are found only in ants’ nests while others must be
sought for between tide-marks on the sea-shore. Many species of this group
live parasitically on the bodies of other animals, with the exception of two
kinds found on field mice no attempt was made to collect these parasitic
forms.
This group is apparently in need of a general revision, and as the species
pass through two or three nymphal stages during their life-history the
identification of one’s captures is not always an easy matter. On this account
and partly also because there are several new species to be described, it was
necessary to enter into considerable detail in the following list. It is hoped
that the accompanying figures of the new and little-known species will leave
no doubt of their identity in the light of future work on the Acarina in this
country.
Dr. Berlese’s well-known work (1) on the Italian mites is of the greatest
help in this as in other groups, and the same author has recently published
an excellent account of the species of Gamasus (18) which greatly simplifies
identifications in so far as that genus is concerned. If we except Mr. Michael’s
paper on the family Uropodidae (49) and Mr. Donisthorpe’s notes on the
Acarina living in ants’ nests very little is known of the gamasid fauna of
these countries, so that many of the species in the following list are new
British records.
Amongst the Oribatoidea, the so-called “Beetle Mites,” exactly sixty
species were collected including many not previously recorded from Ireland.
This list is doubtless incomplete, yet it is probably fairly representative of
the oribatid fauna of the district. These mites are very uniformly distributed
and may usually be found in numbers in their favourite habitats especially
amongst mosses. In contrast to the previous group the British species are
fairly well known, thanks to Mr. Michael's admirable monograph (48). Thus,
of the sixty kinds recorded in the following paper, representing many
hundreds of specimens collected in an unexplored part of the country, only
two species and a few varieties are not mentioned in Mr. Michael’s work.
One of these, Oribata alpina nu. sp.,is not uncommon amongst moss in the
mountainous parts of the district, while a Notaspis found in numbers on the
sea-shore at Mulranny agrees with a form recently described by Berlese under
the name of Oribatula venusta.
Very few tyroglyphid mites were observed, but the occurrence of the
Clare Island Survey—Acarinida. 39 47
taarine species yadesia fusca on the British coast is of interest, a number of
specimens were found amongst coralline sea-weeds in rock-pools on the
shore of Clare Island. Another interesting species is the ants’ nest mite
Tyroglyphus Wasmanni, the hypopial nymph occurred in nests of the common
black ant, Mormica fusca, at Mulranny, apparently the first definite record of
the species’ from Britain.
The mites of the group Thrombidoidea, including such creatures as the
earth mites, spinning mites, &c., were but little collected, except for the
aquatic kinds. Indeed this part of the list is a record of casually collected
species often represented’ by single specimens. For the sea-mites of the
family Halacaridae I am mainly indebted to Mr. R. Southern who kindly
collected a number of these minute acarids during the scientific expeditions
of the Fisheries cruiser “Helga.” Of the seventeen forms collected two
species and a variety are undescribed ; two of these were dredged in Clew Bay
in 24 f. on what has been described as “ Polygordius ground.” This consists
of a bottom of gravel and shelly sand yielding'a very interesting fauna of
polychaete worms and other creatures (see Parts 47 and 67).
A special search was made on the coast of Mayo for examples of the
interesting littoral fauna recorded by Berlese, Trouessart and others from
the coasts of southern Europe. I am glad to record success in this respect ;
quite a number of these mites were found in their characteristic habitat
including a few new forms, the most interesting being Zhinozercon Michaeli
sp. nov. a peculiarly isolated acarid which must be regarded as the type
of a new family of the Gamasoidea, while the new genus Haluropoda is
represented’ by two species found commonly on the sea-shore and in salt
marshes.
The more truly maritime forms are found well below high-tide mark
where they survive continual immersion by the sea. During the tides they
retire into minute crevices in the rocks, or under stones partly embedded in
sandy mud where small quantities of airare imprisoned; such species are—
Halolaelaps glabriusculus, Gamasus Trouessarti, Cyrthydrolaelaps hirtus, Pachy-
laelaps littoralis n. sp., Hydrogamasus Giardi (Dublin coast), Thinozercon
Michaeli vu. sp.. Phaulocylliba Berlesit n. sp. (Dublin coast), Bdella decipiens,
Bdella capillata (or var.), Ryncholophus rubripes, Rhagidia halophila and
Halotydeus hydrodromus var. albolineatus. Of the Pachylaelaps and Phaulo-
cylliba only single specimens were found, both are apparently undescribed
and in common with the other species mentioned they occurred under stones
well below high-water mark.
There are also some species which live under stones and seaweed at or
about’ high-water mark’ yet they do not appear to relish the continuous
G2
89 48 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
submergence to which the more decidedly maritime forms are subjected :
to this fauna belong Gamasus Kempersi, Gamasus immanis, Halolaelaps
celtieus n. sp., Gamasolaclaps aurantiacus, Haluropoda interrupta nu. sp., H.
minor D. sp. and the oribatid mites Sceutovertex bilineatus and S. corrugatus.
Much observation is needed with regard to the exact “zoning™ of these
littoral forms, and there are some interesting points in their structure and
life-history which would repay investigation. In the species Halolaelaps
glabriusculus, for instance, the ambulacra are highly modified from the
ordinary gamasid type, while in the allied Halolaclaps celiicus, occurrmg
higher up at about high-water mark, these organs, though of similar type,
are less highly specialized. Similarly in the protonymph ci Cyrthydrolaelaps
the ambulacra are less modified than in the adult.
It is well known that many kinds of mites are only found in anis’ nests
where they live on friendly terms with the ants. Mr. Michael was the first
acarologist to study these interesting creatures (484), and Berlese has
published a very useful paper (12) with descriptions of all of the known
myrmecophilous forms, these belong, with iew exceptions, to the group
Gamasoidea. The district is not rich in these mites, the following species
oceurred :—Urotachytes formicarius, Urodiscella philoctena, Laelaps monianus,
L. vacuus, L. tyliferus nu. sp., L. acutus, and the hypopial nymph of Tyroglyphus
Wasmannt.
An undoubted sphagnum fauna occurs in very wet places on the
mountains and also in sphagnum pools on the moors, the following species may
be referred to in this connexion :—Crytolaelaps transisalaz, Paraseius serratus
n. sp., Seiulus minutus 0. sp., Oribata sphagni, Notaspis lacustris, Nothrus glaber,
WV. tardus, and N. monodactylus, Smaris expalpis, Microthromiidium velgum,
and others. The last two species I have found in sphagnum pools in
company with the Arrhenurus Stecki and other water mites on the Mulranny
moors.
As regards the general results obtained in the present report it may be
mentioned that this is apparently the first attempt to record a local fauna
dealing with more than one group of the Acarina in this country, or, indeed,
in the British Isles. It has been found necessary to define three new
gamasid genera and there are descriptions and figures of 22 new species
and 5 new varieties of the Acarina. Apart also from the extension in the
known range of many species at least 90 are recorded irom Britain for the
first time, due to the scarcity of British records in the groups Gamasoidea
and Thromboidea, while at least 156 species were previously unrecorded
from Ireland. ;
The classification made use of is mainly that proposed a few years ago by
Clare Island Survey—Acarinida. 389 49
Dr. E. Reuter,’ at least as regards the super-family and family groups. It is
difficult not to agree with the same writer’s remarks on the undesirability of
changing the well-known name Gamasidae in favour of the less suitable one
Parasitidae as has been done recently by some acarologists. Gamasus is
retained in the present paper.
Order ACARINA.
Sub-Order GAMASOIDEA.
Family GAMASIDAE.
Gamasus (Gamasus) fimetorum Berl.
An immature male example of this species occurred under bark in the
Westport demesne in July.
Distribution.—Germany (Voigts and Oudemans); Italy (“in fimetis totius
Italiae ” Berl.) ; Corfu (Thon).
Gamasus (Gamasus) Kempersi Oudms.
1902. Oudemans 74, p. 36. 1906. Berlese 13, p. 143.
Westport, dand 2? under stones on the sea shore, July; Mulranny, ¢, ?
and nymphs on the shore of Bellacragher Bay, September.
This species is apparently common, where it occurs, on the sea-coast. I
have also found it in numbers under stones between tide-marks at Howth,
County Dublin.
Gamasus Kempersi is a rather weakly chitinized species which may be
recognized by the armature of the second legs in the male, the bilobed
process on the basal segments of the palps, and the absence of a tritosternum,
a structure which is present, however, in the female of the species.
In his original description of this mite Oudemans remarks that the patella
of the second legs is armed with a bifid process, and that the epistome “does
not show apy spines,” which has led Berlese to conclude that the Dutch
specimens represent a variety for which he suggests the name var. denticulata.
However this may be, the Ivish specimens agree with those described by
Berlese, in which the patella has a small cone-shaped process, and the
epistome carries the usual three spines.
Distribution.—Sea-shores of southern Italy (Berlese); Norway; Holland
(near Nijkirk, Oudemans).
1 Zur Morphologie und Ontogenie der Acariden. Acta Soc. Scient. Fennicae. Tom, xxxyin. 4.
39 50 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
Gamasus (Gamasus) lunaris Berl.
1882. G. rubescens G. et R. Canestrini 23, p. 40. 1892. G. rubescens
Berlese 1, Fasc. lxix, n. 9. 1903. G. rubescens Oudemans 60, p. 78. 1906.
G lunaris Berlese 18, p. 147.
A female of this species occurred on the sea-shore at Westport in
company with Gamasus Kempersi, to which it bears a superficial resemblance,
chiefly due to similarity in the outline of the endogynium. A careful
comparison of the two forms shows many differences.
Distribution.—Throughout Italy and elsewhere in Europe (Berlese).
Gamasus (Gamasus) coleoptratorum (Linn.).
Immature specimens of both sexes occurred under bark of decayed trees
near Westport in July; the nymph was also found on the sea-shore at
Mulranny in September.
Distribution.—Common and widely distributed in Europe. This species
has been noted in Scotland as an ectoparasite of the Red Grouse (Proc. Zool.
Soe. London, 1909, p. 309).
Gamasus (Eugamasus) magnus Kram.
1876. Kramer 86, p. 91. 1906. Berlese 13, p. 177.
Found amongst moss in Knappagh Wood near Westport, August.
Distribution.—Germany (Kramer); Italy (northern, Berlese); Holland
(Oudemans); France (Moniez). A variety of this species, cavernicola,
Tragardh, has been described from caves in France.
Gamasus (Eugamasus) immanis Berl.
1903. Berlese 6, p. 262. 1906. Berlese 13, p. 179.
Under stones at high-water mark on the sea-shore close to Westport,
July. Has also occurred, in a similar situation, at Howth, and at Glandore
on the Cork coast.
This fine species, the largest of the sub-genus Eugamasus, was first
described by Berlese from Norwegian specimens. Apparently it has not
yet been found in southern Europe. The largest of the Ivish specimens
measures 2510, in length.
Distribution. —Already recorded from the Irish coast by Berlese: (18,
p- 180); Norway. Mr. King has recently found this species. at Millport in
the Firth of Clyde, and gives an interesting account of its life-history (Proc.
Roy. Phys. Soc. Edinb. xix, p. 129).
Clare Island Survey—Acarinida. 39 51
Gamasus (Eugamasus) Trouessarti Berl.
1889. G. thalassinus Berlese et Trouessart 17. 1892. Berlese 2, p. 67.
Both sexes occurred commonly under stones at high-water mark on the sea-
shore at Westport, July. It is also an abundant species on the Dublin coast.
It should be noted that this species appears under the name of G. exewrrens
in Berlese’s tabular synopsis of the species of Eugamasus (18, p. 165).
Distribution.—Has been recorded from the coasts of Norway and France.
Gamasus (EHugamasus) Kraepelini Berl.
I have found the male of this species on decayed fungi in woods at
Glendalough, Co. Wicklow, September.
Gamasus (Hugamasus) cornutus G. et R. Can.
Male found under bark at Stepaside, Co. Dublin, April.
Gamasus (Amblygamasus) septentrionalis var. norvegicus Berl.
1902. P. septentrionalis Oudemans 60, p. 39. 1906. 1, p. 190.
The remains of an adult male of this species were found in moss at Delphi
in county Mayo.
The type-form of this distinct species was described from Holland by
Oudemans. In his monograph of the species of Gamasus Berlese subse-
quently described two varieties under the names of germanicus and norvegicus.
The Irish specimen is to be referred to the latter form.
Distribution—The species is now known to occur in Norway, Germany,
Holland, and Britain.
Gamasus (Pergamasus) runcatellus Berl. (Pl. IV, fig. 1.)
1903. Berlese 5, p. 237. 1906. Berlese 13, p. 209.
Clare Island, amongst moss, in July.
The single male specimen found in this locality is not quite typical in
the armature of the second legs. The processes of the patella and tibia are
distinctly larger, in proportion to the segments from which they spring,
than they are shown in Berlese’s drawings of P. rwncatellus. In this respect
they approach P. minor Berl. The chelicerae agree closely with those of
the Venetian form figured by Berlese (18, pl. xii, fig. 82).
Distribution.—Italy and Germany (Bremen, Poppe).
Gamasus (Pergamasus) runciger Berl. et var. armatus nov. (Pl. IV, fig. 2a-g.)
1903. Berlese 6, p. 263. 1906. Berlese 138, p. 214.
Achill Island, male found under bark of decayed fir trees, September,
39 52 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
Mulranny, in rotten wood, September. Has also been found on Lambay
Island in November.
Distribution.—Norway ; Holland.
A form of G. runciger found amongst decayed wood at Mulranny, county
Mayo, in all probability represents a variety of that species. It is of about
the same size (length 819). and differs in the armature and smaller size of
the second legs (fig. 2e). Compared with the type the femoral spur is longer
and more slender, and there is no trace of a protuberance at its base; the
axillary process is comparatively long and knife-shaped, resembling that of
G. runcatellus. The process of the patella is more decidedly cone-shaped ;
the process of the tibia is also larger. The last pair of legs measures about
768 in length; the lower outline of the trochanter (fig. 2/) is interrupted
by a small process. The chelicerae (fig. 27) greatly resemble those of the
type-form, as figured by Berlese, but the two teeth on the fixed chela are
not so distinct. As this is possibly a permanent form of G. runciger I propose
for it the varietal name armatus.
Gamasus (Pergamasus) parvulus Berl.
A male of the type-form has been found at Lucan, county Dublin; and I
have also found an adult male of the variety dilatatellus Berl., in rotten wood,
at Glendalough during September. This variety is recorded by Berlese from
the Apennines.
Gamasus (Pergamasus) robustus Oudims.
Clare Island, adult males taken in March, June, and July. Achill
Island, adults and nymphs, in moss and under fallen pine-needles, September.
The Bills, male and female, June. Westport, Knappagh Wood, in moss,
August.
Apparently common in the district. It is a very distinct species, remark-
able for the strong armature of the second legs in the male. Originally
described as a variety of Gamasus longulus, its specific distinctness was
recognized later, both by Oudemans (65, p. 82) and Berlese (13, p. 219).
Distribution—Norway and Swedish Lapland, Germany, Holland, Britain.
I have seen specimens taken at Barmouth, in Wales, by Mr. C. D. Soar.
Gamasus (Pergamasus) alpestris Berl.
A. fine male example of this species was found amongst moss, at Lucan,
in February.
Gamasus (Pergamasus) diversus sp. noy. (PI. IV, fig. 3a-e.)
This species has the usual characters of the sub-genus Pergamasus, so
that 1t is unnecessary to give a detailed description of the entire animal. It
Clare Island Survey—Acarinida. 89 53
is clearly intermediate between Gamasus robustus and Gamasus lapponicus,
differing from both of these species in the armature of the second legs, and
in the male chelicerae. A notable feature is the presence of a sharply pointed
process on the inner margin of the maxillary lobes.
Mats, length about 800. Femoral process of the second legs (fig. 3a)
long, comparatively straight and bluntly pointed; immediately in front of
this there is a broad knife-like process; the outer distal margin of the
segment is bordered with a chitinous ridge, which is produced at one end in a
blunt point; patella unarmed, except for a long ventral bristle. On the tibia
there is a discoidal prominence, which appears in side view as a crescentic
ridge. On the outer side of this there is a long bristle, bent at the tip.
Trochanter of the fourth pair of legs strongly convex on its dorsal side, and
there is a rounded ventral prominence (fig. 30).
Capitulum as in the allied species, hair armature of the maxillary plate
consisting of four pairs of long bristles, three of which are placed near the
base of the maxillary lobes. The latter are moderately sinuate, armed on the
inner side with a sharply pointed spur (fig. 3c). Chelicerae robust; fixed chela
armed beyond the middle with one blunt tooth, behind which are three or
four extremely minute teeth; free chela also with one strong tooth (fig. 3d).
Locality.— Under stones on the shore of Castlebar Lough, Co. Mayo,
July.
Gamasus (Pergamasus) lapponicus Tragardh.
1910. Tragardh 88, p. 408.
Clare Island, g in moss, July; Achill Island, gand 9, under bark and
fallen fir-cones, September ; Westport district, under bark; Knappagh Wood,
3 6, August; Lough Fenagh, g, 9, October; Croaghpatrick, ¢, immature,
October.
Apparently a common species in the district; both sexes were usually
found in moss gatherings in company with G. robustus Oudms., to which
species it is allied; it is, however, a smaller mite, and the armature of the
second legs is characteristic. I have also found it at Glendalough, Lambay
Island, and elsewhere in the Dublin district.
Distribution.—Swedish Lapland (Sarekgebirge, ‘lvagardh).
Gamasus (Pergamasus) processiferus sp. nov. (Pl. LV, fig. 4a-c.)
This species is allied to G. decipiens and G. lapponicus, differing from both
in the armature of the trochanter of the fourth legs, also in the chelicerae
and the structure of the area genitalis.
R.I.A. PROC., VOL. XXXI. H 39
89 54 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
FEMALE.—Length 742, breadth 384u. Shape. a long oval, shoulders only
slightly marked. The fourth leg measures 691 in length, process of the
trochanter (fig. 4a) large, the outer margin of this process is straight,
extremity pointed and slightly hooked, lower margin rounded. and there is
a blunt conical papilla at its inner corner where the process joins the
trochanter. Central foramen of the endogynium triangular, with a much
smaller triangular aperture appearing beneath the apex of the larger opening
(fig. 4b). Fixed chela with about six teeth, the third from the extremity
truncated, free chela with three distinct teeth, the proximal one being the
strongest (fig. 4c). The male was not found.
Locality.—An ovigerous female of this form occurred amongst moss in
the Westport district in July.
Gamasus (Pergamasus) crassipes L. (Pl. LV, fig. 5a-c.)
Clare Island, Achill Island, and in the Westport district, occurs commonly
in moss and under bark.
At least two forms of this common species are found in Europe; the type
form is very widely distributed, while the variety longicornis Berl. is found
in the north.
In his monograph of the species of Gamasus Berlese figures /18, Pl. viii,
fig. 9) the second leg of the type-form. I can only say that, compared with
this figure, the form, which presumably represents the type in Ireland, has
a somewhat different armature, at least as regards the large tibial process. I
have seen, however, an Italian male of this species obtained some years ago
from Dr. Berlese. This male, which was found at Florence, agrees closely
with my Irish specimens in the armature of the second legs. As it is
difficult to describe in words the exact shape of these processes, a figure of the
armature of the femur, patella, and tibia of one of these Irish specimens is
given (fig. 5a, 6).
The variety longicornis Berl., is also common in the district. I have
specimens from Clare Island, Achill, Delphi, and the Westport district. A
figure of the tibial armature of the second leg is given (fig. 5c). Dr. Tragardh
records its occurrence in French caves (89, p. 523).
Gamasus (Ologamasus) calearatus C. L. Koch.
The variety excisus, Berlese, occurred commonly in moss on Achill Island,
also on the seashore at Westport and Mulranny. Type form not definitely
determined.
Distribution —This and the two following species are no doubt widely
distributed in Europe,
Clare Island Survey—A carinida. 389 55
Gamasus (Ologamasus) pollicipatus Berl.
A female Ologamasus found amongst moss on Clare Island is probably to
be referred to the present species.
The genital area of this specimen does not agree very well with Berlese’s
figures of the typical form, but resembles more closely that of the variety
excipuliger. The species must be recorded with reserve until male examples
are found.
Gamasus (Ologamasus) inornatus Berl.
Found amongst moss on Clare Island in March.
Berlese does not attempt to tabulate the females of Ologamasus, but the
present species is mentioned on account of the simple structure of the
endogynium. In the other known species the females have this structure
more or less elaborated.
Gamasoides carabi (G. et R. Can.).
1885. Poecilochirus carabi G. et R. Can. 24, pp. 56 and 99. 1892.
Poecilochirus fucorum Berl. 1, Fase. lxix, n. 4. 1892. Poecilochirus carabi
Berl. 2, p. 73. 1906. G. carabi Berl. 138, p. 291. 1903. G. carabi
Berl. 6, p. 280.
Westport, a single specimen in the coleoptrate nymph stage found attached
to a ground beetle (Pterostichus niger).
The genus Poecilochirus contains a few species of acarina which were
known only as nympha coleoptrata, or mites in the wandering nymphal stage.
The essential characters of Berlese’s account of the genus, originally described
by Canestrini, are as follows :—“ Mandibulae digitus fixus saepius apophysi
hyalina anterius porrecta auctus.—Corniculi labiales aliquando curtiores,
forcipem quasi cum malis maxillarum interioribus sistentes.” (1, Fasc. lxx,
n. 11.)
In the same reference Berlese characterizes another genus, Iphidosoma,
for certain species of Poecilochirus, which was also based on immature forms,
and in a later work (2, p. 73) his arrangement of the species is as follows :—
Poecilochirus carabi Can.; P.spinipes Koch; P. interruptus Koch ; Lphidosoma
Jjimetarium Can. ; I. ovatwm Berl.
The genus Gamasoides was proposed by Berlese in 1903 (6, p. 280), with
G. carabi Canestrini as the type species.
Gamasoides spinipes (C. L. Koch).
The Bills Rocks, in old nests of Puffins and Black-backed Gulls, June ;
Achill Island, in fungi, September; Mulranny, under stones on the sea-shore,
September.
H2
39 56 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
The specimens from these localities are in the coleoptrate nymph stage,
with armed second legs as figured by Berlese (1, Fase. lxix, n. 4), also by
Oudemans (73).
Distribution—A_ wide-spread form, ranging from Siberia to Italy.
Gamasoides bispinosus sp. nov. (Pl. IV, fig. 6, a, 4.)
Closely allied to G. spinzpes, with which species it agrees in general
structure, differs, however, in the armature of the second legs.
Nympha coleoptrata. Mats, length 539u, breadth 341y. Second legs
(lig. 6a), instead of the single knife-shaped spine present on the underside of
the femur in G. spinipes, this species is armed with two such spines; patella
with a single strong spine placed on the distal margin of the segment; tibia
unarmed ; tarsus with two spines, the terminal one is, however, closely
adpressed, so that it looks like a strong keel along the underside of the
segment. Epistome trispinous, side teeth strongly developed. The chelicerae
resemble those of G. spinipes, fixed chela with at least five distinct teeth;
free chela with a very long proximal tooth, and two smaller ones between
this and the end of the segment (fig. 64).
Localities— Found amongst moss near Lough Fenagh, Co. Mayo, in
October. I have also found it amongst moss sent from Poyntzpass, Co.
Armagh.
Halolaelaps glabriusculus Berl. et Trouess.
1875. Gamasus marinus Brady 19, p. 307. 1889. H. glabriusculus
Berlese et Trouessart 17, p. 2. 1890. Zercon marinus Moniez 52, p. 13.
1902. Parasitus marinus Oudemans 60, p. 281. 1906. H. glabriusculus
Berlese 13, p. 109.
A few specimens, including the male and female, of this interesting
species were found under stones between tide-marks on the sea-shore at
Westport in July.
The genus is remarkable for the structure of the ambulacra, and for the
fact that the second and third pairs of legs are armed with stout spines in
the male. There is also a short bristle-like spine on the underside of the
femur of the first pair of legs, and in the following species there are three
stout spines in this position. In common with certain other shore-frequenting
mites, the ambulacra are of peculiar structure. In the present species they
are armed with two pairs of plates, ie., a pair of leaf-like central lobes, and
a pair of long acuminate lateral lobes. It is of interest to note that the
ambulacra of the first pair of legs which in the Gamasidae are used as
tactile organs are less modified from the ordinary type than in the case of the
other pairs.
Clare Island Survey—Acarinda. 39 57
Berlese is of opinion that the mite described by Brady as Gamasus
marinus is synonymous with the present species, whichis probably the case,
although the description scarcely contains anything by which one can fix the
identity of his species. Practically the only character which would lead one
to believe that he had a Halolaelaps before him is furnished by the drawing
of one of the leg extremities; this shows, in side view, an ambulacrum which
is suggestive of that of the present genus.
Distribution.—Evidently a south and west European form, as it has been
recorded only from the sea coasts of France and Spain and also of Great
Britain. Brady records it as occurring “ pretty commonly in crevices of
magnesian limestone rocks, between tide-marks, near Sunderland.” I have
found the species commonly in a very similar habitat at Malahide on the
Dublin coast. Firth of Clyde (King in Proc. Roy. Phys. Soc. Edinb. xix, p. 135).
Halolaelaps celticus sp. nov. (PI. IV, fig, 7a-e.)
Occurring in a very similar habitat to H. g/abriusculus is another species
which seems to me to belong to the present genus; it is apparently
undescribed. This form resembles H. glabriusculus in the presence of two
dorsal shields, and in the arrangement of the plates of the ventral surface. It
is, however, a smaller species with stouter and differently armed legs; the
epistome is produced in a long central spine, and the ambulacra, though of
very similar structure, are less highly modified; other differences are also
apparent.
Mate (fig. 7a). Length 716u, breadth 4094. Shape much as in
H. glabriusculus. The dorsal shields almost. cover the upper surface,
extremely finely punctured, first shield with a few scattered hairs, second
shield with numerous spine-like hairs placed close to the side margins; the
hinder ones have pectinated extremities, and there is a central spatulate hair
on theend of the body. Sternum separated by a short interval from the ventro-
anal plate, with long processes between the last three pairs of legs ; two strong
spines replace the usual fifth pair of hairs on the hinder margin of the
sternum. Genital foramen circular, with a short duct. Ventro-anal plate
very large, occupying most of the end region of the body, finely punctured
with about eight pairs of hairs. Peritreme placed close to the lateral outline
of the body, slightly undulate ; stigma in the normal position.
Capitulum quadrate, with the usual hair armature; maxillary lobes
small, curved, and widely separated. LEpistome (tig. 7e) produced in a long,
spinous, central process, at the base of which there are strong, lateral teeth.
Chelicerae (fig. 7c) rather slender; the free chela has two teeth, the hinder
39 58 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
one is bifid at the extremity ; the free chela has a strong triangular tooth.
Palps small and weakly armed.
The leg measurements are approximately 517u, 440u, 451, na 605n.
The last three pairs are stout, and the second pair is a little thicker than the-
others. Armature consisting of short hairs and spines, many of the latter
spring from peduncles, and some are pectinated. The following are the more
important characteristics:—First pair, a row of three stout pedunculated
spines on the ventral side of the femur; second pair, femur with a blunt
conical tooth; beside this there is a sharp spine springing from a slightly
raised base, and there are two other spines on the lower side of the segment ;
third pair, a strong posteriorly directed spur on the femur; fourth pair
without special armature, but there are two strong bristles on the femur.
The ambulacra (fig. 7Z) are reduced to two pairs of appendages, as in
IT. glabriusculus, but the upper lobes are longer; the lateral lobes consist of
short triangular pieces; the inferior lobe is reduced. In fact the ambulacra
are somewhat intermediate in structure between those of H. glabriusculus and
the typical gamasid.
FEMALE (fig. 7 6). Length 742u, breadth 4554. Shape oval, relatively
broader than the male, hinder lateral margins with five or six pairs of bristles.
First dorsal shield large, finely punctured, hinder margin produced in a
rounded prominence ; second shield smaller and narrower, concave in front
and widely rounded behind. Sternal plate small and narrow, with the usual
hairs. The three pairs of triangular endopodial plates are widely separated
from the sternum, and send off long processes between the coxae. Genital
plate trapezoidal, as in the type species, anal plate large and of seinicircular
form, the width is about 341 u (in H. glabrivsculus it is smaller, measuring
only 165). Peritreme, capitulum, epistome and palps like those of the
male. Chelicerae straight, free chela with a group of three teeth set close
together at a little distance from the terminal tooth; fixed chela with a
large channelled tooth. Legs, with the exception of the second pair, a little
shorter than in the male, approximate length 506u, 440u, 407y, and 517
without the special armature of the male.
Localities —Under stones just below high-tide mark on the sea-shore at
Westport, in July. I have also found it commonly im a similar habitat at
Howth on the Dublin coast in September.
Gamasolaelaps aurantiacus Berl.
1879. 2 Seius excisus L. Koch 35, p. 122. 1903. Cyrtolaelaps (2) auran-
tiacus Berlese 5, p. 241. 1904. Metaparasitus suboles Oudms. et Voigts 75
p- 655. 1906. Berlese 13, p. 101.
Clare Island Survey— Acarinida. 89 59
Coast of Mayo at Westport and Mulvanny. the nympha coleoptrata occurred
in both of these localities in July and September. I have also found the
adult female under stones in a brackish place a little above high-water mark
“at Howth, county Dublin, in September.
This species may be readily recognized by its golden-brown colour, the
incised dorsal shields, and the peculiar form of the epistome, which, as Berlese
points out, is intermediate in character between the species of Cyrtolaelaps
and Gamasus. The legs, especially the last pair, are very long.
Although Berlese’s name for this species was published before that of
Oudemans, it is a question whether Koch’s Seius excisus is not identical with
the present species and should, therefore, have priority over both. The
figure of the dorsal surface of his Sevus eacisus, shows clearly the incised
dorsal plate, the undulate outline of the second dorsal shield, the prominent
spines of the epistome, and the long attenuated legs. While his figure of
the ventral surface of the animal, though not complete, is sufficiently like
that of Gamasolaelaps.
Berlese considers that JJetaparasitus suboles, Oudemans, is certainly
identical with the present species, in spite of the fact that the figures
accompanying Oudemans and Voigts’ later description of the species
depict the male genital foramen on the sternal shield a short distance from the
front margin. There is evidently some discrepancy here as Berlese illustrates
it on the front margin of the sternal shield, the usual position for it in the
family Gamasidae.
Distribution—Assuming that L. Koch’s species from northern Siberia is
identical with the British form, this species must have a very wide range on
the western coasts of the Palaearctic region. The recorded localities are
Bremen under stones (Oudemans and Voigts). Siberia; Yenisei: south of
Troitzkoj <L. Koch).
Cyrthydrolaelaps Berlese.
This interesting genus was described by Berlese from specimens taken
on the Spanish coast by Dr. Trouessart. A short account of the male
previously unknown, the protonymph, and the nympha coleoptrata is contained
in the present paper. As Berlese points out the general characters are very
similar to those of the genus Cyrtolaelaps except for the curious structure of
the ambulacra. Instead of the usual hyaline lobes present on the ambulacra
of the typical gamasid, these organs are reduced, in the adult, to form two
pairs of long blade-lke hairs. This modification would appear to be an
adaptation to suit the peculiar aquatic habitat of the species, which lives
between tide-marks on the sea-shore.
39 60 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
What I assume to be the protonymph of @. hirtus occurs abundantly
on the Irish coast. I was at first inclined to believe that it belonged to
another species, chiefly on account of the rather differently armed ambulacra,
which have two broad upper lobes, however, there is no reason why these
organs should not undergo modification as the creature reaches maturity.
Cyrthydrolaelaps hirtus Berl. (PI. V, fig. 8a-g.)
1904. C. hirtus Berlese 7, p. 19.
Mulranny, the 2, ¢ and nymphs occurred under stones partly imbedded
in sandy mud. about four or five feet below high-water mark, September ;
Westport, July. I have also found this species on the Dublin coast
(Malahide and Howth), running actively on the exposed limestone rocks,
and also under stones between tide-marks in May and June.
FEMALE.—Length 1351p, breadth 7684. Colour a golden-brown, resem-
bling Gamasolaelaps. Shape, oblong ovate, end of the body double-margined.
Dorsum with the usual two plates, clothed with long bristles; the second
plate smaller, with a truncated hinder margin. Sternal shield long, reaching
to the end of the third coxae, emarginate in front, and there are three pairs
of long hairs. Jugularia absent. Genital shield narrow in front, widening
into a broad, bilobed extremity; the front margin has a small, deep concavity
at each side, from which springs a spur-like process, and between these is the
circular genital foramen. Ventral and anal shields much as in Cyrtolaelaps.
The peritreme originates opposite the base of the first legs, and runs in a
slightly sinuate line to the stigma opposite the fourth legs. Tritosternum
with a long, slender stem and two filaments. ‘Ihe epistome is described by
Berlese as follows—‘t Epistoma spina media longa, acuta, nuda, utrinque
ad basim mucronato-bispinosum.” In Irish specimens the long central
spine is undulate, ornamented by minute spines. Mavxillary processes
of moderate size, curved and articulated much as in Eugamasus, On
the maxillary plate are four pairs of long hairs, the hinder pairs are widely
separated. Chelicerae, fixed chela armed, distally, with three low, rounded
teeth; free chela with one blunt tooth in addition to the more acuminate
terminal one. Legs very long, clothed with long bristles.
Matz (fig. 8a).—The largest of my specimens measures 1228p, by 716p,
shape and armature of the dorsum much as in the female, the second shield
is larger, reaching to the posterior margin of the body. Sternal shield very
broad in front, terminating in a rounded extremity close to the small anal
shield, and with lateral extensions which partly enclose the last pair of
coxae. The genital foramen lies in a concavity in the front margin of the
Clare Island Survey—Acarinida. 39 61
sternal shield, there are seven pairs of long, median bristles. Stem of
tritosternum very long and slender. Peritreme and anal shield as in the
female. Capitulum cup-shaped, with four pairs of long hairs on the maxillary
plate. Chelicerae (fig. 84), fixed chela with a truncated apex inside of which
there is a group of three or four very minute teeth and separated from these
by a wide interval is a strong, poimted tooth ; free chela without distinct
teeth, articulated on the outer side of the base is a broad hyaline process,
about two-thirds as long as the free chela. Palps normal. The leg measure-
ments are approximately 1920u, 1280, 1280u, and 1664y. Second
legs (fig. 8c) very thick, trochanter with a blunt prominence on its ventral
side ; femur feebly armed with two small teeth, proximal one conical,
distal one thorn-like and directed forwards, patella and tibia unarmed; there
is a small hump on the dorsal side of the tarsus. Ambulacra (fig. 8d).
PROTONYMPH (fig. 8e-7). FEMALE.—The dorsal plates are like those of
the adult, except that the second shield has a deep longitudinal incision in its
front margin. Sternal plate narrower, with three pairs of bristles. A small
tongue-shaped plate lies immediately in front of each of the second pair of
legs. Genital plate (fig. 8e), rounded posteriorly, fitting into the cavity of
the ventral plate, the side indentations of the anterior margin are without
the horn-like processes of the adult ; genital foramen trapeziform. Peritreme
originating near the front margin long and curved. Epistome (fig. 8/),
as in adult. Legs robust, with shorter bristles, inner margin of last three
pairs of coxae emarginate. The dorsal lobes of the ambulacra (fig. 89)
are reduced to a single pair of rather broad membranous plates which are
pointed at their extremities.
Mats (fig. 8h).—Length 500u to 570u, breadth 308. Shape as in the
female, dorsal shields larger, especially the second one, which is not incised
in front and encloses the sides of the body. The sterno-genital plate widens
out beyond the fourth legs and extends in a broadly rounded extremity
to the small anal plate. Peritreme a bowed line, stigma opposite the fourth
coxae. Legs very similar to those of the female, second pair unarmed.
The epistome (fig. 8z) differs from that of the female, in having a short central
spine reaching only a little beyond the side processes, the latter may have
two or four spines on each side. The chelicerae (fig. 87) are very small,
fixed chela straight with two distinct teeth, free chela more slender, armed
with one tooth at a little distance from the apex, a large hyaline process
springs from its base.
NympHaA COLEOPTRATA.—Found in company with the adult: easily
recognized as belonging to the present species by the characteristic form of
the epistome and ambulacra.
R.J,A. PROC., VOL. XXXI, I 39
39 62 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
The dorsal surface is like that of the female, except for the smaller size of
the plates; the hinder one is not so truncated at the extremity. Hair
armature, much as in the adult. The ventral surface has the usual V-shaped
sternal plate, with four pairs of long marginal bristles.
One of the specimens is apparently a male; in this the sternal plate
is larger, and the legs are decidedly stouter, especially the second pair; on
the underside of the tarsus there is a small rounded papilla. This specimen
measures 1049 in length.
Distribution. —Spanish coast (Finisterre, Berlese). There seems little doubt
that the male recorded by Tietze from the Italian coast as ‘‘Gamasus sp. ?”’
(82, see also 22, p. 948) is the protonymph of the present species. The varia-
tions which he describes and figures in the shape of the epistome represent
the different form of this organ in the two sexes.
Cyrtolaelaps nemorensis (C. L. Koch).
Females of this very distinct species were found in moss on Clare Island
in July; and also on Achill Island under the bark of fir trees in September.
Distribution —Probably a common European species; has been recorded
from Germany, Holland, and Italy.
Cyrtolaelaps cervus (Kramer).
Apparently not uncommon; Achill Island, under bark, September ;
Mulranny, under stones in nest of Zasius niger; Knappagh Wood and Lough
Fenagh, in moss.
Distribution.— Widespread in Europe.
Cyrtolaelaps transisalae Oudms. (PI. V, fig. 9.)
1902. Oudemans 60, p. 28, Plate iii, figs. 43-46.
Clare Island, in moss on Croaghmore, July ; Achill Island, under bark,
September; IXnappagh Wood, August; Coolbareen Lough, several in
sphagnum, July.
Apparently a common species in suitable localities in the district, especially
on the hills; quite a number were obtained from a small quantity of
sphagnum gathered on the slopes of Croaghpatrick.
The species may be easily recognized by the shape of the epistome
(ig. 9). The side incisions of the dorsal plate are comparatively straight, and
less bent downwards than in the allied species.
Amongst my specimens there are a few which are presumably in the
deutonymphal stage. These are smaller and less chitinized than the others
Clare Island Survey— Acarinida. 39 63
and carry two separate dorsal plates, shaped almost exactly as in the
deutonymph of C. Kochi Triigardh. Oudemans has figured a similar nymphal
stage in the case of C. cervus (Kramer).
Distribution.— Probably widespread in western Europe; recorded from
Holland and France (Pyrénées orientales, Tragardh).
Crytolaelaps Kochi Tragardh. (PI. V, fig. 10.)
1910. Tragardh 88, p. 416, figs. 78, 79.
Of this delicately organized species a single female example was found
amongst mosses in Clare Island during July.
A full description of this mite will be found in the above reference. The
Clare Island specimen is an ovigerous female of rather broad shape, in com-
parison with its length, which is 768u. The epistome (fig. 10) is rather like
that of C. nemorensis (Koch).
Distribution.—Tragardh records this species from Siberia, Novaya Semlya,
Greenland, and Swedish Lapland (Sarekgebirge).
Pachylaelaps pectinifer (G. et R. Can.). var. magnus nov.
To a variety of this species must be referred a female Pachylaelaps, found
amongst moss in the Westport district. Compared with the typical form, this
specimen is remarkable for its large size, the length being about 1280 and
the breadth 795u. It agrees in this respect, however, with one of the
Italian specimens which the authors refer to as an “ esemplare gigante” (23,
p. 64).
Compared with the type, this large Irish form is also remarkable for the
more quadrate shape, and the pointed anterior extremity is much more
acuminate. The epistomal process has a decidedly shorter stem than is shown
in Berlese’s figures of the species, and the broad comb-like extremity is armed
with at least six strong teeth, most of which are finely branched at their
extremities. The length of the last pair of legs is about 1075p.
As it seems likely that this forms represents a variety of P. pectinifer, I
would suggest for it the varietal name magnus (n. var.).
There are few records of this species. ‘Tragardh has recently described a
female Pachylaelaps, which he identifies, with reserve, as the present species.
Judging by the structure of the epistome and other characters detailed in his
paper (89, p. 560), not to mention the unusual cave habitat, the form probably
represents a distinct species or variety.
Distribution.—Italy ; France (Lille, Moniez; Département de |’Ariege,
Grotte de Capetes) ; N. Africa (Tunis).
12
93 64 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
Pachylaelaps littoralis nov. sp. (Pl. V, fig. 1la-d.)
On the sea-coast at Mulranny there occurred a male Pachylaelaps, which
is apparently unrecorded, The species is remarkable on account of the
broad, dagger-like process of the chelicerae, the structure of the epistome, and
the processes of the second pair of legs.
MALE (fig. 1la)— Length 819, breadth 4104. Colour yellow, with black
patches showing through the dorsum. Body strongly produced in front,
shoulders sufficiently pronounced, sides slightly emarginate, width across
posterior third equal to that of the shoulders, end of the body evenly
rounded. Dorsal surface smooth, with four rows of rather stout bristles,
including one marginal, upturned, row. There are two pairs of frontal
bristles. Ventral surface protected by the usual large bluntly pointed
shield, leaving a free marginal area, which is wider than in P. pectinifer. The
genital foramen is small and circular; two minute inguinal plates are fused
in the margin of the ventral shield. Peritreme undulate with a rather large
circular stigma.
The epistome (fig. Llc) ends in a rather broad process, the apex of which
is concave, with about eight teeth, which are distinctly branched at their
extremities, somewhat resembling in this respect P. fwrcifer Oudemans (10).
On the ventral plate there are four pairs of bristles, three of which are
placed close to the maxillary lobes. Movable finger of the chelicerae
(fig. 11d) with two strong teeth, under surface raised, and immediately in
front of the prominence there is articulated a broad, dagger-like process,
which is distinctly sinuate at the base. Apex of fixed chela bidentate. Palps
of the usual type, fourth segment not armed. The tritosternum is weakly
developed, base long and narrow, terminal filaments with strong widely
separated pectinations (fig. 11d).
Legs comparatively long, the respective lengths are about 793y, 563p,
486u, and 665u, second pair (fig. 11d), thick; femur armed with a stout
conical spur, which is weakly serrated in front, at its base is a bristle-bearing
papilla; patella with a much smaller bluntly pointed tooth, and the tibia is
unarmed. ‘he tarsus carries the usual two terminal spurs, which are rather
long and slender in the present species. Ambulacra wide, upper membranes
consisting of a three-lobed central piece, and a pointed lateral lobe on
each side.
Locality.—The male of this species occurred under stones about four or
five feet below high-tide mark on the shore of Bellacragher Bay, near
Mulranny, in the month of September.
Clare Island Survey—Acarinida. 39 65
Pachylaelaps longisetis sp. nov. (Pl. V, fig. 12a-d.)
Compared with P. pectinifer, the present species is remarkable for its
very regular oval shape, the much longer hair vestiture of the body, the
rather narrow anal plate, and other details of its structure, notably of the
peritreme.
FEMALE (fig. 12a).—The length is 793u, breadth 460u. Shape a long
_ oval, shoulders scarcely at all indicated. Dorsal surface smooth, with very
long, scattered hairs, consisting of a regular marginal row, and at least two
double inner rows. Ventral surface with the usual plate armature, sternal
shield with four pairs of long hairs; metapodial shield extending backwards in
asharply pointed process. The peritreme is bent sharply inwards between the
acetabula of the second and third legs, much as in P. furcifer Oudms. ;
stigmata small, placed opposite the front margin of the last coxae. Genito-
ventral plate of the usual shape, slightly flattened on the hinder margin.
Anal plate as long as it is broad, differing in this respect from the allied
species. The hair vestiture of the ventral surface is also very long; apart
from marginal hairs, there are at least six long curved hairs on each side of
the anal plate.
Capitulum short and broad; epistomal process (fig. 12b) very broad and
only slightly constricted, terminal comb with nine or ten uniform teeth.
Seen from the side the chelicerae (fig. 12c) are short and stout, the free
chela has too strong widely separated teeth; the fixed chela has one tooth
and the sinuate membranous flap behind this tooth is very finely striated
at the margin. Maxillary lobes long and slender. Palps small, much as in
P. pectinifer, ventral face of second segment with two stout bristles.
Tritosternum feebly developed, filaments with fine, closely set pectinations.
Legs rather slender; the lengths are approximately 561u, 495p, 363u, and
517u. Femur of second pair with only a slight distal prominence. There
is a small conical papilla on the dorsal side of the trochanter. Hair and
tarsal spine armature much as in P. pectiniferyexcept that the hairs are
longer in the present species (fig. 12d).
Locality.—The female of this species arwaunesadl in a decayed tree trunk at
Glendarary, Achill Island, during November.
Hydrogamasus Giardi (Berl. et Trouess.).
This is evidently a true tide-mark species. I have found it commonly on
limestone rocks, exposed by the tide, on the seashore near Malahide, Co.
Dublin.
39 66 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
Holostaspis longispinosus (Kramer).
Clare Island, in moss, during March; Achill Island, in moss and under
bark, nympha generans and mature female, September.
Distribution. A widespread European species; recorded from Germany ;
Holland ; Italy, &c.
Holostaspis longulus Berlese.
1887. Berlese 1, Fase. xliii, n. 9. 1902. Oudemans 74, p. 42.
Clare Island, 2 in moss, during March; Mulranny, ¢° in rotten wood,
September ; Castlebar, nympha coleoptrata under stones on lake shore, July.
I have also found it on the sea shore at Howth, Co. Dublin.
In his “New List” (74) Oudemans points out that the epistome has a
straight spinous margin, and is not produced at the centre as it is shown in
the original figure. This is also true of the few Irish specimens that I have
seen. In one of these the bifurcated apex of the central process is distinctly
rebranched so that there are, on each side, at least four finely pointed
extremities. The dorsal shield is very distinctly punctured, and has crenulate
side-margins, clothed with a number of stout pectinated spines, and there
are some plain bristles on the central part of the dorsum.
Distribution.—Italy (Berlese records this species as occurring in moss in
Sicily); Holland (Oudemans, among decayed leaves) ; France (Moniez 53).
Holostaspis tridentinus G. et R. Can.
Clare Island, ¢ in moss, July; Achill Island, ? in moss and under bark
in September; Croaghpatrick, ? in sphagnum, 600 feet, October; Knappagh
Wood. near Westport, in moss, August.
Distribution.—Evidently a common European species, the recorded
localities ranging from Lapland (Tragardh) to Italy, where, according to
Berlese, it occurs chiefly in mosses on mountains.
Holostaspis terreus (Can. et Fanzago). (PI. V, fig. 13.)
1877. Canestrini et Fanzago 25, p. 48. 1882. G. et R. Canestrini 23,
p: 27. 1889. Berlese 1, Fase. lii, 7. 1902. Oudemans 74, p. 48.
Achill Island, ? in fungi, September; Kappagh Wood, near Westport, in
moss, August. I have also found it under bark of old pine stumps at Howth,
Co. Dublin.
This beautifully sculptured species was first described, without figures,
by Canestrini and Fanzago. Berlese referred it to a variety of his Holostaspis
alpinus, a form which he subsequently identifies as the nympha generans stage
of H. longispinosus (2, p. 70).
Clare Island Survey—Acarinida. 39 67
The specimens here recorded are females, apparently in the deutonymphal
stage, they are of a pale yellowish-brown colour, the length is about 717p.
The dorsal shield is large, gradually narrowed, and just reaches the hinder
margin of the body. Surface finely punctured and marked with a hexagonal
pattern which is more distinct in front and along the side margins. The latter
are minutely crenulate, there is a hair armature of strongly pectinated spines.
Margin of the epistome (fig. 13) toothed, the long central process has a
finely spinous stem, and terminates in two flattened branches, the extremities
of which show three or four deep indentations. Over this central process
there are two shorter, outwardly curved processes. Sternal shield widely
separated from the genital plate. Anal shield circular, with two pairs of
spinous hairs. Lying between the genital and anal shields are a number of
small plates, at least two of these carry hairs. Legs rather long and of
robust build, hairs of the last pair very finely spinous, stronger than those of
the other pairs. Fixed chela with one large tooth, free chela with two rather
small teeth.
Distribution.—Canestrini says this species lives under plants, in moss, and
in damp earth (Italy), and Oudemans records it from a number of Dutch
localities where it occurs amongst decaying leaves.
Holostaspis marginatus (Ilerm.) var. littoralis nov. (PI. V, fig. 14a.)
On the sea-shore at Westport I have found both sexes of a Holostaspis,
which is probably referable to a variety of H. marginatus (Herm.).
The male example found is not mature, but the females are fully deve-
loped. It closely resembles the mite described by Berlese under the name of
H. badius (1, Fase. lii, 3). In a later reference (2, p. 70) he definitely
identifies this species as the tritonymph of H. marginatus (Herm.).
The following is a short description of the male (fig. 14a) :—Length, 600n,
breadth, 3804. Colour yellow, outline of the body strongly emarginate in
front of the shoulders, which are well marked, and from thence the side
margins become gradually narrower, end of the body somewhat truncated.
The skin is finely punctured and scaly, and the hair vestiture is short; the
two frontal bristles are very small and close together. Sternal plate,
with five pairs of short hairs, separated from the anal plate; male genital
foramen funnel-shaped. The peritreme runs straight down from the shoulders,
only slightly sinuate, with the usual club-like stigmal area.
The capitulum (fig. 140) is nearly quadrate, hair armature of ventral
plate normal. Maxillary lobes lanceolate, placed rather close together.
Epistome (fig. 14¢) shaped much as in H. marginatus (Herm.), extremities of
39 68 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
both processes finely pointed. Mandibles small, teeth much as in Berlese’s
figure of H. badius (1, li 3, fig. 4), free mandible with a strongly bent spur
directed posteriorly. Palps slender, the ventrai armature is as follows :—
First segment. with two bristles near middle; second segment, a strong distal
spine; fourth segment, with two stout distal spines on the outer face of the
segment. Legs, lengths about 550yu, 462u, 407u, 616, femur of second leg
(fig. 14e) armed with a stout spur undulated in front and with neighbouring
bristles, there is a small conical papilla on the ventral side of the patella and
the tibia. Fourth pair with two small sharply pointed femoral spurs, one of
these springs from an equally long peduncle.
FEMALE (fig. 14e), length 896n, closely similar to H. badius, as figured by
Berlese (1, Fasc. ii, 3). The chelicerae are short and robustly built, fixed
chela with one very large triangular tooth, and between this and the apex
there is a smaller tooth; free chela with two stout teeth placed close
together and another much smaller one a little in advance of these (fig. 14d).
Capitulum, epistome, frontal bristles as in the male.
It seems likely that this mite is a shore-frequenting form of A. marginatus.
Dendrolaelaps n. gen.
Shape subquadrate. Dorsal shield divided near the middle. Sternum
separated from the ventro-anal shield. The latter is very large, incised on
the front margin, and in the male sex it is continuous with the second dorsal
shield. In the male the second legs are very stout, and the tarsus is armed
on the inner side with a stout, sharply pointed spur; ambulacra present on
all legs. Male chelicerae with a long process. Epistome trispinous. Type
species D. Oudemansi sp. nov.
This genus is allied to Gamasellus, Berlese, which was originally described
as a subgenus of Cyrtolaelaps. The presence of a strong tarsal spur, and the
fused ventro-anal plates would appear to distinguish it from that genus.
Dendrolaelaps Oudemansi n. sp. (Pl. VI, fig. 15a—-d.)
A small species which greatly resembles Gamasellus captator (Berlese) in
superficial appearance, especially in the shape and hair armature of the
body.
MALE (fig. 15a).—Length 484u: breadth 2534. The sternum is narrow
in front, with a cup-shaped hoilow for the genital foramen, ending in a
pointed extremity at the end of the last pair of coxae; sides strongly pro-
duced between the second and third legs, and to a lesser extent between
the two last pairs of legs, hair armature consisting of five pairs of short
spines. Immediately behind the sternum is a pair of small, triangular plates,
Clare Island Survey—Acarinida, 39 69
each with a hair, and behind these are two small plates placed transversely.
The ventro-anal shield is of peculiar structure, it is very large, and is certainly
continuous with the second dorsal shield; its anterior margin is incised,
leaving a wedge-shaped piece projecting from the centre of the shield. ‘The
peritreme runs in a sinuate line close to the body margin, stigma opposite
the last acetabula.
Capitulum transverse, hinder margin strongly convex, and there are
four pairs of hairs on the maxillary plate; the lobes are rather club-shaped
with pointed extremities. Epistome trispinous, central spine shorter than
the others. Chelicerae (fig. 150), the free chela is greatly swollen at the
base, and the claw-like terminal part is without teeth, a very long, slender
process springs from the base, it is like that of Gamasellus captator, but its
extremity is not curved round, as it is in that species, but is continued on a
sinuate line ; fixed chela with one strong tooth. Palps small and rather
stout, inner side of last segment with a bifurcated spine at the base. Legs
short and robust, second pair extremely thick, femur with a strong curved
spine, patella and tibia with a small tooth; on the inner side of the tarsus
(fig. 15c) there is a stout knife-like spur with a pointed extremity reaching
as far as the end of the segment; fourth leg stouter than the third, upper
side of femur with two stout hairs.
FEMALE.—A figure of what I believe is the female of this species will be
found on Pl. VI, fig. 15d. The length is 352u and the breadth 154,.
Localities —Found under bark of decayed trees in the Westport demesne
in July; the above-mentioned female specimens occurred on fallen pine-
cones on Achill Island in September. I have also found the male under
bark of fir trees at Friarstown in the Dublin mountains during April and at
Drimnagh near Dublin in January.
Family LAELAPTIDAE.
Laelaps (Eulaelaps) stabularis C. L. Koch.
A number of specimens, including both young and adult forms, were
found on a field mouse caught on Clare Island by Dr. Patten.
Distribution.—Europe, parasitic on rodents.
Laelaps (Eulaelaps) agilis C. L. Koch.
A single specimen of this species occurred in the same habitat in company
with the preceding species.
Distribution.— Widespread in Europe.
R.I.A. PROC., VOL. XXXI, K 39
39 70 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
Laelaps (Pseudoparasitus) meridionalis G. et R. Can.
The Bill Rocks off Clare Island, in debris from nests of sea birds. I have
also found this mite in an ant’s nest (Formica fusca) at the Scalp in county
Dublin, possibly an accidental occurrence. Oudemans suggests (74, p. 29)
that as in the male of this species the second legs are much stronger than
the others it should be referred to the family Gamasidae instead of to the
Laelaptidae, and proposes a new genus, Pseudoparasitus, for its reception.
Distribution.—Berlese records this species from central and southern
Europe.
Laelaps (Ololaelaps) tumidulus C. L. Koch.
Females of this common species were found amongst moss on Clare Island
in August; also on Achill Island in September.
Distribution—A widespread European species.
Laelaps (Ololaelaps) confinis Berl.
Found amongst moss on Achill Island in November.
This species is briefly described by Berlese (6) as follows: “ Facies Z. placen-
tulae Berl. sed setis corporis, praecipue posticis, minimus. Foem. tantum
nota. Ad 750. long. (maior quam ZL. venetus Berl.)” There is little doubt
that a female specimen collected in the above-mentioned locality is to be
referred here. Its length is 742u, and the hairs on the upper surface of the
body are decidedly shorter than in Z. placentulae: I may add that the outline
of the body is more spherical. This species may be easily overlooked as
L. tunidulus Koch. :
Distribution.—Collected by Thor in Norway.
Laelaps (Hypoaspis) oblongus sp. noy. (Pl. VI, fig. 16.)
The following is a short description of a Laelaps which was found under
bark of decayed trees in the Westport demesne during the month of July. It
is allied to LZ. myrmecophilus Berlese, an ants’ nest species, but differs in form,
in the presence of a prolonged peritrematic shield, as well as in other
characters.
FEMALE (fig. 16).—Shape oblong ovate (length 691y, breadth 384,),
shoulders fairly well marked. Dorsal shield almost entirely covering the
upper surface, with scale-like markings, which are more distinct and tend to
become hexagonal towards the side margins; the hair vestiture is scanty,
frontal bristles strong. The sternum is wide in front, hind margin straight
reaching a little beyond the middle of the second acetabula. The genito-
ventral plate is large and trapezoidal, much as in LZ. myrmecophilus, it is
— Clare Island Survey— Acarinida. 39 71
devoid of hairs except for two pairs placed on the actual margins of the
plate. Anal shield triangular (breadth 140), pedal plates well developed,
enclosing the last pair of acetabula ; peritreme slightly waved, strengthened
in its outer side by a chitinous plate which is prolonged well beyond the
last acetabula.
The capitulum is transverse, end margin rounded, central part of the
maxillary plate produced, lobes small and straight, and there are four pairs
of hairs, one pair set further back near the lateral margin. Epistome hood-
like, indistinctly serrated; chelicerae, fixed chela with four teeth, two of
these much stronger than the others, and on the free chela are two strong
teeth placed vather close together. Palps small and slender, length about
260u, of the usual laelaptid type. Legs long and robust, length of last pair
528u. An immature specimen occurred with the adult, it is small and
transparent (length 665, breadth 358 jn).
Laelaps (Hypoaspis) ovatulus sp. nov. (PI. VI, fig. 17a, 0.)
This species is closely allied to the preceding in most of the details of its
structure, the following differences may be noted :—
FemaLe (Pl. VI, fig. 17a).—The size is smaller (length about 550,
breadth 297), and the shape is more regularly oval. Dorsal shield similarly
sculptured, but narrower, leaving more of the body margin uncovered.
Sternal shield narrower in front, hinder margin rounded. ‘lhe small jugular
plates are united by a porous chitinous plate. Peritreme not bordered
externally, post-stigmatic part continuous with the outer margin of the
pedal plates as it is in L. oblongus. The epistome is wide, but little produced
in the centre and very minutely serrated on its front margin.
Chelicerae (fig. 170), fixed chela with two strong teeth and in front of the
distal one is a row of four or five minute, closely set teeth; free chela with
two widely separated teeth. Legs comparatively shorter, basifemur of second
pair with a short, stout spine near the centre of its ventral surface, the
posterior tarsi are also less elongate.
Locality.x—Found in the flowers of Campanula on the sandhills at
Mulranny in September.
Laelaps (Hypoaspis) acutus Michael.
Mulranny, in nests of the ant Myrmica scabrinodis under stones,
September.
Distribution.—Austria (Tyrol, in ants’ nests, Michael). Probably widespread
in Europe, though Berlese says it has not been found in Italy (12).
K 2
39 72 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
Laelaps (Hypoaspis) longipes sp. nov. (Pl. VI. fig. 18a-0.)
This is a long oval, weakly chitinized species with a rather dense hair
vestiture, and the male chelicerae are peculiarly armed.
Matz (fig. 182).—Shape an elongate oval, colour very pale yellow. Length
about 742u, breadth 384u. Dorsal shield entire, widest at the shoulders,
narrowing toa blunt point posteriorly, surface smooth, frontal bristles stout and
finely setose. Hair armature rather long and dense. The fused ventral plates are
of the laelaptid form, narrower and more pointed posteriorly than the dorsal
shield (indicated by dots in drawing), hairs on the sternal part long. Pedal-
plates preseni, but weakly developed: peritreme bent slightly inward towards
the stigma.
Capitulum distinctly transverse, with four pairs of long, finely setose
hairs on the maxillary plate, three pairs of these are grouped at the base of
the maxillary lobes, the latter are straight. Epistome produced at centre, but
not strongly so, margin serrate. Chelicerae, iree chela witha strongly curved
apex and one triangular tooth, the male process projects slightly beyond the
end of the segment, and sends off a short spur which, in dorsal view, is seen
to be directed upwards; fixed chela without teeth, and with a marked
concavity for the reception of the tooth on the free chela (fig. 186). Palps
rather long and slender, on the ventral surface the first segment has two
strongly setose hairs, the second segment has a stout setose hair both on its
outer and inner side near the apex, third segment with two stout curved
spines, fourth segment with a long ventral hair, and on its upper surface one
or two very stout spines project over the last segment. Legs very long, the
approximate lengths are 742u, 540u, 563y, 7934, with long hair armature,
tarsi of last pair elongate.
Locality—There is no note as to the actual habitat in which this
Species occurred, except that it was found in the Westport district in
July.
Laelaps (Cosmolaelaps) vacuus Michael.
Occurs commonly at Mulranny in nests of the ants Lasius niger and
Myrmica scabrinodis.
Berlese has described two varieties of this species. The Mulranny
specimens vary a little in colour and size; yet, I believe, they are all
referable to the type form.
Distribution.—Probably widespread in Europe; has been recorded from the
Austrian Tyrol, Italy, and Britain.
Clare Island Survey—Acarinida. 39 73
Laeleps (Cosmolaelaps) styliferus sp.nov. (Pl. VI, fig. 19¢-c.)
Allied to the preceding species, but it is smaller, and the male armature
oi the legs and palps is different.
Matt—Length 473u, pale straw colour. Second leg very stout,
trochanter armed on its outer side with a strong spur (fig. 19a), fourth pair
(fig. 195) equally stout, seen from the under side the corners of the trochanter
are slightly produced and spur-like, the end margin of the patella has a short
stout spine, which is apparently much stronger than in Z. vacwus; tibia with
three well-marked prominences. Chelicerae small (fig. 19c), free chela with two
very distinct teeth, fixed chela with a strong tooth, the male appendage is
comparatively straight with a tooth-like process near apex, thence strongly
narrowed. Near the middle of the ventro-anal region there is a long dagger-
shaped process which is directed forwards, and reaches to about the middle
of the last pair of acetabula.
A female specimen found in the same nest probably belongs to this
species. The length of the body is the same (473). The genital plate is of
uniform breadth, and its truncated hinder margin lies close to the anal shield.
Locality—Found in a nest of the small yellow ant Lasius flavus at
Mulranny in September.
Laelaps (Cosmolaclaps) claviger Berl.
I have found females of this well-marked species at Lucan and Howth in
Co. Dublin, and in moss received from Birr, King’s County, in November.
Laelaps (Oolaelaps) montanus Berl.
Mulranny, females found in nests of the ant Formica fusca, in September.
A few specimens of a Laelaps found on the lower slopes of the Curraun
mountains are to be referred to the present form which does not appear
amongst the recorded British species of ants’ nest mites. It is closely allied
to LZ. oophilus Wasm., but the smaller size (484, in the Irish specimens)
more elongate chelae, and the somewhat longer legs, serve to distinguish it
from that species.
Distribution. With Formica fusca in Italy (Berlese 12).
Seiulus.
The acari belonging to the Seius group of the family Laelaptidae are, as
regards their genera, badly in need of revision. It seems clear that the
generic name Seius must be restricted to Koch’s Seivs togatus, a peculiar
form which happens to be the first species described by Koch under that
genus. LBerlese has recently founded a new genus Ameroseius (2, p. 258)
39 74 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
without any diagnosis, but Seius echinatus Koch was indicated as the type-
form. This seems to be an unfortunate selection for the reason that it is
admittedly synonymous with Serius hirsutus Koch, and Berlese had already
proposed the name Seiulus (1, Fasc. xli, n. 3) for the nympia generans stage
of that species. Asa matter of fact Koch’s Se/us hirsutus has been selected
as the type species of no less than ‘Aree genera, these are, Seiulus Berlese,
Echinoseius Ribage, and Ameroseius Berlese.
In the following paper only two genera are made use of in the Sezus
group, namely. Paraseius Tragardh (88, p. 432), and Seiulus Berlese. To the
first of these are referred three species, with the undermentioned characters,
for which Ameroseius italicus Berlese may well serve asa type. Tragardh selects
Seius moliis (Kramer) as the type of the genus, but this species belongs to a
different genus (Epicrius).
I have found three species of Paraseius in Ireland, two of these occurred
amongst wet moss growing on stones in mountain streams, and the third
(P. serratus sp. nov.) is common in very wet sphagnum, also on mountains. In
all probability the peculiar armature of the acetabula is an adaptation to a
semiaquatic habitat. as it is quite different from that of the typical Seiulus,
and reminds one of the ambulacra of certain gamasid mites found living
between tide-marks on the sea-shore.
Seiulus spathuliger (Leonardi).
Achill Island, not uncommon in moss, November.
The original description (39, p. 6) of this well-marked species may be
supplemented in a few particulars. The Achill specimens measure about
3964 by 2534. The dorsal plate is large and has serrated margins, anterior
surface with granules which tend to form short transverse ridges ; hairs ornate,
those of the hinder part of the plate are broad, with a median keel and deep
pectinations, the last three pairs of the marginal series are strongly clavate
and stand out conspicuously from the end margin of the body; the latter is
distinctly crenulate. Ventro-anal plate completely covering the epigastric
region, the hinder part of the shield is granulated. Tritosternum feebly
developed with two pairs of lateral spines close to the filaments. The
peritreme is strengthened by a porous shield, and its canal lies close to the
acetabula.
Capitulum rather short and broad; epistome trispinous. Fixed chela
with four teeth almost equidistant from one another, and there are two teeth
on the free chela. In his description of the jaw armature Leonardi evidently
includes the apical tooth, as he mentions one more tooth for each chela.
Clare Island Survey—Acarinida. 39 75
Distribution. — Italy (found on plants, in moss, and in decayed wood,
Leonardi). Holland. Berlese suggests that the species described by
Oudemans (74, p.17) under the name of Seiw/us plumosus represents two
distinct forms, one being identical with the present species (16, p. 276).
Seiulus remiger (Kramer). (PI. VI, fig. 20.)
Achill Island, the female occurred commonly in the hollow stems of a large
agaric at Glendarary in September; also at Mulranny. I have found both
sexes at Glendalough, Co. Wicklow, under the fungus-grown bark of decayed
birch trunks during the month of November.
This beautifully sculptured mite does not seem to have been noticed since
Kramer described it under the name Gamasus remiger (36, p. 95), in reference
to the curious oar-like hairs on the end margin of the body. It undoubtedly
belongs to the Seius group, and as the male is undescribed it may be useful
to give a short account of the species.
Femate (fig. 20).—length about 665y, breadth 3784. Shape sub-oval,
shoulders but slightly marked, fore body strongly produced, frontal bristles
small. On the dorsal shield there are two circular pits, surface with distinct
network pattern, also with squamous and granulate markings. Hair armature
feeble, the marginal series increases in length towards the hinder corners of
the body where the hairs spring from tubercles, the last pair of hairs are
long, and have a narrow apical blade. Sternal and genital plates of the usual
laelaptid type, the latter reticulated in front. Ventro-anal plate large and
rotund, lying in front of it is a transverse row of six small plates. The peri-
treme is protected by a narrow chitinous border fusing beyond the stigma
with the pedal plates.
Capitulum longer than broad, hair armature as usual, maxillary lobes
small. Epistome trispinous, the lateral spines are minutely pectinated on
their outer margins, and the central spine is longer than the others, with a
widened and spinous extremity. Mach chela of the chelicerae is furnished
with two teeth. Palps normal. Legs of moderate length, spine armature
rather weak, in part pedunculate, a pair of long, up-curled hairs spring
from the upper side of the tarsus of the last three pairs of legs.
Mate.—Smaller, length about 517, breadth 286. Sternal plate reach-
ing the end of the fourth coxae, with five pairs of short hairs; genital foramen
rather large. The ventro-anal shield is very large, and the two inguinal
plates, which are separate in the female, are fused with its front corners.
Capitulum more quadrate. Sexual differences are noticeable in the
chelicerae, the free chela has only one tooth, and a sinuate process of uniform
39 76 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
breadth springs from its base and extends well beyond the apex of the
segment, fixed chela armed with two teeth.
Distribution Germany (under fallen leaves, Kramer).
Seiulus minutus sp.nov. (PI. VIII, fig. 51.)
The following is a short description of a Seiulus found amongst sphagnum
moss from Croaghmore Mountain, Clare Island, during the month of August.
It is apparently an undescribed species, remarkable for its small size and
peculiar shape, and the distinct puncturation which greatly resembles that
of one of the Oribatidae, Nothrus monodactylus, also found in sphagnum.
Owing to the small size and delicate structure of the single specimen it did
not seem advisable to risk the dissection of the mouth parts, so that the
structure of the jaws and the epistome are not included in the description.
Frmae. —The length is about 286u, breadth 1654. Colour faint yellow,
translucent. The body is rounded in front, side margins sub-parallel, end
margin truncated. Dorsum with distinct light-refracting punctures, and
irregularly shaped markings towards the front and sides; there are two
double rows of short hairs on the back, and a somewhat stronger marginal
row springing from rather widely separated serrations on the sides of the
body.
Sternum and genital plate of the usual laelaptid shape, the latter is long
and narrow; anal plate of moderate size, broadly trapezoidal, lying close to
the end of the body with about eight pairs of neighbouring hairs which are
stronger than those of the upper surface. Peritreme well developed,
stigmal expansion large, extremity partly enclosing the last pair of coxae,
strengthened on its outer side by a narrow chitinous plate.
Capitulum large and cup-shaped, maxillary plate with three pairs of hairs,
one pair placea close to the small maxillary lobes. Palps comparatively
large, armature normal. Legs, especially the last three pairs, very robust,
with strong hairs ; upper lobe of the ambulacra hood-lke, with uninterrupted
margin, immediately over the small ambulacra of the first pair of legs is a
long hair with a distinctly lanceolate extremity.
Seiulus levis Oudms. et Voigts. (Pl. VI, fig. 21).
Lough Fenagh and Delphi, 2 2 in moss, September; Croaghpatrick, 9
amongst sphagnum, October.
A preliminary description of this species appeared in the “ Zoologischer
Anzeiger” for 1904, and a fuller account with figures appeared in a later
paper (75, p. 232). S. levis is remarkable for its oval shape, comparatively
Clare Island Survey—Acarinida. 39 77
smooth surface, which is but faintly sculptured with scale-like markings,
and the hair vestiture is very scanty. The ventro-anal shield is large and
rounded posteriorly, and on the anterior margin there is a wide emargination
which receives the hinder margin of the genital plate.
Distribution—Germany (Bremen).
Seiulus hirsutus (C. L. Koch).
Found amongst moss at Portmarnock, County Dublin, in January.
Seiulus muricatus (C. L. Koch).
I have a single specimen of this species, found at Glendalough, County
Wicklow, in November.
Euphis ostrinus (C. L. [Coch).
Achill Island in moss and under decayed fir cones lying on the ground,
September ; Knappagh Wood near Westport, in moss, August.
This little species is conspicuous in the field on account of its bright red
colouring and polished surface.
Distribution.— Widespread in Europe.
Paraseius Tragardh.
Epistome trispinous. Sternal, genital and ventro-anal plates of the usual
laelaptid type. The peritrematic and outer pedal plates are very highly
developed, and are fused together. Legs long, tarsi of the last pair attenuated
Ambulacra consisting of a lanceolate upper lobe, a pair of narrow mem-
branous lobes, and a pair of bristle-like lateral blades; there are also two
long tarso-ambulacral hairs.
Paraseius italicus (Berl.). (Pl. VI, fig. 22a-b.)
A single ovigerous example of this species occurred amongst moss
gathered from partly submerged stones in a stream on the slopes of
Croaghpatrick in July.
Berlese gives but a short description (9, p. 234) of this acarid, two
figures of the upper and under surface were published in a later
reference (10).
The length of the Ivish specimen is 561, breadth 385u. The dorsal plate
is distinctly reticulated. The fused extremities of the pedal and peritrematic
plates project in a triangular shape a little beyond the hinder margin of the
genital shield. Anal plate very large. The legs measure approximately
572, 4510, 440, and 572.
Distribution.—Northern Italy (found under dead leaves on a marsh,
Berlese).
PROC, R.I.A., VOL. XXXI. L 39
39 78 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
Paraseius serratus sp. nov. (Pl. VI, fig. 25a-d.)
As far as one can judge from a short description this species is allied to
a Norwegian form Ameroseius borealis, Berlese (6, p. 259). It is a narrow,
straw-coloured mite, which would appear to possess characteristics in its
small size, the sculpturing of the dorsal shield, the form of the pedal plates,
and in other details.
FEMALE (fig. 23a)—Length 440u, breadth 286y. Shape a long oval;
dorsal shield large, surface transversely wrinkled in front with angular
marking at the shoulders and towards the sides, which are distinctly
serrated. Central hair armature weak, becoming stronger towards the
margins of the shield where the hairs are adpressed; frontal bristles
strong. Sternal plate wide in front, hinder corners rounded. There are two
small metasternal plates, each carrying a hair. Ventro-anal plate com-
paratively large, almost circular, with three pairs of marginal hairs. The
united pedal and peritrematic plates are produced in a broadly rounded
extremity well beyond the last acetabula; peritreme sinuate with a post-
stigmal continuation bordering, and apparently fused with, the outer margin
of the pedal plates.
Capitulum transverse, hinder margin rounded, hairs normal; epistome
(fig. 23d) trispinous, lateral spines with bifurcated tips; maxillary lobes
lanceolate and well separated. Basal segment of palp swollen, armed with
two hairs, the inner one longand undulate. The tritosternum is remarkable,
instead of the usual narrow base and long filaments, the latter are welded
together, terminal part ciliated at the sides, with a brush of long bristles
at the extremity.
The legs are comparatively shorter and stouter than in d. ifa/icus, the
lengths are about 528u, 418u, 3194, and 3964. Ambulacra (fig. 23c) with
the upper lobe more acute, and the tarso-ambulacral hairs are much shorter.
The fixed chela has a group of at least five distinct teeth, while the free
chela has only one strong tooth.
Locality.—Found commonly in sphagnum, gathered on the slopes of
Croaghpatrick at an elevation of about 600 feet, during the month of
October.
Paraseius tenuipes sp. nov. (Pl. VI, fig. 24a-e.)
The chief points in which the species differs from P. italicus are, the
larger size, the form of the pedal plates, the smaller anal shield.
FEMALE (fig. 24a).—Shape a broad oval, length 742u, breadth 490y.
Dorsal shield reticulated, with rather strong marginal hairs; there is a
circular prominence not far from its hinder margin. The sternum is very
Clare Island Survey— Acarinida. 389 79
wide, not quite reaching the middle of the third coxa, outline of the side
margins interrupted at the middle, hinder margin notched. Genital plate
rather broad, end margin lying a little beyond the extremities of the pedal
plates; ventro-anal shield semicircular, smaller than in P. ‘talicus, and
further removed from the genital plate, lying between the two, are three
pairs of very small chitinous plates. Pedal plates large, just beyond the
last acetabula they turn inwards, forming a truncated posterior margin. The
peritreme is very wide, sinuate, with a post-stigmal continuation reaching
the end margin of the pedal plates. Tritosternum (fig. 245) with a long
fused basal part, filaments short and distinctly spinous. Chelicerae
moderately long and slender, free chela with two very feeble teeth close
to the apex, fixed chela without distinet teeth (fig. 24c). Maxillary
plate with four pairs of hairs, lobes straight and slender. Legs very
long, the respective length about 737, 561u, 550, and 780, tarsi of last
pair much attenuated. Ambulacra very like those of P. italicus.
Locality. ~One example found amongst moss on a stone in a mountain
stream at Glencree, Co. Dublin, May.
Family CELAENOPSIDAE.
Celaenopsis cuspidata (Kvam.).
Last September I found a single example of this remarkable species
under decayed bark at Finglas, in County Dublin.
Family ZERCONIDAE.
Zercon triangularis C. L. Koch.
Common amongst moss from Knappagh Wood, near Westport ; Croagh-
more, Clare Island; and on Achill Island.
The Irish specimens are a little more ovate than those figured by Berlese,
resembling in this respect a Scandinavian form recently described by
Dr. Tragardh under the name Z. cwriosws, of which he remarks: “ Ahnlich
wie Z. triangularis KK. geformt, aber verhaltnismassig breiter mit mehr
abgerundeten hinter Kcken ” (88, p. 441). Some of the specimens have the
two median hairs on the hinder margin of the last dorsal plate longer and
stouter than in the ordinary form, approaching the variety caudatus Berlese,
described by him as of frequent occurrence in moss on high mountains (15,
p. 246).
Distribution.—Recorded from Germany and Italy, and doubtless a common
species in western Europe, though it does not figure in Oudeman’s Dutch
list.
L2
39 380 Proccedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
Zercon trigonus Berlese (Pl. VI, fig. 25).
A single example of this beautifully formed mite occurred amongst
moss sent from Birr, in King’s County, during November. It may be
distinguished from the preceding species by the circular pits on the dorsum,
and by the crenulate hinder margin of the body. Berlese found it amongst
mosses in Italy (6). A sketch of the dorsal surface is given in the present
paper.
Epicrius geometricus Can. et Fanzago.
Found amongst moss from Knappagh Wood, near Westport, in August.
Distribution.—A widespread European species, has been recorded from
Germany, Holland, Italy, and Britain (Lincolnshire, Dr. George).
Asca affinis Oudemans.
Nymphae, apparently referable to this form occurred abundantly in a
sand-pit used for macerating bones, Dublin.
Family THINOZERCONIDAE, x. fam.
On the coasts of Mayo and Dublin I have found between tide-marks both
sexes of an acarid, which does not appear to have been previously observed.
This interesting form clearly belongs to the Gamasoidea; yet its structural
characters are such that it is not possible to refer it to any one of the
described genera, and I believe it should also be regarded as the type of a new
family allied to the Uropodidae and the Zerconidae. Affinities with the last-
named family are apparent in the arrangement of the sternal and ventro-
anal shields in the male, in the position of the male genital foramen
it resembles both of these families.
The presence of two paired, sternal shields in the female is possibly the
most remarkable characteristic of the present genus. Berlese has described an
exotic form, Heterozercon, in the female of which there are two small sternal
plates, however, the two forms are otherwise quite distinct. ‘The dorsal position
of the peritreme is also very remarkable. As a matter of fact there is scarcely
room for the peritreme on the ventral surface of the body owing to the wide
sternal area, the unusually large size of the acetabula, and the presence of
outer pedal plates. The spine armature of the legs is remarkably varied.
In order to indicate the position of the family 'lhinozerconidae I have pre-
pared a synoptical table of the known European families which is necessarily
based on Berlese’s “ Conspectus familiarum ” (2, p. 15) in which he recognizes
two main divisions of the Gamasoidea differing in the position of the male
genital foramen.
Dr. Oudemans has described two additional European families, the
Clare Island Survey—Acarinida. 39 81
Metaparasitidae and the very interesting Rhodacaridae’ in which the male
genital foramen is placed in the sternal shield at a little distance from its
anterior margin, thus forming a link between Berlese’s two main groups of
the Gamasoidea. There would appear, however, to be some doubt that this
is true of the first-mentioned family, as Berlese considers Metaparasitus to be
identical with Gamasolaelaps, and the male foramen is in the usual frontal
position in that genus. On this account, the family Metaparasitidae is
omitted from the following table, which now numbers ten families :—
1. Male genital foramen placed in the sternal shield, :
— Male genital foramen on the anterior margin of the sternal shield .
2. Female genital foramen large, protected by a chitinous plate
enclosed in the sternal shield.* Leg pits (/fossulae pedales) present
im many genera, . 6 0 . . Uropodidae.
— Female genital foramen a transverse incision between the sternal and
genital plates. Leg pits absent. Parasitic on arthropods.
Antennophoridae.
3. Sternal shield entire, two dorsal plates present in both sexes, peritreme
ventral, : ; 5 , ; : Zerconidae.
— Female with two, paired, sternal shields (fused in male), and
three dorsal plates, peritreme dorsal, Thinozerconidae n. fam.
4. “Body divided into two distinct regions: a true thorax and a true
abdomen ” (Oudemans), male genital foramen in the sternal shield
near its anterlor margin, : . Lhodacaridae.
5. Female genital shield entire (iedens) or, only sarily divided in the
middle line (Gamasus) : : : Bek)
— Female area genitalis formed of two hinged Tether sTbites, : ae l()
6. Male with second legs much thicker than in the female; femur,
patella, and tibia more or less armed with processes, Gamasidae.
— Second leg not, or but little, thickened in the male, . ; mes
7. Adults well chitinized and free living (a few species of Laelaps are
parasitic on rats, mice, and voles), . : . Laelaptidae.
— Adults less chitinized, entirely parasitic on vertebrates, : IS
8, Stigma dorsal, ; F 2 : . Pteroptidae.
9. Stigma ventral, 3 : : 3 . Dermanyssidae.
10. A post- -anal plate i is present, « é : . Celaenopsidae.
Ou bo
! The type species, ipo voseus Oudemans, occurs in Ireland. I have found the adult female
under stones, amongst dead leayes, in the Tolka Valley, near Dublin, during the month of February.
As far as I am aware this is the first record of its occurrence since Oudemans described it from the
Netherlands (74, p. 42).
? In a few forms of the Uropodidae belonging to the genera Uroseius, Trachytes, Celeano, and
Polyaspis the female genital foramen is not enclosed in the sternal shield.
39 82 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
Thinozercon n. gen.
The dorsum is protected by three dorsal plates (more or less fused in the
male). There are two, paired, sterna] plates in the female (fused in male), a
fused ventro-anal shield and two inguinal plates. Pedal plates well developed,
uniting behind the fourth acetabula. Peritrveme placed on the dorsal margin of
the body. Epistome unispinous, with strong lateral teeth. Legs inerassate.
ambulacra present on all pairs. Male genital foramen in the centre of the
sternal shield, the latter is entire, not joined to the ventro-anal plate, which
is large, and includes the fused inguinal shields. Second legs of male without
special armature. ‘Type species Vhinozercon Michaeli sp. nov.
Thinozercon Michaeli sp. nov. (Pl. VII, fig. 26a-m.)
MALE (fig. 26a).—Length 1075u, breadth 5684; colour, golden-brown ;
shape, long oval, sinuate in front of the shoulders; the latter are low and
rounded, anterior extremity produced in a small prominence, carrying two
broad serrated bristles. Dorsal surface protected by one fused shield, in
which can be traced the outlines of three plates which are separate in the
female; moderately convex, with three pairs of circular pits. The dorsal
plate folds over and protects the anterior ventral margin. Epidermis finely
punctured, and closely areolated. There is a double row of short spines in
the middle line, and a row of sub-marginal spines, end of the body set with
adpressed bristles, some are feathered. Sternal plate large, fused with the
first and second endopodial plates, front margin wide, undulate; the side
margins send sharp processes between the last three pairs of legs; the end of
the sternum tapers to an obtuse extremity between the fourth acetabula.
There are five pairs of very short hairs on the sternum. The pedal plates
form a continuous line on the outer side of the leg bases, curving inwards
behind the last acetabula, where they form a pair of plate-like expansions
fused with the last pair of inner pedal plates. A large ventro-anal shield
occupies the hinder part of the body, leaving a very narrow margin between
it and the dorsal shield, surface punctured and reticulated. The anal aperture
is on a raised cribium. The peritreme is of remarkable structure, originating
on the front of the body, it follows the upper margin to a point opposite
the interval between the third and fourth legs, it then curves round on itself,
so that the stigmal extremity resembles an inverted interrogation mark. Base
of tritosternum wide, stem stout, dividing to form a pair of long pectinated
filaments. On the inner side of these, at the base, there is a short pointed
process. The genital foramen is a small circular aperture between the third
Clare Island Survey—Acarinida. 39 83
legs; it is protected by two minute semicircular plates with thickened outer
margins ; the first of these carries a pair of stout bristles (fig. 260).
Capitulum transverse; maxillary plate with three pairs of long bristles ;
close to the base is a series of raised semicircular ridges, armed with minute
denticles running obliquely from the middle line of the plate; maxillary
lobes of the usual triangular shape; on the inner side of these there are two
long bristle-like processes, and between these is a pair of long maxillary
processes which are spinous at their extremities. The epistome (fig. 26c) ends
in a stout central spine, with a few lateral teeth, the side margins also carry
strong spines. Chelicerae (fig. 26d), fingers comparatively straight, fixed chela
with three teeth, one peg-like, free chela with two or three, more or less,
obsolete teeth and a minute pilus dentarius. Palps stout and of average
length ; ventral face of first segment, with a distal prominence, carrying a
stout spine, and near the base a bristle, both minutely pectinated; second
segment, three dorsal hairs, a long inner spine, and a ventral bristle; third
segment, three or four dorsal hairs, and two stout inner bristles; fourth
segment, six or seven dorsal hairs, and there is a distal row of long ventral
hairs; fifth segment, numerous bristles, a double claw-like spine.
Legs comparatively long; last three pairs incrassate, armed with simple
and modified hairs; these consist of adpressed hairs, broad spines, with
toothed extremities, and stout peg-like teeth, the last two kinds often arising
from distinct peduncles (fig. 26e—h).
The ends of the tarsi (except first pair) carry three pairs of long pectinated
hairs. ‘The peduncle of the ambulacrum (fig. 267) is broad, and opens out,
dorsally, into a pair of sharply pointed flaps. On the ventral extremity are
two lanceolate bristles which project beyond the two upper membranous
lobes; the latter vary iter se in breadth and in the depth of the median
incission. The ambulacra of the first pair of legs resemble those of the other
pairs, except that they are reduced in size, especially the peduncle, and the
pectinated tarsal hairs are absent.
FEMALE (fig. 26g).—Larger than the male; length, 12804 to 1332;
breadth 768u. Shape and sculpturing as in male; there are three separate
dorsal shields. The large central shield covers most of the dorsum; it is
separated from the narrow anterior marginal plate by a fissure of thiner chitin
which runs obliquely on each side of the body to a point just beyond the
stigma. Immediately behind the large dorsal shield is a small >rescentic
plate, on the posterior margin of which are three pairs of pectinated bristles
springing from tubercles. Ventral surface, sternal area (fig. 26%), with two
paired plates, slightly separated, in the middle line of the body, each
narrowing into a bluntly pointed extremity which does not reach the hinder
39 84 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
margin of the second coxae. The thickened front margin of each of these
plates is very wide, and carries a single hair. The pedal shields are fused
inter se, enclosing the three last pairs of legs. The area genitalis is trapezoidal,
and lies opposite the third and fourth coxae. The anterior margin is rounded,
anterior part protected by a triangular shield, the pointed apex of which
reaches to about the middle of the genital area; the side margins are
strengthened bynarrow plates, hinder margin not chitinized. Ventro-anal plate
much smaller than in the male, long oval, narrowed in front, densely areolated
and punctured, armed with about four pairs of small bristles, and there are
two pairs of strong pectinated hairs on the hinder margin. On each side of
the ventro-anal shield is an oval inguinal shield. Peritreme (fig. 267) as in
male, tritosterum with a hatchet-shaped base, much larger than in the male,
filaments long and finely pectinated.
Capitulum cup-shaped, maxillary plate with three pairs of long, widely
separated hairs. Epistome, palps, and mandibles closely resembling those of
the male. ‘Ihe legs are longer and less incrassate, their respective lengths
are 814, 748, 737, and 902n.
Nywmru (fig. 267).—An immature example, representing an early nymphal
stage, of the female was found at Westport in July. It measures 998m in
length, by 614 in breadth. The general structure greatly resembles that of
the adult, except in the plate armature of the body.
The dorsal surface is protected by jive plates arranged as follows :—two
narrow marginal plates running from the chitinized frontal extremity to the
point where the peritreme turns inwards on the dorsum; a large anterior
shield, which is somewhat cone-shaped, containing the first two pairs of
dorsal pits; at a little distance from this is a smaller semicircular plate,
emarginate in front, enclosing the third pair of dorsal pits, and immediately
behind this a small terminal plate similar to that of the adult. There are
indications that in the still younger nymph there may possibly be three pairs
of these central shields. Two sternal plates are present ; they seem, however,
to be fused on a chitinous base which reaches beyond them, and is deeply
excavated on its hinder margin, so that the nymph differs in this respect from
the adult female. There is a long ventro-anal shield, and on each side of this
two circular inguinal shields. ‘he legs and ambulacra are like those of the
adult.
Localities. —Found in some numbers under stones on the sea-shore at
Westport, County Mayo, in July (¢, 2, and nymph). I have also found
both sexes in a similar habitat, between tide-marks on the south shore of
Howth, County Dublin, in the month of April,
Clare Island Survey— Acarinida. 39 85
Family UROPODIDAE.
Cilliba cassidea (Herm.).
Clare Island, in moss, March; Achill Island ¢ and ¢ in moss and under
bark, September and Nevember; Westport district, adults and nymphs in
August.
Berlese describes two forms of this species which he separates as
follows :—
“Dorsum glaberrimum, scutum genitale foeminae, nitidum 750. long...
Discopoma cassidea G. et R. Can. (Herm.).
“Dorsum setosum, scutum genitale foeminae punctulatum., Ad 460. long.
D. cassidea var. minor Berl.” (2)
An examination of numerous Irish specimens shows the presence of hairs
on the dorsum, and the female genital shield is distinctly punctulate. In
the matter of size, however, they agree with the typical form, measuring from
744u to 9214 in length. Both sexes vary equally in size. Possibly these
specimens may be referable to a large form of the species.
A few of the nymphae homeomorphae were also found. In these the broad
marginal part of the body is imperfectly chitinized on the ventral side,
forming three pairs of plates. The second segment of the first pair of legs is
without the distal spur which is always present in the adult.
Distribution.—Gerimany (Koch); Italy (Berlese); Holland (Oudemans,
who records both the type form and the variety mino: Berl.).
There is a difference of opinion amongst acarologists concerning the use
of the generic names Cilliba, von Heyden and Discopoma, Canestrini for the
preceding species (cassidea Herm.), a question concerning the validity of
von Heyden’s genera. Mr. Michael has dealt with the subject at length
(49, p. 295) giving his reasons for the revival of certain of von Heyden’s
genera including Cilliba. Until the appearance of his valuable paper “ Acari
Mirmecofili,” Berlese had consistently used Discopoma to include cassidea |
Herm. In that paper, however, he states that there is sufficient reason for
the revival of Cilliba, with cassidea as the type, as indicated by von Heyden,
thus agreeing with Michael’s use of this name, while Kramer’s “ Uropoda
splendida” is selected as the type of Discopoma. Berlese remarks “il
genere Discopoma di G, et R. Canestrini, sembra avere realmente per tipo la
D. splendidu, almeno questa ¢ la prima specie (sotto 11 nome D. ¢/ypeata),
che i detti Autori illustrano.” It is fortunate if, for this reason, both of
these generic names can be preserved.
R,I.A. PROC., VOL, XXXI. M 39
39 86 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
Cilliba vegetans (Duges).
Westport, found attached to a large Dor Beetle (Geotrupes stercorarius)
in July..
This specimen is in the nympha homeomorpha stage, and agrees closely
with the figure given by Oudemans of this form (78, pl. viii, fig. 35).
Distribution.—A widespread European species.
Discopoma integra Berl.
Clare Island, 9 and xympha homeomorpha in sphagnum, July; Achill
Island, females under bark, in decayed wood and in moss, September.
Not uncommon in these localities. The nympha homeomoryha is smaller
(length 407, breadth 350) and less elliptical in shape than the adult
female, an Irish example of which measures 440u by 340u. I have also found
the female on decayed wood at Glendalough, Co. Wicklow. The male is
unknown.
There is an error in the original description of this species (15, p. 244)
which should be corrected. Berlese refers to the marginal plates of the
dorsum as follows:—“Scutum dorsi marginale integrum, totum aeque
chitineum, transverse striatulum.” An examination of the Irish specimens
shows that the marginal plates are not entire, and indeed Berlese’s excellent
figures of the species, published subsequently (11, pl. ii, fig. 18), make this
point quite clear. These plates taper to a point a short distance from each
other, leaving uncovered a small part of the posterior end of the body.
Distribution.—ltaly (im moss at Vallombrosa, Palermo, Roma. Berlese).
Discopoma pulcherrima Berlese.
A single specimen of this handsome species occurred in a nest of the ant
Formica fusca in a decayed birch stump at Glendalough, Co. Wicklow, last
September, in company with Urovbovella notabilis Berl. It does not seem to
have been recorded from the British Isles. Berlese found it in rotten wood,
and also in ants’ nests, though he does not mention the species of ant
(5, p. 247). ,
Phaulocylliba Berlesii sp.nov. (Pl. VII, fig. 27a-d )
This genus was described by Berlese from Norwegian and Italian speci-
inens in 1903 (6, p. 270), and P. ventricosa was indicated as the type species.
The genus is briefly characterized as follows :—* Characteres generis Dvsco-
poma, sed scutum marginale dorsi omnino nullum. Scutum dorsuale medium
ovale, sat a marginibus discretum. Metapodia ut in Uropodis. Fossulae
pedales subevanidae,”
Clare Island Survey—Acarinida. 39 87
The most interesting feature about this genus is the absence of marginal
plates. On the Dublin coast I have found an undoubted species of Phaulo-
cylliba, which from its much smaller size and peculiar habitat evidently
represents an undescribed species.
MALE (fig. 27@).—A small yellowish brown, oval-shaped species; the
measurements are—length about 670y, breadth 486u. The dorsal shield is
large, very finely punctured, and also with larger punctures. There is a
double row of short adpressed hairs on the middle of the dorsum, and a few
scattered hairs towards the sides. Marginal plates absent, so that the
body margin from behind the shoulders is unprotected (fig. 270) with seven
or eight pairs of short spines, two pairs of these, at the end of the body,
are longer than the others.
The ventral plate is large, and leaves uncovered a narrow body margin
behind the last pair of legs. The fosswlae pedales of the fourth legs are
not strongly marked; their outlines run obliquely from the last acetabula
and curve round to within a short distance of the body margin, remaining
Jossulae evanescent.
The peritreme starts a little in front of the second legs ; curving outwards
it les along the margin of the body, and thence turns obliquely inwards
reaching a point near the acetabula of the third legs. Genital foramen (fig. 27c,
between the fourth acetabula, oblong, slightly flattened at each end; a pair of
strong hairs spring from near its hinder margin. Camerostoma small. Base
of tritosternum semicircular, end of filament three-branched.
Capitulum nearly square, maxillary plate with three pairs of short hairs
along the middle line, and a pair of very long hairs on its front margin;
outer lobes small. The under side of the tirst palp segment is swollen into a
large rounded prominence which carries at its apex a two segmented process ;
the end segment is bilobed, and its inner lobe terminates in four or five
curved bristles (fig. 27d), otherwise the palps are of normal structure. ‘The
chelicerae are withdrawn into the body cavity. Armature of legs much as in
Cilliba ; there is a small branched hair on the underside of the patella and
tibia of the last three pairs of legs.
Locality.—Found under stones between tide-marks in Howth Harbour,
Co. Dublin, towards the end ot November.
Haluropoda n. gen.
In salt marshes both on the east and west coasts of Ireland there
occur two species of the Uropodidae which would appear to be referable
to an undescribed genus, intermediate in character between the genera
M2
89 88 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
Discopoma and Uropoda, Auct. The generic characters are briefly as
follows :—
Dorsal plates consisting of the usual large shield and two marginal plates
which do not cover the posterior margin of the body, resembling the genus
Discopoma in this respect. Ambulacra present on all legs, those of the first
pair obvious, though smaller than the others. The fossulae pedales are
sufficiently well developed, last pair without a separate groove for the
reception of the tarsal segments (such as is found in Urodiscella and other
genera). Metapodial line present, evanescent towards the middle of the
body. Type species, Haluropoda interrupta sp. nov.
In order to indicate the position of this new genus I have prepared a
table based on the characters of the dorsal plates and on the presence, or
otherwise, of ambulacra on the first pair of legs. Mr. Michael has published
a synoptical table of the then known genera in his “ Notes on the Uropo-
dinae” (49, p. 298), and more recently Berlese compiled a very useful table
of the uropodid genera (12, p. 324). With regard to the ambulacra, Michael
does not agree that their presence on, or absence from, the first pair of legs is
a good method of dividing these genera, though “it may be preserved to
differentiate smaller groups,” yet it is undoubtedly a useful character, and
cannot, in my opinion, be overlooked in the grouping of the genera.
First pair of legs without ambulacra—
Marginal shield entire, fused with the central dorsal
shield, : ‘ Culliba (Cullibano) von Heyd.
Marginal shield interrupted, not covering the end of the
dorsum. : Discopoma G. et R. Canestrini.
Marginal shields absent, Phauwlocylliba Berl.
First pair of legs furnished with ambulacra—
Marginal shield interrupted, . . Haluropoda n. gen.
Marginal shield entire, : . 'Uropoda Auct.
Haluropoda interrupta sp. nov. (Pl. VIL, fig. 28a-c.)
Mate(fig. 28~).— Length 866 to921p, breadth 716y. Colour light chestnut,
shape sub-discoidal, produced to form the narrow anterior margin. Dorsal
shield large, very finely punctured with small scattered hairs. The marginal
plates are indistinctly punctured, and taper to a point at a little beyond the
"For the distinctive characters of the genera allied to the Uropoda of Auct., see Berlese’s table
(12 p. 325). They are Uroplitella Beri., Urodiscella Berl., Uroobovella Beri., Urodinychus Beri.,
and the myrmecophilous genera, Urotrachytes Ber/., and Trachyuropoda Berl.
Clare Island Survey—Acarinida. 39 89
third quarter of the body; in the cuticle of the uncovered part of the dorsum
are about six pairs of hair-bearing pores ; there are also a few fine hairs on
the posterior margin. Ventral surface (fig. 285) highly chitinized; in the
epigastric region the metapodial line runs inwards from the margin of the
body, immediately behind the last pair of leg pits, becoming evanescent
towards the anal region. Leg pits well developed, consisting of single
depressions in the integument The genital foramen lies between the coxae
of the third legs, oval, occupied by two small crescentic plates, aperture pear-
shaped. In the sternal plate on each side are three hair-bearing pores.
Peritreme short, rising on the side margin of the body it runs along the
mesopleural ridge, it then turns downwards for a short distance into the leg
pit of the third leg. Tritosternnum hidden by the first coxae, basal piece
rudimentary, stem with a small branch on each side beyond the middle, apex
very finely branched. Legs, first pair unarmed, coxae with inner basal
prominence and outer incised lamellar plates. Femur of second pair carrying
the usual spur, as in Uropoda, and also a smaller spine beyond the middle,
the patella has a small distal spine, and the tibia is unarmed. Femora of
the third and fourth legs with the pointed lamellae usual in the Uropodidae.
Ambulacra of first pair of legs reduced, thin at the base, strongly thickened
at the apex, in which the small, stout claws are deeply imbedded, ambulacra
of the three posterior pairs, much as in Cilliba (fig. 28c).
The capitulum is broad and strongly convex below ; maxillary plate, one
pair of long bristles in front and three pairs of short ones in the middle.
Maxillary lobes small; central processes consisting of two adjacent rods,
bifurcated at their extremities. Epistome long and narrow, base with a few
strong spines, densely pectinate at the middle, and the apex appears to be
forked. Chelicerae drawn deeply into the body cavity, small; fixed chela
with rounded terminal hood, there is a small prominence on the middle of
the blade; free chela much shorter witha tooth-like process half way between
the middle and the terminal tooth, or there may be scarcely any trace of
armature.
Fremate.—Length 896u. Apart from the genitalia, the armature of the
second legs, and a few other points the female strongly resembles the male.
The genital plate is large (176, x 132), widely rounded in front and truncated
at its hinder margin, coarsely granulated in front,and near the hinder margin
there is a pair of minute hairs. The tritosternum differs from that of the
male in having a large crown-shaped basal piece with strong lateral angles
and a bluntly pointed central process. The ventral shield of the capitulum
is less convex, with a pair of long hairs near the base of the maxillary lobes
and three pairs of short hairs, arranged more or less in a line, behind these.
39 90 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
Localities—Occurs commonly under stones on the sea-shore at and a
little below high-tide mark, and also in salt-marshes.- Westport, g, and
@ with eggs July; Mulranny, ¢ 2 and nymphs, September. I have found
it in county Dublin at Howth and at Dollymount salt-marsh in November.
Haluropoda minor sp. nov. (PI. VII, fig. 29a—d.)
Mate (fig. 29a).—Length 614y, breadth 460. Colour reddish-brown,
shape oval. Dorsal armature consisting of a long oval central plate, and two
marginal plates, which leave a small part of the end of the body uncovered.
Central plate with exceedingly fine punctures and also with very coarse
punctures; there are at least three double rows of piliferous pores as well
as some scattered hairs. Marginal plates long, coarsely granulated, tapering
to obtuse extremities which almost reach the end of the central shield, on
the outer margin there is a row of hairs. Uncovered end of the body with
a few hair-bearing pores. Imbedded in the side margins of the body are a
number of modified hairs very similar to the T-shaped hairs found in the
genus Trachyuropoda.
All the ventral plates are fused. Peritreme and leg pits very similar to
those of the preceding species, hinder margin of last pair widely rounded.
Genital area opposite the coxae of the third pair of legs, ovate, narrowed, and
somewhat truncated in front (fig. 29d). Coxae of first pair of legs rather
short, and strongly angled on the inner side, femur armed with a papilla,
placed distally. The femur of the second pair carries a curved spur and in
front of it two small round lamellae; there is a smaller spur on the patella.
The third and fourth pairs, and the ambulacra, are of the usual uropodid
type. Tritosternum, base small, main stem with a distinct branch near the
middle on each side, extremity also branched.
Capitulum short and very broad, there are three pairs of small spines
on the ventral surface, the middle pair, placed slightly in front of the palp
acetabula, are stout and spur-like, and two very long bristles stand close to
the bases of the maxillary lobes. Epistome and chelicerae similar to those of
the preceding species. Palps short and stout, ventral surface of first segment
with a distal prominence and two bristles, one long and extremely finely
spinous; second segment with about four stout spines; the third segment
fig. 29¢) is armed on its inner surface with a sharply pointed spur, and behind
this spur there is a long sabre-like bristle, dorsal surface with two long
spines. On the fourth segment there are six or seven dorsal spines, two of
these spring from large pores, and on the ventral surface one very long
bristle.
FEMALE (fig. 297).—Length 627, breadth 462u, closely resembling the
Clare Island Survey—Acarinida. 39 91
male in general structure. Genital plate very large, of a regular oval shape,
except at the truncated hinder margin, surface coarsely punctured. Trito-
sternum with crown-shaped basal piece, stem with a branch on each side,
close to the base, extremity branched. The hairs of the maxillary plate are
more slender. Palps as in the male except for the absence of the peculiar
armature on the inner side of the third segment, in place of which there is
a single small spine.
The chief points in which the present species differs from the preceding,
apart from size, are the longer marginal plates, the coarse puncturing of the
epidermis, the presence of modified hairs on the side margins of the body,
and, especially in the male armature of the third palp segment.
Localities.— Westport, under stones on the sea-shore, nymphs and adults
in July, and in a similar habitat at Mulranny, Co. Mayo, in September.
Nymphs and adult males were also obtained from debris collected from old
nests of Black-backed Gulls, and Puffins, on The Bills Rocks in June. I have
also found it in company with the preceding species on the coast of county
Dublin at Dollymount and Howth.
Uropoda obscura (C. L. Koch) Berl.
I have found the immature (nymphal) stage of this mite amongst moss
at Tibradden, Dublin mountains, in the month of June.
Uropoda tecta Kramer.
Occurs in fungi in woods at Glendalough, county Wicklow, September.
Uroobovella notabilis Berl.
Found commonly in a nest of the ant Formica fusca in a decayed birch
log at Glendalough in September; also at the Scalp and Powerscourt in
county Wicklow.
The specimens are a little shorter and broader than those described by
Berlese (12, p. 338), the largest measures about 717u in length, by 588u in
breadth. This species does not appear in Mr. Donisthorpe’s records of
British myrmecophilous mites.
Urodinychus ovalis (C. L. Koch), var. Thorianus Berl.
Adult males and females of this fine species were found under bark in the
Westport demesne in July. They are of a reddish-brown colour ; one of the
examples measures 896m in length, therefore a shade smaller than the type.
It is possible that the large specimens (950), recorded from Holland by
Oudemans (74, p. 46), may be referable to this variety.
Distribution.—Described by Berlese (6, p. 271) from specimens collected
in Norway by Dr, Thor,
4
39 92 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. °
Urodinychus punctatissimus sp. nov. (Pl. VII, fig. 30a-0.)
This species is allied to Urodinychus ovalis (Koch) with which it agrees
closely in form, size, and in general structure.
Female (fig. 30a) Length 614, breadth 486, shape oval, dorsum
slightly convex. The entire surface of the body is exceedingly closely and
minutely punctured, so that a fairly high magnification is necessary in order
to make clear the individual punctures, and without a trace of the stronger
puncturation present in U. ovalis. The dorsal shield is crowded with short
hairs. Marginal shield very narrow, entire, with a row of widely separated
hairs, inner edge weakly crenulate, there are no cross striations.
Camerostoma small. Genital area (fig. 300) as in U. ovalis, pointed in
front, surface of plate very minutely punctured. Ventro-anal plates com-
pletely fused, studded with hairs, but not so thickly as the upper surface of
the body. ossulae pedales and metapodia like those of U. ovalis, as figured
by Berlese (1, Fase. xli, No.9). Peritreme with two loops, stigmal extremity
directed inwards, with a post-stigmal continuation in the fossulae of the
third legs.
Locality. Achill Island, a single specimen in moss, November.
Urodinychus campomolendina Berl.
Under bark in the Westport district, July.
I have found this species commonly under bark of decayed tree trunks in
the Dublin and Wicklow districts.
Distribution.—A widespread European species.
Urodiscella philoctena (Trouess.).
1902. Uropoda philoctena 'Trouessart 96, p. 36. 1904, Berlese 12,
p. d42.
A single male example occurred in a nest of the small yellow ant Lasius
flavus, in company with the following species, at Westport, Co. Mayo.
M. Janet was the first to use the specific name “philoctena,’ accom-
panying his reference to the mite is a sketch of a male Urodiscella attached to
the strigil of an ant (Lasius mixtus). However, as he gave no description of
the animal, the name remained a nomen nudum until Trouessart subsequently
described the species. Janet's figure gives a very good idea of the under side
of the male, except that the peritreme is not included.
I have also found the male and female of this species in nests of Lasius
flavus at Glendalough, and can state that the peritreme is similar in both
sexes, It is shaped almost exactly like a note of interrogation, differing, in
Clare Island Survey—Acarinida. 39 93
this respect, from the figure of the female in Berlese’s “ Acari Mirmecofili”’
(12, pl. vi, f. 20). The measurements of the male are 495u x 407u, and
of the female 517 x 429u.
Distribution.—Italy (Portici, Silvestri) ; France (Beauvais, Janet, in nest
of Lasius mictus); England (Weybridge, in nests of Lasius wmbratus,
Donisthorpe).
Urotrachytes formicarius (Lubbock).
This beautiful species is the only one of the large, red, ants’ nest mites
found in the district. It is common both on Clare Island and at Westport
in nests of the yellow ant Lasius flavus.
The male occurred in some of the nests. It is slightly smaller than the
female, the length varying from 844u to 947u. The circular genital aperture
is situated, in most specimens, opposite the third and fourth coxae, in others
it is exactly opposite the third pair. Each chela of the mandibles is armed
with a single strong tooth. Immature examples in the second nymphal stage
were also found. This stage measures 768u in length, and very closely
resembles that of Zrachywropoda laminosa, figured by Berlese (12, pl. xi,
fig. 63), with a raised central ridge and three pairs of large depressions on
the dorsum. The ventral surface is also very similar in the two species.
Distribution —France (Luxemburg, Wasmann); England (Cornwall,
Michael; Isle of Wight, Boxhill, Bradgate Park, Forth Bridge, and other
localities, Donisthorpe in “ Entom. Record,’ xxii, xxiii). Berlese remarks
that he has not found this species in Italy.
Trachyuropoda coccinea (Michael).
This species occurs commonly in uests of the ant Formica fusca in the
eastern parts of Ireland, as at Scalp, Powerscourt, Glendalough, and Howth,
yet I could find no trace of it in the Clare Island district.
The variety sinuata Berlese, lives in nest of the same ant at Glendalough,
and no doubt in many other localities.
Trachyuropoda lamellosa (Can. et Berl.).
1877. Trachynotus troguloides Can. et Fanzago 25, p. 62. 1884. Uropoda
laminosa Can. et Berl. “ Atti. Soc. Ven. Trent,” ix, p. 6. 1884. Uropoda
lamellosa Berl. 1, Fase. xiii, n. 1. 1894, Glyphopsis lamellosa Michael
49, p. 309. 1904. 7. laminosa Berl. 12, p. 360. T. celtwea Halbt. 31,
Tallaght, County Dublin, many females and a few males found in nest
of the ant Lasivs niger on the bank of the Dodder in April; has also occurred
with Lasius flavus, on Lambay Island.
R.I.A. PROG., VOL. XXX1. N 39
39 94 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
The ants’ nest mite, described and figured as this species by Canestrini and
Berlese in the references 1, 12, 25, does not altogether agree in the sculpturing
of the dorsum with the mite recorded from the above-mentioned localities.
However, Mr. Michael has taken a similar species in England, and he informs
me that his specimens were referred to the present species by Canestrini, so
that we must accept this identification of the British form, unless the latter
represents a local variety of the species.
Has been found in Luxemburg, France, Bohemia, Italy and Britain.
Dinychus tetraphyllus Berl.
A single specimen occurred amongst moss in the Westport district in
July.
Quite a short description of this curiously formed mite was published by
Berlese (5, p. 247). | More recently Tragardh has given a very iull account
of the species with some good drawings of the nymph, male, and female
(88, p. 450); it is a rich brown oval-shaped creature, and may be recognized
by the four blade-like hairs placed on a narrow transverse plate close to the
hinder margin of the body, a little in front of these is another row of four
longer and more slender spines. sae
Distribution—Sweden (Sarekgebirge, Tragardh); Italy (under rotten
wood and also, though more rarely, in moss, Berlese).
Family LABIDOSTOMMATIDAE.
Labidostomma cornuta (Can. et Fanzago).
1877. Nicoletia cornuta. Canestrini et Fanzago 25.
Achill and Westport districts, not uncommon in moss on trees, and
under bark, during September. I have also found it in pine woods in
counties Dublin and Wicklow where it was noticeable enough on account of
its bright orange colour.
There are two recorded European species of this curious genus which,
as regards its systematic position, has long been a trouble to acarologists.
Descriptions and figures of both of these species may be found in Berlese’s
work on Italian Mites (1). JZ. cornuta is said to differ from ZL. lutea, Kramer,
in being larger, and the front corners of the fore body are produced into
sharp points. Canestrini and Fanzago’s figure of Z: cornuta (Tav. I, fig. 2)
shows these very clearly. ‘The Irish specimens that I have seen agree well
with Z. cornuta except in the matter of size, the length being about 700p.
In the original description the length is given as 1000y, and according to
Clare Island Survey—Acarinidu. 39 95
Berlese it may reach a length of 1200u. JZ. lutea has been recorded as a
British species (47A and 28C), but the figures accompanying the records
resemble the present form.
Distribution.— Probably widespread in Europe (Germany ; Hungary, 33;
Italy ; Britain).
Sub-Order IXODOIDEA.
Family [IXODIDAE.
Ixodes ricinus (Linn.).
The common tick is abundant throughout the district, especially so amongst
grass and heather in wooded districts. One example occurred on a young rat.
I have noticed that in the south and west of Ireland this species is more
abundant-and is much more liable to attack man than it is in the eastern
parts of the country.
Distribution.—Europe; Asia ; N. Africa; N. America; &c. (Neuman 54).
Eschatocephalus vespertilionis (C. L. Koch).
A female of this species found on a bat in the Edenvale Caves in County
Clare has been identified by Professor Nuttall. I am informed by Dr. Scharff
that the host was the Lesser Horse-Shoe Bat (Ahinolophus hipposideros), a
local species of which a number were found hanging from the roof of one of
the inner caves during the month of April.
Aryas vespertilionis (Latvr.).
I have seen specimens of this tick obtained off the Pipestrelle Bat in
County Longford, and it has also occurred at Blarney in County Cork.
Sub-Order ORIBATOIDEA.
Family ORIBATIDAE.
Pelops acromias (Herm.).
Clare Island, Achill and Westport district. Not uncommon in moss and
rotten wood, also swept off furze bushes and pine trees.
Distribution—Vhroughout Europe.
Pelops fuliginosus UC. L. Koch (P. laevigatus Nicolet).
Delphi in moss; the Bill Rocks off Clare Island in debris from nests of
sea birds; June.
Distribution—A widespread European species.
N2
39 96 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
Pelops phaenotus C. L. Koch.
Slopes of Croaghpatrick in sphagnum, October.
Distribution. —Germany ; England; Italy.
Oribata sphagni Michael.
Local. Croaghpatrick, amongst moss on stones in a small stream on the
lower slopes of the mountain, July; also a few specimens amongst wet
sphagnum, at about 600 feet, in the same locality in October.
The Croaghpatrick specimens measure about 330m in average length.
Mr. Michael points out that the pseudostigmatic organs are hidden in this
species occasionally, however, these organs are extended. They are small
with a very slender stalk and large globular head. There are two fine, widely
separated, interlamellar hairs. On the abdomen there is a marginal row of
fine hairs and a few pairs are present on the dorsum of the animal.
Distribution.—Germany (Sellnick); England (on sphagnum, Michael) ;
Scotland (Evans).
Oribata gracilis Michael (var. major Berlese).
The Lill Rocks, in debris from old nests of gulls and puffins, June;
Achill, under bark, September; Delphi, in moss; Mulranny, on the sea-shore,
in September.
Berlese has described and figured, from Irish specimens, a variety of
this species (var. major) which is larger than the typical form measuring
520u-640u in length, and the pseudostigmatic organ is “longe fusiformibus,
subplumosus” (7, p. 29). The above recorded specimens are possibly to be
referred to this variety. They measure from about 520u to 539u in the
length of the body, the pseudostigmatic organs are long and fusiform,
suluewhat bent at the base and their extremities are finely spinous.
Distribution.—Iltaly ; Holland (in decaying leaves, Oudemans); England
(in moss on trees, Michael) ; Scotland (Evans).
Oribata mollicoma C. L. Koch.
A tew specimens found in moss on Croaghmore mountain, Clare Island,
also on Achill Island, and in the Westport district (Croaghpatrick, &e., in
sphagnum).
Distribution.—Finland (Nordenskiéld) ; Swedish Lapland (Sarekgebirge,
Tragardh); Germany; England ; Scotland,
Clare Islund Survey—Acarinida. 389 97
Oribata alpina sp. nov. (Pl. VIII, fig. 32a, 5).
The following short description refers to an apparently undescribed species
of Oribata which is common enough in the mountain districts of the County
Mayo. It is unknown to Mr. Michael, to whom specimens were sent, and
it does not appear to agree with any of the European species of this genus
described since the publication of the “Tierreich” volume treating of the
Oribatidae.
The species may be compared with Oribata mollicoma C. L. Koch, to
which it is allied in general structure. It is, however, much larger and of
more robust build and the hairs of the notogaster are shorter, other
differences are also noticeable.
The measurements are: length 716u, breadth 512u. Colour pitchy
black with a lighter patch on the front of the body. The texture of the
epidermis is dull, due to the extremely fine and close punctuation of the
surface of the body. Cephalothorax rather narrow, rounded at the extremity.
Lamellae a pair of broad blades ending in stout bluntly pointed cusps, which
are bent downwards, and are separated by a cup-shaped hollow. The
translamella is a narrow band. As in the case of O. mollicoma the end of the
lamellar region reaches far forwards so that the frons is very short. The
prostigmatic organ is moderately long with a stout stem and weakly clavate
extremity, directed upwards. Interlamellar hairs widely separated, long, and
finely setose. Notogaster globular with a double row of marginal hairs
and there are also three or four pairs on the back of the animal, these
hairs are rather stout, finely setose, and are much shorter than in
0. mollicoma. Front margin of the progaster gently rounded, sloping back-
wards towards the side marvins. Pteromorphae normal, not produced in
front. Legs long and rather stout. Mouth parts of the usual type.
This species may be easily separated from Oribata Edwardsi by the much
greater length of the lamellae.
Localities. —Clare Island, in moss on Croaghmore mountain, August;
Lough Fenagh, in sphagnum, October; Delphi, in moss, August.
Oribata Edwardsi Nicolet.
Clare Island, Achill, and the Westport district. Rather a common species
in moss and under bark from March to October, and doubtless throughout
the year. Also on the Dublin mountains and apparently widespread in
Treland.
Distribution. — Finland; Sweden; Germany; France: Italy; and
Britain,
39 98 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
Oribata lapidaria H. Lucas.
- Westport, common under stones on the shore of Clew Bay, and swept. off
plants ; Castlebar under stones on the lake-shore.
Distribution —F inland to Africa (Algeria).
Oribata globula Nicolet.
Not uncommon. Clare Island, in moss: Achill, in rotten wood and on
decayed fir cones; Mulranny, under stones on the sea-shore.
Distribution.—A widespread species ranging from Finland to Algeria. -
Oribata orbicularis C. L. Kock
A few specimens of an Oribata apparently referable to this species, or
perhaps to a variety of it, were found under stones on the sea-shore at
Mulranny, County Mayo.
The shape is broader and stouter than in typical O. orbicularis. In this
respect it agrees very closely with a mite described from Swedish Lapland
under the name of 0. monticola (88). In that species, however, the lamellar
and interlamellar bristles have very distinct secondary hairs, while in the
Mulranny form these are minutely setose. As the species is a somewhat
critical one it seems best to record these specimens as above.
Distribution.—Finland to Ltaly.
Oribata piriformis Nicolet.
A few specimens in moss from Knappagh Wood near Westport, August.
Distribution.— Europe.
Oribata fuscipes C. L. Koch.
Westport, one specimen in sphagnum at Coolbareen Lough, July ; and a
few under stones on the shore of Clew Bay.
Distribution. — Finland (Nordenskidld); Germany; ?North America-
(Michael); England (Epping Forest, Michael); Scotland (Forth Area,
Evans).
Oribata setosa C. L. Koch.
Achill Island, swept off conifers; Mulranny sandhills; Westport,
common on furze, and in sphagnum.
The Ivish specimens vary considerably in size and in the shape of the
lamellae. The cusps of the latter are produced at the outer angle, but not
so markedly as in the form figured in “British Oribatidae ” (plate vu, fig 3),
which doubtless represents an extreme form of the species. The prostig-
matic organs vary in structure, in a number of specimens, obtained off furze,
Clare Island Survey—Acarinida. 39 99
they are shorter with compactly clubbed extremities, in other specimens
these organs are more drawn out. In addition to the marginal hairs there
are five or six pairs of hairs on the dorsum of the animal.
Distribution—A widespread European species ranging into the Arctic
Circle (Franze-Joseph Archipelago, Spitzbergen, Michael).
Oribata quadricornuta Michael.
Evidently a local species in the district. Westport, on furze, July;
Mulranny, under stones on the sea-shore in September.
Distribution.—F inland ; Germany ; Holland; Algeria; Britain.
Oribata ovalis C. L. Koch. =<
Abundant in moss. Clare Island, Achill, and Westport district.
Distribution—Common and widely distributed in Europe.
Oribata dorsalis (C. L. Koch).
Mulranny, under stones on the sea-shore, and on the banks of stream
flowing from the Curraun lakes, September; var. Jongiplumus Berlese,
common under bark in the Westport demesne, July.
The specimens are referable to two recognizable forms. In one of these
the pseudostigmatic organs are shorter, closely resembling 0. alata vay.
integer Berlese in this respect. I cannot say, however, that the specimens
are identical with this variety as they do not seem to agree in the other
characters mentioned by Berlese. The second form is a little larger, and
the pseudostigmatic organs are very long and strongly recurved, hair-like
and exceedingly finely setose at their extremities. This form is probably
the same as Berlese’s 0. eliminatus var. longiplwmus, which is described and
figured in the same paper (7, p. 30, pl. 1, figs. 21, 22). In none of the Irish
specimens that I have seen are the pseudostigmatic organs sufficiently short
and clavate to enable one to refer them to typical O. alata (Herm.) as this is
figured by Berlese (1, Fasc. lxxviii, N. 9) and other acarologists.’
Distribution.—This species has an extremely wide European range.
1 Since these notes were written I haye received from Dr. Berlese a paper dealing with the alata
group of the genus Oribata. (Acari Nuovi, Manipulus ix, Redia, x, 1914.) A re-examination of
the Mayo specimens confirms me in the belief that the form with long recurved, pseudostigmatic
organs is O. longiplwmus, now established as a species by Berlese. ‘The only ditference is that the
transverse line dividing the cephalothorax from the abdomen is wanting in the Irish specimens, but
Berlese figures a variety (myrmophilus) of this species in which this line is evanescent. The form
with shorter and more clavate pseudostigmatic organs is not integer but O. nervosus, Berl. recorded
from Norway, North America, and South Africa. Specimens of this form, found on the sea-shore at
Mulranny, measure about 653 « in length by 486 u in breadth.
389 100 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
Oribata cuspidata Michael.
Clare Island, Achill, and the Westport district. This small and variable
species is abundant in the district especially amongst sphagnum on the
mountains (Croaghmore and Oroaghpatrick). On Achill Island it was found
amongst fallen pine needles in September.
Distribution.— Finland ; Germany ; Sweden; Italy.
Oribata Lucasi Nicolet.
Achill, one specimen found under bark of a fir tree, September.
This specimen is very small measuring only 374 in length. Michael
gives the average length of this species as 600. A second Irish example
which I found on Lamibay measures 550 p.
Distribution.—Finland (Nordenskiold); Germany (Sellnick); Holland,
(Oudemans) ; France; Algeria; Britain.
Oribata fusigera Michael.
Achill, on furze, September; Croaghpatrick, on sphagnum, October ;
Westport, at Coolbareen Lough, on sphagnum.
Distribution. England (in moss, Michael, Common amongst sphagnum at
Gibside, Hull); Scotland (livans). There is an unrecorded example of this
species in the museum collection found some years ago on Lambay off the
Dublin coast.
Oribata parmeliae Michael.
Common under lichens growing on granite rocks on the sea-shore at
Howth, county Dublin. Recorded by Michael from an exactly similar
habitat in Cornwall.
Scutovertex sculptus Michael.
The Bill Rocks, 9 miles off Clare Island, in old nests of gulls and puffins,
June; Mulranny, abundant under stones on the sandhills in September.
Distribution—Germany (Sellnick); Kngland and Algeria (Michael);
Scotland (Evans).
Scutovertex bilineatus Michael.
Westport, under stones on the sea-shore a little above high-water mark
in July.
Distribution—Russia (“in subsaline algae,’ Oudemans); England
(“ aquatic, on fresh-water algae,” Michael).
Clare Island Survey—Acarinida. 39 101
Scutovertex corrugatus Michael.
Mulranny, common under stones on the sea-shore at high-water mark in
September.
Distribution.—According to Tragardh this interesting species is identical
with Hremaeus lincatus Thorell (88). It has therefore an extremely wide
range in north-western Europe i.e. Siberia, Novaya Zemlya, Spitzbergen,
Baren Insel, Sweden, and Sellnick records it from the Faroes. In Britain it
was first discovered by Mr. Bostock at Puffin Island, North Wales, “ crawling
on fresh-water algae (Prasiola stipitata and Cladophora fracta), where the
fresh water was dripping over the rocks close to the sea, but not where the sea
would come” (48). At Mulranny it was most abundant under stones where
a small stream flows into the sea at the head of Ballacragher Bay, but it
was by no means confined to the fresh water.
Scutovertexr maculatus Michael.
Has been found on the shore of Lambay off the Dublin coast (81).
Cepheus bifidus Nicolet.
Westport district, a few specimens found amongst moss at Knappagh
Wood in August.
Distribution—Finland (Helsingfors, in damp pine forests, Nordens-
kidld); Holland, in decaying leaves (Oudemans); France; Britain.
Cepheus tegeocranus (Herm.).
Clare Island, Achill, and Westport district, in moss.
Distribution—Finland to Algeria.
Tegeocranus latus (C. L. Koch).
Achill Island, abundant under bark of decayed fir trees in company with
its curiously formed nymph, September.
Distribution.—Similar to that of the last species.
Carabodes elongatus (Michael).
Clare Island, Achill, and Westport district. Frequent in moss.
Distribution.—Vhere are few records of this species, it is widespread,
however, having been recorded from Italy, Algeria and Britain. Tragardh
has described a variety, swbarctica, from Swedish Lapland (88).
Tegeocranus marginatus Michael.
Abundant amongst lichens on the Portmarnock sandhills. January.
R.I.A. PROC., VOL. XXXI, O 39
389 102 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
Tegeocranus labyrinthicus Michael.
Under lichens growing on rocks by the sea-shore at Howth, Co. Dublin.
This species must be recorded with reserve as the specimens found in this
locality are not quite typical.
Liacarus coracinus (C. L. Koch).
Clare Island, in moss, March. Has also been found under bark at Bray
Head, Co. Wicklow, in May.
Distribution—Finland to Algeria.
Liacarus ovatus (C. L. Koch).
Clare Island, Achill, and Westport district.
The Achill specimens occurred in rotten wood and amongst pine needles,
September.
Distribution.—Germany ; Holland: France; Italy; Lritain.
Notaspis bipilis Herm.
Clare Island, Achill, and Westport district.
Distribution—A common and widely distributed species ranging from
Novaya Zemlya to the extreme south of Europe; Siberia.
Notaspis exilis Michael.
Clare Island, Achill, and Westport district.
Distribution.—Probably equally widely distributed as the preceding
species.
Notaspis venustus (Berlese). (Pl. VIII, fig. 33 a-0.)
There is little doubt that a Notaspis found commonly on the sea-coast at -
Mulranny is to be referred to this species, originally described from Norway
by Dr. Berlese under the name of Ovibatula venusta. The extremely short
description is as follows:—“Testacea. Facies O. calypterae Berl., sed multo
maior abdomineque magis rotundato. Organa pseudostigm. bene clavata.
Pteromorpharum rudimenta ut in 0. calyptera. Ad 600 p long.; 400 p lat.”
(14, p 8). A figure of the dorsal aspect of the animal appears in a subsequent
paper (10, p. 229, Taf, xx, fiz. 70). The species differs from allied forms in
the shape of the body, the lamellae, and the pseudostigmatic organs.
The Irish examples vary but little in size and shape (fig. 33a), the
length is about 539 uw, and the breadth 341,, therefore slightly smaller than
the Norwegian specimens. The form is broadly ovate, shoulder flaps very
pronounced, a little more so than in WV. similis, the end of the body is slightly
Clare Island Survey—Acarinida. 39 103
pointed in most specimens, and there are four pairs of small markings, rather
like gland openings, near the margin of the abdomen. Hair armature short
and sparse.
Cephalothorax broad and bluntly pointed, lamellae long and rather broad,
widest at the distal extremity, their hairs are strong and finely spinous, and
spring from the outer angle of the lamellae; translamella absent, or
extremely faintly marked; interlamellar hairs widely separated. The
prostigmatic organs are rather short, with distinctly clubbed, and finely
setose, extremities (fig. 330). Front tibia armed with a prominence and
tactile hair.
Locality.—Mulranny, common on the sandhills and under stones on the
sea-shore near high-water mark in September.
Notaspis similis Michael.
Clare Island, The Bill Rocks, Achill, Delphi and the Westport district,
common in moss.
Distribution.—Finland; Holland; Britain.
Notaspis lucorum (C. L. Koch).
Common in moss. Clare Island, Achill, and Westport district.
Distribution.—Spitzbergen to Italy.
Notaspis oblonga (C. L. Koch).
Achill Island, in moss and amongst fallen pine-needles, September ;
Westport (Knappagh Wood, in moss).
Distribution.—A widespread species, l’inland to Italy.
Notaspis lacustris Michael.
Mulanny, in sphagnum pools, September; Delphi; Croaghpatrick at
about 600 feet, in sphagnum, October.
Distribution.— Finland; Germany ; Holland; Italy; Britain.
Dameosoma lanceolata (Michael).
Clare Island; Achill; Westport (Croaghpatrick, 600 feet, in sphagnum,
October).
Distribution.—Holland (Oudemans); England (in moss, Michael); Scot-
land (Forth area, Evans). 1 have also found this species in Dollymount
saltmarsh, Co. Dublin, in October.
O 2
39 104 Proceedings of the Royal Lrish Academy.
Dameosoma splendens (C. L. Koch).
Achill, several specimens in moss, September.
Distribution Scandinavia (Tragardh) to Italy.
Dameosoma clavipectinata (Michael).
Achill Island, in moss, September.
Distribution.—Not known. Finland (Nordenskiéld); Lapland (Tra-
gardh); England (Michael); Scotland (Evans).
Suctobelba trigona (Michael).
Westport (Croaghpatrick, 600 feet, in sphagnum, October).
Distribution.—Italy (frequent in moss, Paoli, 76); England (Michael) ;
Scotland (Evans).
Damaeus clavipes (Herm.).
Clare Island, Achill, and Westport district.
Evidently a fairly common mite in moss throughout the district, which
seems poor in the species of this genus.
Distribution —F inland to North Africa (Algeria).
Damaeus geniculatus (L.) C. L. Koch.
This common species occurs at Lambay and other localities in the Dublin
and Wicklow districts.
Damaeus vertilicipes Nicolet.
Westport (Knappagh Wood, several in moss, August).
Distribution —Finland; Germany; Holland; France; Britain.
Hermannia convexa (C. L. Koch).
Clare Island, Achill and Westport district. Common in moss and under
bark.
Distribution.—Sweden; Germany; Holland; France; Britain.
Hermannia scabra (L. Koch). (H. nodosa Michael.)
The Bills Rocks, in old nests of sea-birds, June; Mulranny, abundant
under stones on the sea-shore just above high-water mark, September ;
Westport, on shore, July.
Distribution. — Finland (under wood on the sea-shore, Nordenskiold) ;
Siberia and Novaya Zemlya (L. Koch); Germany (Sellnick); Sweden;
England (Michael) ; Scotland (Evans).
Clare Island Survey—Acarinida. 39 105
Hermannia reticulata Thor.
Clare Island, Achill, and Westport district.
Distribution. — Evidently a widespread species in northern latitudes,
Novaya Zemlya; Spitzbergen; Baring Island; East Greenland; Holland ;
Britain.
Hermannia bistriata (Nicolet).
Clare Island, Achill, and Westport district. Common in moss.
Instribution.—A widespread European species. The specimens recorded
as fH. carinata Kramer, from Lambay (81) are to be referred here.
Hermannia nanus (Nicolet).
Clare Island, Achill, and Westport district.
The commonest species of the genus, occurring in moss in all parts of the
district.
Dstribution.—Finland to Italy.
Nothrus sylvestris Nicolet.
Clare Island, Achill, and Westport district.
Distribution.— Finland (Nordenskiold) to Algeria (Michael).
Nothrus palustris C. L. Koch.
Clare Island, in moss, October; Achill, adults in moss and nymph under
bark, September ; Westport (Knappagh Wood, a few in moss, August).
Distribution.— Widespread. Finland to Italy.
Nothrus spinifer C. L. Koch.
Clare Island, a few specimens in moss gathered on Croaghmore mountain,
July. I have also found this species on Lambay and under bark of decayed
fir trees at Glendalough, Co. Wicklow.
Distribution.—Germany ; France; Italy; Algeria; Britain.
Nothrus bicarinatus C. L. Koch.
Achill Island, under bark and amongst fallen pine needles, September.
Distribution—Germany ; Holland; France; Italy ; Britain.
Nothrus segnis (Herm.).
Clare Island, in moss, adult in March, nymph in July; Achill, in moss ;
Mulranny, in moss, and off conifers, September.
Iisvribution— Widespread. Finland to Italy.
389 196 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
Nothrus invenustus Michael.
Not uncoinmon under lichens growing on large boulders on the south
shore of Howth, near the Baily lighthouse, county Dublin.
Nothrus horridus (Herm.).
The nymphal form has been found on Lambay, county Dublin.
Nothrus teleproctus (Herm.).
Abundant under stones amongst heather on Lambay and also at Howth,
county Dublin.
Malaconothrus glaber (Michael).
Westport, common on the slopes of Croaghpatrick in wet sphagnum,
October.
The statement that the cuticle of this species is “ smooth, but not shining,
without any reticulations ” (48, p. 520) must be understood in a comparative
sense. Ina note received from Mr. Michael he remarks “the word smooth
in my description (British Oribatidae) must be taken only as compared with
reticulated. I give ‘not reticulated’ in a bracket as the equivalent and
explanation of ‘smooth.’ When there is an entire absence of all punctures
and granulations I use the word ‘polished.’” It seems worth emphasizing
this point as in one or two recent descriptions of allied continental species it
seems to have been misunderstood. As a matter of fact in the present
species both the cephalothorax and the abdomen are exceedingly finely
punctured, and there are also numerous light-refracting punctures.
Malaconothrus was introduced as a new sub-genus by Berlese with
Il. egregia as the type species, it would really seem to be worthy of generic
rank on account of the structure of the legs, and also of the pseudostigmatic
area. Berlese gives a very short diagnosis which is as follows “ Organa
pseudostigmatica setula nulla vel inconspicua aucta. Pedes curti, erassiusculi,
tarsis apice spinis validis armatis ”’ (7).
Distribution.—England (amphibious, in moss and sphagnum, Michael) ;
Scotland (Evans). An allied species M. sphagnicola, Tragardh, has been
recorded from Swedish Lapland (88).
Malaconothrus tardus (Michael).
Clare Island (Croaghmore), and on Croaghpatrick. Evidently rather a
common species in sphagnum in both of these localities.
In these specimens the anterior side corners of the. abdomen are almost
square and do not form rounded projections. This refers, however, to dead
specimens, and Mr. Michael remarks im Jit. that in these the appearance of
Clare Island Survey— Acarinida. 39 107
projecting rounded anterior corners to the abdomen is lost. The notogaster
of this species is finely punctured and interspersed with larger punctures, and
there is a marginal row of six hairs.
Distribution —England (Cornwall, on lichen growing on granite rocks,
Michael).
Malaconothrus monodactylus (Michael).
Clare Island in sphagnum, August; Westport, common amongst sphagnum
on Croaghpatrick, October.
The cephalothorax of this curious species is distinctly granular, and the
abdomen is finely punctured with numerous larger punctures. The hinder
margin is rather more acuminate than it is figured in “ British Oribatidae ”
(48).
Distribution.—England (on moss and sphagnum, Michael); Scotland
(Evans). An allied, if not identical, species M. globiger Traégardh has been
described from Swedish Lapland (88).
Lohmannia insignis Berl.
Found associated with Springtails (Lipura ambulans) attacking the roots
of Kidney Beans in a Dublin garden during the month of June (Carpenter
27).
Hypocthonius rufulus C. L. Koch.
Common in moss on Clare Island and Achill, and in the Westport
district.
Distribution. Finland to Italy.
Brachychthonius brevis (Michael).
A few examples of this minute species were found amongst sphagnum
moss on the slopes of Croaghpatrick in October.
This genus was recently described (10, p. 219) by Berlese with Hypoc-
thonius brevis as the type. In the same reference three new varieties of the
species are briefly described. The Croaghpatrick specimens agree with the
typical form as described by Michael (48, p. 539). The pseudostigmatic
organs have the extremities strongly fusiform and setose. In addition to the
rostral hairs there are two other pairs of hairs on the cephalothorax of this
species. An anterior pair in a position which corresponds to that of the
lamellar hairs of the typical oribatid and the other pairs springs from a
prominence immediately in front of the pseudostigmata. The Irish specimens
measure from about 200u to 2104 in length, by 135 in breadth.
Distribution —Italy (Berlese); England (Michael); Scotland (Evans);
Lapland (Sarekgebirge, var. Japponwa 'lragardh).
39 108 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
Hoploderma magnum (Nicolet).
Clare Island, Achill, and Westport district. Abundant in moss, amongst
fallen pine needles, and under bark.
Distrvbution.— Germany ; Holland; France; Britain.
Hoploderma dasypus (Ant. Duges).
Clare Island, Achill, and Westport district. Common
Distribution.—Finland to North Africa (Algeria).
Phthiracarus arduus (C. L. Koch).
Clare Island, in sphagnum and under bark.
Distribution.—Finland; Germany; Holland; Britain.
Sub-order SARCOPTOIDEA.
Family HYADESIDAE.
Hyadesia fusca (Lohm.).
1894. Lentungula fusca Lohmann 48, p. 86. 1899. L. fusca Canestrini
and Kramer 26, p. 156. 1901. Z. fusca Michael 51, p. 196 (reference).
1907. H. fusca Lohmann 45, p. 368.
A number of specimens were found amongst coralline seaweeds in rock-
pools on the coast of Clare Island in July, with sea mites of the genus
Rhombognathus.
This would appear to be the first recorded occurrence of this marine
species on the coasts of Britain. It is closely allied to H. algivorans,
deseribed by Michael (51) from brackish water on the coast of Cornwall.
Lohmann separates the two northern’ species as follows :—
Stalked claw of the first leg very small, much shorter than the strong end
claw of the fifth leg segment; claw of the first pair of legs much shorter
than that of the second pair; claw of the last pair of legs without adjacent
tooth at the base. Length of female 380u, . . LH. algivorans (Mich.).
Stalked claw of the front legs only a little shorter than the strong end
claw of the fifth leg segment ; claw of the first two pairs of legs of about
equal length. Length of female 530u, . : : Hf, fusca Lohm.
Apart from its larger size H. fusca may also be known by the presence of
a narrow chitinous plate on the front margin of the body, and the palpus has
only two free segments. The Clare Island specimens agree in every respect
with H. fusca except that they are a shade smaller.
‘ Two other species are found in the southern ocean, i.e., H. uncinifer Mégnin at Tierra del
Fuego (47), and H. kerguelensis Lohmann amongst algae on the coast of Kerguelen (45).
Clare Island Survey—Acarinida. 89 109
There seems to be no doubt that the genus Lentungula is synonymous with
the previously described genus Hyadesia notwithstanding the fact that the
latter was described from an immature form. The general structure, and
especially of the peculiar claw armature, puts this fact beyond doubt. Con-
sequently as H. wneinifer Mégnin is the type species the name of the family
(or sub-family if preferred) must be changed accordingly.
Distribution—H. fusca has been recorded from the coasts of the North
Sea (Heligoland), and the Baltic (Riigen, Kiel).
Family TYROGLYPHIDAE.
Glycyphagus domesticus de Geer.
Tyroglyphus siro (Linn) Gervais.
Tyroglyphus longior Gervais.
Specimens of these three common and widely distributed species were
found in the Westport district.
Tyroglyphus Wasmanni Moniez.
A few specimens, in the hypopial nymph stage, were found on ants in a
nest of Lormica fusca at Mulranny, Uo. Mayo, in the month of September.
As far as I can ascertain this is the first definite record of this ants’ nest
mite from the British Isles. The specimens agree closely with Mr. Michael’s
excellent description and figures of the hypopus of this species, except that
the shape is more regularly oval and the end of the body is not truncated ;
however, the slightest pressure would cause a change in the shape of this
delicately organized creature. There is also a pair of small suckers on the
first pair of epimera.
With regard to the occurrence of this interesting species in Britain
Mr. Michael remarks: “I am not quite sure that it is found in Britain—I
have a strong impression that it is so” (51). As long ago as 1881 Mr. Parfit
found the early stages of an acarus on the abdomen and antennae of ants in a
nest near Exeter, in all probability this was referable to the present species,
which was not described until 1892 (Entom. Mo. Mag. xviii, p. 43).
Distribution.—In natural nests of Lasius fuliginosus in Holland, and in
artificial nests at Prague (Wasmann).
Four additional species of Tyroglyphidae have been found in Ireland.
They are—
Histiostoma rostro-serratum Mégnin. A few specimens found in company
with other tyroglyphid mites attacking decayed bulbs, Dublin, January.
R.I.A. PROC., VOL. XXXI. P 39
39 110 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
Histiogaster corticalis (Michael), in a bulb of Hippeastrum (Carpenter, Inj.
Tnsects, Econ. Proc. R. Dublin Soc. i, p. 603).
Carpoglyphus anonymus (Haller). Specimens of this mite were found
feeding on jam, Dublin, June.
Rhizoglyphus echinopus (Fumouze et Robin), a common and destructive
species, occurring in various kinds of bulbs, and in decayed potatoes.
Sub-Order THROMBIDOIDEA.
Family EUPODIDAE.
Eupodes variegatus C. L. Koch.
The Bills Rocks off Clare Island. in refuse from old nesting sites of sea-birds,
June.
Distribution.—Germany ; Italy; and Britain.
Rhagidia terricola (C. L. Koch).
Common under stones on the Mulranny sand-hills in September.
Distribution —Enurope (Berlese).
Rhagidia halophila (Lab.).
There is referred to this species a rather large Rhagidia, which was found
under stones partly embedded in sandy mud, &c., and also running with
great speed on rocks, between tide-marks, on the shore at Mulranny in
September.
It was recorded by Moniez in his paper on marine mites and insects
under the name of Norneria halophila Lab. His remarks concerning
its habits apply excellently to its occurrence on the Irish coast, and
are worth repeating: “Nous avons assez souvent trouvé sous les fucus
cu sur les pierres que recouvre la marée, un Acarien d'un beau rouge que nous
avons aussi rencontré hors de la portée des eaux de la mer, sur la falaise, ou
méme a l’intérieur des terres, dans des stations variées, toujours un peu
humides. Il est remarquable par son extraordinaire agilité et par les
mouvements circulaires qu'il décrit volontiers; il est de nature fort délicate
et on l’endommage facilement en le voulant prendre ” (52).
As the species has not been satisfactorily described the following notes on
its structure may prove useful. The Irish specimens (female) measure as much
as 1280 in length; breadth 640. Colour during life, orange. The length of
the mandible from its base to the tip of the fixed chela is about 352n,
Clare Island Survey—Acarinida. 39 111
breadth 1544; length of free chela 1434. Body of the mandible with an
evenly rounded base, not truncated; both chelae are without teeth, but
under a high magnification the edge of the free chela is seen to be very
minutely serrated. Palps rather large, length about 363; dorsal surface of
the segments armed with long bristles as follows :—Second segment, two
widely separated bristles; third, three bristles, middle one the longest ;
fourth, with nine long setose bristles.
Distribution.—Coast of France (Moniez).
Penthaleus ovatus C. L. Koch.
Mulranny under stones on the sea-shore, September.
Identified from a single specimen of which the colour during life was not
noted. It agrees, however, with Berlese’s description and figures of this
mite (1, Fase. lx, n. 2), except in size. The Italian specimens are recorded as
measuring 400u, while the Mulranny example is 640, in length, not including
the rostrum.
Distribution.— Germany ; Italy ; Britain.
Halotydeus hydrodromus (Berl. et Trouess.) var. albolineatus nov.
The genus Halotydeus was founded by Berlese in his work on Italian
mites (1, Fase. Ix,n. 10). ‘The type species is H. hydrodiomus, one of the
littoral mites discovered by Trouessart on the coast of France and recorded
in a joint paper with Berlese in 1889 (17). The genus may be readily distin-
guished from Notophallus by the six segmented legs, and the terminal position
of the anal foramen.
The form here recorded is in all probability a variety of the type species
from which it differs noticeably in colour.
Berlese describes, and figures, the colouring of 1. hydrodromus as follows :—
“Color corporis nigro olivaceus, macula dorsi media rufescenti, pedibus
rostroque cinnabarino roseis. Oculi albo micantes.” In the Irish specimens
the ground-colour of the body is black with a longitudinal white stripe along
the middle of the back, this line widens out a little at each end and extends
on to the cephalothorax. ‘lhe legs and mouth organs are bright red. The
following is a short description of this variety :—
Length about 800u; shape and general structure as in the type.
Cephalothorax with three pairs of hairs. There is a shoulder bristle, a
double row of a few hairs cn the dorsum, and there are about five pairs of
hairs grouped on the posterior third of the animal; all of these hairs are
straight and finely spinous. Second palp segment stout, very strongly
P2
39 112 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
arched, with two spinous hairs: third segment much smaller with three
stout bristles; end segment short and conical with a terminal row of bristles
consisting of a stout, strongly pectinated hair and immediately over this a
row of four shorter flexed spines, which are pectinated only at their bases.
Palps as figured for H. hydrodromus (1, Fase. lx, n. 10) except that the
movable claw is more strongly bent. Berlese figures three pairs of hairs on
the lower face of the capitulum though he remarks: “ Capitulum setis duabus
simplicibus auctum.” In the present form there are two, strongly pectinated,
hairs in this position.
Localities—Under stones between tide-marks on the sea-shore at
Mulranny, Co. Mayo. On more than one occasion large colonies of adults and
young forms were found under stones partly embedded in mud well below
high-water mark. I have also observed this species running about on rocks
exposed by the tide at Malahide on the Dublin coast in company with other
littoral mites.
Family BDELLIDAE.
Bdella capillata Kramer.
1881. Kramer 37, p. 446. 1891. Berlese 1, Fase. lix, n. 6 (var. Berleset
Tragardh). 1902. Tragardh 85, p. 17.
Clare Jsland in rock-crevices between tide-marks on the sea-shore ;
Mweelaun (a wave-swept rock) ; Louisburgh and Westport districts.
An interesting point concerning this species is whether the ordinary form
found under stones, &c., is identical with the form occurring between tide-
marks on the sea-shore. In his paper on the littoral species of Bdella,
Tragardh describes two shore-frequenting varieties of this species, 2.e., var.
pallipes and var. pallipediformis. I have found examples of B. capillata in
both habitats, and cannot say that they differ in any respect, although it is
not unlikely that one or other of these littoral varieties may occur on the
Irish coast. The following is a short description of the essential characters of
the form here recorded; it applies equally to specimens found inland and on
the sea-shore.
Length, including rostrum, from 2 to 250mm. The measurements of the
last four palp segments are about 473, 99u, 1874, 4754. Grouped towards
the end of the second palp segment are five bristles, four of these are
arranged in pairs, the proximal half is without bristles, ventral side with only
one bristle, which is placed near the base; third segment, one bristle ; fourth
with four bristles. In dorsal view the fifth palp segment carries about
twelve bristles, and there is a group of three others on its extremity; they
Ya =
Clare Island Survey—Acarinida. 39 113
are arranged much as in Tragardh’s figure of B. littoralis (85, pl. i, fig. 1). As
Kramer points out in his description of B. capillata, the central one of these
terminal hairs about equals half the length of the segment, and is a little
longer than the others. Upper side of mandible with eleven or twelve pairs of
hairs, and on the ventral side of rostrum there are four pairs.
Distribution.—Scandinavia ; Germany ; Italy ; Britain.
Bdella longirostris (Herm.) Lam.
Mulranny, Westport, Castlebar, and probably throughout the district.
This brightly coloured yellow, black, and red mite is well figured by
Berlese (1, Fase. xlv, n. 6). It was found commonly in a variety of situations,
on sand-hills, under stones on the banks of mountain streams and on more
than one occasion in sphagnum pools.
Distribution.—Germany ; France ; Italy; Britain.
Bdella vulgaris (Herm.) Koch.
_ Common. Clare Island, in moss from Croaghmore ; Mulranny; Croagh-
patrick amongst sphagnum, October.
Distribution—Scandinavia; Germany; France; Italy ; Britain.
Bdella decipiens ‘l'horell.
1871. B. decipiens 'Yhorell 81, p. 699. 1890. B. vulgaris vay. littoralis.
Moniez 52, p. 196. 1902. B. decipiens Tragardh 88, p. 21.
Clare Island, in rock crevices between tide-marks ; Mulranny, abundant
under stones between tide-marks at Bellacragher Bay in September.
As a result of a careful comparison of the shore-frequenting Bdellas
Dr. Tragardh gives his reasons for believing that they are all to be referred
to two species, of which one is the present species, and that it is probably a
variety of Bdella vulgaris (85, p. 23).
Distribution.—Has been found on the Siberian coast; also in Sweden and
Spitzbergen.
Cyta latirostris C, L. Koch.
Mulranny, a few specimens found under stones on the sand-hills; The
Bill Rocks, in sea-birds’ nests ; Westport district.
Distribution —Apparently a common European species ranging from
Finland to Italy.
39 114 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
Family RAPHIGNATHIDAE.
Cryptognathus lagena Kramer.
1879. Kramer, “ Arch. f. Naturgesch.” Jahrg., xlv, p. 156. 1882. Haller
30, p. 313. 1885. Berlese 1, Fasc. xxii, n. 9.
Westport, a single specimen found amongst moss from Knappagh Wood
in July.
This is a beautiful and easily recognized species. It is a bright scarlet
mite of long oval form, with a transparent chitinous collar which projects
from the anterior end of the body and partly encloses the capitulum.
The skin is finely punctured and is also distinctly reticulated. An excellent
figure of the species is given by Berlese in the above reference.
Distribution.—Germany (Kramer and Haller); Italy (Florence and the
Apennines, Berlese).
Bryobia praetiosa CU. L. Koch.
Abundant under stones on the Mulranny sand-hills, and under refuse on
the shore near Westport.
Distribution—A common European species.
Tetranychus telarius (L.) Duges.
The common “red spider” is an abundant species in gardens in Dublin
and elsewhere in Ireland. I have noticed it in swarms on violets during the
month of October.
Family ERYTHRAEIDAE.
Actineda vitis (Schrank) Berlese.
Clare Island and the Westport district ; a common species on plants in
woodland localities.
Distribution.—Widespread in Europe, also found in South America
(Berlese).
Family RHYNCHOLOPHIDAE.
Rhyncholophus regalis U. L. Koch.
Clare Island, under stones on hills, July; Westport district.
Distribution. — Widespread in Europe.
Rhyncholophus nemorum CU. L. loch.
Westport district ; Mweelrea mountains, June to September.
Distribution.—Germany ; Italy ; Britain; &e.
Clare Island Survey—Acarinida. 389 115
Rhyncholophus rubripes Trouessart.
1889. R. mineatus var. rubripes Berl. et Trouessart 17 ; see also Trouessart
90, p. 754. 1889. Moniez 52, p. 196.
Westport and Mulranny, locally common on the sea-shore, July and
September.
This brightly coloured mite is a denizen of the sea-shore where it may be
found under stones and running actively on rocks exposed by the receding tides
below high-water mark.
During life the body is red with darker markings on the back, the legs
and mouth parts are of a bright red. The length of the Irish specimens ranges
from about 10244 to 1434u, and the breadth is 8704. The shape varies, as a
rule the shoulders are well marked, and the end of the body is more or less
truncated. The abdomen is set with a comparatively dense covering of rod-
like hairs, those of the fore-body are shorter and somewhat adpressed. The
cephalothorax is bluntly pointed in front ; form of the crista as is usual in the
genus, median rod rather broad, frontal sensory area with eight or nine
stout bristles (average length 50) in front of the two long sensory hairs. Palps
long and very stout, last segment with a stout, club-shaped appendage which
extends a little beyond the tip of the terminal claw, apex covered with strong
curved bristles. The legs are long and robust, tarsus of the first pair not very
strongly arched, its length is about 175, breadth 90,.
Distribution.—Coasts of France and the British Isles. ‘he mite described
from the Scotch coast under the name of Ritteria hirsutus George (“The
Naturalist,’ 1910, p. 182), is to be referred to the present species. At
Malahide on the Dublin coast I have found it abundantly, in company with
Hydrogamasus Giardi, on rocks studded with the small acorn-shell Lalanus
balanoides well below high-water mark. Trouessart observed it under similar
conditions on the French coast, and remarks of the former species: “Ce
Gamase vit en commensal sur Balanws balanoides.”
Rhyncholophus mineatus (Herm.), Berl.
Found in the Westport district.
Distribution.— Widespread in Europe.
Rhyncholophus norvegicus Sig. Thor.
1900. Ritteria norvegica Sig. Thor., Norges Rhyncholophidae, Christiania
Vid.-Selsk. Forhandl. No. 3.
I am inclined to refer to this species a Rhyncholophus which was found
not uncommonly in the Westport district during April and May. It does
not seem to agree with any one of the species described from Germany or
Italy by acarologists,
39 116 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
It is a robustly built species ranging from 2,200 to 2,380u in length, and
the breadth is about 1,300. The cephalothorax is sharply pointed in front
and, in most specimens, there is but little demarcation from the abdomen.
Thor describes the crista as follows:—“ The ecrista lies in the centre of an
oblong, thinnish, chitinized plate (something as in the case of R. vertex
Kramer). The actual linear-shaped crista widens posteriorly in a diamond
or circular shape with two hair pores and extends anteriorly into the promi-
nent chitinized edge where there are from 7 to 9 smaller hairs and behind
these at the edge of the crista the usual two large hair pores.”
Rhyncholophus tardus sp. nov. (Pl. VIII, fig. 34a-d).
The following is a short description of a slender-legged Rhyncholophus
which was found under stones on the sea-shore at the head of Bellacragher
Bay, near Mulranny, in September. It does not appear to have been
previously described.
The shape of this mite (fig. 34a) is long oval, rounded at both extremities ;
the length, including apex of crista, is about 1,638u, breadth 844u. Colour
orange red. There is only a sparse covering of hairs; on the anterior parts
of the body these are short and curved, on the posterior margin they are
more Closely set, longer, and all are minutely spinous (fig. 340). The cephalo-
thorax is indistinctly marked off from the abdomen by a slightly convex
groove. Eyes minute, consisting of a single lens on each side. ‘lhe crista
(fig. 34¢) is a slender rod in the centre of a very thin chitinous plate; distal
sensory area of the usual triangular shape, sharply pointed, with two long
sensory hairs, and immediately in front of these is’a single, forwardly directed
hair which reaches a little beyond the anterior end of the body. Proximal
sensory area as usual in the genus. The legs are slender and rather weakly
developed ; the first pair are considerably shorter than the body, with elongate
tarsi (length 195, breadth 65), which are but little swollen on their dorsal
margin somewhat resembling Thrombidium in that respect; the lengths of
the four pairs are approximately as follows :—1078p, 594, 650, 891. The
shape of the rostrum and palps is shown in dorsal view (fig. 34d).
Rhyncholophus sabulosus sp. nov. (Pl. VIIi, fig. 35a, b.)
The following are some comparative notes on a small species of Rhyncho-
lophus which was found not uncommonly on the Mulranny sandhills, County
Mayo, during the month of September. It is a noticeable species during
life on account of its bright red colour.
The general structure closely resembles that of the preceding species
(R. tardus). Shape oval, rather elongate (fig. 35a), Size smaller. Length,
Clare Island Survey—Acarinida. 89 117
including the apex of the crista, about 960, breadth 506. Hair armature
sparse and slightly more setose than in &. tardus. The crista is of an exactly
sunilar type, with only one hair in the front of the anterior sensory area, the
latter is less acuminate, and the rod of the crista is decidedly shorter.
The leg measurements are approximately as follows :—605y, 385y, 407,
and 594; they are comparatively shorter and more robust than in R. tardus,
and the tarsi (length 140y, breadth 65,2) of the first pair of legs are noticeably
less elongate (fig. 35d).
Smaris expalpis (Herm.) Koch.
S. impressa Koch, 34, Fasc. xv, fig. 1. 1882. S. impressa Haller 30,
p. 314. 1887. S. expalpis Berlese 1, Fasc. xxxix, n. 2.
Clare Island (Creggan Lough, June): Mulranny, September; Westport
district (Belclare, June).
This interesting mite is of decidedly aquatic habits and seems to be
especially fond of sphagnum pools, at least this is so in the Clare Island
district. A few fully grown specimens were found during the month of
June, and immature examples were met with in September. I have also
collected this species from a pond on the bank of the River Corrib near
Galway, as well as in other parts of Ireland.
Distribution.—Scandinavia; Germany; France; Italy; Britain (Dr. George
records it from Lincolnshire, 288).
Family THROMBIDIDAE.
Eothrombium siculum Berl.
A single specimen occurred amongst moss near Lough Fenagh in October.
The measurements of this specimen are smaller than those recorded for
the species by Berlese (16, p. 40). The length of the body is about 742u;
length of tarsus 165 by 66 (dorsal view) ; length of tibia 110y. There is
a rather sparse covering of somewhat adpressed spines ranging in length from
about 45u to 60.
Berlese separates this species from the allied #. echinatum chiefly on
account of its smaller size and more slender legs. In all probability the
Lough Fenagh specimen is an immature example of the present species.
Distribution.—Sicily (Palermo, in moss, Berlese).
Podothrombium bicolor (Herm.).
A single specimen found in the Westport district in April.
Smaller than the type form as described by Berlese (13, p. 68), and
possibly to be referred to a variety of the present species. The measure-
ments are length of body 1690, breadth, 9724; length of tarsus 385y,
R.I.A. PROC., VOL. XXXI. Q 39
39 118 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
breadth of same 132u, length of tibia 330u. In the leg measurements it
approaches nearer to Berlese’s variety cisalpinum, but the tarsi are longer.
Distribution.—Central Murope (Berlese 16).
Podothrombium filipes (Koch).
Mulranny, under stone on the sea-shore, September.
In all probability the single specimen found in the above locality is to be
referred to a variety of the present species, though the record must be made
with reserve until more specimens are found. According to Berlese’s table
of the species of Podothrombium it would appear to belong to the macrocarpum
group, but the great length of the legs inclines me to believe that the specimen
may be a variety of P. filipes. The size of the creature and the structure
of the palps, &c., also agree with that species. The measurements are as
follows :—length of the body about 1460u; the length of the first pair of legs
is about 20481; length of tarsus 506u, breadth 1104; length of tibia 516y.
Distribution.— Norway and Germany (Berlese 16).
Microthrombidium valgum George. (PI. VIII, fig. 36.)
Slopes of Croaghpatrick in wet sphagnum, also in sphagnum pools at
Mulranny and Louisburgh, July to October.
This species is allied to I. pusillwm Herm., it was described under the
name of Oftonia valga a few years ago by Dr. George (“The Naturalist,” 1909,
p. 423) from a specimen found by Mr. Evans at Aberfoyle. The following is
a short description of the Irish specimens :—
The length varies from 717 to 9474. The colour is red. Shoulders
prominent, front margin concave, and the body is strongly narrowed
posteriorly. Cephalothorax very small; crista a thick chitinous rod, widened
in front to form a lobe-like extremity which projects slightly beyond the
front margin of the animal. ‘he eyes are placed immediately in front of
the proximal sensory area and quite close to the crista. air vestiture rather
dense, consisting of moderately long (25 to 30) bristles, these are thickened
at the middle, and sharply pointed, with strong secondary hairs. Palps stout,
appendage of fourth segment short and very broad, rounded at its extremity
with a number of long bristles, all of which are spinous, with the exception
of one terminal hair; external spine absent; dorsal comb distinct, consisting
of about eight bristles. Legs shorter than the body, tarsus of first pair, in
side view, of an oblong shape, a little more than twice as long as broad (155,
by 70u); length of tibia about 90,.
I am indebted to Dr. George, and also to Mr. Sheppard of the Hull
Museum, for a loan of the type specimens of this and the following species.
Clare Island Survey— Acarinida. 389 119
Microthrombidium ramosum (George) var. similis nov. (Pl. VIII fig. 377.)
This well-marked form is allied to M. sucidwm (C. L. Koch), but differs
from it in the shape of the body papillae. A description, with figures, was
published by Dr. George in “The Naturalist ” for the year 1909.
Apparently the Irish form, of which a single specimen was found amongst
moss on Clare Island (June), differs from the type in the shape of the body
hairs, and in other details.
The measurements of this variety are as follows:—length of the body,
including cephalothorax, 1126u, and the breadth is about 6404. General
structure as in Microthrombidium. Crista normal. Iyes placed on the lateral
outline of the cephalothorax. The hair armature is very peculiar. The
shape of these hairs varies in different parts of the body, on the cephalothorax,
and the humeral regions—they are, mostly, pointed bristles all very strongly
spinous. Elsewhere on the animal the hairs have thickened extremities,
reaching their greatest development, in this respect, on the hinder region of
the body, where they are distinctly clavate with four, five, or six pointed lobes
or teeth at their extremities. The average length of these hairs, especially on
the hinder margin, is about 404. The palps are short, length about 300;
fourth segment wide at the base, and its appendage is large (45 by 25p),
near its base is a strong “inferior spine.” The legs are robust: length of
first pair about 7164; tarsus sub-cylindrical widest near base, lencth 250n,
breadth (on side view) 90u, length of tibia 125n.
In this variety the tessellated hairs are less closely set than in the type;
they are not quite so clavate, and the extremities are less deeply branched.
The appendage of the last palp segment is shorter (in MW. ramoswm it measures
60u by 25).
Microthrombidium spinosum (Can.).
A specimen of this distinct species was found amongst moss on the north-
east cliffs of Clare Island in September.
All the measurements of this specimen are a little smaller than those
recorded by Berlese (16, p. 157), there is no doubt, however, that it is to be
referred here. There are two kinds of body spines, one kind having distinct
secondary hairs, and the other is plain and sword-like.
Distribution.—Norway ; Italy; Britain.
Microthrombidium simulans Berl.
Found in the Westport district in April.
This species may be recognized by the strongly fusiform body hairs.
There is only one stout external spine near the appendage of the last palp
segment. Here again the Irish specimens are smaller than the Italian.
39 120 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
Distribution.—Norway, and a variety (trispinwm Berl.) has been described
from Germany (16).
Microthrombidium calycigerum Berl.
Found in the same locality as the preceding species.
This species is remarkable for the peculiarly modified body hairs. These are
very strongly clavate and finely setose, with a septate extremity, and though
of similar type throughout, they vary considerably in length in different parts
of the body. All of these hairs spring from beautifully formed stellate
bases.
The form of the body of this species is rather elongate, the Irish specimens
varying in length from 1433, to about 1800, breadth about 1000u. The
length of the first tarsus is 330, breadth, 115, thus agreeing closely with
the measurement given for this species by Dr. Beriese. On the last palp
segment there are five stout spines arranged along the outer side close to the
appendage.
Distribution.— Norway.
Microthrombidium subrasum Berl.
Clare Island, a single fully grown specimen found in June.
A species having an extremely dense covering of almost globular, papilla-
like hairs. The measurements differ only slightly from those of the type
form.
Distribution —Germany ; Italy ; Britain.
Sericothrombium holosericeum (Linn.).
Clare Island, Achill Island, and the Westport district.
Distribution—Found throughout Europe.
[| Thrombidium (2) fucicolum Brady.
Under this name Brady has described an acarid which was ‘“ washed
from among the roots of Algae gathered between tide-marks in Roundstone
Bay” (19). In a later reference (20) he changes the name to Zhrombidiwm
Juscum, and remarks that it was subsequently ,found in fresh water. The
Trish localities mentioned are “ Bog-pools near Clifden (Connemara), ditches
(slightly brackish) near Newport (Mayo), Kinny Lough (Donegal).” The
description of this acarid is unsatisfactory and leaves many points in doubt
so that the true identity of the creature does not appear to have been
settled. The rough figure accompanying the original description somewhat
suggests one of the sub-aquatic oribatid mites. It certainly does not belong
to the genus Thrombidium.]
Clare Island Survey—Acarinida. 39 121
Family HALACARIDAE,
Rhombognathus setosus (Lohm.).
Clare Island, one specimen found amongst coralline seaweeds in July.
Distribution.—Recorded by Lohmann from the Baltic (strand and littoral
regions to a depth of 19 métres, 44).
Rhombognathus notops (Gosse).
Slare Island, a few examples amongst coralline seaweeds, July.
Distribution.—Atlantic (ranging as far north as Greenland, 44). Baltic.
Rhombognathus pascens (Lohm.).
Clare Island, common in coralline seaweeds and in Lithothamnion, July ;
Blacksod Bay, on shore during March (Irish Fisheries Station W. 189).
Elsewhere on the Irish coast at counties Dublin and Cork.
Distribution.— Atlantic, North Sea, and Baltic. Littoral regions down to
46 metres (44).
Rhombognathus Seahami (Hodge).
Clare Island, in coralline seaweeds and in Lithothamnion, July ; Blacksod
Bay, in Lithothamnion (Irish Fisheries Station W. 235). Has also been
found on the east coast at Howth and Sandycove in February and March.
Distribution.— Similar to that of the preceding species.
With regard to the relative numbers in which the species of this genus
occur I may mention that of 80 specimens obtained from a small quantity of
coralline seaweeds, 66 are referable to R. pascens, 10 to R. Sechami,3 to R.notops,
and 1 to R. setosus.
Halacarus (Halacarus) actenus Trouess.
Clew Bay, nymph dredged in 24 fathoms in May (Irish Fisheries Station
W. 84); Blacksod Bay, adult male in March, and nymphs in weed from the
shore, September (Irish Fisheries Station W. 234). Has also occurred adult
on a Holothurian at Portmarnock, on the Dublin coast, in February.
Distribution.—Atlantic, evidently a widespread species in both the
northern and southern oceans, occurring as far south as Kerguelen.
Littoral region down to 500 métres.
R.I.A. PROC., VOL. XXXI. R 39
39. 122 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
Halacarus (H.) ctenopus Gosse.
Recorded as occurring on weeds between tide-marks at “ Westport and
Birterbury Bays” and at the “ Isles of Aran (Galway Bay).” (Brady 19.)
Distribution. —Littoral region of north-western Europe down to 64 métres
(44), and as far west as the Bermudas (45).
Halacarus (H.) Basteri (Johnst.).
H. spinifer Lohmann 40.
Clare Island, nymph amongst weed on the coast in August (Irish Fisheries
Station W. 281); Blacksod Bay, female, with eggs,in March, and nymphs in
September. Has also been found at Ardfry on the Galway coast in May
(nymph), and on our eastern coast at Howth and Sandycove.
Distribution.—A widespread species, occurring in the Baltic, North Sea,
English Channel, and the Atlantic, with a variety (afinis, Trouess.) in
the Mediterranean.
Halacarus (H.) Southerni sp. nov. (P]. VIII, figs. 38a, 5).
This species belongs to the balticus group of Halacarus, and in some
respects resembles H. floridearum Lohmann. It differs from the allied species
in the small size, in the form of the body, the armature of the first pair of
legs, &c. The inner spur of the third palp segment is very small.
_ FEMALE (fig. 38a).—Length about 385, breadth 240u. Hyaline, with the
eyes and a median spot, black. Form very broad, sub-ovate, fore-body
produced in a broadly rounded extremity covering most of the capitulum.
Side margins indented only at the origin of the third pair of legs, with one
shoulder bristle. Dorsal plates rather weakly chitinized and finely punctured.
Frontal plate rounded posteriorly ; eye-plate oblong and bluntly pointed ;
hinder dorsal plate long and tongue-shaped; its front margin is truncated,
and lies quite close to the frontal shield.
Capitulum (length, including rostrum, 165p, breadth 75), with the hinder
margin somewhat truncated, and the sides are rounded; rostrum of a rather
broad, triangular form, its apex does not reach the end of the second palp
segment. The third palp segment is armed with a minute inner spur.
Legs moderately long and robust, first and second pairs of very similar
structure. The length of the first leg (fig. 38D) is about 350, dorsal surface
of third segment strongly humped before middle, with a pair of distal hairs ;
fourth segment with one ventral and three dorsal hairs, and near the former
is a strong spine; fifth segment with two long hairs in addition to the
Clare Island Survey—Acarinida. 39 123
terminal pair, ventral side armed with three pairs of hairs, of which the first
is much shorter than the others; end segment stout, with a dorsal hair, two
terminal hairs, and a short ventral spine.
Locality—Vwo specimens were dredged in Clew Bay at a depth of
24 fathoms on a bottom of gravel and shelly sand, 25th May, 1909 (Irish
Fisheries Station W. 84).
Halacarus (H.) areolatus sp. nov. (Pl. VIII, fig. 39a, 0).
The present species is evidently allied to H. floridearum much more so
than the preceding form. The much broader frontal plate and the differently
sculptured genital area may be noted. ‘The type specimen was unfortunately
injured during preparation, so that Iam unable to give exact measurements.
Mate—A small species, shape rather long and narrow, and with a
weakly chitinized armature. Front margin of the body broad and
truncated. ‘There is only one shoulder bristle. First dorsal shield
very broad, rounded posteriorly, though in an immature specimen, which
possibly belongs to this species, the hinder margin is slightly emarginate.
Second dorsal shield tongue-shaped, with a broadly truncated front margin,
separated from the first shield by a very narrow space, in which lie two small
hair-bearing plates. The eye-plates are rather small and of an oblong shape.
Genito-anal plate large, its front margin reaches well in front of the last
pair of leg acetabula ; area genitalis semi-circular, with numerous hair pores,
which are rather widely separated ; at the sides of the porous area there is
present a group of from twenty to twenty-four distinct areolations in the
epidermis (fig. 39a).
Capitulum large, basal part very broad and finely punctured; rostrum
moderately long, apex not quite reaching the end of the second palp segment.
Third palp segment with a strong inner spine. Legs long and slender, and
of fairly uniform thickness; the following hair armature applies to the first
pair :—third segment, 2 dorsal and 3 ventral hairs; fourth segment, 2 dorsal
and 2 ventral hairs; fifth segment, 6 ventral hairs, of which the proximal
pair are spur-like, and 4 dorsal hairs; end segment, 1 dorsal and 1 ventral
hair, the latter is short and spine-like (fig. 590).
Locality —Found amongst seaweeds on the shore of Blacksod Bay in
September (Irish Fisheries Station W. 234).
Halacarus (Copidognathus) gracilipes Trouess.
Blacksod Bay, slightly immature, March; in the same locality both
adults and nymphs were found in weed on the shore (Irish Fisheries Station
R2
39 124 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
W. 233), and adults were dredged in four fathoms during the month of
September (Irish Fisheries Station W. 232).
This beautifully sculptured species is evidently not uncommon in Blacksod
Bay, the only Irish locality in which it has been found. Two varieties have
been described by Trouessart; apparently the Irish specimens belong to the
typical form.
Distribution.—Littoral and abysmal regions, to a depth of 1410 métres,
Trouessart (95). North Sea (44) Atlantic; Mediterranean (92). Trouessart
has recorded it from the English coast. “ Cétes d’Angleterre, iles Silly (sur
une préparation communiquée par M. Brady, confondue avec Halacarus
ctenopus)” (91).
Halacarus (C.) gibbus Trouess.
Clew Bay, adults dredged in 24 fathoms on gravel and shelly sand, May
(Irish Fisheries Station W. 84).
A variable species, of which no fewer than five distinct forms have been
deseribed by ‘l'rouessart (92, &c.). The Irish specimens were all dredged in
the one locality, and in spite of their small size they appear to me to belong
to the type form. At least they possess the sharp frontal process of the dorsal
shield, the longer legs, strong lamellae, and the capitulum is distinctly swollen
at the sides. The measurements are about 400m in length, by 2424 in
breadth.
Distribution.—Has been recorded from the North Atlantic (French coast,
aud the Azores 91, 44), with varieties in the English Channel, Mediterranean,
South Pacific, and in the Indian Ocean (45).
Halacarus (C.) oculatus Hodge.
Blacksod Bay, dredged in four fathoms, September (Irish Fisheries Station
W. 232). Has also been found in Malahide Inlet on the Dublin coast, July,
and in Kinsale Harbour in from two to five fathoms, May (Irish Fisheries
Station R. 45).
Distribution—Apparently a widespread species. Baltic; North Sea ;
Atlantic (coasts of Britain, and as far south as Kerguelen in the South
Atlantic, Lohmann, 45). Trouessart records it from a depth of 1410 métres
(95).
Halacarus (C.) rhodostigma Gosse.
Blacksod Bay, adult dredged in three fathoms, March (Irish Fisheries
Station W. 181). Additional localities on the Irish coast are—Valencia
Clare Lsiand Survey—Acarinida. 39 125
Harbour in from seven to nine fathoms, August (Irish Fisheries Station
W. 196), and Kinsale Harbour, two to five fathoms, in weeds during May
(Irish Fisheries Station R. 45).
Distribution.—North Sea; English Channel; Atlantic. Littoral region
down to 58 métres (44).
Halacarus (C.) tabellio Trouess.
Has been found in rock-pools at Malahide and Howth on the Dublin
coast.
Halacarus (C.) lamellosus var. septentrionalis nov. (Pl. VIII, figs. 40a,d).
There seems no doubt that two examples of a Halacarus dredged in Clew
Bay are to be referred to a variety of H. lamellosus, Lohmann, and in all
probability represent a northern form of this species.
Matz (fig. 40a). Compared with the typical form as described and figured
by Lohmann (41) the present variety is much larger (length 396y-410,,
breadth about 242). The marginal lamellae of the third segment of the
first pair of legs are greatly reduced, or are absent. This segment is also
relatively longer, about equalling the fifth segment in length. There is only
a faint trace of a lamella on the corresponding segment of the second pair of
legs. ‘The lateral extremities of the leg segments are strongly produced, as
in the type form. Length of first leg (fig. 400) about 330u; there are two
short spines and a fine hair on the under surface of the fifth segment.
The extremity of the last palp segment is about on a level with the end
of the fourth segment of the first pair of legs, in the typical form it evidently
overreaches it considerably. The second dorsal shield is narrower and of
more uniform breadth throughout ; it is very long, truncated in front, and
almost touches the posterior margin of the first dorsal shield.
Locality.—Clew Bay, County Mayo, dredged in 24 fathoms on a bottom of
gravel and shelly sand, 25th May, 1909 (Irish Fisheries Station W. 84).
Hf. lamellosus has been recorded by Lohmann (44) from the Atlantic
littoral (Bermudas, mouth of the Amazons), and from the Pacific Ocean
(Sydney). Trouessart has also recorded it as having been dredged on
Lnthothammon coralloides in the English Channel (Saint-Vaast-la-Hougue).
The specimens from the last-mentioned locality are without leg lamellae and
possibly belong to the present variety (94).
Halacarus (C.) Fabricii (Lohm.)
Blacksod Bay, the nymph and adults were found amongst weeds on the
shore during September (Irish Fisheries Station W. 234). Elsewhere on the
89 126 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
Trish coast it has occurred at Ardfry in Co. Galway, in from one to three
fathoms during May (Irish Fisheries Station A. 134); and also at Malahide
and Howth on the Dublin coast in February and June.
Distribution.—Littoral region down to 318 métres (44). Atlantic
‘widespread) ; Baltic.
Scaptognathus Trouessarti sp. nov. (Pl. VIII, fig. 41a, 5.)
For the single example of this interesting species | am indebted to
Mr. R. Southern, who found it amongst material dredged in from 19 to 20
fathoms in Dingle Bay on a bottom of fine gravel during the month of
August (Irish Fisheries Station W. 260). The habitat probably corresponds
with the very similar ground in Clew Bay (gravel and shelly sand, 24 fathoms)
where H. actenus, H. Southern, H. gibbus, and H. lamellosus were found.
The species is undescribed, and I have much pleasure in naming it in
honour of Dr. Trouessart who has kindly compared my drawings of the
creature with his types of S. tvidens and S. Hallezi. It is evidently
intermediate between these two species, the only hitherto known
representatives of this peculiar genus.
The following characters will serve to distinguish the three species of
Scaptognathus.
Size larger, total length exceeding 700 p.
Capitulum very large, more than half the breadth of the body; end
of the second palp segment terminating on its under side ina
long, slender spine,’ which is bent sharply downwards; the
extremities of the two strong apical teeth are widely separated.
Total length of the animal 750p . ; . S. tridens Trouess.
Capitulum much smaller, slightly less than half the breadth of the
body ; apex of the second palp segment (in dorsal view) ending
in a small bluntly pointed lobe, armed with a long fine hair; a
long setiform bristle springs from the underside of the seg-
ment; both of these hairs are directed inwards ; the extremities
of the strong apical teeth le almost in the same plane.
Total length about 71l6y. . ; . SS. Trovessarti sp. nov.
Size smaller, total length 450,.
Capitulum much as in S. 7’rouessarti, but its sides are more evenly
rounded ; end of the second palp segment without a long
inwardly directed hair, instead of which there is a short hair
on its outer extremity ; ends of the two strong teeth separated.
S. Hallez Trouess.
' Corresponding with the “‘ apophyse olécranienne ’’ of Dr. Trouessart’s paper on this genus (92).
Clare Island Survey—Acarinida. 39 127
Apart from the smaller size of the capitulum the present species is
apparently more closely allied to 8. tridens than to S, Hallezi. It resembles
the former species in size, and in the sculpturing of the dorsal and ventral
plates, especially of the first and second epimera. The front margin of the
body is very distinctly truncated, and the genito-anal plate is vase-shaped,
with pronounced anterior corners; in the latter character it would appear to
differ from both of these species.
In the size and shape of the capitulum (length 286, breadth 138,), it
closely resembles S. Hallezi, but the side margins are rather distinctly angled
immediately in front of the basal constriction. The second palp segment is
armed as indicated in the preceding table, but there is also on its underside,
close to the apex, a stout ventrally directed process, which is not visible
when the animal is seen from above.
Trouessartiella falcata (Hodge).
Blacksod Bay, nymph and adult in September.
Distribution.—Littoral and abysmal regions (44), Baltic, North Sea, and
Atlantic, ranging into the Antarctic Ocean (to a depth of 385 métres, 45).
Simognathus sculptus (Brady).
Clare Island, the larva, nymph, and adult occurred commonly on
Lithophyllum wmerustans on the shore during the month of July. The adult
has also been found in rock pools at Portstewart in October.
The six-legged larval form of this remarkable species measures about
330 in length, including the capitulum and rostrum. It has a comparatively
large frontal shield shaped much as in the adult, and there is a small oval
plate at the end of the body. Apparently the frontal plate does not alter
much during the development of the creature, as the plate armature of the
first nymphal stage (length 614u, breadth 307) is practically the same as in
the larva.
Note.—The type specimens of the new species and varieties described in
this paper are preserved in the National Museum, Dublin.
39 128 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
A great many of the papers in the following bibliography are essential for the identification of
the terrestrial and marine Acarina of these countries. So that, as well as supplying a convenient form
of reference for the present report, this bibliography may also be of use to students, as it contains
many important papers which have recently appeared on European mites. The works of Koch,
Berlese, Michael, and others in the numbers 1, 13, 16, 34, 48, and 51 are of great use. Mr. A. D.
Michael has*kindly supplied me with a note of the contents of one paper (17) which was not
accessible :—
BERLESE, A. :—
1 Acari, Myriapoda et scorpiones hucusque in Italia reperta. Patavii,
Florentiae, 1882-1892.
Ibid., Ordo Mesostigmata (Gamasidae), 1882-1892.
Ibid., Ordo Prostigmata (Thrombidiidae), 1882-1893.
Tbid., Ordo Cryptostigmata (Oribatidae), 1882-1896.
Acari nuovi, Manipulusi. “ Redia” i, 1903.
Acari nuovi, Manipulus 11. “ Redia” i, 1903.
Acari nuovi, Manipulus ili. “ Redia” ii, 1904.
Acari nuovi, Manipulus iv. “Redia” ii, 1905.
Acari nuovi, Materiali pel “Manipulus v.” “ Redia” ii, 1905.
10 Acari nuovi, Manipuli v-vi. ‘“ Redia” vi, 1910.
11 Acari nuovi, Manipuli vi—vili. “ Redia” ix, 1913.
12 Acari mirmecofili. “ Redia ” i, 1904.
13 Monografia del Geneve Gamasus Latr. “ Redia” in, 1906,
oe ow bo
~“I qo
Oo mM
14 Elenco di generi e specie nuovi. “Redia” v, 1908.
15 Lista di nuove specie. “ Redia” vi, 1910.
16 Thrombidiidae. Prospetto dei generi e delle specie finora noti.
“Redia” vili, 1912.
BERLESE, A., et EH. TROUESSART :
17 Diagnoses d’acariens nouveaux ou peu connus. Bulletin Biblio.
scientifique de l'Ouest, 1889.
BuLaTHWaAYT, L. :
18 Some common species of the Gamasidae. Journ. Micros. and Nat.
Science, 1889.
Brapy, G.S.:
19 A Review of the British Marine Mites, with Descriptions of some
new Species. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1870.
20 Notes on British Freshwater Mites. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1877.
Clare Island Survey—Acarinida, 39 129
CANESTRINI, G. :
21 Acari nuovi o poco noti. Atti Ist. Veneto, 1883.
22 Prospetto dell’ acarofauna italiana. Atti Soc. Veneto-Trentina.
Padova, 1885-1899.
CANESTRINI, G. et R.:
23 I Gamasi italiani. Monografia. Atti Soc. Veneto-Trentina, viii,
1882.
24 Acari italiani nuovi o poco noti. Atti Ist. Veneto, viii (5), 1882.
CANESTRINI, G., et F. FANzAGoO:
25 Intorno agli Acari italiani. Atti Ist. Veneto, iv (5), 1877.
CANESTRINI, G., and P. KRAMER:
26 Demodicidae und Sarcoptidae. Das Tierreich, 7 Lieferung. Berlin,
1899.
CARPENTER, G. H.:
27 A new Irish Mite, Lohmannia insignis, Berlese. Irish Nat., xiv,
1905.
GEORGE, C. F.:
28a Lincolnshire Mites. Epicrius. The Naturalist, 1906.
288 Lincolnshire Mites. Rhyncholophidae. The Naturalist, 1907.
28c Some British Earthmites. Labidostomma lutewm Kramer. The
Naturalist, 1912.
Goss, P. H.:
29 Notes on some new or little-known Marine Animals. Ann. Nat.
Hist., xvi (2), 1855.
HAuLier, G.:
30 Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Milbenfauna Wiirttembergs. Wirttemb.
Naturwiss. Jahresb., xxxvili, 1882.
Hasert, J. N.:
31 Acarina of Lambay. Irish Naturalist, xvi, 1907.
32 Clare Island Survey. Acarinida. Section I.—Hydracarina. Proc.
Roy. Ivish Acad., xxxi, 1911.
2
KARPELLES, L. :
33 Bausteine zu einer Acarofauna Ungarns. Math. Termész. Kdozle-
mények, xxv, 1893.
Kocu, C. L.:
34 Deutschlands Crustaceen, Myriapoden und Arachniden. Regensburg,
1835-1844.
R.I.A. PROC., VOL. XXXI, 8 39
89 130 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
Kocn, L.:
35 Arachniden aus Siberien und Novaya-Semlya. Kongl. Svenska Vet.
Akad. Handl., xvi, 1878.
KRAMER, P.:
36 Zur Naturgeschichte einiger Gattungen aus der Familie der
Gamasiden. Arch. f. Naturg., Jahrg., xlii, 1876.
37 Ueber Milben. Zeitschr. f. d. ges. Naturwiss., Bd. (vi) liv, 1881.
38 Ueber Gamasiden. Arch. fur Naturg. Jahrg., lxvili, 1882.
LeonarpI, G. :
39 Nuove specie di Acari trovate a Portici. 1899.
Loumany, H.:
40 Die Unterfamilie der Halacaridae Murr. und die Meeresmilben der
Ostsee. Zool. Jahrb. Syst. iv, 1889.
41 Die Halacarinen der Plankton-Expedition. Ergebn. Plankton Exp., ii,
1893.
42 Bemerkungen zu den auf der Holsatia-Fahrt 1887 gesammelten
Halacarinen. Bericht Komm. deutschen Meere, vi, 1893.
43 Lentungula fusca, n.s. eine marine Sarcoptide Wiss. Meeres
Untersuchungen von der Biol. Austalt auf Helgoland i, 1894.
44 Fam. Halacaridae. Das Tierreich, 13 Lief., 1901.
45 Die Meeresmilben der deutschen Siidpolar-Expedition, 1901-1903.
Deutsch. siidpol. Expedition ix. Zool. i, 1907.
46 Uber einige faunistische Ergebnisse der Deutschen Siidpolar Expedi-
tion, unter besonderer Beriicksichtigung der Meeresmilben.
Schrift. Nat. Ver. Schleswig-Holst. xiv, 1908.
Mfenin, P.:
47 Note sur un Acarien de la Terre de Feu, Hyadesia uncifer. Mission
scientifique du Cap Horn, vi, 1889.
Micwakt, A. D.:
474 On two species of Acarina believed not to have been before recorded
a as British. Journ. Queckett Micros. Club, vi, 1880.
48 British Oribatidae. Ray Soc., London, 1883-1887.
48a On the Association of Gamasids with Ants. Proc. Zool. Soc.
London, xliii, 1891.
49 Notes on the Uropodinae. Journ. Roy. Micr. Soe., xxxu, 1894.
50 Oribatidae. Das Tierreich. 3, Lief. Acarina. Berlin, 1898.
51 British Tyroglyphidae. Ray Soc., London, 1901-1903.
Clare Island Survey—Acarinida. 89 131
Montez, R.:
52 Acariens et Insectes marins des Cotes du Boulonnais. Rev. Biol. du
Nord de la France ii, 1889.
53 Acariens observés en France (Premiére List). Rev. Biol. du Nord
de la France, i, 1890.
NeEuMANN, L. G.:
54 Ixodidae. Das Tierreich. 26 Lief. Acarina. Berlin, 1911.
Nicouet, M. H.:
55 Histoire naturelle des Acariens qui se trouvent aux. Environs de
Paris. Archiv. du Muséum Whist. Nat., vu, 185d.
NORDENSKIOLD, E. :
56 Zur Kenntnis der Oribatidenfauna Finnlands. Acta Soc. pro Fauna
et Flora Fennica, xxi, 1901.
OUDEMANS, A. C.:
57 Notes on Acari. First Series. Tijdschr. v. Entom., xxxix, 1897.
58 Further notes on Acari. Second Series. Tijdschr. v. Entom., xliui, 1900.
59 Notes on Acari. 3rdS. Tijdschr. Nederl. Dierk. Ver., vii (2), 1901.
60 Notes on Acari. 4th 8. Tijdschr. Nederl. Dierk. Ver., vii (2), 1902.
61 Notes on Acari. Fifth Series. Tijdsch. v. Entom., xlv, 1903.
62 Notes on Acari. Sixth Series. Tijdsch. v. Entom., xlvi, 1903.
63 Noteson Acari. 7th Series. Tijdsch. Nederl. Dierk. Ver., viii (2), 1902.
64 Notes on Acari. 8th Series. Tijdsch. Nederl. Dierk. Ver., viii (2) 1903.
65 Acariden von Borkum und Wangeroog. “Notes on Acari” ix serie.
Abh. Nat. Ver. Bremen, xviii, 1905. ae
66 Notes sur les Acariens. x° Série. Parasitidae Thrombididae et Oriba-
tidae d’Jtalie. Mém. Soe. Zool. France, xvi, 1903.
67 Notes on Acari. Eleventh Series. Tijdschr. v. Entomj, xlvi, 1904.
68 Noteson Acari. 12th 8. Tijdschr. Nederl. Dierk. Ver., viii (2), 1905.
69 Notes on Acari. Thirteenth Series. Tijdsch. v. Entom., xlvii, 1905.
0 Notes on Acari. Fourteenth Series. Tijdschr. v. Entom., xlviii, 1905.
71 Notes on Acari. Fifteenth Series. Tijdschr. v. Entom., li, 1908.
2 New List of Dutch Acari. First part. Tijdschr. v. Entom., xxxix, 1896
3 Bemerkungen tiber Sanremeser Acari. Tijdschr. vy. Entom., xl, 1900.
4 New List of Dutch Acari. Second Part. Tijdschr. v. Entom., xlv, 1902.
7
-
7
7
OUDEMANS, A. C., and H. Vorcats :
75 Zur Kenntnis der Milben-Fauna von Bremen. Abh. Nat. Ver.
Bremen, xviii, 1904.
$2
89 132 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
Paout, G. :
76 Monografia del genere Dameosoma Berl. e generi affini. “Redia” v.
1908.
POLICE, G.:
77 Alcune nuoue specie di “ Halacaridae” del Golfo di Napoli. Arch.
Zool., i1, 1909.
Poprg, 8. A.:
78 Nachtrag zur Milben-Fauna der Umgegend Bremens (mit Beitragen
von Dr, A. C. Oudemans). Abh. Nat. Ver. Bremen, xix, 1909.
Rrpaea, C.:
79 Gamasidi Planticoli. Rev. Patol. Veget., x, 1902.
SELLNICK, M.:
80 Die Tardigraden und Oribatiden der Ostpreussischen Moosrasen.
Schrift. der Physik.-okonomischen Gesellschaft zu Konigsberg, xlix,
1908.
THORELL, T.:
81 Om Arachnider fr. Spetsbergen och Beeren-Hiland. Ofv. Kongl.
Vet.-Akad. Férhandl., xxviii, 1871.
TIETZE, F.:
82 Contributo all acarologia d'Italia. Atti Soc. Veneto-Trentina, 1899.
TRAGARDH, I. :
83 Beitrage zur Fauna der Baren-Insel. 5. Die Acariden. Kongl.
Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handlr., xxvi, 1900.
84 Revision der von Thorell aus Gronland, Spitzbergen und der Baren-
Insel und von L. Koch aus Siberien und Novaya-Semlja beschreiben
Acariden. Zool. Anzeiger, xxv, 1901.
85 Zur Kenntniss der Litoralen Arten der Gattung Bdella Latr. Kong].
Svenska. Vet.-Akad. Handlr., xxvii, 1902.
86 Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Schwedischen Acaridenfauna 1. Ibid.,
xxviii, 1902.
87 Monographie der arktischen Acariden. Fauna Arctica, iv, 1.904.
88 Acariden aus dem Sarekgebirge. Naturwiss. Untersuch. d. Sarek-
gebirges in Schwed.-Lappland, iv. Zoologie, 1910.
89 Biospeologica xxii. Acari (First Series). Archiv. de Zoologie
Expérimentale et Générale, viii, (5) 1912.
Clare Island Survey —Acarinida.
TROUESSART, E. L.:
90
91
89 133
Note sur les Acariens recueillis par M. Giard au laboratoire maritime
de Wimereux.
Comptes-rendus de l’Acad. des Sciences, 1888.
Revue synoptique de la famille des Halacaride. Bull. Soc. France
Belg., xx, 1889.
92 Note sur les Acariens marins (Halacaridae) récoltés par M. Henri
Gadeau de Kerville, sur le littoral du département de la Manche.
94
95
96
WARBURTON, C., and N. PIERCE:
97 New and rare British Mites of the family Oribatide.
Soc. London, 1905.
Bull. Soc. Se. nat. Rouen, viii, 1894.
Note sur les Acariens marins (Halacaridae) dragués par M.
P. Hallez dans le Pas-de-Calais :
1894.
Rey. Biol. Nord France, vi,
Note sur les acariens marins (Halacaridae) récoltés par M. Henri
Gadeau de Kerville dans la région d’Omonville-la-Rogue (Manche)
et dans la fosse de la Hague.
Campagne du “ Caudan.”
Halacariens.
1896.
Bull. Soc. Se. nat. Rouen, x1, 1900.
Note sur les Uropodinae et description d’espéces nouvelles. Bull.
Soc. Zool. de France, xxvii, 1902.
INDEX TO GENERA AND SUBGENERA.
Actineda, 114.
Amblygamasus, 51.
argas, 9d.
Asca, 80.
Bdella, 112.
Brachythonius, 107.
Bryobia, 114.
Carabodes, 101.
Celaenopsis, 79.
Cepheus, 101.
Cilliba, 84.
Copidognathus, 123.
Cosmolaelaps, 72.
Cryptognathus, 114.
Cyrthydrolaelaps, 59.
Cyrtolaelaps, 62.
Cyta, 113.
Damaeus, 104.
Dameosoma, 103.
Dendrolaelaps, 68.
Dinychus, 94.
Discopoma, 86.
Kothrombium, 117.
Epicrius, 80.
Eschatocephalus, 95.
Eugamasus, 50.
Eulaelaps, 69.
Euphis, 77.
Eupodes, 110.
Gamasoides, 45.
Gamasolaelaps, 58.
Gamasus, 49.
Glycyphagus, 109.
Halacarus, 121.
Halolaelaps, 56.
Halotydeus, 111.
Haluropoda, 87.
Hermannia, 104.
Proc. Zool.
89 134
INDEX TO GENERA AND SUBGENERA— continued.
Fi
1
9
4
wo
o
S-
Holostaspis, 66.
Hoploderma, 108.
Hyadesia, 108.
Hydrogamusus, 65.
Hypoaspis, 70.
Hypocthonius, 107.
Ixodes, 95.
Labidostommia, 94.
Laelaps, 69.
Lentungula, 108.
Liacarus, 102.
Lohmannia, 107.
Malaconothrus, 106.
Microthrombidium, 118.
Notaspis, 102.
Nothrus, 105.
Ologamasus, 44.
Ololaelaps, 70.
Oolaelaps, 73.
Oribata, 96.
Pachylaelaps, 63.
Paraseius, 77.
Pelops, 95.
Penthaleus, 111.
Pergamasus, 51.
Phaulocylliba, 86.
Phthiracarus, 108.
Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
Podothrombium, 117.
Poecilocheirus, 55.
Pseudoparasitus, 70.
Rhagidia, 110.
Rhombognathus, 121.
Rhyncholophus, 114.
Scutovertex, 100.
Scaptognathus, 126.
Seius, 74.
Seiulus, 74.
Sericothrombium, 120.
Simognathus, 127.
Smaris, 117.
Suctobelba, 104.
Tegeocranus, 101.
Tetranychus, 114.
Thinozercon, 82.
Trachyuropoda, 93.
Trouessartella, 127.
Tyroglyphus, 109.
Uroboyella, 91.
Urodiscella, 92,
Urodinychus, 91.
Uropoda, 91.
Urotrachytes, 93.
Zercon, 79.
DESCRIPTION OF PLATES.
Gamasus (Pergamasus) runcatellus Berl.
Gamasus (Pergamasus) runciger Berl.
type form. 4 andc, Ventral view of femoral process.
PLATE LV.
Male.
Male. a, Armature of second leg,
Var. armatus
Armature of second leg.
nov. Male. d, Ventral view of femoral process. ¢, Armature of second
leg. f, Trochanter of fourth leg. 4g, Chelicerae.
Gamasus (Pergamasus) diversus sp. nov. Male. a, Armature of second
leg. 6, Trochanter of fourth Jeg.
cerae. ¢, Epistome.
Gamasus (Pergamasus) processiferus sp. nov.
trochanter.
b, Avea genitalis.
c, Outer maxillary lobe.
d, Cheli-
Female. a, Armature of
ce, Chelicerae.
Fig.
5
6
i
(oa)
25
Clare Island Survey—Acarinida. 39 135
Gamasus (Pergamasus) crassipes L. Male. a, Armature of second leg, Irish
form. 06, Ventral view of tibia. c, Ventral view of tibia of var.
longicornis Berl.
Gamasoides bispinosus sp. nov. Male. a, Second leg of male. 6, Chelicerae.
Halolaelaps celticus sp. nov. «a, Ventral view of male. 6, Same of female.
c, Male chelicerae. d, Ambulacrum. e, Epistome.
PLATE V.
Cyrthydrolaelaps hirtus Berl. «a, Male. Ventral view. 06, Male Chelicerae.
ce, Second leg of male. d, Ambulacrum. e, Female area genitalis,
nymph. 7, Epistome of female. g, Ambulacrum ofnymph. h, Ventral
view of immature male. 7, Epistome of male (nymph). J, Chelicerae
of male (nymph).
Cyrtolaelaps transisalae Oudms. Hpistome.
Cyrtolaelaps Kochi Trig. Epistome.
Pachylaelaps littoralis sp. nov. Male. a, Ventral view. 6, Second leg.
c, Epistome. d, Chela.
Pachylaelaps longisetus sp. nov. Female. a, Ventral view. 6, Epistome.
¢, Chelicerae. d, Second leg.
Holostaspis terreus (Can. et Fanzago). Epistome.
Holostaspis marginatus var. littoralis nov. a, Ventral view of male.
6, Capitulum and palp. c¢, Epistome. d, Fourth leg of immature male.
é, Female.
Puate VI.
Dendrolaelaps Oudemansi sp. nov. Male. a, Ventral view. 0, Chelicerae,
c, Tarsus of second leg. d, Female, believed to be of this species.
Laclaps (Hypoaspis) oblongus sp. nov. Female.
Laelaps (Hypouspis) ovatulussp.noy. Female. a, Under side. 0, Chelicerae.
Laeclaps (Hypoaspis) longipes sp. nov. Male. a, Under side. 0, Chelicerae.
Laelaps (Cosmolaelaps) styliferus sp. nov. Male. a, Trochanter. 6, Second
leg. c, Chelicerae.
Seiulus reniger (Kramer). Dorsal view.
Seiulus laevis Oudms. Female. Under side.
Paraseius italicus (Berl.) Female. a, Under side. 6, Ambulacrum.
Paraseius serratus sp. nov. Female. a, Under side. 06, Part of dorsal
shield. c¢, Ambulacrum. d, Epistome.
Paraseius tenuipes sp. nov. Female. a, Under side. 06, Tritosternum,
c, Chelicerae.
Zercon trigonus Berl. Dorsal view,
39 136 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
Puate VII.
Fig.
26 Thinozercon Michaeli sp. nov. a, Ventral view of male. 0, Male genital
foramen. c,Epistome. d, Malechelicerae. e-h, Leg spines. 7, Ambu_
lacrum. j, Dorsal view of female. 4, Sternal area of female. J, Side
view of peritreme. m, Dorsal view of nymph.
27 Phaulocylliba Berlesii sp. nov. Male. a, Under side. 6, Part of body
margin. ¢, Genital foramen. d, Armature of first palp segment.
28 Halwropoda interrupta sp.nov. a, Dorsal view. 0, Under side of male.
c, Ambulacrum.
29 Haluropoda minor sp. nov. a, Dorsal view. 0b, Male genital foramen.
c, Third segment of male palp. d, Ventral view of female.
80 Urodinychus punctatissimus sp. nov. Female. a, Under side. 6, area
gemitalis.
Puate VIII.
Seiulus minutus sp. nov. Dorsal view of body.
Oribata alpina sp. nov. a, Dorsal view. 6, Pseudostigmatic organ.
33 Notaspis venustus Berl. a, Cephalothorax. 6, Pseudostigmatic organ.
34 Rhyncholophus tardus sp. nov. 4a, Dorsal view. 06, Body hair. ¢, Crista.
d, Rostrum and palps.
35 Rhyncholophus sabulosus sp. nov. «a, Dorsal view. 6, Tarsus of first leg.
36 Thrombidium valgum George. Crista and eyes.
37 Lhrombidium ramosum George. var. similis nov. a, Body hair. 0b, Body
oo OO
bo rR
hair of typical form.
38 Halacarus Southerni sp. nov. a, Dorsal view of body. 4, First leg.
39 H. areolatus sp.nov. a, Side margin of area genitals. b, End segments of
first leg.
40 H. lamellosus Lohmann var. septentrionalis nov. a, Dorsal view.
b, Ventral view of first leg.
Scaptognathus Trouessarti sp. nov. a, Dorsal view, 6, Extremity of palp.
a
+
Touhy
a
an
PROC] ROI ACAD, \ViOl, Xoxexl. Parr 39, PLATE VI.
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CLARE ISLAND SURVEY.—HALBERT: ACARINIDA.
Proc. R. I. Acap., VoL. XXXI. PART 39, PLavE VII-
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CLARE IsLAND SuRVEY.—HALBERT: ACARINIDA.
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Proc. R. I. Acab., VoL. XXXI. PART 39, PLATE VIII.
CLARE ISLAND SURVEY.—HALBERT: ACARINIDA.
Clare Island Survey,
40
DECAPODA.
By G. P. FARRAN, B.A.
Read Aprin 22. Published June 4, 1912.
Turs list of Clare Island and Clew Bay Decapoda is based on collections made
by Mr. W. Rankin on Clare Island itself and the islands and shores of Clew
Bay, mainly near Belclare, and on material dredged and trawled by the
Fisheries cruiser “ Helga ” in Clew Bay and the neighbourhood in up to about
20 fathoms of water. Most of the captures made by the ss. “Helga” were
identified by Mr. S. W. Kemp, now of the Indian Museum, Calcutta, and are
indicated by his initials.
The list has been supplemented by the inclusion, in square brackets, of
species occurring in Blacksod Bay to the northward and Ballynakill Harbour
to the south, which may reasonably be expected to be present in Clew Bay.
Even with these additions, the list falls far short of the total number of species
of Decapoda which have been taken in shallow water on the west coast of
Treland ; but as the missing species are either very scarce or else are diffi-
cult of capture, as, for instance, the burrowing forms, it is probable that
continuous work in the district would not add much to the total.
The distribution of each species, both in the British Isles and elsewhere,
is briefly given ; and it will be seen that, in the light of our present knowledge,
they may be divided into two very unequal groups. The first consists of six
species—Pandalus montagui, Eupagurus bernhardus, Eupagurus pubescens,
Carcinus maenas, Hyas araneus, and Hyas coarctatus, which are found in
N. E. America and within the Arctic Circle, and stretch southwards for
various distances along the west coast of Europe, two of them, Carcinus maenas
and Hupagurus bernhardus, reaching as far south as the Mediterranean. The
second group contains forty-six species, almost 90 per cent. of the total, which
are found in the Mediterranean, and extend northwards along the west coast
of Europe. Fourteen of these species fall short of Norway, only reaching to
the British Isles or the southern North Sea; twenty-five reach the south or
west coasts of Norway, and thirteen extend along the west coast of Norway
to within the Arctic Circle, several of them having been found on the East
Finmark coast.
‘R.I,A. PROC., VOL. XXXI. A 40
40 2 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
Intermediate between these two groups are three species, absent from the
Mediterranean, Anapagurus hyndmanni, Philocheras echinulatus, and Philo-
cheras bispinosus, of which the distribution seems at present to be centred in
the British Isles.
The large excess of southern over northern forms 18, perhaps, to be
expected, when it is realized that the west coast of Ireland hes in the track
of a current of warm Atlantic water, reinforced by an outflow from the Medi-
terranean, which sets northwards along the west coast of Europe, and produces
a marked effect as far north as the mouth of the White Sea. Such a current
would prove a formidable obstacle to the southern extension of northern forms,
both on account of its climatic effect and also by reason of the mechanical
obstacle which it opposes to the drift of floating larvae.
It is, perhaps, worth noting that, of the forty-eight species which extend
their range into the Mediterranean, at least thirty-two are found in the
Adriatic, an area the fauna of which seems in many ways to resemble that of
the west coast of Europe.
The majority of the species recorded are widely distributed forms, as is to
be expected; perhaps the most interesting record in the list is that of Zupa-
gurus pubescens, a northern species not found hitherto on the west coast of
Treland, though known from the north coast.
LIST OF SPECIES.
Sub-order DECAPODA NATANTIA.
Pandalus montagui Leach—Clare I. harbour, one (W. R.). Scarce outside
the islands, Clew Bay; Inishgowla, common (S. W. K.).
Distribution—From the extreme north of Norway to the English
Channel, N. E. America, Greenland, Iceland. Common round the British
and Irish coasts.
Pandalina brevirostris (Rathke).—Inishlyre, two; Inishgowla, few (S. W. K.).
Distribution.—F vom the extreme north of Norway to the Mediterranean,
the Adriatic. Common round the British and Irish coasts.
Hippolyte varians (Leach)—Clew Bay, moderately common (W. R.), Inish-
gowla, abundant (S. W. K.).
Distribution.—From the extreme north of Norway to the Mediterranean,
the Adriatic. Abundant round the British and Irish coasts.
[Hippolyte prideauxiana Leach.|—Not yet recorded from Clew Bay, but pro-
bably occurs. It has been taken in Zostera beds in shallow water at
Ballynakill and Blacksod.
Distribution. Mediterranean, Bay of Bisvay, Shetlands. West coasts
of Scotland and Ireland, English Channel.
Ciare Island Survey— Decapoda. 40 3
Spirontocaris cranchi, Jeach.—Off Mulranny, Inishlyre, Inishgowla,
moderately common.
Distribution.—West and south Norway to the Mediterranean, the
Adriatic. All coasts of the British Isles in shallow water. It is very
common on the west coast of Ireland, but, apparently, exceedingly
scarce on the east, where its place is taken by the more northern form
S. pusiola.
Athanas nitescens (Montagu).—Not yet recorded from Clew Bay, but occurs
at Ballynakill and Blacksod.
Distribution—West coast of Norway to the Mediterranean, Adriatic,
Black Sea, Madeira, Cape Verde Is. West coast of Ireland and English
Channel.
[Processa canaliculata, Leach.|—Not yet recorded from Clew Bay, but occurs
at Ballynakill and Blacksod.
Distribution—West coast of Norway to the Mediterranean, Adriatic,
Madeira. Coasts of the British Isles.
Leander serratus (Pennant).—Clew Bay, 6-12 fms.; Ooghnamaddy and
Clare I. harbour (W. R.).
Distribution—Denmark to the Mediterranean. English (and Scottish ?)
coasts, east, west, and south coasts of Ireland.
Leander squilla (Linn.).—Ooghnamaddy, Clare I., in rock-pools; Clew Bay,
6-12 fms.; Clew Bay islands, 44 fms. (W. R.).
Distribution.—West Norway to the Mediterranean, Adriatic, Black
Sea, Azores, Canary Is. English and Scottish coasts, common all round
Treland.
Palaemonetes varians (Leach).—Bog-hole on Annagh I. (W. R.).
Distribution.—Sweden to the Mediterranean. English coasts and Firth
of Forth, Irish coasts ; a brackish-water species.
Crangon vulgaris Linn.—A common species, chiefly on sand; Clare I. harbour ;
Mulranny (W. R.). Inishgowla; Inishlyre (S. W. K.).
Distribution.—White Sea to the Mediterranean, Adriatic, Iceland.
All coasts of the British Isles.
Philocheras echinulatus (M. Sars). —North-east of Clare I., 16-19 fms., three
(S. W. K.).
Distribution— West coast of Norway, North Sea, north side of Bay of
Biscay. West coast of Scotland, east and west coasts of Ireland.
Philocheras trispinosus (Hailstone).—East of Clare I., 20 fms., one (S. W. K.).
Distribution.—Bay of Biscay, Mediterranean, Azores Coasts of British
Isles.
A2
40 t Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
Philocheras_bispinosus (Hailstone and Westwood).—Very common throughout
Clew Bay (S. W. K.).
Distribution.—Lofoden to the Azores. All British and Irish coasts.
Pontophilus spinosus (Leach).—East of Clare I., 20 fms., one; s. E. of Clare ils
13-16 ims., two (S. W. K.).
Distribution—W est coast of Norway to the Mediterranean, Adriatic.
All British and Inish coasts.
_ Sub-order DECAPODA REPTANTIA.-
Jaxea nocturna, Chiereghin.—The adult has not been found, but the free-
swimming larval stage (Trachelifer), which, as Scott! has pointed out, is
referable to this species, was occasionally taken at Inishbofin in 1900
and 1901, and more recently, in May, 1909, in a surface tow-net in
Killary Harbour (three specimens) and in a bottom tow-net off Crump
Island (two specimens).
Palinurus vulgaris, Latreille—The larval form (Phyllosoma) was taken in
a bottom tow-net off Clare I. in May, 1909, at a depth of 29fms. The
adult has been taken at Ballynakill.
Distribution.—British Isles to the Meiers Adriatic. West
coasts of Ireland and Scotland, English Channel.
Homarus gammarus (L.).—South and east of Clare I, common (W.R,). It is
fished for regularly by the islanders.
Distribution —S. W. Norway to the Mediterranean, Adriatic. Coasts
of the British Isles. Replaced by a closely allied species in N. E.
America.
[Galathea strigosa (Linn.).]—Not yet recorded from Clew. Bay, but occurs at
Ballynakill and Blacksod.
Distribution —Extreme north of Norway to the Mediterranean,
Adriatic, Canaries, Azores. Coasts of British Isles, Shetlands to the
English Channel.
Galathea squamifera, Leach.—Annagh I., two (W.R.). Probably would be
found to be common if looked for in spring, at which season it visits the
_ Shore, between tide-marks, in large numbers.
Distribution North-west Norway to the Mediterranean, Adriatic.
All the British and Ivish coasts.
'isth Aun. Rep. Scotch Fishery Board, p. 405.
Clare Island Survey— Decapoda. 40 5
Galathea dispersa, Bate.—North-east of Clare I., 18 fms., one (S. W. K.).
Distribution.—South and west coasts of Norway, France, Mediterranean.
British and Irish coasts, Shetlands to the English Channel.
Galathea intermedia, Lilljeborg.—Clew Bay, common (8. W. K.).
Distribution. —From the extreme north of Norway to the Mediterranean,
Madeira, Azores. All British and Irish coasts.
Porcellana longicornis (Linn.).—Abundant in Clew Bay (S. W. K.). Annagh I.
common at low water (W.R.). This species occurs from between tide-
marks to about 20 fms.
Distribution—S.W. Norway to the Mediterranean, Adriatic, Black
Sea, Canaries. All coasts of British Isles.
Porcellana platycheles (Pennant).—Hast shore of Clare I., common (8S. W. K.,
W.R.). Annagh I., common (W. R.). Occurs almost exclusively between
tide-marks.
Distribution.—Southern North Sea to the Mediterranean, Adriatic,
Canaries. British and Ivish coasts, Shetlands to the English Channel.
Eupagurus bernhardus (Linn.).—Common in Clew Bay (8S. W. I.), N., E., and
W. shores of Clare I.; Old Head (W. R.).
Distribution.—Extreme north of Norway to the Mediterranean ; N.E.
America. All coasts of the British Isles.
Eupagurus prideauxi (Leach).—EHast of Clare I., 16 fms., one (S. W. K.). East
of Clare L., 21 fms., one (G. P. F.).
Distribution.—N.W. Norway to the Mediterranean, Adriatic. Ivrish
Sea, west coasts of Scotland and Ireland, Shetlands, English Channel.
Eupagurus cuanensis (Thomp.).—Inishlyre, on coral sand, common (8S. W. K.).
Mulranny, 10 fms. ; Clew Bay, 8 fms. (W.R.). Off Inishgort, 7-10 fms.
(S. W. K.).
Distribution.—S.W. Norway to the Mediterranean. Coasts of British
Isles, Shetlands to the English Channel.
Eupagurus pubescens (Kroyer).—Clew Bay, 10fms., two(W.R.). This record
is of interest as being the first from the west coast of Ireland of this
distinctly northern species.
Distribution—N.K. America, Greenland, Iceland, Norway. Scotland,
north coast of Ireland, N.E. coast of England.
Anapagurus laevis (W. Thomps.).—{ mile north of Clare I. lighthouse, 21 fms.,
two (G. P. F.). Frequents much deeper water than A. Hyndmanni.
Distribution.—West Norway to the Mediterranean. All British and
Irish coasts. :
40 6 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
Anapagurus hyndmanni (W. Thomps.).—Clew Bay, 10 ims., two (W. R.).
Small specimens not uncommon throughout Clew Bay; Inishlyre, 4 fms.
(S. W. K.). Usually found from low-water mark to about 12 fms.
Disiribution.—Southern North Sea. All British and Ivish coasts.
Ebalia tumefacta (Montagu).—Off Inishlyre, one (N. Colgan). Three miles
E. of Clare I., one; N.E. of Clare I., 18 fms., one; 2 miles N.W. of
Inishgort, § fms., one ; Inishlyre Roads, one (G. P. F.).
Distribution—N.W. Norway to the Mediterranean, Adriatic. English
Channel, Irish Sea, west coast of Ireland, Shetlands.
Ebalia cranchi Leach.—2 miles E. of Clare I., 18 fms., two; south of
Mulranny, 5-11 ims., one (G. P. F.).
Distribution —S.W. Norway to the Mediterranean, Adriatic. English
and Irish coasts, east coast of Scotland.
Corystes cassivelaunus (Pennant).—Ofi Clare I. lighthouse, 253 fms., two
young ; N.E. of Clare I, 13-16 ims., one young; off Mulranny, 13 fms.,
one young (S. W. K.).
Distribution—Southern North Sea to the Mediterranean, Adriatic.
; Coasts of England and Ireland, east coast of Scotland.
Carcinus maenas (Pennant).—South and east coasts of Clare I., common ;
islands in Clew Bay, moderately common (W. R.).
Distribution.—N. E. America, extreme north of Norway to the Medi-
terranean, Adriatic. All British and Irish coasts.
Portunus puber (Linn.).—North and east coasts of Clare J., moderately
common ; Annagh I. (W. R.). Usually found between tide-marks.
Distribution.—Southern North Sea to the Mediterranean. British and
Trish coasts.
Portunus depurator (Linn.).—Clew Bay,common (S. W.K.). Islands in Clew
Bay, frequent; Mulranny, 6 fms. (W. R.).
Distribution —N.W. Norway to the Mediterranean, Adriatic. All
coasts of British Isles.
Portunus corrugatus (Pennant).— Inishlyre, 4-5 fms., two (S. W. K.).
Distribution.—Southern North Sea to the Mediterranean, Adriatic
Canaries. Irish coasts, south and east coasts of England.
Portunus arcuatus Leach.—Generally distributed and very common.
Distribution —S.W. Norway to the Mediterranean, Adriatic. English
Channel, Irish Sea, east coast of Scotland.
Portunus pusillus Leach.—Clew Bay, 5 ims., two(W.R.). N.E. of Clare L.,
13-16 ims. ; east of Clare I., 17 ims.; Inishlyre, 4 ims. (S. W. K.)
Distribution.—S.W. Norway to the Mediterranean, Adriatic. All
British and Irish coasts.
Clare Island Survey—Decapoda. 40 7
Portunus holsatus (Fabr.).—Mulranny, 10 fms., two (W. R.). Only found on
a sandy bottom.
Distribution.-—S.W. Norway to the Mediterranean, Canaries. British
and Irish coasts, Shetlands to the English Channel.
Cancer pagurus Linn.—Clew Bay, frequent (S. W.K.). S. and E. of Clare L.,
common, taken in lobster pots; Annagh I. at low water (W. R.).
Distribution.—Extreme north of Norway to the Mediterranean,
Adriatic. All British and Ivish coasts.
Pirimela denticulata (Montagu).—Off Mulranny, 7 fms., two (S. W. K.).
Distribution.—Extreme north of Norway to the Mediterranean,
Adriatic. English Channel, east coast of England, Irish coasts.
Xantho incisus (Leach). (XY. jloridus (Montagu)).—S. and E. shores of
Clare I., common (W. R.).
Distribution.—British Isles to the Mediterranean, Adriatic. Enelish
Channel, west coast of Ireland.
Xantho hydrophilus (Herbst.) (XY. rivulosws Risso).—Rock-pool Ooghnamaddy,
Clare I., three (W. R.).
Distribution.—S.W. Norway to the Mediterranean, Adriatic. English
Channel, west coast of England, west coast of Ireland, Shetlands.
Pilumnus hirtellus (Linn.),—Islands in Clew Bay, five (W.R.). Off Mulranny,
two (S. W. K.).
Distribution—Southern North Sea to the Mediterranean, Adriatic.
English Channel, Irish Sea, west coast of Ireland.
[Gonoplax angulatus (Pennant).|—Not yet recorded from Clew Bay, but occurs
at Ballynakill.
Distribution Southern North Sea to the Mediterranean, English
Channel, Irish Sea, west coast of Ireland.
Pinnotheres pisum (Linn.).—“ A living specimen [of Mytilus Modoilus| dredged
in about 2 fms. off Annagh Island contained a living egg-bearing female
of the Pea Crab (Pinnotheres Piswm) with a carapace measuring 7°5 mm.”
Colgan: Marine Mollusca, Clare Island Survey, p. 26.
Distribution.—Southern Norway to the Mediterranean. Coasts of
British Isles.
Inachus dorynchus I.each.—Taken a few times N.H. and S.E. of Clare L,
13-20 fms. (S. W. K.); Clew Bay, 12 fms.; off Old Head, 16 fms. (W. R.).
Distribution. —8.W. Norway to the Mediterranean, Adriatic, Canaries,
Coasts of British Isles, Shetlands to the English Channel.
Inachus dorsettensis (Pennant).—In small numbers throughout Clew Bay,
7-20 fms.
Distribution.— West Norway to the Mediterranean,
40 8 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
Macropodia rostrata (Linn.).—Common throughout Clew Bay (S. W. K.).
Islands in Clew Bay, 43 fms. ; off Clare I., 13 fms. ; common (W. R.).
Distribution.—Kxtreme north of Norway to the Mediterranean,
Adriatic, Azores, Madeira, Senegambia. All British and Irish coasts.
[Maia squinado (Herbst.).|—Not yet recorded from Clew Bay, but has
frequently been taken at Ballynakill.
Distribution—Southern North Sea to the Mediterranean, Adriatic,
Canaries, English Channel, west coast of Ireland.
[Pisa tetraodon (Pennant). |—Scarce at Ballynakill and Blacksod; not yet
taken in Clew Bay.
Distribution.— British Isles to the Mediterranean, Adriatic, Canaries,
English Channel, west coast of Ireland.
Eurynome aspera (Pennant).—Small specimens often taken in crevices of
bored limestone between Clare I. and Mulranny, 6-16 fms. (S. W. K.).
Distribution—S. W. Norway to the Mediterranean, Adriatic. All
British and Ivish coasts.
Hyas araneus (Linn.).—Clew Bay, frequent; Annagh IJ. (W. R.).
Distribution.—N. EK. America, extreme north of Norway to the English
Channel. All British and Irish coasts.
Hyas coarctatus Leach.—Mulranny, 12 {ms., two; off Belclare, 34 fms. (W.R.).
Off Inishgort, 8-10 fms., few (G. P. F.). Much rarer on the west than
on the east coast of Ireland.
Distribution —Alaska, N. E. America, extreme north of Norway to the
English Channel. All British and Irish coasts.
Clare Island Survey.
41
NEBALIACEA, CUMACEA, SCHIZOPODA, AND
STOMATOPODA.
By W. M. TATTERSALL, D.Sc.
Read Aprit 22. Published June 4, 1912.
THE Clare Island marine area, as understood in this report, extends from
Blacksod Bay in the north to Slyne Head in the south. Seawards it may be
considered to extend to the fifty-fathom line.
Up to about a dozen years ago no collecting appears to have been done in
this area, At least L can find no records pertaining to the orders of Crustacea
here dealt with.
In 1899 the Fisheries Branch of the Department of Agriculture and
Technical Instruction for Ireland established a marine station at Inishbofin
and Ballynakill, and commenced a series of observations which have gone very
far to elucidate the marine fauna of the southern part of the area.
The Clare Island Survey, commenced some three years ago, has more
particularly dealt with the northern part of the district. In the preparation
of this report I have supplemented the results obtained by the latter survey
by including the species obtained by the former series of investigations, so
that the present report includes all the species of the Crustacea concerned
which have up till now been found in the area. The list of the Cumacea
here given is partly derived from Calman’s paper,’ and partly from the
collections made during the survey; while the list of Schizopoda has been
largely supplemented by extracts from a larger paper on the littoral Schizopoda
of Ireland, which I have in preparation.
The Crustacea here considered are creatures of normally bottom-haunting
habits, living either in rock-pools on the shore, or among the littoral seaweeds,
or buried in sand. But they have the additional peculiarity that they
frequently become true pelagic forms during the hours of darkness, and may
be captured in enormous numbers at such times. Whereas, therefore, the
usual method of collecting such forms is by using a dredge or attaching
1 Fisheries, Ireland, Sci. Invest., 1904, I. (1905).
R. J, A. PROG., VOL. XXXT. A 44
41 2 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
fine-meshed nets to trawls worked over the ground, the use of a tow-net at
night, especially in the shallow bays and harbours, not only facilitates the
collection of species, but gives a better and more correct idea of the
abundance or scarcity of the different species collected. In the Cumacea it is
usually the males only which become free-swimming at night, but among
the Mysidae both sexes appear to be equally represented in night gatherings.
The Stomatopoda are represented so far only by larval forms caught in the
tow-nets. These belong to two distinct genera; but the species cannot yet
be definitely settled pending the capture of adult specimens.
The present report includes one species of Cumacea and one of Mysidae
new to Ireland and one species of the former and eight of the latter not
hitherto recorded from the district.
SYNCARIDA.
Nebalia bipes (Fabricius).—WVebalia bipes is abundant throughout the district.
It is to be found at low water at spring tides, under stones on the shores,
and seems to prefer the neighbourhood of black, evil-smelling mud. It
is lkewise frequently captured at night in tow-nettings taken in
harbours and sheltered bays. On one occasion a lobster, which had
died in the lobster-pot, was found to be covered literally with thousands
of this Crustacean.
CUMACEA.
Bodotria scorpioides (Montagu).—Taken in nineteen gatherings from Bofin
Harbour, three from Fahy Bay, Ballynakill Harbour, and one from just
north of Cleggan Bay. It never occurred in very large numbers, and
was most abundant in the tow-nettings at night. Clew Bay, once.
B. pulchella (G. O. Sars).—Fahy Bay, Ballynakill Harbour, twice; north
entrance to Ballinakill Harbour, once; Cleggan Bay, once; Blacksod
Bay, twice.
Cumopsis goodsiri (van Beneden).—Feorinyeeo Bay, Blacksod Bay, two males
and two females. New to Ireland.
Iphinoé trispinosa (Goodsir).—One of the most abundant species in the area
in harbours and sheltered bays. Abundant in tow-nettings taken at
night in Ballynakill and Bofin Harbours ; Clew Bay, 5-11 fms., common;
Blacksod Bay, 2-9fms., common.
Vauntompsonia cristata, Spence Bate—Occurs in considerable numbers in
Ballynakill Harbour. Common in night tow-nettings, but only male
specimens are captured in this way. Elly Bay, Blacksod Bay, 1-4 fms.,
three specimens.
Clare Island Survey—Schizopoda, ete. 41 3
Eudorella truncatula (Spence Bate).—Taken three times in Bofin Harbour
and three times in Fahy Bay, Ballynakill Harbour. Clew Bay, 1-5 fms.,
common. Blacksod Bay, 5 fms., two specimens.
Cumella pygmaea, G. O. Sars.—Generally distributed throughout the area, both
in the harbours and sheltered bays, and in the open seas down to 45 fms,
Nannastacus unguiculatus, Spence Bate.—Very abundant in the sheltered
bays and harbours of the district, but also found in the open seas round
Clare Island and Inishturk. Blacksod Bay, one specimen.
N. brevicaudatus, Calman.—The types and only known specimens were found
in Ballynakill Harbour.
Pseudocuma longicornis (Spence Bate).—The most abundant species of
Cumacea in the area, and generally distributed. Often taken in large
numbers in tow-nettings made at night.
P: similis, G. O. Sars.—-Bofin Harbour, one specimen. 13 miles N.W. by W.
of Inishturk, one specimen. Between Clare I. and Achillbeg, one
specimen.
Diastylis rugosa, G. O. Sars—From Ballynakill Harbour, on five occasions.
Blacksod Bay, one specimen.
D. rostrata (Goodsir).—Twice taken in Ballynakill Harbour. Clew Bay,
5-10 fms., two specimens. Blacksod Bay, 3-9 fms. common. 5 mi.
S.S.E. of Clare I. light, 17 fms., four specimens.
D. spinosa, Norman.—24 miles 8.E. of Clare I. light, 18 fms., one male. 34
miles S.S.W.of Mulranny pier, Clew Bay, 15fms., onefemale. Blacksod
Bay, 9 fms., two males. New to the district.
EUPHAUSIACEA.
Meganyctiphanes norvegica (M. Sars).—J/. norvegica is very frequently taken
in tow-nettings in the open seas of the Clare Island marine area, but is
seldom found in any of the harbours in that area. It may, however, be
driven in during gales, and even cast up on the beach. It forms the
main food of mackerel, herring, salmon, and trout in the springtime, and,
judging from the contents of the stomachs of these fishes examined at
that period of the year, this Euphausian must be enormously abundant at
certain seasons. The contents of the stomach of a whale captured at
Inishkea in the spring of 1900 were found to consist entirely of this
species.
Nyctiphanes couchi (Bell).—A smaller form than J. norvegica, N. couchi is
usually found associated with this species in the open seas round Clare
Island and district, and appears to be equally abundant. Considered
A 2
41 4 Proceedings of the Royal Trish Academy.
broadly, however, V. covchi is a more distictly shallow-water species
than MV. norvegica. Like the latter, it is a favourite food of pelagic fishes.
Thysanoéssa inermis (Kroyer).—This species has a distribution in the district
under review entirely coincident with that of ML norvegica and N. couchi
and is usually found associated with them. Under this species I
include records formerly listed under the name Borcophausia inermis
(Kroyer), and Thysanoéssa neglecta (Kroyer), since, according to Hansen,
these two supposedly distinct species are merely dimorphic forms of
one species, which must bear the earlier name here given to it.
MYSIDACEA.
Siriella armata (Milne-Edwards).—Near Portlea, Clare Island, 5-6 fms.
Inishgowla Harbour, Clew Bay, 1-4 fms. South side of Feorinyeeo
Bay, Blacksod Bay, shore. Feorinyeeo Bay, 2-5 fms. Elly Bay, Blacksod
Bay, 1-3 fms. Carrigeenmore, Blacksod Bay, in tow-net through weeds,
close to shore. Entrance to Blacksod Bay, 7 fms. Bofin Harbour, very
common. Ballynakill Harbour, common. Cleggan Bay, 17 fms.
A very common and abundant species in the district, generally found
living among Laminaria and other seaweeds, or in rock-pools, and
frequently captured free-swimming at night, by means of tow-nets.
S. clausii, G. O. Sars.—Inishgowla Harbour, Clew Bay, 1-4 fms. South side
of Feorinygeeo Bay, Blacksod Bay, rock-pools on the shore. Entrance
to Blacksod Bay,7 fms. Cleggan Bay, 17 ims. 23 miles S.W. by W.
of Shark Head, Inishark, surface. Half mile N. of Cleggan Head,
surface. Bofin Harbour, very abundant. Ballynakill Harbour, very
abundant.
A very common species, especially abundant at night in the harbours
and shallow bays of the area.
8. jaltensis, Czerniavsky.—Carrigeenmore, Blacksod Bay, shore. South side
of Feorinyeeo Bay, Blacksod Bay, shore. Elly Bay, Blacksod Bay, shore.
Barranagh, Blacksod Bay, 2-3 ims. Portlea, Clare Island, in tow-net.
23 miles S.W. by W. of Shark Head, Inishark, surface. 2 miles W. by
S. of Inishturk, surface. 4 mile N. of Cleggan Head, surface. Bofin
Harbour, very abundant. Ballynakill Harbour, very common.
A species of similar habitats and abundance to S. clausii, and usually
found associated with it. It has not been previously recorded from the
area under review, though known te me for several years from the
collections of the Fisheries Branch of the Department of Agriculture
for Ireland.
Clare Island Survey—Schizopoda, ete. 41 5
Gastrosaccus spinifer (Goés).—Entrance to Blacksod Bay, 7 fms. letween
Inishturk and Inishark, surface. Between Innishinny and the Gun
Rock, Inishbofin, surface. Fahy Bay, Ballynakill, 2 fms. Found also
on one occasion in the stomach of a mackerel caught off Cleggan Head.
A free-swimming form usually found in the open sea and rarely
taken in the harbours and bays of the area.
G. sanctus (van Beneden).—Bofin Harbour, very abundant, especially at night.
Ballynakill Harbour, taken on six occasions, and only very young
specimens.
The specimens from Bofin Harbour depart from the typical forms in
being without lobes on the posterior margin of the carapace.
G. normani, G. O. Sars.—One mile outside Bofin Harbour, one specimen.
Between Bofin and Carrickmahoga Rocks, one specimen. 25 miles 8.W.
by W. of Shark Head, one specimen. 2 miles S.S.W. of Shark Head,
two specimens. Between Inishturk and Inishark, one specimen.
An open-sea species, never taken in harbours or sheltered bays. All
the west of Ireland specimens have upturned lobes on the posterior
margin of the carapace, and differ in this respect from Mediterranean
specimens, in which the lobes are absent. All the specimens were
captured at the surface.
Anchialus agilis, G. O. Sars——Taken on about a dozen occasions in the open
seas round Inishbofin, Inishark, Inishturk, and Clare Island, but never
taken in the harbours or enclosed bays of the district. It is usually
captured at the surface of the sea. Not previously recorded from the
area.
Heteromysis formosa, S. I. Smith—Bofin Harbour, 23 fms., three young
specimens. Not previously recorded from the area.
Erythrops elegans, G. O. Sars.—Fahy Bay, Ballynakill, 2 fms., one specimen.
Not previously recorded from Ireland.
Mysidopsis angusta, G. O. Sars.— North entrance to Ballynakill Harbour,7 fms.,
one specimen, New to the district.
M. gibbosa, G. O. Sars—Bofin Harbour, rarely. Ballynakill Harbour not
infrequently.
Leptomysis lingvura, G. O. Sars.—Bofin Harbour, three specimens on three
separate occasions. New to the district.
Hemimysis lamornae (Couch).—Entrance to Blacksod Bay, 7 fms., two
specimens. Off Portlea, Clare Island, in tow-net.
Macropsis slabberi (van Beneden).—Ballinakill Harbour, surface, one
specimen, LBofin Harbour, on three separate occasions, at the surface at
night.
41 6 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
Macromysis flexuosa (Miiller).—A. very common species, enormously abundant
in the bays and harbours of the area, usually found among Laminaria and
other seaweeds and in rock-pools.
M. inermis (Rathke).—Inishgowla Harbour, Clew Bay, 1-4 fms. Carrigeen-
more, Blacksod Bay, in tow-net through weeds close to shore, abundant.
Off Portlea, Clare Island, in tow-net, 5-6 fms., abundant. Ballynakill
Harbour, on two occasions. Bofin Harbour, common.
A moderately abundant species in the area, but never found along
the shores or in rock-pools like WZ. flexuosa. It usually occurs in
about 5 fms. of water.
Schistomysis ornata (G. O. Sars).—Entrance to Blacksod Bay, 7 fms., abundant.
Feorinyeeo Bay, Blacksod Bay, 5 fms., one specimen.
8. arenosa (G. O. Sars).—Off the white strand, Ship Sound, Bofin Harbour,
3 fms., in sand, very abundant. Carrigeenmore, Blacksod Bay, in tow-
net through weeds, close to shore.
Neomysis integer (Leach).—Lough Leam, Mullet, abundant. Lough Leam is a
brackish-water lough, cut off from the sea, and only entered by the tide
at spring-tides. New to the district.
STOMATOPODA.
In 1905 I recorded the fact that Stomatopod larvae, belonging to two
distinct genera of adult Stomatopoda, occurred regularly in tow-nettings taken
in the late autumn off Inishbofin and Ballynakill Harbour. Since the publica-
tion of that note further specimens have come to hand; and I now wish to
correct an error in the identification of one-of the types of larvae. I referred
the two kinds of larvae to the larval genera Alima and Gonerichthus, the
young forms of Squilla and Gonodactylus respectively. The latter larvae in
reality belongs to the genus Lysiosquilla. I was able to correct my earlier
determination by the discovery of a single specimen, 16 mm. in length, in
the first adult stage, in which the raptorial claw bears nine teeth, including
the large terminal one. It suffices for the present to include the genera
Squilla and Lysiosquilla in the fauna of the Clare Island marine area. No
adult specimens have yet been found; but the larvae in all stages of develop-
ment occur free-swimming in the shallow seas of the district every year in
the late summer aud early autumn.
Clare Island Survey—Schizopoda, ete. 417
TABLE INDICATING THE KNOWN GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF NEBALIACEA,
CUMACEA, AND SCHIZOPODA,
A B Cc D
3 Og
asl E ape | fe
es ae 2288 g 5
45 v4 I 4 ato xo H
aA SA | eeoe a | gee
Se SHS | 8280s | SEs
KE fed |madud| HES
SyNCARIDA.
Nebalia bipes, . : : : : x x x x
Cumacga.
Bodotria scorpioides, x x x x
Bodotria pulchella, _ x x x
Cumopsis goodsiri, 6 : : — x = x
Iphinoé trispinosa, . : . : x x x x
Vauntompsonia cristata, = x x x
Vudorella truncatula, _ x x x
Cumella pygmaea, : x x — x
Nannastacus unguiculatus, x — x
Nannastacus brevicaudatus, — x = =
Pseudocuma longicornis, x x x x
Pseudocuma similis, 3 ‘ x x = =
Diastylis rugosa, . 6 5 : x x x x
Diastylis rostrata, : = x x = =
Diastylis spinosa, a x = =
EUPHAUSIACEA.
Meganyctiphanes norvegica, x x x x
Nyctiphanes couchi, a x x x
Thysanoéssa inermis, x x = =
Mysipacea.
Siriella armata, i ° 6 6 — x x x
Siriella clausii, . x = x
Siriella jaltensis, — x = x
Gastrosaccus spinifer, x x< x —
Gastrosaccus sanctus, = x x x
Gastrosaccus normani, — x x x
Anchialus agilis, — x x x
Heteromysis formosa, x x — —
Erythrops elegans, x x — <
Mysidopsis angusta, x x — <
Mysidopsis gibbosa, . x x — <
Leptomysis lingvura, x x x x
Hemimysis lamornae, x x — x
Macropsis slabberi, = x x x
Macromysis flexuosa, x x x —
Macromysis inermis, . x x — —
Schistomysis ornata, . x x < —
Schistomysis arenosa, 4 — x — x<
Neomysis integer, . : x x x _—
|
|
|
41 8 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE SPECIES NOTED ABOVE.
The preceding table indicates broadly the known geographical range of
the species recorded above. A study of this table reveals the interesting
fact that the marine fauna of the west of Ireland, as far as these orders
of Crustacea are concerned, is a blending of northern forms with southern
species from the Mediterranean, the latter element somewhat preponderating.
The single species of Nebalia, WV. bapes, extends from Norway to the Medi-
terranean. Among the Cumacea we find seven species have been recorded
from Norway and ten from the Mediterranean, while five are common to
Norway, the British area, and the Mediterranean. Five species, Vannastacus
unguiculatus, Budorella truncatula, Bodotria pulchella, Cumopsis goodsiri and
Vauntompsonia cristata, have the northern limit of their geographical range
in the British area, while two forms, Pseuwdocuma similis and Diastylis rostrata,
have yet to be met with south of the British area. One species, Nennastacus
brevicaudatus, is peculiar to the Clare Island marine area, Diastylis spinosa
has so far only been found in the British area, and none of the species
extend to the American coasts.
Of the three species of Euphausiacea, one, Meganyctiphanes norvegica,
extends from Norway to the Mediterranean; the second, Wyctiphanes couchi,
is known from the Mediterranean, but not from Norway; while the third,
Thysanoéssa imermis, is not certamly known to the south of Britain.
M. norvegica is also found off the North American coast. Here again,
therefore, we get a blending of northern and Mediterranean species.
Of the nineteen species of Mysidae here recorded, thirteen extend to the
Mediterranean and eleven to Norway, but only five from Norway to the
Mediterranean. Six of them have the southern limit of their known
geographical range in the British area, while eight of them have not yet been
recorded south of the English Channel. There are no species peculiar to the
British area, and only one species, Heteromysts formosa, extends to the
American coasts. No Stomatopoda are known from Norway, so that the
Stomatopod element in the fauna of the West of Ireland is of southern
origin.
Clare Island Survey—NSchizopoda, ete. 41 9
Summing up the known geographical range of all the species here recorded
we get the result set forth in the following table :—
{
Norway. British Area. Mediterranean. Compien ts all
Seer. ul aah aaa ike oon ay Apa aaa
eee eel omer Ve aha iy ces om
ream pie arte CEs ge ace [eee en
ee erie eae eats atk keege
renee ele a yen nce ae a
This table brings out well the fact that the shallow-water marine fauna of
the west coast of Ireland is a blending of a northern and southern fauna, the
latter element preponderating slightly as a whole and in each separate order.
Concerning the horizontal and bathymetric distribution of the species here
noted definite information is difficult to obtain, owing to the peculiarity of
habit already noted for the majority of forms of becoming free-swimming at
night. Nebalia bipes is a purely littoral species, not extending below the ten-
fathom line. Of the Cumacea, the following species appear to be true littoral
forms confined to the ten-fathom limit of the shore :—
Bodotria pulchella. Diastylis rugosa.
Iphinoé trispinosa. Cumopsis goodsiri.
Nannastacus brevicaudatus.
The seaward limit of the remaining species, as far as at present known,
is as follows :—
Cumella pygmaea, 67 fms. Pseudocuma longicornis, 58 fms,
Bodotria scorpioides, 15 fms. Pseudocuma similis, 28 fms.
Vauntompsonia cristata, 50 fms, Diastylis rostrata, 1063 fms.
Nannastacus unguiculatus, 64 fms. Diastylis spinosa, 183 fms.
Eudorella truncatula, 1443 fms.
The three Euphausians are pelagic Crustacea, often extending far out to
sea and in water of considerable depth, which reach the maximum of
abundance in the adult stage at about the 100-fathom line, and in the
young and half-grown stages in considerably shallower water. They are at
1 Two species peculiar to the British Area.
* One species extends to America.
R. 1. A. PROC., VOL. XXXI, B aM
41 10 . Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
all times creatures of the open shallow seas, and are rarely found in harbour
and bays unless driven there under stress of weather.
The following species of Mysidae may be regarded as purely littoral
species :—
Siriella armata. Macropsis slabberi.
8. jaltensis. Macromysis flexuosa.
S. clausii. Schistomysis arenosa.
Heteromysis formosa. Neomysis integer.
Leptomysis lingvura.
The species of Gastrosaccus and Anchialus are more purely pelagic than
the other Mysidae, but only G. normani extends seawards for any distance.
It has been recorded from a depth of 180 fathoms.
The remaining species are bottom-living forms which range from all
depths down to about fifty fathoms.
Clare Island Survey.
42
AMPHIPODA.
By W. M. TATTERSALL, D.Sc.
Read Junr 28. Published Avcusr 18, 1913.
INTRODUCTION.
THE area covered by this report is the same as that given by me in the
reports on the Schizopoda and Isopoda, namely, from Blacksod Bay in the
north to Slyne Head in the south, and seaward to the 50-fathom line. The
material on which the report is based is derived from the following
sources :—(1) the collections made by the Fisheries Branch of the Depart-
ment of Agriculture and Technical Instruction for Ireland “during their
survey of the harbours of Ballinakill and Bofin and the neighbouring fishing-
grounds; the full results as regards the Amphipoda have not yet been
published, but I have abstracted such records from my notes as concern the
area now under review; (2) the collections made by the same Department
during the survey of Blacksod Bay; (3) the collections made specially for
this Survey by the Department’s cruiser “ Helga” and by other naturalists
engaged in the Survey, among whom should be mentioned Mr. Nevin H.
Foster and Mr. Robert Welch, who made collections of the semi-terrestrial
Amphipoda in the Westport district and on Clare Island. The result is that
an enormous quantity of material is available for the purposes of this report ;
and the total of ninety-five species here recorded must be considered a fairly
exhaustive list of the Amphipoda of the district.
Very little systematic collecting has been done in the area previous to the
making of the collections here dealt with. In 1868 Messrs. Brady and
Robertson spent a week dredging the bays round Clifden, and recorded
twenty-two species of Amphipoda. Isolated records have been noted by
Walker, Norman, Calman, Spence Bate, and others from time to time, so
that up till now a total of forty-one species of Amphipoda is known from
the Clare Island marine area.
The present report adds a further fifty-four species, nineteen of which
are now added to the fauna of Ireland, the remaining thirty-five species being
new to the district.
R.A. PROC., VOL. XXX1. A 42
42 2 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
I have seen all the species previously recorded except Phozxocephalus
holbolli recorded irom Ardbear Bay by Brady and Robertson, and Gammarus
campylops noted from Newport, Co. Mayo, by Norman. The former I
suspect to be either Metaphoxus fultoni or M. pectinatus, both comparatively
common in the district; and the latter, as pointed out by Walker, will
probably prove to be only a form of Gammarus locusta. The Amphipoda
are normally creatures of bottom-haunting habits, and a large part of the
material has been captured by means of a dredge or by shore-collecting.
But tow-netting in the harbours and shallow waters of the district at the
surface at night has yielded excellent results. A great number of Amphipoda
become pelagic during the hours of darkness, and can then be caught in
immense numbers. In this way a better idea can be obtained of the relative
abundance of the various species in the district than would be got by a
considerable amount of shore-collecting and dredging.
I have already published a paper on the pelagic Amphipoda of Ireland,
and have abstracted from it the records which concern the area under review.
In the course of the examination of the collections of the Amphipoda I have
come across a few additional Isopoda. No species of the latter occurred that
had not been previously recorded; but the following species were noted from
new localities within the area, and may, perhaps, be fittingly placed on record
here :-—
Paratanais batei, G. O. Sars.— 24 miles E. of Clare Island light,
22 fathoms, one.
Gnathia oxyuraen (Lilljeborg)—Inishgowla Harbour, Clew Bay, 4 fathoms,
one.
Munna kréyeri, Boeck —Inishlyre Roads, 4 fathoms, one.
The arrangement and nomenclature of the Gammaridea here followed are
those of Stebbing, “ Das Tierreich.”
SYSTEMATIC LIST.
AMPHIPODA GAMMARIDEA.
Family LYSIANASSIDAE.
Nannonyx goésii (Boeck).
Elly Bay, Blacksod Bay, shore, one; 2 faths., one.
New to Ireland.
Distribution :—Arctic Ocean, N. Atlantic from Norway to the English
Channel, West Norway.
Clare Island Survey—Amphipoda. 42 3
Lysianassa ceratinus (Walker).
Blacksod Bay and inlets, taken on nine occasions, shore to 5 faths. Inish-
lyre Harbour, 5 faths., and surface, two. Off Clare Island, 7-17 faths., two.
Bofin, common. Ballinakill Harbour, common.
Previous Irish Records :—Strangford Lough, Clew Bay, Valentia.
Distribution :—Atlantic coasts of Great Britain, Ireland and France.
I have accepted Chevreux’s decision, that this species is distinct from
L. longicornis Lucas, with which it has been united by Stebbing. I have seen
over one hundred specimens of this species, and they all, without exception,
have the hind margin of the third segment of the metasome rounded. None
of them shows any approach to the spiniform condition seen in L. plumosa
Boeck. It is quite the most abundant Lysianassid in shallow water on the
West of Ireland.
Perrierella audouiniana (Bate).
Blacksod Bay, 5 faths., two. Inishlyre Harbour, 5 faths., two. Fahy
Bay, Ballinakill Harbour, 3 faths., sixteen.
New to Ireland.
Distribution :—North Atlantic and North Sea from Norway to France,
Mediterranean.
Orchomene batei G. O. Sars.
Blacksod Bay, 1-8 faths.,common. Outer Harbour, Bofin Island, one.
Not certainly recorded from Ireland before, though it is probable that
Thompson's records of Anonyx elegans from Bangor, Co. Down, and Kinahan’s
of Anonyx minutus from Belfast Lough refer to this species.
Distribution :—North Atlantic and North Sea from Norway to France,
Mediterranean.
Ichnopus spinicornis Boeck.
Off High Island, Co. Galway, surface, one.
New to the district.
Previous Irish Record :—Off Valentia (Porcupine). The present record
is only the second one for the British Isles.
Distribution :—Arctic Ocean, North Atlantic and North Sea, Mediterranean
and Java Sea.
Socarnes erythrophthalmus Robertson.
13 miles E.N.E. of Clare Island light, 21 faths., eleven.
Previous Irish Records :—Valentia (Walker); Ardbear Bay, Co. Galway
(Norman).
Distribution :—Atlantic coasts of Great Britain, Ireland, and France.
A 2
42 4 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
Tryphosa sarsii (Bonnier).
Blacksod Bay, N. of Ardelly Pt., 2-5 faths., two. Inishgowla Harbour,
Clew Bay, 1-4 faths., one. Fahy Bay, Ballinakill Harbour, 1-3 faths., twelve.
Previous Irish Record :—Clew Bay (Norman).
Distribution :—Atlantic coasts of South and West Norway, Great Britain,
and Ireland.
Tmetonyx cicada (Fabricius).
Blacksod Bay, one young specimen.
Previous Irish Records: —Kenmare River (Walker); several records from
deep water off the west coast of Ireland, 90-630 faths. (Walker and Norman).
Distribution :—Arctie Ocean, North Atlantic and North Sea from Norway
to France.
Orchomenella nanus (Kroyer).
Inishlyre Harbour, 5 faths., one. Bofin Harbour, 1-4 faths., on three
occasions. Fahy Bay, Ballinakill Harbour, 1-3 faths., two.
New to the district.
Previous Irish Records :—Valentia and district, off Galley Head, Co. Cork
(Walker) ; deep water off the West of Ireland, 40 faths. (Porcupine).
Distribution :—North Atlantic and North Sea from Norway to France.
Lepidepecreum longicorne (Bate and Westwood).
1 mile outside Bofin Harbour, 17 faths., one. 5 miles N.W. by N. of
Inishturk, 48 faths., one at surface. 2 miles S. of Shark Head, 42 faths., one
at surface.
Previous Irish Records :—Off Galley Head, Co. Cork, and off Teelin Head,
Co. Galway, 33-37 faths. (Walker).
Distribution :—North Atlantic and North Sea from South Norway to
France, Mediterranean.
Family AMPELISCIDAE.
Ampelisca brevicornis (A. Costa).
Blacksod Bay, common in sand. Ballinakill Harbour, Coastguard Bay, in
sand, two. # mile S. of Mulranny Pier, 5-11 faths., thirty.
New to the district.
Previous Irish Records :—Valentia Harbour, Dunbeacon Harbour (Walker);
Belfast Lough (Kinahan).
Distribution :—Arctic Ocean, North Atlantic and North Sea from Norway
to France, Mediterranean.
Clare Island Survey—Amphipoda. 42 5
Ampelisca spinipes Boeck.
Blacksod Bay, 7-9 faths., common. 13 mile N.W. by N. of Carwell, off
Crump Island, 24 faths., two. Clew Bay, 2 miles EH. of Deace’s Rock,
182 faths., one. 13 mile E.N.E. of Clare Island light, 21 faths., one. 1 mile
N. by E. of Cleggan Hd., 19 faths. three. Ballinakill Harbour, 2-4 faths.,
one.
Previous Irish Records :—Dingle Bay, Valentia Harbour (Walker) ; Round-
stone (Calman); several places in deep water off the West coast, 70-744 faths.
(Porcupine).
Distribution :—Arctic Ocean, North Atlantic and North Sea from Norway
to France.
Ampelisca diadema (A. Costa).
Blacksod Bay, 3-9 faths., three. Inishlyre Harbour, 5 faths., one.
New to the district.
Previous Irish Records :—Belfast Bay, Dublin Bay (Spence Bate); West
of Ireland, 183 faths. (Porcupine).
Distribution :—North Atlantic and North Sea from Norway to France,
Mediterranean.
Ampelisca typica (Bate).
Blacksod Bay, 4-8 faths., few. Bofin Harbour, in tow-nets, on six
occasions.
New to the district.
Previous Irish Records :—Belfast Bay, Dublin Bay (Kinahan); Lough
Foyle (Norman); West of Ireland, 90 faths. (Porcupine).
Distribution :—North Atlantic and North Sea from Norway to France.
Ampelisca tenuicornis Lilljeborg.
Blacksod Bay, 4-9 faths., common. # mile S. of Mulranny Pier, Clew
Bay, 5-11 faths., two. Inishgowla Harbour, Clew Bay, 1-4 faths., five. Fahy
Bay, Ballinakill Harbour, six. Bofin Harbour, in tow-nets, frequent.
New to the district.
Previous Irish Records :—Valentia Harbour (Walker); Donegal Bay
(Norman); W. of Ireland, 183 faths. (Porcupine).
Distribution :—North Atlantic and North Sea from Norway to France.
Family HAUSTORIIDAE.
Bathyporeia guilliamsoniana (Bate).
Blacksod Bay, in sand at low-water, common.
New to Ireland.
Distribution :—North Atlantic and North Sea from Norway to France.
42 6 Proceedings of the Royal lrish Academy.
Bathyporeia pelagica (Bate).
S. of Mulranny Pier, Clew Bay, 5-13 faths., two. Ballinakill Harbour,
1-3 faths., six. Bofin Harbour, in surface tow-nets, ten.
New to the district.
Previous Irish Record :—West of Ireland, 183 faths. (Porcupine).
Distribution :—Arctic Ocean, North Atlantic and North Sea from
Norway to France.
Urothoe marina (Bate).
Elly Bay, Blacksod Bay, in sand, two. N. of Ardelly Point, Blacksod
Bay, 5 faths., one. Inishlyre Harbour, tow-net, one. Off Bundowlish, tow-
net, one. Bofin Harbour, tow-nets, common. Male specimens, caught in
surface tow-nets, are beautifully rose-coloured when alive. In this respect
they agree with U. elegans and U. pulchella, so that the colouration of
specimens is no guide to their identity.
Previous Irish Records :—Dublin Bay (Kinahan); Ardbear Bay (Brady
and Robertson).
Distribution :—Coasts of the British Isles and France.
Urothoe brevicornis Bate.
Elly Bay, Blacksod Bay, in sand, common.
New to the district.
Previous Irish Record :—Church Island, Valentia (Walker).
Distribution :—Coasts of the British Isles and France.
Urothoe elegans Bate.
Elly Bay, Blacksod Bay, tow-nets, two. 34 miles E.S.E. of Clare Island
light, 20 faths., three. Very abundant in tow-nettings in Bofin Harbour and
in the open sea between Bofin and Cleggan Head.
Previous Irish Records :—Blacksod Bay (Walker) ; Dublin Bay (Kinahan) ;
Berehaven, and several localities on the West coast of Ireland (Porcupine).
Distribution :—Atlantic coasts of Europe from Norway to the Azores.
Family PHOKXOCEPHALIDAE.
Metaphoxus fultoni (T. Scott).
Inishgowla Harbour, Clew Bay. 1-5 faths., seven. Bofin Harbour, taken
sparingly on numerous occasions in surface tow-nets at night. Ballinakill
Harbour on two occasions. Also taken occasionally in the open seas around
Bofin, Shark, and Inishturk.
New to the district.
Clare Island Survey—Amphipoda. 42 7
Previous Irish Records :—Galway (Calman) and Roundstone (Norman).
Distribution :—West and south coasts of the British Isles, France and the
Mediterranean.
Metaphoxus pectinatus (Walker).
Ballinakill Harbour, in surface tow-nettings at night and in the dredge,
1-4 faths., on twelve occasions. Taken twice in the open sea near Bofin and
High Island.
New to the district.
Previous Irish Records :—Valentia (Walker) and Roundstone (Norman).
Distribution :—West coast of the British Isles and France.
Patience (“ Glasgow Naturalist,” vol. i, 1909) is of opinion that these two
species of Metaphoxus should be united. It is not my intention to discuss
the matter here; but it is interesting to record, in support of one of the
arguments put forward by Patience for his view, that on two occasions I have
dredged the two forms in company. This fact leaves no doubt that the two
species live in association in their normal habitat, for, in dredging from a
small boat, very little ground is covered in a single haul.
Harpinia crenulata (Boeck).
Off Mulvanny Pier, 7 faths., one.
New to the district.
Previous Irish Record :—Valentia (Norman).
Distribution :—North Atlantic and North Sea from Norway to the west of
France.
Family AMPHILOCHIDAE.
Gitana sarsi Boeck.
Inishlyre Harbour, 5 faths., one. Derryinver Bay, Ballinakill Harbour,
1-3 faths., one. Bofin Harbour, one.
Previous Irish Records :—Valentia and Carrigaholt (Walker).
Distribution :—Arctic Ocean, North Atlantic and North Sea from Norway
to France, Mediterranean.
Family LEUCOTHOIDAE.
Leucothoe spinicarpa (Abildgaard).
Blacksod Bay, from an Ascidian, one. 34 miles N. $ W. of Clare Island
light, 28 faths., three. Inishgowla Harbour, Clew Bay, 1-4 faths., one. Fahy
Bay, Ballinakill Harbour, on ship’s bottom, two.
New to the district.
42 8 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
Previous Irish Records :—Valentia (Walker) and Roundstone (Norman).
Distribution :—Arctie Ocean, North Atlantic and North Sea from Norway
to France, Mediterranean, Azores.
Leucothoe lilljeborgii Boeck.
Kallary Bay, 7 faths., two.
New to Ireland.
Distribution :—North Atlantic and North Sea from South Norway to
France, Mediterranean.
Family METOPIIDAE.
Metopa rubrovittata G. O. Sars.
Ballinakill Harbour, from Hydractinia echinata, two.
New to Ireland.
Distribution :—Arctie Ocean, North Atlantic and North Sea from Norway
to France. .
Family STENOTHOIDAE.
Stenothoe monoculoides (Montagu).
Blacksod Bay, 1-3 faths., two. Clare Island, south shore of Portanibb,
one. 3 miles N.W. of Clare Island light, 25 faths., one. Ballinakill and
Bofin Harbours, frequent in tow-nets.
Previous Irish Records :—Valentia (Walker); Belfast Bay (Kinahan) ;
Sligo (Bate) ; Ardbear Bay (Brady and Robertson); Roundstone (Norman).
Distribution :—North Atlantic and adjoining seas from Norway to the
Azores, Mediterranean.
Stenothoe marina (Bate).
Clare Island, 13-29 faths., nine. JBallinakill Harbour, three. Bofin
Harbour, one.
Previous Irish Records :—Valentia (Walker); Donegal Bay, Bray Head,
Valentia (Norman); Porcupine Station 6, 90 faths.
Distribution :—North Atlantic and North Sea from Norway to France,
Adriatic.
Family COLOMASTIGIDAE.
Colomastix pusilla Grube.
5 miles N.W. by W. of Clare Island light, 29 faths., one. Inishlyre
Harbour, 5 faths., one.
New to the district.
Previous Irish Record :—Birterbuy Bay (Brady and Robertson).
Distribution :—West and South coasts of the British Isles, France and
the Mediterranean.
Clare Island Survey— Amphipoda. 42 9
Family ACANTHONOTOZOMATIDAE.
Panoplea minuta (G. O. Sars).
Coastguard Deep, Ballinakill Harbour, 2-8 faths., two specimens. North
entrance to Ballinakill Harbour, 6-8 faths., five. Cleggan Bay, 5-10 faths.,
two. 4 mile E.S.E. of Clare Island, 7 faths., three.
New to the district.
Previous Irish Records :—Valentia Harbour, Dunbeacon Harbour, and the
S.W. of Ireland, 6 faths. (Walker).
Distribution :—North Atlantic and North Sea from South Norway to the
British Isles, Mediterranean.
Family LILLJEBORGIIDAE.
Lilljeborgia brevicornis (Bruzelius).
7 miles S.E. of Clare Island light, 16 faths., two. 4 mile 8S. of Mulranny
Pier, 5-11 faths., one.
New to Ireland.
Distribution :—Arctic Ocean, North Atlantic and North Sea from Norway
to France.
Family OEDICEROTIDAE.
Perioculodes longimanus (Bate and Westwood).
Feorinyeeo Bay, Blacksod Bay, 2 faths., one. S.W. of Mulranny Pier,
13 faths.,one. Ballinakill and Bofin Harbours, very common in tow-nettings
taken at night.
Previous Irish Records :—Valentia Harbour, Carrigaholt (Walker); Clew
Bay (Norman).
Distribution: —Arctic Ocean, North Atlantic and North Sea from Norway
to France, Mediterranean.
Pontocrates arenarius (Bate).
Blacksod Bay, 6-74 faths., fine sand, one. 34 miles E.8.E. of Clare Island
light, 20 faths., one. Off the White Strand, Bofin Island, fine sand, 2-5 faths.,
ten.
New to Ireland.
Distribution :—North Sea from Norway to Holland, West and South
coasts of the British Isles.
R,I.A. PROC., VOL. XXXI. B 42,
42 i0 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
Synchelidium haplocheles (Grube).
Clare Island, inside Portlea, 1 fath., one. Bofin Harbour, on eight
occasions in tow-nettings taken at night.
New to the district.
Previous Irish Records :—Valentia (Walker) and W. of Ireland (Calman).
Distribution :—North Atlantic and North Sea from Norway to the British
Isles, Mediterranean.
Monoculodes carinatus (Bate).
Blacksod Bay, 5-74 faths., fine sand, three. Ballinakill Harbour, tow-net
at surface, at night, one. Bofin Harbour, tow-net at surface, at night, one.
Outside Bofin Harbour, 17 faths., fine sand, three.
New to Ireland.
Previous Irish Records :—Off Galley Head, Co. Cork, Valentia Harbour
and off Bull Rock (Walker).
Distribution :—North Atlantic and North Sea from Norway to France,
Mediterranean.
Family CALLIOPIIDAE.
Calliopius rathkii (Zaddach).
Feorinyeeo Bay, Blacksod Bay, shore, one. Killary Bay, 6 faths., one.
Bofin Harbour, tow-net at night, two.
New to Ireland.
Distribution :—Arctic Ocean, North Atlantic and North Sea from Norway
to France.
Apherusa cirrus (Bate).
Blacksod Bay, shores, common. Bofin Harbour, on two occasions.
Previous Irish Records :—Valentia (Walker); Roundstone (Calman); Sligo,
Bangor, Co. Down, and Belfast Lough (Bate).
Distribution: Arctic Ocean, North Atlantic and North Sea from Norway
to France.
Apherusa bispinosa (Bate).
Blacksod Bay, shores, common. Inishgowla Harbour, Clew Bay,
1-4 faths., one. Clare Island, Portlea, common. 13 mile E.N.E. of Clare
Island light, 21 faths., one. Ballinakill and Bofin Harbours, very abundant
in tow-nettings taken at the surface at nights.
Previous Irish Records :—Valentia (Walker); Ardbear Bay (Brady and
Robertson); Belfast Lough and Bangor, Co. Down (Kinahan); Carrigaholt
(Walker); Kingstown Harbour (Tattersall).
Distribution :— Arctic Ocean, North Atlantic and North Sea from Norway
to France, Mediterranean.
Clare Island Survey—Amphipoda. 42 11
Apherusa jurinei (Milne-Edwards).
Blacksod Bay, shores, ten. Portlea, Clare Island, six. Ballinakill
Harbour, surface tow-net, one. Bofin Harbour, on five occasions. Clifden
Bay, one.
New to the district.
Previous Irish Records :—Valentia (Walker).
Distribution.—North Atlantic and North Sea from Norway to France,
Mediterranean.
- Family PLEUSTIDAE.
Neopleustes monocuspis (G. O. Sars).
Blacksod Bay, one specimen.
New to Ireland.
Distribution :— Norway, Ivish Sea.
Stenopleustes nodifer (G. O. Sars).
S.S.W. Mulranny Pier, 13 faths., one.
New to Ireland.
Distribution :—Norway, North Sea and Ivish Sea.
Family ATYLIDAE.
Nototropis swammerdamei (Milne-Edwards).
One of the most abundant and characteristic Amphipoda of the district.
Taken on sixty-five occasions all over the area from Blacksod Bay to
Ballinakill. Frequently there were two or three hundred specimens in a
haul.
Previous Irish Records:—All round the coast from Valentia northwards to
Kingstown (various authors).
Distribution :—Arctic Ocean, North Atlantic, and Mediterranean.
Nototropis vedlomensis (Bate and Westwood).
2 miles 8.S.W. of Clare Island, 27 faths., two. 14 mile N.N.W. of Conwell,
off Crump Island, 24 faths., one. Off the entrance to Bofin Harbour, 16-
19 faths., two. 1} mile north of High Island, surface, three. Ballinakill
Harbour, on three occasions.
New to the district.
Previous Irish Records:—Off Galley Head, Co. Cork, and Valentia
(Walker).
Distribution: —North Atlantic and North Sea from Norway to France.
BQ
42 12 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
Family MELPHIDIPPIDAE.
Melphidipella macra (Norman).
4 miles W.S.W. of High Island, 54 faths., two.
New to the district.
Previous Irish Records :—Valentia and west of the Aran Isles, 44-46 faths.
(Walker).
Distribution :—North Atlantic and North Sea from Norway to Ireland.
Family GAMMARIDAE.
Gammarellus homari (Fabricius).
Blacksod Bay, shores, on five occasions. Portlea, Clare Island, one.
Tangaree anchorage, Achill Sound, one. Ballinakill and Bofin Harbours and
neighbouring seas, in small numbers on seventeen occasions.
Previous Irish Records :—Valentia (Walker); Sligo (Bate); Bray (Bate
and Westwood); S.W. Ireland; Dursey Sound.
Distribution :—Arctic Ocean, North Atlantic and North Sea from Norway
to France, North America.
Cheirocratus sundevalli (Rathke).
Blacksod Bay, sixteen. Inishgowla Harbour, Clew Bay, 1-4 faths., one.
Fahy Bay, Ballinakill Harbour, seven. Bofin Harbour, on three occasions.
Previous Irish Records:—Valentia (Walker); Ardbear Bay (Brady and
Robertson) ; Roundstone (Norman).
Distribution :—Arctic Ocean, North Atlantic from Norway to France,
Mediterranean.
Melita palmata (Montagu).
Blacksod Bay, shores, common. Clare Island, shore, one. Fahy Bay,
Ballinakill Harbour, shores, common.
New to the district.
Previous Irish Records: —Valentia (Walker); Belfast Lough and Dublin
Bay (Kinahan).
Distribution: —North Atlantic and North Sea from Norway to the Azores.
Melita obtusata (Montagu).
Very widely distributed throughout the area in shallow water, but not
actually a shore species.
Previous Irish Records :—Off the Skelligs, 52-62 faths. (Walker); Ardbear
3ay (Brady and Robertson); Roundstone (Norman).
Clare Island Survey—Amphipoda. 42 13
Distribution :—North Atlantic and North Sea from Norway to France,
Mediterranean.
Ceradocus semiserratus (Bate).
Ballinakill harbour, 1-3 faths., two.
Previous Irish Records :— Ardbear Bay (Brady and Robertson); Roundstone
(Norman).
Distribution : — British Isles, West Coast of France.
Maera tenuimana (Bate).
Blacksod Bay, two.
New to Ireland.
Distribution :— British Isles.
Maera othonis (Milne-Edwards).
23 miles 8.E. of Inishturk, 13 faths., one. Ballinakill Harbour, 2-8 faths.,
two.
New to the district.
Previous Irish Records :—Valentia (Walker); Belfast Bay (Thompson) ;
Dublin Bay (Kinahan); Berehaven.
Distribution: —North Atlantic and North Sea from Norway to France,
Mediterranean.
Gammarus marinus Leach.
Common on the shores throughout the district.
Previous Irish Records:— Round all the coasts (various authors),
Distribution: —North Atlantic and North Sea from Norway to France,
Mediterranean and North America.
Gammarus duebenii Lilljebore.
Elly Bay, Blacksod Bay, shores, several. Clare Island—Lough Avullin,
Creggan Lough, stream at S.W. end of Harbour, pool at north base of
Knocknaveen, common. Ballinakill Harbour, shores, not uncommon near
streams. Found generally throughout the district on the shores near brackish
water or in fresh and brackish water streams.
New to the district.
Previous Irish Records :—Lough Doon, Co. Kerry, Lough Corrib (Walker)
Lough Erne (Kane).
Distribution :— Brackish water on the coasts of Norway, Holland, and the
British Isles.
42 14 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
Gammarus locusta Linn.
Very abundant everywhere throughout the district, but always distinctly
marine and a shallow-water rather than a shore species.
Previous Irish Records :—All round the coasts (various authors).
Distribution :—Arctic Ocean, North Atlantic and adjoining seas from
Norway to France, North America.
Family DEXAMINIDAE.
Dexamine spinosa (Montagu).
A very abundant and widespread species throughout the area. Has been
taken on sixty-five occasions, sometimes in considerable numbers, more
especially in tow-nets taken at night.
Previous Irish Records :—From all round the coasts (various authors).
Distribution :—Arctic Ocean, North Atlantic and North Sea from Norway
to France, Mediterranean.
Dexamine thea (Boeck).
Blacksod Bay, three specimens. Ballinakill and Bofin Harbours, common,
but never so abundant as the last species.
New to the district.
Previous Irish Record :—Galway (Calman).
Distribution :—Arctic Ocean, North Atlantic and North Sea from Norway
to France.
Tritaeta gibbosa (Bate).
Blacksod Bay, shores, two. Bofin Harbour, on four occasions.
New to the district.
Previous Irish Records :—Valencia (Walker); Lambay.
Distribution :—North Atlantic and North Sea from Norway to the Azores,
Mediterranean.
Gurnea coalita (Norman).
Blacksod Bay, tow-nets at surface, three. Bofin Harbour, frequently in
surface tow-nettings taken at night. Ballinakill Harbour, on two occasions.
New to the district.
Previous Irish Record :—Valencia (Walker).
Distribution :—Coasts of the British Isles, France and the Mediterranean.
Family TALITRIDAE.
Talitrus saltator (Montagu).
Louisburgh district, one. Louisburgh to Roonagh, two. Westport,
Co. Mayo, one.
Clare Island Survey—Amphipoda. 42 15
These specimens were collected by Mr. Nevin H. Foster, and are the only
specimens I have seen from the district.
Previous Irish Records :—KFrom all round the coasts (various authors).
Distribution :—North Atlantic and North Sea from South Norway. to
France, Mediterranean, Azores.
Orchestia gammarellus (Pallas).
Generally distributed throughout the area. Found in the nests of the
Great Black-backed Gull and the Puffin on the Bills off Clare Is., from
50-120 ft. above the sea. This occurrence of Orchestia so far from the sea
is interesting, but by no means rare on the cliffs of the west of Ireland coast.
I have myself taken the species on the tops of the high cliffs of the western
shore of the Aran Isles. .
Previous Irish Records :—From all round the coasts (various authors).
Distribution: —North Atlantic and North Sea from South Norway to the
Azores.
Hyale prevostii (Milne-Edwards).
Blacksod Bay, shores, not uncommon. Clare Island, rock-pools at Portlea,
and south shore of Portanibb, one.
New to the district.
Previous Irish Records:—Valentia (Walker) ; Berehaven.
Distribution: —North Atlantic and North Sea from 8. Norway to the
Azores.
Family AORIDAE.
Aora typica Kroyer.
Clare Island, 10-20 faths., twenty-four. Bofin Harbour, sixteen.
Ballinakill Harbour, five.
Previous Irish Records :—Lambay, Valentia, and Daslkengon Harbour.
(Walker); Roundstone (Calman); Ardbear Bay (Brady and Robertson).
Distribution :—North Atlantic coasts of Europe, South America, New
Zealand, Australia, and Kerguelen.
Microdeutopus anomalus (Rathke).
Blacksod Bay, common. Inishlyre Harbour, one. S. of Mulranny Pier,
5 faths., one. Inishgowla Harbour, Clew Bay, 1-4 faths., four. Ballinakill
and Bofin Harbour, frequent.
Previous Irish Records :—Killybegs (Walker); Ardbear Bay (Brady and
Robertson).
42 16 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
Distribution :—North Atlantic and North Sea froin Norway to France,
Mediterranean.
Microdeutopus danmoniensis (Bate).
Blacksod Bay, twenty-six. Ballinakill and Bofin Harbours, not
uncommon.
New to the district.
Previous Irish Record :—Valentia (Walker).
Distribution :—South of England, Bay of Naples.
Coremepas versiculatus (Bate).
Blacksod Bay, seventeen. Killary Bay, 7 faths., one. S. of Mulranny
Pier, Clew Bay, 5-11 faths., one. Ballinakill and Bofin Harbours, common.
Previous Irish Record :—Ardbear Bay (Brady and Robertson).
Distribution :—West and south coasts of the British Isles.
Lembos websteri (Bate).
Blacksod Bay, eleven, 2} miles S. E. by E. of Clare Island light, 17-19
faths., three. Ballinakill Harbour, one. Bofin Harbour, seven.
New to the district.
Previous Irish Record :—Dunbeacon Harbour (Walker).
Distribution :—North Atlantic and adjoining seas from Norway to France
Mediterranean.
b)
Family PHOTIDAE.
Microprotopus maculatus Norman.
Blacksod Bay, tow-net, one. South of Mulranny Pier, 7-154 faths., three.
¢ mile 8. E. of Clare Island light, 14 faths., three. Ballinakill and Bofin
Harbours, on twelve occasions.
Previous Irish Records :—Valentia, Killybegs, and Carrigaholt (Walker).
Distribution :—North Atlantic and North Sea from Norway to the Azores,
Mediterranean.
Photis longicaudata (Bate and Westwood).
1 mile E. of Blacksod light, 8-9 faths., four. 1} miles N.E. by E. of Clare
Island light, 254 faths., one. S.W. of Mulranny Pier, 5-13 faths., seven,
2% miles W. by N. of High Island, 54 faths., one.
New to the district.
Previous Irish Record :—Valentia (Walker).
Distribution :—North Atlantic and North Sea from Norway to France,
Mediterranean,
are Island Survey—Amphipoda. 42 17
Eurystheus maculatus (Johnston).
Blacksod Bay, shores, six. 2} miles E. 4 N. of Clare Island light, 19-25
faths., one. 24 miles N.E. by E. of Clare Island light, 5 faths., one. Bofin
Harbour, two. :
Previous Irish Records :—Lambay and Valentia (Walker) ; Ardbear Bay
‘(Brady and Robertson).
Distribution :—Arctic Ocean and North Atlantic from Norway to the
Azores.
Megamphopus cornutus Norman.
Bofin Harbour, two.
New to the district.
Previous Irish Record :—Valentia (Walker).
Distribution :—Axrctic Ocean and North Atlantic from the Lofoten Isles to
the south of England.
Family ISAEIDAE.
Isaea montagui Milne-Edwards.
Barnaderg Bay, Ballinakill Harbour, 3 faths., thirty-two from Mamaia
squinado.
New to Iveland.
Distribution :—North Atlantic and Mediterranean, from the British Isles
tothe Adriatic.
Family AMPHITHOIDAE.
Amphithoe rubricata (Montagu).
Very abundant in shallow water throughout the area.
Previous Irish Records :—Several localities all round the coasts (various
authors).
Distribution :—North Atlantic and North Sea from Norway to France.
Pleonexes gammaroides Bate.
Common in the littoral zone throughout the area.
New to the district.
Previous Irish Records:—Valentia and Dungarvan (Walker); Kingston
(Tattersall).
Distribution :—North Atlantic and adjoining seas from Norway to the
Azores.
Sunamphithoe pelagica Milne-Edwards.
Blacksod Bay, three. Ballinakill and Bofin Harbours, occasional
specimens on twelve occasions.
R.1.A. PROG,, VOL. XXXI. C 42
42 18 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
New to Ireland.
Distribution :—North Atlantic and North Sea from Norway to the
Azores.
Family JASSIDAE.
Parajassa pelagica (Leach).
Clare Island, south shore of Portanibb, three.
New to Ireland.
Distribution :—Arctic Ocean and North Atlantic from Norway to the
British Isles.
Jassa falcata (Montagu).
Jassa dentex (Czerniawsky).
Common in the littoral zone throughout the area.
Previous Irish Records :—Several localities round the coasts (various
authors).
Distribution :— Arctic Ocean, North Atlantic and adjoming seas from
Norway to the Azores, Mediterranean, Rio Janeiro, Indian Ocean, Pacific
Ocean, and Australian Seas.
Mrs. Sexton has, to my mind, conclusively proved that Jassa falcata
(Montagu) is synonymous with Jassa pulchella Leach; and J therefore have
used the former name in preference to the latter, used by Stebbing in his
monograph.
I have given the two specific names above to indicate that I have seen
the two forms of male to which these names were given, and not because I
believe the species are really distinct. Indeed I share Walker’s doubts as to
the validity of the two supposed species, and I believe that future research
will show that they are only forms or varieties of a single polymorphic
species.
Jassa ocius (Bate).
¢miles N. 3 W. of Clare Island light, 25 faths., eight.
New to Ireland.
Distribution :—Irish Sea, Mediterranean.
Ischyrocerus anguipes Kroyer.
Ballinakill Harbour, five specimens. Bofin Harbour, two.
New to the district.
Previous Irish Records :—Valentia and Dalkey (Walker).
Distribution :—Arctic Ocean, North Atlantic and adjoining seas from
Norway to the British Isles.
Clare Island Survey—Amphipoda. 42 19
Family COROPHIIDAE.
Erichthonius brasiliensis (Dana).
Blacksod Bay, shallow water, common. Inishgowla Harbour, Clew Bay,
one. Bofin Harbour, ten. Ballinakill Harbour, on six occasions.
Previous Irish Records: —Belfast Lough (Kinahan); Valentia (Walker) ;
Ardbear Bay (Brady and Robertson).
Distribution :—North Atlantic and adjoining seas from Norway to the
Mediterranean, N.E. coast of America, Brazil, California. f
Siphonoecetes colletti Boeck.
One mile E. of Blacksod light, 8-9faths., one. Seas between Clare
Island and Westport, 5-20 faths., common. Bofin Harbour, one.
New to the district.
Previous Irish Records: —Dalkey (Walker).
Distribution :—North Atlantic and North Sea from Norway to the British
Isles, north-east coast of America.
Corophium volutator (Pallas)
Muddy flats at Rossadillisk, five.
Previous Irish Records :—-Several localities in which muddy tidal flats
occur round the coasts.
Distribution :—North Atlantic from Norway to the Mediterranean.
Corophium crassicorne Bruzelius.
Fahy Bay, Ballinakill Harbour, six. Bofin Harbour, twenty-one. }
Previous Irish Records :—Ardbear Bay (Brady and Robertson) ; Killybegs
(Walker).
Distribution :—Arctic Ocean, North Atlantic and adjoining seas from
Norway to the Mediterranean.
Corophium bonelli (Milne-Edwards).
Very common throughout the area, especially in tow-nets taken at night.
A much more abundant species than the last.
New to the district.
Previous Irish Records :—Valentia (Walker) and Kingstown (Tattersall).
Distribution :— North Atlantic and adjoining seas from Norway to France.
C2
42 20 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
AMPHIPODA CAPRELLIDEA.
Proto venticosa O. F. Miiller.
Taken on fifty-three occasions within the area. A widely distributed and
abundant form, very commonly taken in tow-nettings at night.
Previous Irish Records:—From several localities all round the coast.
Distribution: —North Atlantic from Norway to the Azores, Mediterranean,
S. America.
Pseudoprotella phasma (Montagu).
Blacksod Bay, shores of Elly Bay, one. 2} miles 8.E. of Inishturk,
13 faths., two. Ballinakill Harbour, ten.
New to the district.
Previous Irish Records :—Cork, Dublin Bay, Strangford Lough.
Distribution :—North Atlantic from Norway to the coast of Africa and
the Azores, Mediterranean.
Podalirius typicus Kroyer.
Blacksod Bay, two. S.W. of Mulranny Pier, 5-17 faths., six. Bofin
Harbour, one. Ballinakill Harbour, two. Killary Harbour, one.
New to Ireland.
Distribution :—North Atlantic from Norway to the Azores, Mediterranean.
Caprella linearis Linn.
Blacksod Bay, Feorimyeeo Bay, shore, twenty-seven. 33 miles S. by E.
of Clare Island light, 10 faths., two.
New to the district.
Previous Irish Records :—Several localities on the east coast.
Distribution :—North Atlantic from Norway to the British Isles, North
America, California, Behring Sea, and Kamtscatka.
Caprella fretensis Stebbing.
34 miles S. by E. of Clare Island light, 10 faths., one male, bright red in
colour when alive. 4 mile S. of Mulranny Pier, Clew Bay, 5-11 faths., one
male.
New to Ireland.
Distribution : —N. Atlantic, coasts of England, France, and Spain.
Clare Island Survey—Amphipoda. 42 21
Caprella acanthifera Leach.
Blacksod Bay, six. 5 miles N.W. by W. of Clare Island light, 29 faths.,
one. 4+ mile E.S.E. of Clare Island, 7 faths., one. Ballinakill and Bofin
Harbours, young specimens frequent in surface tow-nettings at night.
Previous Irish Records :—Valentia and Dalkey (Walker); Springvale, Co.
Down (Bate and Westwood); Ardbear Bay (Brady and Robertson).
Distribution :—North Atlantic from Norway to the Azores, Mediterranean.
AMPHIPODA HYPERIIDEA.
Family HYPERIIDAE.
Hyperia galba (Montagu).
Clare Island Harbour, one. Fahy Bay, Ballinakill Harbour, from Pelagia
perla, abundant in the year 1901.
Hyperoche tauriformis (Bate and Westwood).
Open sea between Bofin and the mainland, on six occasions, all in the
autumn of three different years. On one occasion associated with Bolina.
An oceanic species with an autumnal inshore migration.
Parathemisto oblivia (Kroyer).
Common in open sea tow-nettings throughout the area, especially in the
autumn.
Euthemisto compressa (Goés).
The most abundant Hyperid in the area. Met with at all times of the
year, sometimes in great numbers.
Family LYCAEIDAE.
Tryphaena malmi Boeck.
Six specimens taken from the stomach of a spur dog-fish, Acanthias vulgaris
captured in mackerel nets drifting 7 miles W. by S. of Beetle Head, Clare
Island. The dog-fish had, in all probability, previously swallowed a mackerel
which had been feeding, as is their custom, on planktonic organisms of which
the Hyperid formed a part.
42 22 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE SPECIES NOTED ABOVE.
The list of Clare Island Amphipoda includes ninety-five species, of which
seventy-nine are known from the coasts of Norway and forty-five from the
Mediterranean, while thirty-nine are common to all three places. Thirty-three
of the species are Arctic forms, of which fourteen extend to the Mediterranean,
the remaining nineteen haying not yet been recorded from further south than
the coasts of France.
Of the non-Arctice species, twenty five extend from Norway to the
Mediterranean, and a further twenty-one are known from the Atlantic coasts
of Europe from Norway to France, but have so far not been met with in the
Mediterranean.
The following six species :—WMetaphoxus fultoni, Colomastix pusilla, Guernea
coalita, Microdeutopus danmoniensis, Isaea montagui, and Jassa ocius, are
Mediterranean forms which have the northern limit of their distribution in
the waters of the British Isles, and do not reach Norway.
The following ten species have the centre of their distribution in British
waters, and are not at present known from either Norway or the
Mediterranean :—
Lysianassa ceratinus
Socarnes erythrophthalmus.
Metaphoxus pectinatus.
Urothoe marinus.
Urothoe brevicornis.
Urothoe elegans.
Ceradocus semiserratus.
Maera tenuimana.
Coremepas versiculatus.
Caprella fretensis.
Finally seventeen of the species are known from the coasts of North
America :
Hoplonyx cicada.
Leucothoe spinicarpa.
Ampelisca spinipes.
Calliopius rathkii.
Gammarellus homari.
Gammarus locusta.
Gammarus marinus.._
Dexamine thea.
Microdeutopus danmoniensis.
Amphithoe rubricata.
Ischyrocerus anguipes.
Erichthonius brasiliensis.
Siphonoecetes colletti.
Proto ventricosa.
Caprella linearis.
Hyperia galba.
Euthemisto compressa.
All but five of these species—Gammarus marinus, Mucrodeutopus
danmoniensis, Amphithoe rubricata, Erichthonius brasiliensis, and Suphonoccetes
colletti—are Arctic species.
Clare Island Survey—Amphipoda.
42 23
The following table summarizes the distribution of the Clare Island species
under the various families of the Amphipoda.
ee ga |kSee| fe : aa
ges | gis | gfe S224 eee 288 gees
ileum clean ered ere 2 ate gs pes
4s | 4 4 6 » 2 2 c= 3 az, Ss) 2 c
5
GAMMARIDEA. | |
Lysianassidae, 3 8 10 | 8 4 | 1 4
Ampeliscidae, 2 5 5 5 1 1 L
Haustoriidae, 1 | 2 5 5 | 1 | — 1
Phoxocephalidae, . 0 | 1 3 | 3 | 1 — 1
Amphilochidae, 1 | 1 il | Tt | 1 = 1
Leucothoidae, 1 H 2 2 | 2 | 2 1 2
Metopidae, 1 | 1 1 | 1 0 — 0
Stenothoidae, 0 2 ONO a aes: 2 2 | ih 2
Colomastigidae, 0 | 0 1 | 1 1 | — 0
Acanthonotozomatidae, 0 | 1 } 1 | 1 1 = 1
Lilljeborgiidae, 1 1 1 1 0 | — 0
Oedicerotidae, 1 4 4 3 3 | = 3
Calliopiidae, 3 4 4 4 | 3 1 2
Pleustidae, 0 2 2 | 0 0 — 0
Atylidae, 1 2 2 2 1 — 1
Melphidippidae, 0 1 1 0 0 — 0
Gammaridae, 3 8 10 9 | 4 3 4
Dexaminidae, 3 3 4 4 | 3 1 2
Talitridae, 0 3 | 3 3 | 1 = 1
Aoridae, 0 3 | 5 3 3 1 2
Photidae, ale 4 4 3 2 ae 2
Isaeidae, 0 0 1 1 1 — 0
Amphithoidae, 0 3 3 3 0 1 0
Jassidae, 3 3 4 1 2 1 1
Corophiidae, 1 5 | fs) 4 3 2 3
CAPRELLIDEA, 2 5 | 6 6 5 2 5
HYpERIIDEA, 4 5 | 5 4 | 0 2 0
Total, 33 79 a 80 | 5 | 17 39°C
42 24 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
Summarized in another way, the Amphipod fauna of the Clare Island
marine area is made up as follows :—
Arctic species, 33,
of which 14 extend to the Mediterranean,
19 ex British Isles,
12 sf N.E. coast of America.
Non-Arctic species, 62,
of which 25 extend from Norway to the Mediterranean,
malt . 5, - British Isles,
6 Bs British Isles to the Mediterranean,
10 are centred mainly round the British Isles.
Clare Islund Survey.
43
MARINE ISOPODA AND TANAIDACEA.
BY W. M. TATTERSALL, D.Sc.
Read Aprit 22. Published June 4, 1912,
THE area covered by the present report is the same as that given by me in
the report on the Cumacea and Schizopoda, namely, from Blacksod Bay in
the north to Slyne Head in the south, and seaward to the 50-fathom line,
I have already published a paper on the Isopoda of Ballynakill and Bofin
Harbours,’ and I have incorporated the records from that paper in the present
report, which is, therefore, a complete list of the species of marine Isopoda
known to occur in the Clare Island district.
One species, Tanais cavolinii, is now recorded from Ireland for the first
time, while the specimens of Pseudione sp. from Porcellana longicornis appear
to be the first Bopyrids found on this crab in British waters. One species,
Paratanais batei, is new to the district. In the paper mentioned above I
have given tables indicating the known geographical distribution of the
British and Irish Isopoda. It will, therefore, be sufficient here to mention
that out of the thirty-six species of shallow-water Isopoda known to occur in
the Clare Island marine area, twenty-two extend to Norway and eighteen to
the Mediterranean, while only nine species are common to all three districts.
Eight of the species are known from the coasts of North America. This
result is very similar to that noted for the Cumacea and Schizopoda, namely,
that the shallow-water marine fauna of the west of Ireland is a blending of
boreal and Mediterranean species, in very nearly equal proportions.
Only four of the species noted below extend into deep water, namely,
Gnathia oxywraea, Cirolana borealis, Janira maculosa, and Munna kroyert,
while Lurydice truncata and Idotea metallica are pelagic species which extend
occasionally far out to sea. In fact, Z. metallica is a true oceanic species,
usually associated with floating barnacles and timber, and only reaching
littoral waters under stress of weather.
1 Fisheries, Ireland, Sci. Invest., 1904, 1. (1908).
R.A, PROC., VOL. XXXI. A 43
43 2 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
TANAIDACEA.
Fam. Apseudidae.
Apseudes hibernicus, Walker—Ballynakill Harbour, common in dredgings
from the muddy ground in Coastguard Bay, 5-8 fms. Bofin Harbour,
one specimen from Port Island Bay. 23} miles S.E. of Clare Island
light-house, 18 fms., one specimen. Inishlyre Harbour, 5 fms., one
specimen. 4 mile S. of Mulranny pier, Clew Bay, 8 fms. seven
specimens.
Fam. Tanaidae.
Tanais cavolinii, H. Milne-Edwards.—1} mile S.E. of Clare Island light,
18 ims., three specimens. Elly Bay, Blacksod Bay, shore-collecting,
one specimen.
This species is now for the first time added to the Irish list. I have
also received specimens from Valencia.
Leptochelia dubia (Kréyer).—This species is common im dredgings on muddy
ground in Ballynakill and Bofin Harbours in 5-8 fms. Inishlyre Harbour,
5 ims., eleven specimens.
Paratanais batei, G. O. Sars—Inishlyre Harbour, 5 fms., two specimens.
Blacksod Bay, Carrigeenmore Rocks, two specimens. New to the
district, the only other Irish locality known for the species being
Galway Bay.
Leptognathia longiremis (Lilljeborg).—Coastguard Bay, Ballyuakill Harbour,
one specimen.
Tanaopsis laticaudata, G. O. Sars.—Ballynakill Harbour, common.
ISOPODA.
Tribe FLABELLIFERA.
Fam. Anthuridae.
Anthura gracilis (Montagu).—Coastguard Bay, Ballynakill Harbour, 6 fms.,
one specimen. Fahy Bay, Ballynakill Harbour, 3 fms., three specimens.
23 miles east of Clare Island light, 22 ims., one specimen. 34 miles
N.W. 3. of Clare Island light, 25 fms., one specimen. 14 miles S.E. by
E. of the Bills, off Achill Island, 274 fms., one specimen.
Olare Island Survey—Marine Isopoda und Tanacdacea. 43 3
Fam. Gnathiidae.
Gnathia oxyuraea (Lilljeborg)—Very common in dredgings from Bofin and
Ballynakill Harbours. The larvae are frequently taken in tow-nets at
night and attached to the fins of fishes such as Coalfish, Pollack, Gurnard,
and White Trout. Off Ardelly Point, Blacksod Bay, in one fm., two
male specimens.
Following Sars, I named this species Gnathia maaillaris (Montagu) in
my former paper. Norman has shown, however, that G. mawillaris is
quite a different species, and that the species so named by Sars must
bear the name here given to it.
Fam. Cirolanidae.
Cirolana borealis, Lilljeborg—Not rare in the sand of Coastguard Bay,
Ballynakill Harbour, from which specimens may be dug at low-water,
spring tides. 3 mile S. of Mulranny Pier, Clew Bay, 8 fms., two
specimens.
Conilera cylindracea (Montagu).—One mile N. of Cleggan Head, 19 fms., one
specimen.
Eurydice pulchra, Leach.—Achill Sound, surface tow-net, one specimen. Bofin
Harbour, surface tow-nets, on three occasions. Elly Bay, Blacksod Bay,
one specimen dug from sand at low water, and two from a surface tow-
netting.
E. spinigera, Hansen.—Ballynakill and Bofin Harbours, single specimens
occasionally in surface tow-nets.
E. truncata (Norman).—Ballynakill and Bofin Harbours, very common in
surface tow-nettings. 1} miles N.N.W. of Corwell, off Crump Island,
Co. Galway, 24 fms., one specimen.
Fam. Limnoriidae.
Limnoria lignorum (Rathke).—Found boring into the bottoms of two hulks
moored in Ballynakill Harbour, and also attacking wooden stakes at low
water.
Fam. Sphaeromidae.
Sphaeroma serratum (Fabricius)—Clifden Harbour, under stones at high-water
mark. Elly Bay, Blacksod Bay, shore-collecting, two specimens.
A2
43 4 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
Dynamene bidentata (Montagu).—Ballynakill Harbour, under a stone on Ross
shore, one male. From Saxicava-bored limestone, Black Rocks, Ballina-
kill, several specimens. Clare Island, shore of harbour, three specimens,
Feorinyeeo Bay, Blacksod Bay, shore, thirteen specimens. Elly Bay. |
Blacksod Bay, shore, two specimens. Moyrahan, Blacksod Bay, shore,
one specimen.
Cymodoce truncata (Montagu).—Ballynakill Harbour, from Saxicava-bored
limestone, several. + mile S. W. of Gun-rock, Inishbotin, 16 fms.,
one specimen. Bofin Harbour, one specimen. Clare Island harbour,
three specimens. 4 mile E. S. E. of Clare Island harbour, 7 fms., five
specimens. 4 mile W. by S. of Cloghcormick Buoy, Clew Bay, 10 fms.,
three specimens.
Tribe VALVIFERA.
Fam. Idoteidae.
Idotea baltica (Pallas)—Abundant in shallow water among Laminaria,
eM
H ae
as
everywhere throughout the area.
. pelagica, Leach.—Occasional specimens have been met with at Ballynakill
and Bofin among floating weeds.
. granulosa, Rathke.—Ballynakill and Bofin Harbours, occasional specimens
from Laminaria. Clare Island harbour, three specimens. Louisburgh,
Co. Mayo, one specimen. 33 miles N. of Clare Island light, 25 fms.,
nine specimens. Elly Bay, Blacksod Bay, 3 ims., two specimens; also
shore-collecting, two specimens.
. viridis (Slabber).—Not uncommonly met with in Ballynakill and Bofin
Harbours, in Laminaria and Zostera beds.
. neglecta, G. O. Sars.—Taken once in Ballynakill Harbour from the hollowed
stems of dead Laminaria and once in Bofin Harbour among floating
weeds. Clare Island harbour, two specimens. Carrigeenmore Rocks,
Blacksod Bay, shore, one specimen.
. emarginata (Fabricius) Almost as common in the district as J. baltica, in
Laminaria and floating weeds of all kinds.
. metallica, Bosc.—One male and one female specimen from the surface of
the sea between Inisgort and Gun-rock, Inishbofin.
linearis (Pennant).—Very common in Ballynakill and Bofin Harbours.
S. of Mulranny pier, Clew Bay, 7 fms., one specimen.
Clare Island Survey— Marine Isopoda and Tanaidacea. 43 5
Tribe ASELLOTA.
Fam. Janiridae.
Janira maculosa, Leach.—Coastguard Deep, Ballynakill Harbour, 6 fms., one
specimen. 33 miles N. of Clare Island light, 25 fms., two specimens.
Carrigeenmore Rocks, Blacksod Bay, shore at low-water spring tides,
seven specimens. 14 miles S. E. by S. of the Bills, off Achill Island, one
specimen.
Jaera marina (Fabricius).— Common throughout the district, under stones on
the shore between tide-marks, especially where a stream of fresh water
enters the sea.
J. nordmanni (Rathke).—Usually found associated with the last species, and
almost equally abundant.
Fam. Munnidae.
Munna kroyeri, Boeck.—Ballynakill Harbour, twice taken in 7 fms. of water.
Bofin Harbour, one specimen.
M. fabricii, Kroyer.—Ballynakill Harbour, 7 fms., three specimens.
Pleurogonium rubicundum, G. O. Sars.—Coastguard Deep, Ballinakill Harbour,
7 fms., common.
Tribe EPICARIDEA.
Fam. Bopyridae.
Bopyrus squillarum, Latreille.—Ballynakill Harbour, one specimen from
Palaemon serratus.
Bopyrina virbii (Walz).—Bofin Harbour, one specimen from Hippolyte varians.
Pleurocrypta galatheae, Hesse—Ballynakill Harbour, two specimens from
Galathea squamifera. 24 miles S.E. of Clare Island light, three young
specimens. Feorinyeeo Bay, Blacksod Bay, three specimens from
Galathea squamifera.
Pseudione sp.?,—Blacksod Bay, 5 fms., two specimens from Porcellana
longicornis.
The only Bopyrid which has up till now been found parasitic on Porcellana
longicornis is Plewrocrypta porcellanae, Hesse. The males of this species, as,
indeed, of all species belonging to the genus Pleurocrypta, have the abdomen
unsegmented. In the specimens now under notice, however, both males have
the abdomen markedly segmented. This would seem to place them in the
genus Pseudione, Kossmann ; and indeed they bear a strong resemblance to the
43 6 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
males of Pseudione hyndmanni as figured by Sars in his “ Crustacea of
Norway, vol. u. The latter species is, however, generally found parasitic
on Eupagurus bernhardus, though Scott has recorded it from Azppolyte
varians. The present specimens are the first, so far as I am aware, to be
found on Porcellana longicornis in British waters. I prefer leaving their
identity an open question till more specimens have been obtained. I may
mention that I have since seen two specimens of Plewrocrypta porcellanae
Hesse, from Porcellana longicornis taken at Port Erin, Isle of Man, and in
both specimens the males conformed to the type in having the abdomen
unsegmented. It seems probable, therefore, that these specimens from
Blacksod Bay represent an undescribed species.
The genus is new to the district.
Athelges paguri, Rathke.—Ballynakill, a single specimen from a Pagurid.
Epicaridan larvae.—Larval Epicaridea are of very common occurrence in
tow-nettings from Ballynakill and Bofin Harbours, either free or attached
to Copepoda. A single Cryptoniscid larva was also found attached to
Dynamene bidentata.
Clare Island Survey.
44
LAND AND FRESH-WATER ISOPODA.
By NEVIN H. FOSTER, M.B.0.U.
Read Apri 22. Published June 4, 1912.
ISsOPODA TERRESTRIA.
THE survey of the Land Isopods (Woodlice) of Clare Island shows that in this
group the fauna of the island does not reveal any striking difference from
that of the adjacent mainland. Although only one species, Cylisticus convexus,
which has not been taken elsewhere in Co, Mayo, was discovered on the
island, it is likely that this woodlouse (very sparingly found throughout
Treland, although recorded from fourteen counties!) has been so far overlooked
in this county.
Of the twenty-seven species of woodlice known in Ireland four—
Trichoniscus pusillus, Philoscia muscorum, Oniscus asellus, and Porcellio
scaber—are abundant in every county; and in respect of these species the
same obtains on Clare Island and the Clew Bay islands, as also on Caher,
Inishturk and Inishbofin, At least five of the recorded Irish species must
be regarded as introduced exotics, and none of these has been observed in
Co. Mayo.
The following nine species have been found on Clare Island :—
Ligia oceanica (Linn.). Oniscus asellus Linn.
Trichoniscus pusillus Brandt. Porcellio scaber Latreiille.
Trichoniscoides albidus (Budde- P. pictus Brandt,
Lund). P, dilatatus Brandt.
Philoscia muscorum (Scopolt). Cylisticus convexus (De Geer’).
All the species recorded from West Mayo have been observed on Clare
Island, with the exception of one, Metoponorthus cingendus, which had been
noted on Achill Island. It seems probable that this species may eventually
be found on Clare Island, as it is by no means rare in the west of Ireland.
1P. R. Pack Brresrorp and Nevin H. Foster: ‘The Woodlice of Ireland: their distribution
and classification.’’ Proc. R. I. Acad., vol. xxix, sect. B, No. 4, March, 1911.
R.I.A. PROU., VOL. XXXI. A AA
44 2 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
Haplophthalmus mengii and Trichoniscus pygmaeus may also prove resident
there, as in the case of the former species the general experience is that
wherever found in this country it is only in very small numbers (except in
greenhouses, where it often occurs in considerable colonies), and its
minuteness renders it easily overlooked; but the latter species, though so
diminutive, is readily recognized in the field, and, though the special attention
of Mr. Stelfox and myself was directed to its discovery, we failed to find it
either on the island or the adjoining mainland. This is rather surprising, as
we have succeeded in finding it in every other Ivish county in which we have
searched for it. H.- mengti and T. pygmaeus have recently been taken
(A. W.S.) at Manulla Junction in Mayo East, only some few miles from the
boundary line between the western and eastern divisions of the county.
For assistance in collecting specimens of woodlice in the district I have
to tender thanks to Dr. Scharff (referred to below as R.F.S.), Rev. Canon Lett
(H.W.L.), Rev. W. F. Johnson (W.F.J.), Messrs. D. R. Pack Beresford
(D.R.P.B.), J. N. Halbert (J.N.H.), R. Ll. Praeger (R. Ll. P.), A. W. Stelfox
(A. W.S.), RB. J. Welch (R.J. W.), and numerous other collectors who
materially aided me in the survey of this group.
The following notes on the various species found on Clare Island are
appended :—
Ligia oceanica (Linn.).
This species is common in suitable situations all round the shore-line of
Clare Island, as well as on the shores of Clew Bay and its islands. It has
also been taken on Mweelaun Rocks. Those observed in this district were
mainly of small size, rarely exceeding 25 mm. in length, and usually very
dark (almost black) in colour, but a specimen found at Belclare on the
southern shore of Clew Bay was of a brick-red colour.
Trichoniscus pusillus Brandt.
In damp situations this little species was met with everywhere in con-
siderable numbers. It is not confined to low-lying situations, having been
taken on the face of the Croaghmore cliffs at an altitude of 1,300 feet. A few
specimens of the violet-coloured variety were observed.
Trichoniscoides albidus (Budde-Lund).
When examined in life under a lens this small species is easily recognized. Its.
colour is white, but its bright pink eyes and the pink ramifications on the dorsal
surface are distinctive characteristics, which, however, immediately disappear
on the specimen being put into spirit. Two specimens were taken (R. Ll. P.
and N. H. F.) under a deeply embedded stone (which also covered the nest of an
Clare Island Survey—Land and Fresh-water Isopoda. 44 3
ant, Lasius flavus) on the top of the low cliffs of the southern shore beyond
the Abbey; and it was also found in a similar situation (R.F,S.) on the
eastern shore of the island. The only other localities in Mayo where this
species has been obtained are Old Head, Louisburgh (A. W.S.), and on the
shore at Westport demesne (J. N. H.).
Philoscia muscorum (Scopoli).
This species is common in the district, though not seen on any of the
islands in the eastern part of Clew Bay, except on Annagh Island. On Clare
Island it was obtained up to elevations of 900 feet. As a rule the specimens
were dark-coloured, but a few of the bright yellow variety were noted.
Oniscus asellus Linn.
As obtains elsewhere in Ireland, this species shares with Porcellio scaber
the distinction of constituting our commonest species of woodlouse. On Clare
Island it was not observed at an altitude higher than 1000 feet ; but in the lower
parts of the island and all through the mainland district it is present in great
numbers. Many of the specimens of this species measured 17 x 9 mm., and
all through the district the average size must be considered greater than
usually obtains in Ireland. The coloration in this species was generally
typical, but some tawny-coloured examples were found in the vicinity of
Westport.
Porcellio scaber Latreille.
Like the preceding the average size of this species was larger than obtains in
the north-eastern parts of Ireland, a very broad form being common both on the
island and throughout the district. Only the uniformly dark-coloured typical
examples were seen on Clare Island; but the mainland yielded numerous
specimens lighter in colour—some of them tawny-coloured with brown
markings, or even uniformly of a brownish orange shade. This species, on
Clare Island, exists in countless numbers on the shore, and cannot be
regarded as uncommon in inland situations. P.scaber was the only woodlouse
found on Bills of Achill,
Porcellio pictus Brandt,
This species affects drier habitats than those usually tenanted by woodlice,
and was frequently observed inside houses—even invading the beds in
several of our stopping-places in the district. The specimens seen were all of
small size, none of them attaining 14 mm. in length, and the coloration was
not so vivid as generally obtains in this species. On the mainland it was
44 4 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
found at Achill Sound (D.R.P.B. and H.W.L.), Louisburgh (H. W.1.),
Belclare (N. H. F.), and also at Curraun, near Achill Island.
Porcellio dilatatus Brandt.
A single specimen of this species was captured in the hotel garden on
Clare Island. Elsewhere in Mayo it has been found at Louisburgh (also
in a garden) and at Killala. It seems probable that this species is not native
in the district, but has been introduced with garden plants.
Cylisticus convexus (De Geer).
Outside Clare Island this species has not yet been found in Co. Mayo, and
it cannot be regarded as common on the island. A little colony was discovered
under stones near the base of the castle at the harbour, and it was also
captured in the hotel garden. A collection of woodlice made by various
workers on Clare Island contains one specimen of this species, the precise
locality not being stated.
IsOPODA FLUVIATILA.
Asellus aquaticus Linn.
The only fresh-water Isopod observed on Clare Island was Asellus
aquaticus, which was obtained in the small lakes of the island, as well as
on the mainland. This species iscommon in ponds, lakes, and streams all over
Treland, and is the only fresh-water Isopod so far detected in this country.
Clare Island Survey.
45
MARINE ENTOMOSTRACA.
By G. P. FARRAN, B.A.
Puates IIIT,
Read January 27. Published Apriz 11, 1913.
THE sources from which the lists of species of the various groups included in
this paper (comprising, as they do, many records other than those obtained
during the Clare Island Survey) are taken, are given in detail at the head of
each group.
The lists themselves vary very much in completeness. The Cladocera, four
in number, probably include all that usually occur on this part of the coast.
The Ostracoda, numbering 65, comprise two-thirds of those recorded from the
west coast of Ireland, and doubtless represent about the same proportion of
the fauna of the district.
The Copepoda number 159, about 30 of these being free-swimming,
more or less planktonic forms, and the remainder littoral or living on the
bottom. The former section is probably fairly complete, the species com-
prising it being few in number and uniformly distributed ; but the latter must
be regarded merely as a preliminary list, since it is probable that, if more time
were given to collecting and working out the results, the number of species
would be more than doubled. The Cirripede list only contains a few of the
commoner forms whose presence has been casually noted.
The material, as a whole, being so far from complete, it would be unprofit-
able to compare the entomostracan fauna with those of other localities,
very few of which, it may be remarked, are any better known, or to discuss
the respective faunas of different parts of the district.
Attention may be called, however, to one dredging, made in May, 1909,
in 24 fathoms off the mouth of Killary Harbour, which contained a large
number of scarce species of Copepods. ‘I'he bottom consisted of finely broken
shells with a slight admixture of sand and stones. Out of eighteen species
R.I.A. PROC., VOL. XXXI, A a5
45 2 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
identified from this station, the following may be noted as being little-known
forms :—
Amphiascus attenuatus. Leptomesochra attenuata.
Amphiascus simulans. Paramesochra dubia.
Amphiascus spinifer, 7. sp. Tetragoniceps malleolata.
Ameira tenella. Pteropsyllus consimilis.
Ameiropsis nobilis. Laophonte denticornis.
Stenocopia spinosa. Cylindropsyllus laevis.
Most of these species have been recorded by Professor G. O. Sars
(« Crustacea of Norway”) from one or two localities on the west coast of
Norway at similar depths.
CLADOCERA.
Evadne Nordmanni Lovén.—Abundant in Ballynakill Harbour, 1901-2.
Frequent in the open sea.
Podon intermedius Lillj.— Frequent in the open sea off Cleggan.
P. Leuckarti(G. O. Sars). —Common in Ballynakill Harbour, 1901-2. Killary
Harbour. Scarce in the open sea.
P. polyphemoides Leuck.—Frequent in Ballynakill Harbour, especially the
least saline parts, 1901-2. Killary Harbour. Not found in the open
sea.
OSTRACODA.
Although no collection of Ostracoda from the Survey has been worked
out, yet a considerable number of marine species has been recorded from the
Clare Island district. These records have been extracted from the paper
by Canon Norman on “Irish Crustacea Ostracoda,” published in the “ Irish
Naturalist” (vol. xiv). They are due mainly to Brady and Robertson or to
Canon Norman himself. ‘lhe names of the recorded species are given below;
and for details reference should be made to the paper in question.
Fam. CYPRIDAE. Fam. CYTHERIDAE.
Aglaia complanata B. & R. Cythere lutea O. #. Mull.
Paracypris polita G. 0. Sars. confusa Brady & Norman.
Pontocypris mytiloides (Norman). pellucida Baird.
trigonella G. 0. Sars. porcellanea Brady.
Argilloecia cylindrica &. 0. Sars. macallana B.& £.
semipunctata Brady.
Fam. BAIRDIIDAE. hadla Norman.
Bairdia inflata Norman. erispata Brady.
Clare Island Survey— Marine Hntomostraca. 45 3
OSTRACODA.—continwed.
Fam. CYTHERIDAE.—continued. Fam. CYTHERIDAE.—continued.
Cythere gibbosa B. & L. Cytherura sella G. 0. Sars.
albomaculata Baird. acuticostata G. O. Sars.
Robertsoni Brady. striata G. O. Sars.
convexa Bawrd. producta Brady.
cuneiformis Brady. undata G. O. Sars.
villosa G. O. Sars. nigrescens (Bazr'd).
quadridentata Baird. fulva B.& Re.
emaciata Brady. cellulosa (VWorman).
tuberculata (@. O. Sars). Cytheropteron nodosum Brady.
ungulata (@. O. Sars). punctatum Brady.
antiquata (Baird). depressum Brady & Norman.
Jonesii (Baird). Bythocythere recta Brady.
Cytheridea elongata Brady. Sclerochilus contortus (Vorman).
papillosa Bosquet. laevis G. W. Mill.
Kurycythere declivis Norman, var. Cytherideis subulata Brady.
argus. Cytherois Fischeri G. 0. Sars.
anglica Brady. Paradoxosoma variabile (Baird).
Loxoconcha impressa (Baird). obliquum (G. 0. Sars).
viridis (0. F. Miil.). hibernicum Brady.
guttata (Norman). fasciatum Brady & Norman.
tamarindus (7. &. Jones). arcuatum Brady.
multifora Norman. flexuosum Brady.
pusilla B.& R. Machaerina tenuissima (Vorman).
Xestoleberis aurantia (Baird).
depressa G. O. Sars.
Cytherura gibba (0. F. AMuill.).
cornuta Brady.
Fam. POLYCOPIDAE.
Polycope orbicularis G. 0. Sars.
Polycopsis compressa B. & R.
COPEPODA.
The list of species has been compiled from several sources. A number of
records from the district, chiefly from Westport Bay and Clifden Bay, are to
be found in Brady and Robertson’s paper “ On Marine Copepoda taken in the
West of Iveland” (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1873), and in Brady’s “Monograph
of the British Copepoda.” These are indicated in the list by (B. and R.) and
(Brady, Mon.). ‘The Ms. records of the Marine Laboratory at Ballynakill for
1901-2 contain several references to both free-swimming and bottom forms,
though very little detailed work was done on the latter group; and finally
during the last few years several small collections have been made by the
A2
45 4 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
ss. “ Helga,” both in Blacksod Bay and Clew Bay. For the identification of
the Ballynakill and Blacksod and Clew Bay specimens I am myself responsible.
Species new to Ireland are marked with an asterisk. They number seventy,
and, in addition, four species, which appear to be new to science, are
described.
CopEPODA GYMNOPLEA.
Family CALANIDAE.
Calanus helgolandicus (Cls.).— Better known under the name of C. finmarchicus,
which has, however, in recent years been reserved for the slightly
different and larger form which inhabits the Norwegian seas. C’. helgo-
landieus forms, in the spring and summer, immense swarms all along the
west coast of Ireland, which extend seawards for from ten to twenty
miles, and form the main food of the spring mackerel on their arrival on
the coast. It seems to require water of a moderately high salinity for
its development, but penetrates into the bays and harbours when driven
shorewards by a westerly wind.
Paracalanus parvus (Cls.).—Common along all the west coast, both in the
open sea and in bays and harbours.
Pseudocalanus elongatus (Boeck).—Very common both in the open sea and
in bays and inlets, and often occurs in shoals.
Calocalanus styliremis Giesbr.—An oceanic species, taken off Shark Head
in May and August, 1901.
Clausocalanus arcuicornis (Dana).—An oceanic species, taken three times in
the beginning of 1901, off Clare Island, Inishturk, and Inishbofin.
Ctenocalanus vanus Giesbr.—An oceanic species, taken once off Inishturk in
June, 1901.
Chiridius armatus (Boeck).—An oceanic species, taken once off Shark Head
in April, 1901.
Bradyidius armatus Giesbr.—Taken off Clare Island, 42 fathoms, in a bottom
tow-net in February, 1901. It is a bottom-haunting species usually
found on muddy ground.
*Stephos Scotti G. O. Sars.—Taken occasionally in Fahy Bay, Ballynakill, in
1901.
Scolecithricella minor (Brady).—In a bottom tow-net off Shark Head, 54 fms.,
in July, 1901. Probably should be regarded as an oceanic species.
Diaixis pygmaea (Scott).—In tow-nettings taken off Cleggan in 1901, one to
two miles from shore, scarce.
Clare Island Survey—Marine Entomostraca. 45 5
Family CENTROPAGIDAE.
Centropages typicus Kroyer.—Common at Ballynakill in 1901, both in the
harbour and in the open sea.
C. hamatus (Lilljeborg).— Very common in inshore tow-nettings at Ballyna-
kill in 1901, much scarcer in the open sea. Killary Harbour.
Isias clavipes Boeck.—Clifden Bay (B. and R.). Common in Ballynakill
Harbour in 1901, and in the open sea close to shore.
Temora longicornis (Miill.).—Very common in bays and inlets and in the open
sea close to shore. Ballynakill Harbour, Clew Bay, Blacksod Bay.
Metridia lucens, Boeck.—Very common in the open sea along all the west
coast of Ireland, and found in much smaller numbers in the bays and
inlets. '
Family PSEUDOCYCLOPIDAE.
Pseudocyclops obtusatus Brady.— Frequent in Ballynakill Harbour, 1901-2.
Family CANDACIIDAE.
Candacia armata, Boeck.—Occasionally in the open sea off Cleggan, 1901.
Clew Bay, surface, August, 1911.
Family PONTELLIDAE.
Anomalocera Pattersoni Templeton.—Occasionally in the open sea off
Cleggan, 1901.
Parapontella brevicornis (Lubbock).— Westport and Clifden Bays (B. and R.).
Plentiful close to shore, and in all the bays and inlets.
Acartia Clausi Giesbr.— Universally distributed throughout the district both
in the open sea and in bays and inlets. A small form, 2 =7 mm., was
found plentifully in Blacksod Bay in September, 1909, in company with
others of normal size, ? = ca. 1:15 mm.
A. discaudata (Giesbr.).—Common in Ballynakill and Killary Harbours. This
species is characteristic of water of low salinity.
COPEPODA PODOPLEA.
Family CORYCAEIDAE.
Corycaeus anglicus Lubbock.—Frequent both in Ballynakill Harbour and in
the open sea in the winter of 1901-2.
Family ONCAEIDAE.
Oncaea conifera Giesbr.—A common oceanic species taken a few times off
Cleggan and Clare Island in 1901.
45 6 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
Family LICHOMOLGIDAE.
Lichomolgus fucicolus Brady.—Clifden and Westport Bays (B. and R.).
Ballynakill Harbour, October, 1901.
*L. agilis (Leydig)—Ballynakill Harbour, parasitic on Holts papillosa
February, 1902.
*L. albens Thorell—Ballynakill, 1901, in Ascidiella aspersa, few.
L. forficula Thorell.—Blacksod Bay, in Aseidia mentula, September, 1910.
*Hermanella arenicola (Brady).—Ballynakill Harbour, several, December,
1900.
*H. maxima (I. C. Thompson).—Ballynakill Harbour, 2 fms., in Pecten
maximus, May, 1902.
Pseudanthessius furcillatus (Thorell)— Westport Bay (B and R.).
Family BOMOLOCHIDAE.
*Bomolochus soleae Claus.— Ballynakill, 1900, one.
Family MISOPHRIIDAE.
Misophria pallida Boeck.—Ballynakill, 1-2 fms., one, February, 1901
Family LONGIPEDIIDAE.
Longipedia Scotti G. O. Sars.—Clifden Bay (B. and R. sub Z. coronata)
Ballynakill, frequent, 1901-2. Clew Bay, 14 fms., August, 1910, common.
Blacksod Bay, 4 fms., September 10, few.
L. minor Scott.—Ballynakill, common, 1901-2, often in the open sea close
to shore. Inishlyre Roads, March, 1910. Blacksod Bay, September,
1911, frequent.
*Sunaristes paguri Hesse.—Blacksod Bay, washed from weeds between tide-
marks, March, 1911, one male.
*Canuella perplexa Scott.—Blacksod Bay, 4 fms., September 1910, one.
Inishgowla, Clew Bay, 1-4 fms., August, 1909, one.
Family ECTINOSOMIDAE.
Ectinosoma melaniceps Boeck.—Ballynakill, 1901-2; off Clare Island,
18 fms., August, 1910; Inishlyre Roads, March, 1910; Blacksod Bay,
1911, frequent.
E. erythrops Brady.—Off Killary Harbour, 24 fms., May, 1909, one. The
E. gracile, figured in Sars’ “Crustacea of Norway,’ appears to be
identical with Z. erythrops, and does not agree at all with the Z. gracile
of Scott’s original description.
Clare Island Survey— Marine Entomostraca. 45 7
*E. gothiceps Giesbr.— Off Clare Island, 18 fms., August, 1910.
E. propinquum Scott.—Off Killary Harbour, 24 fms., May, 1909.
*E. tenuipes ‘I’. & A. Scott.—Off Killary Harbour, 24 fms., May, 1909.
*E, curticorne Boeck.—Ballynakill Harbour, 14 fms., April, 1901.
*Pseudobradya minor (T. & A. Scott).—Off Killary Harbour, 24 fms., May,
1909. The fifth foot of the single specimen, 2, resembles Scott’s: figure
more than that given by Sars.
Family HARPACTICIDAE.
Harpacticus chelifer (Miiller)—Clew Bay, 18 fms., August, 1910; off Clare
He
*H.
Island, 5 fms., August, 1911.
littoralis G. O. Sars—L. Leam, Blacksod Bay (brackish), September,
1909, several.
uniremis, Kroyer.—I record this species with some doubt, both on
account of the locality in which it was taken, between tide-marks in
Blacksod Bay, and because the form of the fifth foot (Pl. II, fig. 12), in
the @, differs slightly from that figured by Sars, the exopod being a
little broader, and its setae longer. The other characters agree fairly
well, and the size, ¢ 145 mm., ? 1°35 mm., is approximately the same.
Sars records this species from 20 to 100 fathoms on the west coast of
Norway.
H. gracilis (Claus)—Ballynakill Harbour, 1901, common. Clew Bay,
common, August, 1910, August, 1911.
H. flexus Br. & Rob.—Westport Bay, type specimen (B. & R.). Ballynakill
Harbour, 14 fms., January, 1901. Imnishlyre Roads, 2-4 fms., March,
1910. Blacksod Bay, 4 fms., September, 1910.
Zaus spinatus Goodsir.—Ballynakill Harbour, February, 1901. Clew
Bay, 18 fms. August, 1910, several. Blacksod Bay, between tide-
marks, March 11th, abundant.
*Z. abbreviatus G. O. Sars.——Blacksod Bay, between tide-marks, March,
1911, one specimen.
Family PELTIDIIDAE.
Alteutha depressa Baird (Peltidiwm crenulatwm).—Clew Bay, 18 fms.,
August, 1910, several. Frequent at Ballynakill, 1901-2. Killary
Harbour, 1901.
A. interrupta (Goodsir) (Alteutha bopyroides).—Plentiful in tow-nettings in
Ballynakill Harbour, 1901-2.
A. purpurocineta Norman (=P. depressum, Brady, non Baird). Clifden Bay
(B. & R. sub P. depressum). Occasionally dredged in 1-4 fms.
Ballynakill, 1901-2.
45 8 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
Family TEGASTIDAE,
*Parategastes sphericus (Claus).—Inishlyre Roads, 2-4 ims., February, 1910,
common. Blacksod Bay, 1-2 ims., September, 1911, several.
*Tegastes nanus G. O. Sars.—Blacksod Bay, 4 ims., September, 1910, one.
Family PORCELLIDIIDAE.
Porcellidium fimbriatum Claus—Clifden Bay (B. & R.). Westport Bay
(B. & B., sub P. viride). Ballynakill Harbour, frequent. Blacksod
Bay, between tide-marks, few.
P. tenuicauda Claus.—Clifden Bay (B. & R.).
*P. lecanoides Claus.—Blacksod Bay, between tide-marks, March, 1911,
two specimens. The colour of this species is remarkable, the centre
of the cephalon and of the abdominal segments being dark crimson,
and the thoracic segments and margins of the body colourless, though
rather opaque.
Family IDYIDAE.
Aspidiscus littoralis G. O. Sars.—Clifden Bay (B. & R. sub A. fasciatus).
Ballynakill Harbour, 1910, frequent.
*A. fasciatus Norman.—Blacksod Bay, between tide-marks, 1911, two
specimens.
Psamathe longicauda Philippii—Clifden Bay (B. & R. sub Scutellidium
thisboides).. Ballynakill Harbour, 3-4 fms., December, 1901, two.
Blacksod Bay, between tide-marks, September, 1911, one.
Idyaea furcata (Baird)—Blacksod Bay, between tide-marks, 1911.
common.
*I. angusta G. O. Sars.—Blacksod Bay, 1-3 fms., September, 1909, three,
2 fms., September, 1911, one.
*I tenera G. O. Sars.—Clew Bay, 18 fims., Aug. 1910, one; 5-6 ims.
August, 1911, three.
*I. longicornis (Scott)——Off Clare Island, 56 ims. August, 1911, two.
Family THALESTRIDAE.
Thalestris longimana Claus—Common at Ballynakill both in dredged
material and in tow-nettings taken at night, as are many other
species of the Thalestridae. Occasionally taken in the open sea.
Frequent in Blacksod Bay.
Parathalestris Clausi (Norman)—Clifden and Westport Bays(B. & R.).
Ballynakill, 1901-2, common. Clew Bay, 5-7 ims., May, 1899, August,
1911, common.
Clare Island Survey— Marine Entomostraca. 45 9
P. harpactoides (Claus)—Ballynakill, 1901, frequent. Clew Bay and
Blacksod Bay, common. Found swarming in immense numbers
under stones between tide-marks, below the whaling station in Blacksod
Bay.
P. hibernica (Br. & Rob.).—Westport Bay, type-specimen (B. & R.).
Ballynakill Harbour, 1911. Blacksod Bay, surface tow-net, September,
1909.
Phyllothalestris mysus (Claus).— Westport and Clifden Bays (B. & R.).
Ballynakill, 1901, frequent in small numbers. Inishlyre Harbour.
March, 1910. Blacksod Bay, September, 1909.
Rhynchothalestris rufocincta (Norman).—Clew Bay and Clifden Bay (Brady,
Mon.). Ballynakill, 1901, frequent. Blacksod Bay, between tide-marks,
September, 1911, common.
R. helgolandica (Claus)—Cliffden Bay (Brady, Mon.). Ballynakill, 1901-2
frequent. Blacksod Bay, between tide-marks, September, 1911,
frequent.
*Microthalestris littoralis G. O. Sars.— All the specimens of Microthalestris
examined from Clew Bay and Blacksod Bay agree in the form of the
fifth feet with J. littoralis; but as the variation in size is considerable
(‘5 mm.—"85 mm.), it is possible that a second species may also be present.
Frequent between tide-marks, Blacksod Bay ; Clew Bay, 18 fms., August,
1910.
Dactylopusia thisboides (Cls.).—Clifden and Westport Bays (B. & R.).
Ballynakill, 1901-2, common. Blacksod Bay, September, 1911, few.
A ¢ form of this species with seven setae on the exopodite of the fifth
foot and a nine-jointed first antenna, was taken in 24 fms. off Killary
Harbour in May, 1909.
D. vulgaris G. O. Sars.—Clew Bay (Brady, Mon. sub D. Stromit). Ballynakill,
1901-2, common, Clew Bay, 18 fms., August, 1910,common. Blacksod
Bay, 2fms.
Dactylopodella flava (Cls.).—Clew Bay (Brady, Mon.). Ballynakill, 1901-2,
several. Inishlyre Roads, March, 1910, one. Blacksod Bay, between
tide-marks, September, 1911, several.
Idomene forficata, Phil.—Off Killary Harbour, 24 fms., May, 1909, one.
Westwoodia nobilis (Baird).—Ballynakill, 1901, few. Clew Bay, 18 fms.,
August, 1910, several. Blacksod Bay, between tide-marks, September,
1911, several.
W. minuta, Cls.—Westport Bay (Brady, Mon.). Blacksod Bay, between
tide-marks and in 2 fms., September, 1911, common. :
R.LA. PROC., VOL. XXXI. B 45
45
*W.
*W.
W.
10 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
pygmaea (Scott).—Ballynakill, 1-2 fms., 1901, one. Blacksod Bay,
between tide-marks and in 2fms., September, 1911, several.
monensis (Brady).—Ballynakill, in stomach of white trout, 1901, one.
Clew Bay, 18 fms., August, 1910, one.
SATURNI. n. sp. (Pl. I, figs. 1-4).— FEMALE (PI. I, fig. 1), length, ean
Body short and stout, but not so robust as in W. nobilis; abdomen bent
sharply backwards, about half as long as the cephalothorax, slightly
tapered; caudal rami broad and short; 2nd caudal seta from the inside
markedly thickened at the base. Ist antenna (Pl. I, fig. 2) short,
six-jointed, the terminal part consisting of three joints; proportional
UE Ay O56
* TR Tine 2g Oo ea
W. nobilis. 1st pair of feet (Pl. I, fig. 4) with endopodite about two
and a half times as long as the exopodite. Outer edge seta of Ist joint
of endopodite not reaching to the end of the joint, inner terminal claw
about three times as long as the outer; exopodite two-jointed, Ist joint
with one outer-edge spine, 2nd joint with three outer-edge spines, the
middle one being very small, one terminal spine and one terminal seta.
oth pair of feet (Pl. I, fig. 3) almost as in W. nobilis, except that the
innermost seta on the endopodite is proportionately much shorter.
Colour, yellow.
Two specimens dredged in Fahy Bay, Ballynakill, in 14 fms., February,
1901.
This species agrees in size with W. nobilis, but differs in the jointing
of the 1st antenna, the two-jointed exopodite of the first feet, and the
length of the setae on the 5th feet. It agrees with W. (Pseudothalestris)
imbricata Scott, from Ceylon, in most respects, differing in its larger size
and in the presence of a small additional outer-edge seta on the second
joint of the exopodite of the first feet and in the absence of an inner-edge
seta on the same joint.
Other cephalic appendages as in
length of joints
Family DIOSACCIDAE.
Diosacecus tenuicornis (Cls.)—Clifden and Westport Bays (B. & R.).
Ballynakill, 1901-2, frequent. Inishlyre Roads, Clew Bay, to 18 fms.,
and Blacksod Bay, between tide-marks and 18 fms., frequent.
AMPHIASCUS VARICOLOR n. sp. (PI. II, figs. 1-8; Pl. III, figs. 1, 2).—
FEMALE (PI. ITI, figs. 1, 2), length 1:05 mm. Body of the usual Amphiascus
form, moderately slender, with well-developed rostrum ending bluntly in
dorsal view. Anal segment a little shorter than the preceding one. Caudal
rami short, about as wide as long, and widely separated. Caudal setae
Clare Island Survey—Marine Entomostraca. 45 11
uniformly tapering. 1st antenna (PI. IT, fig. 1) eight-jointed, moderately
DUE elady: bye 25. 24.18.22.12.17.10.15.
long; proportional length of joints, he OR Wan Vie eS
v.
2nd antenna as usual in the genus, exopodite two-jointed, first joint
with one, and second with three setae. Mandible (PI. II, fig. 4)
with strongly denticulate cutting edge, three inner-edge setae on
second joint, exopodite very small with two setae, and endopodite with
two lateral and five terminal setae. Maxilla (Pl. II, fig. 3) with strongly
chitinized and denticulate inner basal lobe, which almost forms a second
mandible, distal portion feebly developed, but of usualform. 2nd maxilla
(Pl. II, fig. 8) with three stout basal lobes as in Diosaceus, with short
spines. Maxillipede (PI. II, fig. 9) with large concave hand and strong
claw as in Diosaccus, but comparatively smaller than in that genus.
1st pair of feet (Pl. II, fig. 5) as in Diosaceus rather than Amphiascus,
both branches being rather slender, and the two terminal joints of the
endopodite smaller than in Amphiascus. 2nd pair of feet, exopodite
with 1.1. 3 outer-edge and one terminal spine, and 0 . 1 . 3 inner-
edge setae, endopodite with 0.0.1 outer-edge, one terminal and
1.2.2 inner-edge setae. 3rd pair of feet, exopodite with1 .1. 3
outer-edge and one terminal spine, and 0 . 1 . 4 inner-edge setae,
endopodite with 0.0.1 outer-edge, one terminal, and 1.2. 3 inner-
edge setae. 4th pair of feet similar to the 3rd, except that there
are only 1.1.35 inner-edge setae on the endopodite. 45th pair of feet
(Pl. II, fig. 6), small, with comparatively short spiniform setae, inner
extension of basal joint with five setae, distal joint with six setae.
The 6th pair of feet is represented by three fine setae on each side of
the front margin of the genital segment.
Mats, length 1:0 mm. 1st antenna of usual prehensile form. Ist pair
of feet with a short, blunt hook on the inner margin of the second basal
joint. Endopodite of 2nd pair of feet with the second joint terminated
by two strong spines and two very small setae. 5th pair of feet (Pl. II,
fig. 7) with two setae on the inner extension of the first joint, and
four on the second joint.
Colour, second and third thoracic segments bright crimson,
abdomen yellow.
This species might be mistaken for Amphiascus cinctus, which it
greatly resembles when fresh, but it may be distinguished by the
absence of the longitudinal dorsal band on the cephalon, and by the
abdomen being yellow instead of colourless. A few specimens have
been found of a uniform yellow colour.
B2
45 12 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
This species is in some respects intermediate between the genera
Diosaccus and Amphiascus; it is, however, quite distinct from
Scott’s Pseudodiosaccus, which also exhibits characters of both genera.
The first pair of feet and the Ist and 2nd maxillipedes agree with
Diosaccus rather than Amphiascus, but the form and proportions of the
body and the form of the 2nd antenna are of the Amphiascus type.
*A. cinctus (Cls.)—? Westport Bay (B. & R.). Blacksod Bay, between tide-
marks, September, 1911, common.
*A. obscurus G. O. Sars.—Clew Bay, 18 fms., August, 1910, two. Blacksod
Bay, between tidemarks, March, 1911, two. These specimens do not agree
exactly with Sars’ description and figures. They are distinctly larger,
91:28 mm., ¢112mm., and the female has only six setae on the second
joint of the 5th pair of feet, which thus resemble those of A. cinctus. The
colour is the same as in Sars’ specimens, the thoracic and abdominal
segments being of a dark reddish chocolate with the appendages and
caudal rami stained indigo.
*A. similis Claus.—Ballynakill, 1901, 6-8 fms., one, 1-2 fms., one. Blacksod
Bay, between tidemarks, September, 1911, one.
*A. phyllopus G. O. Sars—Blacksod Bay, 4 fms., September, 1910, one ¢. The
5th feet in this specimen are slightly wider than shown in Sars’ figure,
approaching in form those of A. latifolius.
“A. minutus Claus.—Inishlyre Roads, 2-4 fms., March, 1910, several.
*A. longirostris Claus.— Clew Bay, 18 fms., August, 1910, two.
*A. debilis G. O. Sars.— Ballynakill, 2 fms., 1901, one.
A. imus (Brady).—Clew Bay, in dredge (Brady, Mon.).
*A. simulans (Scott)—Off Killary Harbour, 24 fms., May, 1909, several. The
peculiar form of the first antennae, amongst other characters, distinguishes
this species from the allied A. sinwatus and A. spinulosus.
*A. attenuatus G. O. Sars.—Off Kallary Harbour, 24 fms., May, 1909, two.
A. hispidus (Brady).—Clew Bay, 10 fms. (Brady, Mon.). Ballynakill, 1901,
one.
A. SPINIFER, nu. sp. (PI. III, figs. 5-9).— FEMALE (Pl. ITI, fig. 5), length 6 mm.
Body moderately slender, shghtly tapered posteriorly. Rostrum (P1II1L
fiz. 6) very long, more than half the length of the cephalic segment,
contracted towards the tip as in A. lagenirostris, but not so wide
basally as in that species. ‘The 5th thoracic segment bears dorsally a
pair of large upward-directed spines, and the posterior dorsal margins of
the abdominal segments (Pl. IIL, fig. 4) bear transverse rows of much
smaller spines, about eight spines in each row. Anal segment short, deeply
hollowed between the furcal rami, which are short, slightly longer than
Clare Island Survey— Marine Entomostraca. 45 13
wide, and separated by about two and a half times their own width.
First antenna (PI. IIT, fig. 6) slender, eight-jointed, proportional length
Ie Ao@®s £.9.6.068
16.22.7.10.3.4.4.7
on its upper distal margin. Second antenna (PI. III, fig. 7) slender, outer
branch three-jointed, the first two joints each with a distal seta, the
third joint with a lateral and two much smaller terminal setae.
Maxillipede (PJ. III, fig. 9) with a slender hand and claw. First foot
(Pl. IIL, fig. 5) slender, outer branch much shorter than the inner, inner
branch with second and third joints together equal to about one-third of
the first joint, third joint twice as long as the second. Second to
fourth feet almost exactly as in A. lagenirostris.
Fifth feet with long and narrow parallel-sided second joint bearing
of joints the second joint with a small tooth
one inner edge, two terminal and three lateral setae. First joint with
three terminal and two lateral setae and a small tooth distally on the
outer margin.
This species is allied to A. lagenirostris, but can easily be recognized
by its narrower rostrum and the great development of spines on the
abdomen and last thoracic segment. Several specimens were taken in
May, 1909, off Killary Harbour in 24 fms. in a tow-net attached to a
dredge.
Family CANTHOCAMPTIDAE.
*Mesochra pygmaea Cls.—Blacksod Bay, between tidemarks, one.
*Ameira attenuata Thomps.—Off Killary Harbour, 24 fms.,one. Agrees with
Sars’ figures as given under A. tenella.
*A. tau (Giesbrecht)—Ballynakill, 1901, 1-3 fms., one.
*A. minuta Boeck.—Blacksod Bay, March, 1911, between tidemarks, two.
*Ameiropsis longicornis G. O. Sars.—Blacksod Bay, September, 1911, 2 fms.,
one. The specimen differs slightly from Sars’ figures ; and I give figures
of the first and fifth feet (Pl. II, figs. 13, 14).
*A. nobilis G. O. Sars.—Off Killary Harbour, 24 fms., May, 1909, one.
*Stenocopia spinosa (Scott),—Off Killary Harbour, 24 fms., May, 1909,
few.
*§. longicaudata (Scott).—Ballynakill, 1901, 1-2 fms., one.
*Leptomesochra attenuata (Scott)—Off Killary Harbour, 24 fms., May, 1901,
one.
*Paramesochra dubia Scott.—Off Killary Harbour, 24 fms., May, 1909, two
females, length 54 mm.
*Tetragoniceps malleolata Brady.—Off Killary Harbour, 24 fms., May, 1909,
few. ‘his is the true 7’. malleolatus of Brady, and not the species referred
45 14 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
to under that name by Scott, which, as Sars has pointed out, was a new
species (7. Scotti Sars). Both females and males were present, the latter,
until now, unknown. The fifth feet of the male are here figured
(Pl. ILI, fig. 10).
*Pteropsyllus consimilis Scott.—Off Killary Harbour, 24 fms., May, 1909, few.
Family LAOPHONTIDAE.
*Laophonte cornuta Phil.—Ballynakill, 1901, few. Blacksod Bay, between tide-
marks, several. Inishlyre Harbour, 24 fms., March, 1910, few. Clew
Bay, 18 fms., August, 1910, two.
L. similis (Claus).—Westport and Clifden Bays (B. & R.). Slew Bay,
18 fms., August, 1910, common. Blacksod Bay, between tidemarks,
March, 1911, one.
L. horrida Norman.—Inishgowla Harbour, Clew Bay, 1-4 fms., August, 1909,
one.
*L. stromi (Baird).—Clew Bay, 18 fms., August, 1910, two. Blacksod Bay,
between tidemarks, March, 1911, one.
L. serrata (Claus).—Clew Bay (Brady, Mon.). Clew Bay, 18 fms., August,
1910, one.
*L. thoracica Boeck.—Inishlyre Harbour, 2-4 fms., March, 1910, one.
*L. Koreni Boeck—Clew Bay, 18 fms. August, 1910, one. Blacksod Bay,
between tidemarks, March, 1911, several.
*L. brevirostris (Claus) —Blacksod Bay, between tidemarks, September, 1911,
common. Inishlyre Harbour, 2-4 fms., March, 1910,two.
L, BULLIGERA n. sp. (PI. I, figs. 5-10, Pl. I, fig. 11).—Fermaze (PI. J, fig. 5),
length 53 mm. Body slightly depressed, thus appearing slender in
lateral view, with posterior margins of all the segments finely spinulose.
There is a marked constriction indicating the fusion of the Ist and
2nd abdominal segments to form the genital segment, and the postero-
lateral margins of Ist-3rd abdominal segments are produced and
spinulose (Plate I, fig. 10). Anal segment as long as the preceding.
Furcal rami small, widely separated, about half as long as the anal
segment, and two-thirds as wide as long. Furcal setae long and slender,
uniformly tapering. First antenna (Pl. J, fig. 7) slender, moderately
long, six-jointed, with scanty setae; proportional length of joints
Is Bo Bos. O
jointed with one stout terminal and three more slender lateral setae.
Maxillipede with narrow hand and slender finger. First feet (PI. I, fig. 8),
endopodite slender with moderately strong terminal claw, exopodite two-
Second antenna (Pl. I, fig. 6); endopodite one-
Clare Island Survey— Marine Entomostraca. 45 15
jointed, first joint with one, second with five setae. Second and third feet
of the usual type. Fourth feet (Pl. IT, fig. 11), endopodite two-jointed,
first joint without setae, second joint with two terminal and two inner-
edge setae. The second inner edge seta has a remarkable expanded
base, to the distal side of which is attached a curious glandular or sensory
organ which appears to consist of an oval mass of protoplasm without
any definite structure or chitinous covering, analogous probably to the
“aesthetasks ” of the Ist antennae, occurring throughout the order, or
the modified setae on the second maxillae of the Scolecithricidae. Fifth
feet (Pl. I, fig. 9) of the same type as in Laophonte elongata and
L. typhlops, the second joint being parallel-sided, about five times as long
as broad, with four outer-edge setae, the two most proximal being placed
almost alongside each other, one slender terminal seta and one on the
inner edge. The short parallel-sided portion of the first joint carries two
terminal setae, and there are two setae on the inner margin.
This species is closely allied to Laophonte elongata, L. typhlops, and
LL. longiremis, but may be readily distinguished from the first two by
its much shorter furcal rami, and from the last by its six-jointed
antenna, two-jointed exopodite of the first feet, and different number
and arrangement of setae on the fifth feet. In the peculiar structure of
the fourth feet it agrees with none of the three.
Several specimens were taken in Blacksod Bay, 1-3 fms., in
September, 1909, and September, 1911.
*L. littoralis Scott.—Clew Bay, 18 fms., August, 1910, two. Though the
habitat, tidal pools and brackish water, recorded by Scott and Sars for
this species, differs from that in which specimens were found in Clew
Bay, there seem to be no structural grounds for regarding them as
distinct.
L. curticauda Boeck.—Clifden and Westport Bays (Brady, Mon.).
*L. congenera Sars.—Ballynakill, 1901, 6-8 fms., one.
*L, denticornis Scott.—Off Killary Harbour, 25 fms., May, 1909, one.
L. longicaudata Boeck.—Off Killary Harbour, 25 fms., May, 1909, one.
*L. elongata Boeck.—Off Killary Harbour, 25 fms., May, 1909, several.
*L. bulbifera Norman.—Ballynakill, 1901, in dredged material from 1-2 fms.,
one; Blacksod Bay, 4 fms., September, 1910, one.
Laophontopsis lamellifera (Claus).— Ballynakill, 1901, 1-2 fms., one.
Asellopsis hispida Br. & Rob.—Westport Bay, surface-net, type-specimen
(B. & R.). Clew Bay, 15-17 fms., tow-net on dredge, August, 1910,
one,
45 16 . Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
*Laophontodes bicornis (A. Scott).—Ballynakill, 1901, frequent in dredged
material. Inishlyre Roads, 2-4 fms., March, 1910, one. Blacksod
Bay, between tide-marks, September, 1911, few.
Normanella minuta (Boeck).—Clew Bay (Brady, Mon., sub WNormanella
dulia).
Family CLETODIDAE.
Cletodes limicola Brady.— Westport Bay, dredge (B. & R.).
*©. tenuipes Scott.—Inishowla Harbour, Clew Bay, 1-4 fms., August, 1909.
Orthopsyllus linearis (Claus).— Westport Bay, on a sponge (B. & R.).
*Eurycletodes similis (Scott).—Ballynakill, 1901, 1-2 fms., one. Off Killary
Harbour, 24 fms., May, 1909, one. Blacksod Bay, $-3 fms., September,
1909, one.
Enhydrosoma propinquum (B. & R.).—Clew Bay (Brady, Mon.). Blacksod
Bay, 4 fms., September, 1910, one.
*E. curticaudatum (Boeck).—Ballynakill, 14-2 fms., one.
Rhizothrix curvata Brady.—Inishgowla Harbour, Clew Bay, 4 fms., August,
1909, several.
Family CYLINDROPSYLLIDAE.
*Cylindropsyllus laevis Brady.—Off Killary Harbour, 24 fms., May, 1909,
two.
Family TACHIDIIDAE.
Tachidius brevicornis Lilljeb.—lL. Leam, Blacksod Bay, September, 1909,
one.
Family METIDAE.
Metis ignea Phil—Blacksod Bay, between tide-marks, September, 1909,
September, 1911, several.
Family CYCLOPIDAE.
Cyclopina littoralis Brady.—Ballynakill and Killary Harbour, 1901,
frequent.
C. gracilis Claus.—Ballynakill Harbour, 1901.
Eurete longicaudata Phil. Westport and Clifden Bays (B. & R. sub
Thorellia brunnea).
Oithona nana Giesbr.—Common in Ballynakill and Killary Harbours in
1901.
0. similis Giesby—Common throughout the district, both in the open sea
and in bays and inlets.
Clare Islund Survey—Marine Entomostraca. 45 17
O. pelagica Farran.—lI use this name for the species usually recorded from
the north-east Atlantic as O. plumifera, although it appears to be
specifically distinct. It is an oceanic form, but occurred a few times
in the open sea off Cleggan in 1901.
Cyclops aequoreus Fischer.—Clifden Bay (B. & R.).
Family MONSTRILLIDAE.
*Thaumaleus rostratus Scott.—Off Inishbofin Harbour, 1900, two females.
*T. rigidus (I. C. Thompson).—Ballynakill Harbour, 1901-2, tow-nets
1-2 fms., four females, lengths, 21-27 mm. These specimens agree in
size and proportion with 7. rigidus as re-described by T. Scott. ‘The last
two segments of the abdomen are, however, completely separated—not
partially as in Scott’s specimens.
Family ASCIDICOLIDAE.
*Ascidicola rosea Thorell—Blacksod Bay, March, 1911, 2 -fms., one in
Cynthia sp.
Notodelphys Allmanni Thorell.—Killary Bay (Brady, Mon.). Blacksod
Bay, September, 1911, from Asezdia mentula between tide-marks.
*Notopterophorus elongatus Buchholz. (Dorypygus auritus).—Blacksod Bay
between tide-marks, September, 1910, in Ascidiella aspersa ; September,
1911, in Ascidia mentula.
*Notopterophorus papilio Hesse.-—Ballynakill, 1902, in Ascidia mentula, many.
These agree with the form figured by Scott, in which the wings are not
ereatly developed.
*Enterognathus comatulae Giesbr.—Taken a few times in Ballynakill Harbour
in 1901, parasitic in Antedon rosea dredged in about 5 fms. The parasite
is to be found lodged in the anal extremity of the intestine of the
Antedon with the fureal rami projecting into the open. When disturbed
it withdraws itself completely within the body of its host.
Family ASTEROCHERIDAE.
Asterocheres lilljeborgi Boeck.—Westport Bay, on a sponge (B. & R.).
Dermatomyzon nigripes (Br. & Rob.).—Ballynakill, 1902, 3-8 fms., one.
*Rhynchomyzon purpurocinctum (Scott).—Ballynakill, 1901, 4-6 fms., one.
Acontiophorus scutatus (Br. & lob.).—Clifden Bay, on Laminaria fronds, type-
specimen (B. & R.). Westport Bay (Brady, Mon.). Ballynakill, 1902,
3-8 fms., one.
R. I. A. PROO., VOL, XXXI. C a5
45 18 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
*Scottocheres elongatus (Scott).—Ballynakill, 1902, 4-6 fms., one.
Dyspontius striatus Thorell.— Ballynakill, 1902, 3-8 fms., one.
*Cancerilla tubulata Dalyell—kKillary Harbour, 1911, 3 fms., on Amphiwra
elegans.
CIRRIPEDIA.
Lepas anatifera Linn.—Frequently drifted into the district on floating timber.
L, fascicularis Ell. & Soll—Much scarcer than the last, but occasionally
occurs on floating weed. Unusually large numbers of well-grown
colonies were noticed off Cleggan, and for several miles to seaward in
August, 1903.
Verruca stromia Miill.—Plentiful in Blacksod Bay, from L.W.M. down-
wards, on bare rocks and stones. Only exposed by very low spring-
tides.
Balanus balanoides Linn.—Universally covering exposed rocks and stones
from high- to low-water mark.
B, porcatus Da Costa.—Blacksod Bay, September, 1909, on Mytilus modiolus
from 43 fms.
Clare Island Survey—Marine Entomostraca. 45 19
EXPLANATION OF PLATES.
Prate I,
Westwoodia satwrnt, un. sp.
Fic.
1. Female lateral view.
2 » first antenna.
St » lifth foot.
4, 5 frst foot.
Laophonte bulligera, n. sp.
. Female, lateral view.
» second antenna.
» first foot.
, fifth foot.
10. ,, abdomen dorsal view.
3)
6.
UE » wurst antenna.
8
9
Prats II.
Amphiascus varicolor, n. sp.
Fic,
1. Female, first antenna.
», endopodite of second antenna.
» first maxilla.
», mandible.
first foot.
b » fifth foot.
. Male, fifth foot.
. Female, second maxilla.
» Imaxillipede.
» endopodite of second foot.
CHIA T P w L
—
S
Laophonte bulligera, n. sp.
11. Female, fourth foot.
Harpacticus wriremis Kroyer.
12. Female, fifth foot.
Ameiropsis longicornis, G. O, Sars.
13, Female, fifth foot.
14, =) first) foot:
45 20 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
Puate III.
Amphiascus varicolor, n. sp.
Fic. ;
1. Female, dorsal view.
2. », lateral view.
Amphiascus spinifer, n. sp.
3. Female, lateral view.
4 abdomen dorsal view.
5 » first foot.
6. » rostrum and first antenna.
U » second antenna.
8 fifth foot.
9 » maxillipede.
Tetragoniceps malleolata, Brady.
10. Male, fifth foot.
Proc. R.I.AcCAD., Vor. XXXI.
PART 45, PLATE I,
CLARE IsLAND SURVEY.—FARRAN: MARINE ENTOMOSTRACA.
Proc, R.I.Acap., Vor. XXXI. PART 45, PLare LIL.
Crare Istaxp Survey. -FARRAN: XI
ARINE ENTOMOSTRAGA.
Clare Island Survey.
46
FRESH-WATER ENTOMOSTRACA.
By D. J. SCOURFIELD, F.Z.S., F.R.M.S.
Puate I.
Read June 10. Published Juny 22, 1912.
TuE collections forming the basis of the present report were made for the
most part in Clare Island, in the north-eastern part of Achill Island, and in
the immediate neighbourhood of Westport, though a few were also obtained
from Castlebar and Islandeady Loughs and some others from the district on
the southern side of Clew Bay as far inland as Doo Lough. All the localities
are situated, therefore, either in Clare Island or within 10 miles of the shores
of Clew Bay, and this may be considered as the area covered by the Survey
so far as fresh-water Entomostraca are concerned.
No previous collections of fresh-water Entomostraca had apparently been
made in Clare Island itself, and very little had been done in the country
surrounding Clew Bay. In 1868 Brady and Robertson (9) visited Westport.
and recorded a few Cladocera and Ostracoda, among these being a new
species, Limnicythere sancti-patrici, obtained from Lough Moher, and the rare
Monospilus dispar. Canon Norman visited Westport in 1874, but only the
Ostracoda obtained on that occasion seem to have been recorded (20).
Mr. Kane also visited the district prior to 1909, and recorded the remarkable
Holopedium gibberum from L. Keel, Achill (19), while Messrs. W. & G. S. West
made collections of phyto-plankton in two Jakes in Achill in 1904, and
incidentally refer to the presence of certain Entomostraca (24).
Much more attention had been given to the district to the south,
embracing Connemara and Loughs Corrib and Mask, and a considerable
number of species from this area are to be found in the papers and notes by
Andrews, Norman, Brady, Kane, West, and others. Nevertheless the records
are very imperfect even for this district, owing mainly to the fact that no
attempt has hitherto been made to compile a complete list of species,
including the commoner as well as the rarer forms,
Most of the collections dealt with in this paper were made in June, 1909,
either by the writer or by Mr. Kane. Later in the same year, and again in
1910 and 1911, Mr. Kane collected in the same area, aud small gatherings
were also made by Mr. James Murray (March, 1911), and Mr. J. S. Dunkerly
(April, 1911). I wish to express my thanks to these gentlemen for the
R,1.A. PROG., VOL. XXXI, A ; 46
46 2 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
trouble they have taken in this matter, and especially to Mr. Kane, who has
rendered invaluable help in many ways in the preparation of this paper.
As regards the methods of collection employed, it may be mentioned that,
in addition to the gatherings made with various kinds of nets, some attention
was given to washing wet mosses from bogs, mountain torrents, &c., and by
this means a few species were obtained which were not found in any other
way. A certain amount of bottom material was also passed through fine
sieves ; but it was not found possible to employ this method as frequently as
could have been wished. Generally speaking, the collections were obtained
from quite small pieces of water, such as bog-pools, peat-cuttings, ponds, and
small lakes. The only lakes of any size investigated were Castlebar Lough,
Islandeady Lough, and Doo Lough; and it is much to be regretted that no
collections could be obtained from the two largest lakes in the district, viz.,
Loughs Feeagh and Beltra.
The total number of species now recorded for the district is 90, including
three recorded by Brady and Robertson, one found by Mr. Kane, and one
given by Canon Norman, but not found again during the progress of the
present investigation. The species are distributed among the three Orders as
follows :—Cladocera 48, Copepoda 26, and Ostracoda 16. The majority of
the species are fairly common types in the British Isles, being either generally
distributed or abundant in particular localities. One, however, a species of
Copepod from Clare Island, herein described as Canthocamptus (Attheyella ?)
praegeri appears to be new to science, and there are a few others which may be
specially mentioned on account of their rarity in the British records, e.g.,
Latona setifera, Ceriodaphnia affinis, Alona intermedia (in the British Isles
hitherto recorded only from Scotland), Rhynchotalona falcata, Alonella exigua,
and Cyclops rubellus.
The following species are recorded for Ireland for the first time :—
CLADOCERA :—Latona setifera. Alona intermedia
Ceriodaphnia affinis. Alonella exigua.
Acroperus angustatus.
CopEPpopA :— Eurytemora velox. Cyclops affinis.
Cyclops languidus. Canthocamptus lucidulus.
nanus. cerassus.
vernalis. pygmaeus.
bisetosus. zschokkei.
bicolor. praegeri n.sp.
rubellus. hirticornis.
varicans. Nitocra spinipes.
OstTRacoDa :—Cypris obliqua ?
Clare Island Survey—Fresh-water Entomostraca. 46 3
A number of slight variations from the typical forms have been noted,
some of which are referred to under the notes on the species, but nothing
apparently of real importance, except in one specimen from Clare Island of
what seems to be Cunthocumptus hirticornis. In this case the furca and their
setae, as shown on Plate I, fig. 10, are completely changed from the usual
type to something unlike what is found in any known species. It may be
merely an example of malformation, although, as the structures are perfectly
symmetrical, it more probably represents a distinct mutation.
A comparison of the Entomostracan faunas of the different sections of
the area comprised in the Survey brings out a number of interesting facts.
Considering first the relation of Clare Island to the country around Clew Bay,
we find that whereas the total number of species of the Cladocera recorded
from the island is only about one-half the number from the mainland, the
number of Copepoda is very nearly the same, and the number of Ostracods
about two-thirds. The actual figures are as follows :—
Cladocera. Copepoda. Ostracoda. Total.
Clare Island, .. ane ae 24 19 10 53
Mainland (ineluding Achill), 48 21 15 84
The Clare Island fauna is mainly noticeable, as perhaps was to have been
expected, for negative rather than positive characters. It is true that a few
species have been obtained there which have not hitherto been found in the
mainland area (e.g. Cyclops bisetosus, Canthocamptus hirticornis, C. praegeri,
n. sp., Witocra spinipes, and Cypris obliqua ?), but these, with the exception of
the new species, about which nothing can be said, may be confidently expected
to occur on the mainland also. On the other hand, there are some rather
remarkable absences from the Clare Island list, viz., Diaphanosoma, Bosmina.
Alonopsis, and Polyphemus. It seems almost impossible to imagine that these
absences can be without significance, as representatives of the genera mentioned
are fairly common on the mainland. What the significance may be is not
known, but it may be surmised to be connected with the means of dispersal.
The Achill Island list contains the following species which have not
been noticed in other parts of the area covered by the survey :—Zatona
setifera, Holopedium gibberwm, Llyocryptus sordidus, Cyclops nanus, Limnicythere
inopinata. As none of these, however, can be considered as common species,
it is not possible to draw any inferences from their presence in Achill and
apparent absence elsewhere. The absence of Simocephalus vetulus, a very
common species in all parts of the country, is rather surprising, but may be
only accidental.
The Westport-Castlebar list shows the following characteristic species :—
Ceriodaphnia pulchella, C. affinis, Bosmina lonyirostris, Pleuroxus trigonellus,
A2
46 4 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
Monospilus dispar, Cyclops bicolor, C. varicans, Canthocamptus lucidulus, Noto-
dromas monacha, Ilyocypris bradyi, Limnaicythere sancti-patrien, and Cytheridea
torosa. The first and third named at least may be considered as typical
“lowland” species, for they are rarely if ever found in mountainous and
moorland districts, and, taken in connexion with the other species enumerated
and the rarity of such forms as Acantholeberis curvirostris and Alonopsis
elonguta, clearly indicate the influence of the different physical conditions of
this district as compared with the others.
The Louisburgh-Croaghpatrick list exhibits the following peculiarities :—
Diaphanosoma brachyurum var. nasuta, Daphnia hyalina var. galeata, Simo-
cephalus exspinosus, Ceriodaphnia reticulata, and Bosmina longicormis. I am
indebted to Mr. Kane for all the records from this district except those from
Croaghpatrick itself. The species recorded from the latter mountain are as
follows :—Acantholeberis curvirostris, Alona rustica, Chydorus sphaericus, Cyclops
viridis, C. fuscus, C. prasinus, and Canthocamptus zschokkei. These I obtained
by collecting in bog-pools at various heights up to about 1500 feet, and by
washing mosses taken from the sides of the small streams. Acantholeberis
eurvirostris, Chydorus sphaericus,-and Cyclops prasinus were characteristic
of the former, Alona rustica and Canthocamptus zschokkei of the latter.
Mr: Kane’s collections were made about Louisburgh, and as far west as Roonah.
Lough, and as far south as Doo Lough. The Copepoda and Ostracoda were.
only partially studied.
Taking the district worked over by the Survey as a whole and comparing
it, so far as the imperfect records allow, with the rest of the counties of
Mayo and Galway, the most noticeable differences are to be found in the
absence from the former of a number of typically plankton species of
Cladocera and Copepoda (eg. Bosmina coregoni, Bythotrephes, Leptodora,
Diaptomus laticeps, &e.) and a considerable number of Ostracods. The
explanation of the missing plankton forms is almost certainly to be found
in the fact that the larger lakes of the survey area were not examined,
while the larger number of Ostracods in the list from the remainder of
Mayo and Galway is accounted for by the attention devoted to this group,
especially in Connemara, by such well-known authorities as Brady, Robertson,
and Norman. r nett :
Combining the survey results with the records from the other parts of
Mayo and Galway, we obtain for the first time in Ireland a list from a fairly -
large and compact area (practically the “West of Ireland” par excellence)
showing some signs of approaching completeness. The total of 115 species
compares not very unfavourably with the numbers recorded from some much
more thoroughly worked districts in England and Scotland, and considerably
Clare sland Survey—Fresh-water Entomostraca. 46 5
exceeds the total yet recorded from Wales. It only falls short of the complete
Irish list by about twenty-eight species.’
Tn addition to the species recorded in this paper for the first time for
Ireland, the Mayo-Galway list comprises quite a number of forms which have
uot hitherto been seen in other parts of Ireland, but little or no importance
can be attached to this at present, owing to the fragmentary nature of the
records outside the two counties named. It contains three species, Diap-
tomus sancti-patricit, Canthocamptus praegert, n. sp., and Cypridopsella picta
(the first-named, however, only doubtfully distinct from D. Jaciniatus), which
have not been found elsewhere in the British Isles. It also includes two species,
Alona rectangula and Candona stagnalis (or three species if we consider
INaptomus sancti-patricii as only a variety of D. laciniatus) and one variety,
Diaphanosoma brachyurum var. nasuta, which have also been found in Scotland,
but nowhere else in the British Isles. With the English list it has five species
in common which have not yet been found in Scotland, viz. Acroperus
angustatus, Cyclops oithonoides, C. rubellus, Cypridopsella obesa, and Metacypris
cordata. On the other hand, the Mayo-Galway list, as well as the complete
Trish list, contains no representative of the Daphnia magna group, nor of the
genera Moina and Moraria, and naturally a number of individual species from
several other genera are also absent.
1 In view of the subsequent remarks on distribution the names of these additional Irish species
may be usefully given here :—
CLADOCcERA. Osrracopa.
Daphnia cucullata. Cypvis pubera.
Ceriodaphina laticaudata. virens.
Macrothrix laticornis. affinis.
Alona tenuicaudis.
Leydigia acanthocercoides.
Pleuroxus laevis.
aduncus.
Anchistropus emarginatus.
Bythotrephes cederstrémii.
CopEropa.
Diaptomus castor. *
Cyclops leuckarti.
phaleratus.
aequoreus.
Argulus foliaceus.
bispinosa.
Herpetocypris tumefacta.
Ilyodromas olivaceus.
robertsoni.
Cypridopsella yariegata.
Candona angulata.
elongata.
lactea.
compressa:
fragilis.
Cytheridea lacustris.
2 It is very much to be desired that good lists of Entomostraca from various districts in Ireland
should be obtained in the near future. I would suggest that attention should be paid particularly to
the north-west, south-west, and east or south-east.
* Nore.—The records of Diaptomus graciloides by W. and G. S. West (24) are probably incorrect,
as this species as defined by Schmeil has never been seen in the British Isles.
46 6 Proceedings of the Royal Trish Academy.
List OF FRESH-WATER EnTomosrraca from Clare Island and the Clew Bay
District, together with the species recorded from the remaining parts of
Mayo and Galway.
{Notr.—The figures in the first four columns, except the totals which refer to the number
of species, indicate the number of separate stations where the species have been found, and
consequently give a rough idea of the relative commonness or rarity of the forms. |
Ciew Bay Disrnicr.
i Gline : Rest of
PPA Island. Achill Westport Louisburgh aan
Islan. | Guetlebar. “patric
Total number of stations, : 21 15 14 | 9 =
CLADOCERA.
Sipmae.
Sida crystallina(O. F.M.), : 1 2 3 2 x
Diaphanosoma brachyurum (Liévin), _ 4 2 1 x
nasuta, Kane, . F : _— — — 1 x
leuchtenbergianum, Fischer, . — — — | — x
Latona setifera (0. F.M.), . : _ 1 | — — | =
Ho.Lorepipar.
Holopedium gibberum, Zaddach, . — 1 | = — x
DAPHNIDAE.
Daphnia pulex (De Geer), 5 : _ — — — x
obtusa, Kurz; propinqua, Sars. —_ 1 — _— —
var., : . : : = 1 _— —_ | —_
longispina, O. F. M., “ : 1 — 3 — xe
hyalina, Leydig, s. str., . ‘ _— _— ee — —
lacustris, Sars, : : 1 1 1 — | x
galeata, Sars, : : _ _— — 1 x
Scapholeberis mucronata (0 F. M.), — _— 3 1 x
Simocephalus yetulus (0. F. M.), . 7 — 3 1 x
exspinosus (Koch), . : . — — = 1 x
Ceriodaphnia reticulata, Jurine, : — _— — 1 | _—
megalops, Sars, 5 4 : — _— _ — | xk
quadrangula (O. F. M.), . : 6 3 3 — } x
pulchella, Sars, . . _ = 1 ae
affinis, Lilljeborg, . < : a — 1 _— | _—
BosMInIDAE. |
Bosmina longirostris (0. F. M.), _— _ 1 = =
obtusirostris, Sars, 2 : _— 4 1 _ x
longicornis, Schoedler, . : _ — — 2 _—
longispina, Leydig, : : _— — — — 2
coregoni, Baird; mixta, Liilj., — — — — | x
LYNCODAPHNIDAE. |
Tlyoeryptus sordidus (Liévin), . — 1 — — | =
Macrothrix rosea (Jurine), : ; — — — _— x
Lathonura rectirostris (0. F. M.), . | — _ | _— — | x
Clare Island Survey—Fresh-water Entomostraca.
List OF FRESH-WATER ENTOMOSTRACA— continued.
467
SPECcIEs.
|
Clare
Island.
Total number of stations,
LynxcoDaPHNIDAE—continued.
Streblocerus serricaudatus (Fischer),
Drepanothrix dentata (Eur€n),
Acantholeberis curvirostris (0. F. M.),
LyNcEIDAr.
Eurycercus lamellatus (0. F. M.),
Camptocercus rectirostris, Schoedler.
Acroperus harpae, Baird,
angustatus, Sars,
Alonopsis elongata, Sars, .
Alona quadrangularis (O. F. M.),
affinis, Leydig,
costata, Sars,
guttata, Sars,
intermedia, Sars,
rectangula, Sars,
rustica, Scott,
rostrata (Koch)
Rhynchotalona falcata (Sars), .
Graptoleberis testudinaria (Fischer),
Alonella excisa (Fischer)
exigua (Lilljeborg),
nana (Baird),
Peracantha truncata (O. F. M.),
Pleuroxus trigonellus (O. F. M.),
uncinatus, Baird,
Chydorus globosus, Baird,
oyalis, Kurz,
latus, Sars, :
sphaericus (O. F. M.),
barbatus (Brady),
Monospilus dispar, Sars, .
PoLYPHEMIDAE.
Polyphemus pediculus (Linn. ),
Bythotrephes longimanus, Leydig,
LeproDoRIDAg.
Leptodora kindtii (Focke),
Total Cladocera (Mayo and )
Galway, 58), \
21
oO st ow
mw Ww
Crew Bay Disrxicr.
Lacie Rest ot
; aoe So Mayo and
Achil| | Westport Louisburgh Galoaet
aba and and Croagh- *
~ | Castlebar. patrick.
15 1400 |S =
2 1 1 x
2 = = x
i 1 3 x
2 B) 1 <
_ — — x
1 5 2 x
#5 at 1 as
8 1 3 x
= = 2 x
5) 5 2 x
= 5 4 x
3 2 2 x
1 1 _ 2
= 3 1 x
1 —_ 1 x
— 3 Z x
1 1 3 =
3 2 2 x
5 3 5 x
2 1 — =—
6 6 1 <
2 ao FTA oa 83 x
— 1 = x
1 3 — _
1 ut = x
2 2 1 SK
9 B) b) x
2 _— 1 x
— 1 — —
5 5 4 x
= = = x
= = = x
31 33 31 45
Clew Bay District, 48
46.8 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
List OF FRESH-WATER ENTOMOSTRACA—continued.
Ctew Bay District.
e 95, 00 eee SS
SEnetes Island. Achil] | Westport Louisburgh Mayo and
Tiana and and Croagh-
zi * | Castlebar. patrick.
Total number oi stations, : 21 15 14 9
COPEPODA.
CENTROPAGIDAE.
Sy)
D
ir)
a
Diaptomus gracilis, Sars.
laticeps, Sars, - 5 E = = = 3
sancti-patricii, Brady, - = — a a
Eurytemora velox (Lilljeborg), : 1 1 _— ae
CycLoPipae.
Cyclops strenuns, Fischer. x 2 = 2 5) =.
oithonoides, Sars, .- “ — = = =
?bicuspidatus, Claus, . : 5 1 — — =
languidus, Sars, 2 1 — —
nanus, Sars, . ; ; : = 1 — =
Ww
~)
yernalis, Fischer,
bisetosus, Rehberg. -
|
|
|
1
viridis (Jurine), : = : a 4
bicolor, Sars, 5 5 5 — =
Le el
rubellus, Lilljeborg, : : 3 —_
yaricans, Sars, 3 : - — —
fuscus (Jurine), z 5 : — —
slbidus(Jurine), . s 4 6 =
w we
serrulatus, Fischer; varius, Lillj.,
_
ee
)
CO he he
”
macruroides, Lillj., . 5 3
ww
1)
™)
prasinus (Jurine),
affinis, Sars,
lo
et
|
a
fimbriatus, Fischer, .
CANTHOCAMPTIDAE.
Canthocamptus minutus (O. F. M.), — = = =
lucidulus, Rehberg, - _
crassus, Sars, 2
pygmaeus, Sars, : : 5 by 1
zschokkei, Schmeil, . a 1 = = 2
praegeri, 0.sp., 1
hirticornis, Scott, 1
Nitocra hibernica (Brady), : 3 _ = i! =e
spinipes, Boeck, - . - 1 — = pis
Total Copepoda (Mayo and }
Galway, 30), Rs Pll Pi tae 16
——— —_.—
| Clew | Bay District, 21.
x xX &
Clare Island Survey—Fresh-water Entomostraca. 46 9
List OF FRESH-WATER ENTOMOSTRACA—continied.,
| Ciew Bay Disrricr.
Clare
Tsland.
Rest of
Mayo and
Galway.
SPEcIgs, Achill Westport | Lonisburgh
and land Croagh-|
Island. Castlebar. | patrick,
Total number of stations, 21 15 wm | Q f=
|
OSTRACODA. | |
CypnripIDAg.
Cypria exsculpta (Fischer), . oa || = | _— = = |
ophthalmica (Jurine),
Cyclocypris globosa (Sars), =
serena (Koch), P : 3 |
laevis (O. F.M.), . : | 1 | — 1 —
Cypris fuscata (Jurine), 1
incongruens, Ramdohr, . _ {| =
? obliqua, Brady, 2
Cyprinotus prasinus (Fischer), #4 1
Herpetocypris reptans (Baird), | 1
Cypridopsis yidua (0. F. M.), || 2
obesa, Brady and Robertson, . | —
Cypridopsella aculeata (Costa), il 2
vileaGmim), <- >» .« | = |
picta (Straus), . . f 5 — — = | =
Potamoeypris fulva (Brady), - | — | — = | =
Notodromas monacha (0, F. M.), . | = | al 1
Tlyocypris bradyi, Sars, . é | = — | 1 ay
Candona candida (O. F. M.), . s 4 2 | — 2 |
stagnalis, Sars, . ‘ | — = = | =
fabaeformis (Fischer), . | - | = | = ay
Candonopsis kingsleii (Brady and) |
Robertson), |
|
|
xxXxx | xXxXxXxXxX XX
“84
x KXXXKX
DAaARWINULIDAE. |
Darwinula steyensoni, Brady and) | |
Robertson, f |
CYTHERIDAE.
Metacypris cordata, Brady and }
Robertson, )
Limnicythere inopinata (Baird), . | — Do = = x
sancti-patricii, Brady'& Robertson. _— — l = =
Cytheridea torosa (Jones), : sail — = 2 = x
Total Ostracoda (Mayo and, | F * s 5 24
Galway, 27), )
Clew | Bay eek 15.
|
53 4a | | 28 76
Total Fresh-water Entomostraca Ne]
(Mayo and Galway, 114), )
| EES je |
Clew | Bay Distriict, 84.
R,I.4. PROC., VOL. XXXI. B 46
46 10 Proceedings of the Royal Trish Academy.
NOTES ON SOME OF THE SPECIES.
Diaphanosoma brachyurum (Liévin) var. nasuta Kane.—This variety, first
described by Mr. Kane from Loughs Mask and Corrib (19), has now been
found by him in Glencullin Lough within the Survey area. So far as the
evidence goes at present this is one of the forms which seem to specially
connect the fauna of the west of Ireland with Scotland, and possibly also
with Scandinavia, for a practically identical variety has been found in the
first-named country, and exceedingly closely allied varieties (e.g. producti-
frons Sars and frontosa Lilljeborg) in both Norway and Sweden, whereas
similar forms have not yet been found in other parts of Ireland or in
England and Wales.
Latona setifera (O. F. M.)—Only one specimen of this rare species was found in
a collection from a bog-pool near Sraheens Lough, Achill. It is recorded
for the first time for Ireland.
Holopedium gibberum Zaddach.—This record depends upon a single specimen
taken by Mr. Kane in L. Keel, Achill (19) before the commencement
of the Survey. Previously Mr. Kane had found it at Ballynahinch,
Connemara, and in L. Mask (17). It has not been found elsewhere in
Treland.
Daphnia obtusa Kurz va7.—The form referred to is a rather small variety
(maximum size 5!,””) showing the characteristic obtusa bump supporting the
first antennae in a very marked degree. Its shell spine is not so excessively
short as in the typical form of the species, but corresponds with what is
found in the variety “propinqua.” It may be the same as the form
figured in Lilljeborg’s ‘Cladocera Sueciae,’ Tab. xi, fig. 7, I have seen it
on several occasions in various parts of the British Isles and it has
always been rose-pink in colour, quite different from the usual reddish
tint of typical D. obtusa. ‘lhe specimens seen, which included males and
ephippial females as well as ordinary parthenogenetic females, were
found in a bog-pool near Valley Lough, Dugort, Achill.
Simocephalus exspinosus (Koch).—Only seen from a bog-pool at Louisburgh
by Mr. Kane. Although a comparatively common species in the south
and east of England, it seems to be much rarer in other parts of the
British Isles.
Ceriodaphnia pulchella Sars.—Only found in Castlebar Lough. In spite of its
close relationship to C. guadrangqula, the two species seem to be mutually
exclusive, not only in the same piece of water, but in the same district.
The present form is characteristic of what may be called, for want of a
better name, “lowland ” country.
Clare Island Survey—Fresh-water Entomostraca. 46 11
Ceriodaphnia affinis Lilljeborg. —Barley Hill Lough, near Westport, is the only
place where this has been found. It is decidedly rare in the British
Isles, there being but three previously recorded localities for it, two in
England and one in Scotland.
Bosmina longirostris (O. F. M.).—Only obtainedfrom Islandeady Lough between
Westport and Castlebar. The particular form seen seems to be close or
identical with the var. s¢malis Lilljeborg.
Ilyocryptus sordidus Liévin.—A post-abdomen only of this species was seen in
a collection from a deep pond on the moor between Dugort and Achill
Sound.
Acroperus angustatus Sars.—Under this name are included all forms of
Acroperus having the dorsal and ventral margins nearly straight and
nearly parallel. Some of them would probably come under A. neglectus
Lilljeborg, but it is very doubtful if that form can be regarded as a good
species.
Alona intermedia Sars.—Found only in the deep pond already alluded to under
Tlyocryptus sordidus and in Castlebar Lough. The previous British
records of this species have all been from Scotland ; and as it also occurs
in Norway and Sweden, it may perhaps be looked upon as one of the
representatives of the fauna common to the west of Ireland, Scotland,
and Scandinavia.
Alona rustica Scott.—The two stations for this are Sraheens Lough, Achill,
and Croaghpatrick. In the latter case the specimens were only obtained
by washing wet mosses.
Rhynchotalona falcata (Sars.)—I obtained this rather rare species from the
deep pond previously referred to under J. sordidusand A. intermedia, and
Mr. Kane found it in Roonah Lough and a neighbouring lakelet, and also
in Glencullin Lough. Brady and Robertson record its occurrence in
Lough Moher in the Westport district (9).
Alonella exigua (Lilljeborg)—This species, as distinct from <A. exezsa, is now
definitely recorded for the first time for Ireland. As both species were
formerly included under A. exigua, it is impossible to say whether the
Lynceus exiguus recorded by Brady and Robertson from Connemara (9)
included the typical form or not, and Mr. Kane also informs me that the
entry under this name in his “ Additional Records” (19), p. 307, should
be deleted, being uncertain. From the number of stations where it has
been found, it does not appear to be a rare form in the district under
review, although by no means approaching its very near relative A, excisa
in abundance.
B2
46 12 Proceedings of the Royal Trish Academy.
Pleuroxus trigonellus (O.F.M.).—Not found during the progress of the Survey,
but recorded by Brady and Robertson trom near Westport (9).
Chydorus latus Sars—Specimens appearing superficially at least to belong to
this species have been seen both by myself and Mr. Kane on several
occasions, but I am not quite sure that they are to be looked upon as
distinet from C. sphaericus.
Monospilus dispar Sars.—lecorded many years ago from Westport by Brady
and Robertson (9), but not seen sinee in any part of Mayo and Galway.
Diaptomus sancti-patricii Brady.—It is very unfortunate that this species is
not more certainly characterized, and that it should not have been
recognized since first taken by Brady in Connemara (5). If it is really
distinct from D. /aciniatus, it is one of the very few species peculiar to the
British Isles. If, on the other hand, it is identical with that species, it
is still one of the forms linking the west of Iveland with Scotland and
Scandinavia.
Eurytemora velox (Lilljeborg).—On Clare Island this species was only found
in Kinnacorra marsh pond, where the water is distinctly brackish, while
the Achill locality was a bog-pool near Valley Lough, Dugort, in which
the water was apparently quite fresh. Although now recorded for the
first time in Ireland,it is probably by no means an uncommon form in
slightly brackish water all round the Irish coast.
Cyclops languidus Sars.—The Clare Island stations for this species are Creggan
Lough and a pond near the old Signal Tower at the extreme west of the
island. In Achill the species was found in collections made from the
moor north of Sraheens Lough. New to Ireland.
Cyclops nanus Sars.— Only recorded from the moor north of Sraheens Lough,
Achill. New to Ireland.
Cyclops vernalis Fischer.—Of the two Clare Island stations one was the pond
near the Signal ‘Tower already mentioned, and the other a brackish pond
in the marsh near the hotel. In the latter case the first antennae were
18-jointed owing to the splitting of what is ordinarily the 7th joint (of
17-joimted species) into two. The fourth and fifth were also partially
split. In the Westport district this species was seen in the river at
Belclare and in Barley Hill Lough. New to Ireland.
Cyclops bisetosus Rehberg.—Only seen in the brackish Kinnacorra marsh
pool, Clare Island. The specimens were pitted in the same way as is
usual in C. bicuspidatus. New to Ireland.
Cyclops bicolor Sars.—The solitary record for this species was from Barley
Hill Tough, Westport. New to Ireland.
Clare Island Survey—Fresh-water Entomostraca. 46 13
Cyclops rubellus Lilljeborg.—This species was found in three of the gatherings
from Clare Island (Creggan Lough, L. Leinapolbauty, and marsh pond near
the light-house) and in Castlebar and Islandeady Loughs. New to
Treland.
Cyclops varicans Sars.—Only seen in the river at Westport and in Castlebar
Lough. New to Ireland.
Cyclops serrulatus, Fischer.—Of the three forms into which C. serrulatus has
been divided by Lilljeborg, only two have been recognized during the
Survey. By far the larger number of specimens seen were of the “ varius”
type ; but examples of the “ macruroides” type were also taken in many
places. No examples of C. serrulatus, in the strict sense, were seen any-
where ; and indeed this form of the species seems to be much the rarest
of the three in the British Isles. Specimens apparently agreeing with
each of Lilljeborg’s three forms of “varius,” viz. speratus, proximus, and
brachyurus, were noted, but it is very doubtful.if the separate recording
of these fine subdivisions of the species is of any real value.
Cyclops affinis Sars.—This widely distributed though rather rare species is
now recorded for the first time in Ireland. On Clare Island it was found
in a little lough not far from Craigmore and on the mainland in
Castlebar Lough and in the river at Westport.
Canthocamptus lucidulus Rehberg (= @. minutus Claus)—Only found in
Castlebar Lough. New to Ireland.
Canthocamptus (Attheyella) crassus Sars.—The two localities on Clare Island
for this species are Creggan Lough and a little lough near the coast
west of Craigmore. The mainland station is Castlebar Lough. New
to Ireland.
Canthocamptus (Attheyella) pygmaeus Sars.—It is a clear proof of the small
amount of attention hitherto paid to the fresh-water Copepoda of
Ireland that this species has not been previously recorded in the country.
Although not very common in collections made among the ordinary
vegetation of ponds, ete., it is usually to be found in wet moss from almost
any locality. Most of the specimens seen during the Survey were obtained
by washing wet mosses and liverworts.
Canthocamptus (Attheyella) zschokkei Schmeil_—The only place where this
species was obtained on Clare Island was a small lough in the
neighbourhood of Craigmore on the south side of the island. It was
also found in moss from the sides of Croaghpatrick, and Mr, Kane found
it ina lakelet by the side of Roonah Lough.
46 14 Proceedings of the Royal Trish Academy.
Canthocamptus (Attheyella’) praegeri, np. (pl. I, figs. 1-9).—Speeific
characters.— Female: Body rather short and thick, tapering considerably
behind. Rostrum small, situated on a rostral plate, indistinctly separated
from the rest of the cephalic segment. Abdominal segments spinulose
on posterior margins; also rows of excessively small spines on the dorsal
surface of the last thoracic and first abdominal segments (fig. 6). Edge
of anal plate fringed with numerous fine hairs. Furea (tig. 8) short,
obliquely truncate, armed with strong spines on both inner and outer
margins. The two principal setae on each lobe stout and widely
divergent; small inner seta bent inwards a little beyond base.
First antennae short, seven-jomted (with last joint very indistinctly
divided), the last five joints being at an angle to the first two. Accessory
branch of second antennae indistinctly two-jointed with four stout setae
(two lateral and two terminal) and a very small spinule near the tip.
First pair of feet (fig. 4) with both branches three-jointed, inner just
a trifle longer than the outer. Second, third, and fourth feet
with three-jointed outer and two-jointed inner branches (fig. 5).
Fifth feet (fig. 7) with distal joint moderately large, broadly ovate, and
armed with five setae, the two outer being short. Inner expansion of
basal joint broad, extending slightly beyond distal joint and armed
with six setae, the two outer and two inner being short. Length (in
preserved condition), without tail setae, 3, inch.
Male unknown. Spermatophore (fig. 9) cylindrical, with rounded
distal and more tapering proximal end, attached to genital segment of
female by an unusually long, slender tube, bent near junction with body
of spermatophore.
Only a single specimen of this new species has been seen. It was
obtained from wet moss from the side of the little stream flowing from
the Light-house Marsh to the coast on Clare Island. The most striking
feature, and one which separates it at a glance from all other species of
Canthocamptus, is the peculiarly divergent character of the two large
setae on each furcal lobe. The species belongs in the main to the
Attheyella section of the genus Canthocamptus, but presents some
unusual characteristics, ¢.g., seven-jointed first antennae. I have much
pleasure in naming it after Mr. R. Lloyd Praeger, to whom the Clare
Island Survey owed its inception and continued inspiration, and to
whose patient labour and never-failing enthusiasm and encouragement is
due so much of what is known to-day of the Irish fauna and flora.
Canthocamptus (Mesochra) hirticornis Scott.—Only found in Kinnacorra marsh
pond on Clare Island, the water there being slightly brackish, as might
Clure Island Survey— Fresh-water Entomostraca. 46 15
indeed be anticipated from the presence of this species. New to
Treland.
One specimen, agreeing in all other respects with the typical form of
the species, exhibited the remarkable modification of the furca (PI. I,
fig. 10) which has been already referred to in connexion with the
question of variations.
Nitocra spinipes Boeck (=Canthocamptus palustris Brady, var. elongutus
Scott).—This species, which must, like the foregoing, be regarded rather
as a brackish than a fresh-water form, was only taken in little pools on
the rocks not far above high-water mark on the north-east coast of Clare
Island. The water in these pools was turbid and noticeably green, due
to the presence of great numbers of various kinds of microscopic algae.
Among the latter, Professor G. S. West informs me, were the two very
interesting species, Brachiomonas submarina and Oocystis submarina.
New to Ireland.
Cyclocypris serena (Koch).—The specimens from one of the Clare Island
localities (Loughanaphuca) recorded under this name seemed to me to be
somewhat peculiar. To the naked eye they were almost black and
uniformly coloured, but showed under the microscope brown patches
similar to those in Cypria ophthalmica, only much darker. They were not
so tumid as in typical C. serena. Dr. Vavra, however, considers them as
belonging to this species.
Cypris ? obliqua Brady.—The specimens from two ponds in the south-western
portion of Clare Island were not quite adult, but appeared to belong to
C. obliqua. If this determination is correct, they represent a new record
for Ireland.
Cypridopsis vidua (O. F. M.).—The specimens from Clare Island and Achill
were not so tumid nor so evidently marked with colour-bands as is
usually the case in this species. On the other hand, they showed
much more pronounced pitting of the shell. Upon reference to Dr. Vavra,
however, he said that they exhibited the typical anatomical details of
C. vidua.
Limnicythere sancti-patricii B. & R.—Recorded by Brady and Robertson from
L. Moher (9), but not seen during the progress of the survey.
Cytheridea torosa (Jones).—Recorded by Norinan from Newport and West-
port (20), but not seen during the progress of the survey.
46 16 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
Anprews, A.:
1. [Entomostraca from Lough Corrib.| Quarterly Journal of Microscopical
Science, 1872, p. 194.
Barxp, W.:
2. Natural History of the British Entomostraca. Ray Society. 1850.
Brapy, G. 5.:
3. Monograph of Recent British Ostracoda. Trans. Linnean Soc., xxvi, 1868,
p. 353.
4. Monograph of the Free and Semiparasitic Copepoda of the British Isles.
Ray Society, 3 vols. 1878-1880.
5. Revision of the British Species of Fresh-water Cyclopidae and Calanidae.
Nat. Hist. Trans. Northumberland and Durham, xi, 1891, p. 68.
6. On the British Species of Entomostraca belonging to Daphnia and other
allied Genera. Nat. Hist. Trans. Northumberland and Durham, xiii,
1898, p. 217.
7. A Revision of the British Species of Ostracod Crustacea belonging to the
Sub-families Candoninae and Herpetocypridinae. Proc. Zool. Soe.
London, 1910, p. 194.
Brapy, G. S., and A. M. Norman:
8. Monograph of the Marine and Fresh-water Ostracoda of the North
Atlantic and North-western Europe. Scientific Trans. Royal Dublin
Soc., Ser. 2, vol. iv, 1889, p. 63, and vol. y, 1896, p. 621.
Brapy, G. §., and D. Roprrrson :
9. Notes on a Week’s Dredging in the West of Ireland. Annals and Mag.
Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. iii, 1869, p. 3538.
Crricuton, R. H.:
10. Crustacea from Upper Lough Erne and Lough Corrib. Ivish Naturalist,
yol. il, 1893, p. 24.
11. Notes on Collecting Entomostraca, with a list of the Irish Species of
Cladocera known at present. Irish Nat., vol. v, 1896, p. 89.
12. Netting Operations on Lough Melvin. Report of the Inspectors of Irish
Fisheries, 1896, p. 36.
Hopeson, T. V.:
13. Cladocera from the West of Ireland, Irish Nat., vol. iv, 1895, p. 190.
Clare Islund Survey—Fresh-water Entomostruca. 46 17
Kann, W. F. de V.:
14. Mntomostraca from Lough Ree. Irish Nat., vol. ix, 1900, p. 12.
15. Notes on Irish Cladocera. Irish Nat., vol. x, 1901, p. 112.
16. Mysis relicta, Lovén, in Ireland. Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7,
‘vol. viii, 1901, p. 391.
17. A Contribution to the Knowledge of Irish Fresh-water Entomostraca.
Cladocera. Irish Nat., vol. xii, 1908, p. 210.
18. Entomostraca (Report of Sligo Field Club Union Conference). Irish Nat.,
vol. xiil, 1904, p. 203.
19. Additional Records of Fresh-water Entomostraca in Ireland. Irish Nat.,
vol. xvi, 1907, p. 305.
Norman, A, M.:
20. Irish Crustacea Ostracoda. Ivish Nat., vol. xiv, 1905, p. 187.
Norman, A. M., and G. 8. Brapy:
21. Monograph of the British Hntomostraca belonging to the families
Bosminidae, Macrothricidae, and lLynceidae. Nat. Hist. Trans.
~ Northumberland and Durham, vol. i, 1867, p. 354.
Scuarer, R. F.: i
22. A List of Irish Ostracoda, compiled from Brady and Norman’s Monograph.
Trish Nat., vol. vi, 1897, p. 74.
Scourrietp, D. J.:
23. Synopsis of the known Species of British Fresh-water Hntomostraca,
Journal Quekett Microscopical Club, ser. 2, vol. vill, 1908, p. 4381
and p. 5381; vol. ix, 1904, p. 29.
Wes, W., and G. 8. West:
24. A Comparative Study of the Plankton of some Irish Lakes. Trans.
Royal Irish Academy, 1906, p. 77.
R.I.A. PROC., VOL. XXXI. Cc 46
46 18 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE I.
Canthocamptus (Attheyella ?) praegeri, 0. sp.
Fig.
1. Dorsal view. x 200.
2. First antenna. x 60.
3. Accessory branch of second antenna. x1000.
4, First foot. 650.
5. Inner ramus of second foot. x 500.
6. Last thoracic and first abdominal segments—dorsal view. x 350.
‘
. Fifth foot. 550.
. Last abdominal segments and furca—dorsal view. x 350.
mo OO
. Spermatophore. x 250.
Canthocamptus (Mesochra) hirticornis Scott.
10. Furea of sport? 350.
PROC.R.ILACAD. Vou. XXX. PART 46,PLATE 1.
6
hey LPL — SSS Sang
EEE Fa Rog
Q “Sint WN
'/ 7
LX
|
/ |
D.J.Scourfield del. West, Newman Iith.
1-9. Canthocamptus (Attheyella 2) praegeri ‘zx. sp.
10. do. (Mesochra) hirticornis? (sport 7)
CLARE ISLAND SURVEY.-SCOURFINLD: FRESH-WATER ENTOMOSTRACA.
Clare Island Survey.
47
ARCHIANNELIDA AND POLYCHAETA.
By R. SOUTHERN, B.Sc.
Puates I-XYV.
Read June 9 and DecemBer 8, 1913. Published Jury 14, 1914.
INTRODUCTION.
For the purposes of this paper the Clare Island area stretches from Blacksod
Bay on the north to High Island, off Aughrus Point, on the south, and its
seaward boundary is the 50-fathom line. This area is larger than that which
has been adopted by the majority of workers in the present Survey, and was
selected for the following reasons. In the first place, I had small opportunity
of doing shore-collecting on Clare Island and in Clew Bay itself, whilst,
owing to reasons unconnected with the Survey, very large shore-collections
were made a few miles to the north, in Blacksod Bay. Secondly, a large
collection from Ballynakill Harbour, Bofin Harbour, and the adjacent open
sea, made by the officers of the Irish Fisheries Branch, was available for
study. These collections, together with those made in Clew Bay itself
during the course of the Survey, probably constitute the largest mass of
material ever assembled for the study of the Polychaeta of a limited area,
and the list of species which follows is considerably larger than any similar
one hitherto published for such an area.
A list of the species is given below, and their local distribution roughly
indicated under a number of headings. These faunistic sub-areas may now
be defined, and some indication given of the nature of the shore or sea-bottom,
and of the size of the collections from each district. A much more complete
description of the area, and of the fauna characteristic of each part of it, will
be given in Part 67 of this series.
I. Buacxsop Bay.—Five visits, each of a week’s duration, were paid to
Blacksod Bay during the period of low spring-tides of September, 1909-
1911, and March, 1910-1911. In the course of these visits the eastern shore
of the Mullet peninsula, from Barranagh on the north to Carrigeenmore on
the south, was thoroughly investigated. The shore here consists of stretches
R.I.A. PROC., VOL, XXXI. A 47
47 2 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
of schistose reefs and boulders, changing to granite on Carrigeenmore. The
rocky shore alternates with stretches of clean sand or Zostera beds. On the
north side of Barranagh is a patch of muddy gravel. An extensive Laminaria
belt fringes the rocks at low-water, and the fauna which it shelters was very
thoroughly investigated. This varied littoral sheltered an exceedingly rich
fauna. A considerable amount of dredging was done in the adjacent waters
of the bay, but the sea-bottom is here very uniform, and the fauna is
comparatively poor in species.
Il. CLrew Bay.—Geographically speaking, the western limits of Clew Bay
are formed by lines joining Clare Island to Achillbeg on the north and to
Roonagh Head on the south. Large collections, however, were accumulated
by dredging operations carried out in the area lying to the west of these lines,
for which there is no convenient name. For the purposes of this paper,
therefore, 1 propose to apply the name ‘Clew Bay’ to the open water east of
a line joming Achill Head to Inishark. The eastern portion of this area,
comprising Westport Bay and Newport Bay, forms a separate faunistic area,
and is divided from Clew Bay by a line running from Mulranny Station to
Dillisk Rocks. None of the species listed in the ‘Clew Bay’ sub-area were
obtained by shore-collecting.
The sea-bottom of ‘Clew Bay’ is predominantly sandy. To the north-
east and east of Clare Island lies a large area of trawling ground, having a
bottom of clean sand. In this area drifted Laminaria roots are frequently
taken in the trawl or dredge. ‘lo the north and north-west of Clare Island
the ground is rocky, with loose boulders, and yielded very few species. In
the area lying south of Clare Island and east of Inishbofin are many patches
of gravel and loose stones. This type of bottom yielded the largest number
of new or rare forms, and is characterized by a rich fauna of species of small
size. The characteristic species is Polygordius lacteus Schneider, and hence
this type of ground may be called for convenience “‘ Polygordius ground.”
Similar ground occurs to the south of the Curraun peninsula. Round the
patches of “Polygordius ground” are extensive deposits of shelly sand,
which yield a very interesting micro-fauna, somewhat resembling that of
the “ Polygordius ground.”
IIL. Crare Is~anp.—Shore-collecting for Polychaetes in Clew Bay was
confined to the shores of Clare Island, and was by no means exhaustive.
The north, south, and west shores are much exposed to storms, and yielded
practically no species of Polychaeta. The east shore is more sheltered, and
there are numerous rock-pools, loose boulders, and growths of Lithothamnion.
Near the harbour is a patch of clean sand.
IV. Newport Bay and Westrort Bay.—For the purposes of this paper
Clare Island Survey —Archiannelida and Polychaeta. 47 3
this area is defined as lying east of a line from Mulranny Station to Dillisk
Rocks. It is separated from Clew Bay as a distinct faunistic sub-area by the
nature of the sea-bottom, and the nature of the shores of the numerous
islands which it contains. The most characteristic element of the sea-bottom
is mud, more or less mixed with sand. Between the islands are deposits
of mud and of corallines. Many of the beaches are formed of loose boulders,
which shelter a rich fauna; but unfortunately only a few Polychaetes were
collected from these beaches, by other workers in the Survey.
VY. Borry Harsour.—Collections were made here, both on shore and by
means of the dredge and tow-net, by the officers of the Ivish Fisheries Branch,
in 1899-1900.
VI. BALLYNAKILL Harpour.—The collections from Ballynakill, made by
the officers of the Irish Fisheries Branch in the years 1899-1904, are both
large and important, and contain numerous species not found elsewhere in
the district. The characteristics of the shore and the nature of the sea-
bottom are very varied. Many species were here taken commonly in the
tow-net, especially at night, which would otherwise not have been found.
In addition to these districts, from which collections of some size were
obtained, specimens in much smaller numbers were collected at Achill Sound,
Cleggan Bay, and in Killary Harbour. In Killary the sea-floor is composed
of rich black mud, of a kind not found elsewhere in the district; and
consequently the fauna, though not rich in numbers of species, is peculiar
and of considerable interest.
[TABLE OF SPECIES.
47 4
SPECIEs.
TABLE OF SPECIES.
Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
Blacksod Bay.
Clare Island.
Newport Bay
and
Westport Bay.
Clew Bay.
Bofin Harbour.
Ballynakill
Harbour.
Other Stations.
ARCHIANNELIDA.
Polygordius lacteus Schneider,
P. appendiculatus Fraipont,
Nerilla antennata Schmidt,
POLYCHAETA.
Syrimae.
Exogone gemmifera Pag.,
E. hebes var. hibernica var. nov.,
Sphaerosyllis hystrix Clap.,
S. erinaceus Clap.,
S. bulbosa sp. 7.,
Grubea clayata (Clap.),
Grubea pusilla (Duj.),
Pionosyllis lamelligera de St.-Joseph, .
P. serrata sp. n.,
Streptosyllis Websteri sp. n.,
S. bidentata sp. n.,
Opisthodonta pterochaeta sp. n., .
Eusyllis tubifex (Gosse),
Odontosyllis gibba Clap.,
O. ctenostoma Clap.,
Trypanosyllis zebra (Grube),
T. coeliaca Clap.,
Eurysyllis paradoxa (Clap.),
Syllis armillaris (Miller), .
8. hyalina Grube,
S. prolifera Krohn, . C
S. Krohnii Eilers,
v2)
- Vittata Grube,
S. variegata Grube,
S. cornuta Rathke,
se
|
|
xe x
Maes Re
|
|
|
|
|
x OK
os OS oh 10S
|
|
|
|
Ke GEE a EX
|
|
SSetai tae, Somes
|
|
SOK OE ER
|
|
x
x X
Killary Harbour.
Achill Sound.
Off Cleggan Head.
Killary Harbour.
Off Cleggan Head.
Clare Island Survey—Archiannelida and Polychaeta.
TABLE
SPrcIEs.
OF SPECIES—continued.
Blacksod Bay.
Clew Bay.
Clare Island.
Newport Bay
and
Westport Bay
| Bofin Harbour.
| Ballynakill
Harbour.
Other
Sylis simplex Lang., .
S. ferrugina (Lang.), .
8. gracilis Grube,
S. spongicola Grube,
Autolytus longeferiens de St.-Jos.,
A. rubropunctatus (Grade), .
A. pictus (Ehlers),
A. macrophthalma (Mavenz.),
A. brachycephala (Marenz.),
A. ehbiensis de St.-Jos.,
A. punctatus de St.-Jos.,
A. Edwarsi de St.-Jos.,
A. prolifer (Willer),
Autolytides inermis (de S¢.-Jos.),
Amblyosyllis lineata Grade,
Myrianida pinnigera (Montagu) .
HESIONIpAE.
Microphthalmus Sezelkowi (Jfcz.),
Magalia perarmata Mar. § Bobr.,
Oxydromus propinquus (Mar. § Bobr.),
Ophiodromus flexuosus (D. Chive),
Castalia punctata (Diller), -
C. fusca (Johnston) typ.,
C. fusca var hibernica var. nov., .
C. fusca var.,
AMPHINOMIDAE.
Kuphrosyne foliosa dud. § Hdw.,
APHRODITIDAE.
Aphrodite aculeata L.,
Lepidonotus squamatus (Z.),
L. eclaya (Mont.),
Gattyana cirrosa (Pallas),
x 2 MS KW
x X X
x X KX X
|
x x
x
x X XK X
x
rs oS
OS oh OX
os PS WS RK OX
x
KN OK
47 5
Stations.
47 6
TABLE
Species.
Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
Other Stations.
Lagisca floccosa (Sav.),
L. Elizabethae I/‘Intosh,
Harmothoe imbricata (Z.), . 3 2 ||
H. spinifera (Ehlers),
H. zetlandica M/‘Intosh,
H. lunulata (D. Chiaje),
H. setosissima (Sav.),
Eyarne impar (Johnston),
Scalisetosus communis (D. Chiaje),
8. assimilis W‘Jntosh,
Halosydna gelatinosa (Sars),
Polynoe scolopendrina Sav.,
Achloé astericola (D. Chiaje),
Sthenelais boa (Johnston),
S. zetlandica M‘Intosh,
8. limicola Ehlers,
Sigalion Mathildae Aud. § Edw.,
Pholoé minuta (Faér.),
P. tuberculata sp. n., .
PALMYRIDAE.
Chrysopetalum debile (Grube),
PIsIONIDAE.
Praegeria remota gen. et sp. nov.,
PHYLLODOCIDAE.
Lacydonia miranda Jar. § Bobr.,
Notophyllum foliosum (Sars),
Eulalia bilineata (Johnston),
E. punctifera Grube,
E. viridis Miiller,
E. tripunctata 1/‘Intosh,
E. macroceros Grube, .
Cleggan Bay.
Cleggan Bay.
Killary Harbour.
Cleggan Bay.
Killary Harbour.
{ Cleggan Bay.
_ Achill Sound.
| Killary Harbour.
lege
OF SPECIES—continued.
| 8 bees = Bel os
SP ese le ie esl aS |
S aS cal [ics Bi es foto
g m |or gs] | aS
vs > 9 |S85) g | St
3 5 R12 638] 4a |S
I = = 2 OF Bese:
a S S ja 2) a la
1 Se x x x — |x
!
x x x x |—]—
x Sa |x x | — | x
|
(ii sed ese ees) Wen |
Peteco hada
|
x ek Seal m= le ar ne
|
x x = | = th = x
x | ell eg ee ||
Se es oe) ea es cam Pres (ee
x x |} — | x x x
x | =F = | x x x
Ey eee ee een os
'
x —- i= x x x
= x — — = = |
Sa 6 ie i
x x) ex x | x |
x Sef ee ee ee
| —
|
SSS
=) X<- 1 HS SS ae
Sa | an Roe oa ara ea
x Ke ee |
ee eS heeal
x x x | x — eX
Gia fae
Zaha i llc tae || S|
E. pusilla Oecrsted,
Clare Island Survey—Archiannelida and Polychaeta.
TABLE OF SPECIES —continued.
477
SPECIES.
7
Blacksod Bav.
Clew Bay.
Clare Island.
Newport Bay
and
Westport Bay.
Bofin Harbour.
|
Ballynakill
Harbour.
Other Stations.
Eumida sanguinea (Oersted),
Paranaitis Wahlbergi (J/alm.),
P. Jeffreysi (Jf‘Intosh),
Phyllodoce lamelligera (Gmelin), .
P. Paretti (Blainville),
P. greenlandica Oersted,
P. maculata (L.),
P. rubiginosa de St.-Jos.,
P. Lizziae (U‘Intosh),
Mystides bidentata Lang., .
M. limbata de St.-Jos.,
M. borealis Théel,
M. elongata sp. .,
Mysta barbata Malmgren,
Eteone picta, Quatr., .
E. foliosa Quatr.,
E. arctica Malngren,
K. depressa Malmgren,
ToOMOPTERIDAE.
Tomopteris helgolandica Greeff, .
NEREIDAE.
Nereis pelagica L.,
N. cultrifera Grube,
N. Dumerilii dud. § Edw.,
N. diversicolor Muller,
N. longissima Johnston,
N. fucata Savigny,
NEPHTHYDIDAE.
Nephthys caeca (Muller),
N. Hombergii Lamarek,
N. ciliata (Muller), . .
N. hystricis Jl‘Intosh,
x
|
ee OKO, GEG
x X X KX X xX | x oS OS Ok
oS DS OS DS
files Gas Gi epee eG ams |e ep, Gast Gu a esima [a> Gue Gita 4
x xX
x xX
oS OS. 2K
x
Cae
x
|
x
~% oO OS
Killary Harbour.
Killary Harbour.
| Killary Harbour.
{ Killary Harbour.
Cleggan Bay.
Achill Sound.
Killary Harbour.
47 8 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
TABLE OF SPECIES—continued.
t
| S/S |
SpEcIEs. | 3 a = | Se € = Zs Other Stations.
[ee aoe sene mrs comical
i S ae Ee |e
Nephthys cirrosa Ehlers, | < | x — = = | ag
N. longisetosa Oersted, : : 2 | = x = = = = ==
| | |
Eunicipae. | | |
Ophryotrocha puerilis Clap. § Mecz., x x = oe || | = 2s
Staurocephalus rubrovittatus Grube, . | x x es = face AX
S. Kefersteini M‘Intosh, 6 x x = | —|- x =
S. pallidus Langerhans, 5 — x = == = <= cides
Lumbriconereis Latreillii Aud. § Edw., | X x — as ae re =
L. impatiens Clap., . ° ¢ | x = = = | = ==
L. gracilis Ehlers, : ° 4 | f= x | — | = x =
Arabella iricolor Montagu, - rial [aoe — = = = = =
Notocirrus scoticus JI/‘Intosh, . a x | — =a) = =
Onuphis britannica I‘Intosh, . = < - = yh Ss ae
Hyalinoecia sicula (Quatr.), 2 ol eel = ey | ee = &
Marphysa fallax Mar. § Bobr., . : x |e _ = = =
M. sanguinea (Montagu), . S = — = = = x ees
M. Belli Aud. § Edw., : 3 -| — — — || = ate =
Nematonereis unicornis (Grube), . oS < | i — =
Lysidice punctata (Risso), . 6 IIPS < — x = | 2s =
SPHAERODORIDAE. | |
Ephesia gracilis Rathke, >< x = x = | eu | 22
E. peripatus (Cap. ), x x = = == || Se | le
Sphaerodorum Claparedii Greeff, . x = —|— ee x =
S. minutum (Web. § Ben.), x< x ail rea x ==
GLYCERIDAE.
Glycera lapidum Quatr., . S 2 _— x — = = = =
G. Ehlersi Arwid., . 5 - =| = 3K = = = — =
G. siphonostoma (D. Chive), < 5 x Se |) ce =— = || & =
G. alba Blainville, . < : 2 x x x x | aa x | =
Goniada maculata Oersted, . c : | — x — <x | = | — | Killary Harbour.
Glycinde Nordmanni (Jalm.), . ae x = ae lame = | =
Clare Island Survey—Archiannelidu and Polychaeta.
TABLE OF
SPECIES— continued.
47 9
SPECIES.
Blucksod Bay.
lew Bay.
(0)
Clare Island.
Newport Bay
and
Westport Bay.
Bofin Harbour.
Harbour.
Ballynakill
Other Stations.
ARICIIDAE.
Aricia Cuvieri dud. § Edw.,
A. Latreillii dud. § Edw.
Scoloplos armiger (Hiller),
PARAONIDAE.
Aricidea Jeffreysii (I*‘Intosh),
Paraonis lyra sp. n.,
SpIoniDae.
Spio martinensis Wesni/,
S. seticornis Fabr.,
Scolecolepis vulgaris (Johnston), .
S. fuliginosa (C/ap.), .
Laonice cirrata (Sars),
Nerinides longirostris (Quatr.),
N. tridentata sp. n.,
Nerine cirratulus (D. Chiaje),
N. foliosa (dud. § Edw.), .
Aonides oxycephala (Sars),
A. paucibranchiata sp. n.,
Prionospio Steenstrupi Malm.,
Spiophanes bombyx (C/ap.),
Polydora ciliata (Johnston), .
P. hoplura C/ap., 2 2
P. caeca (Oerséed),
P. flava Clap.,
P. Giardi Mesnil,
P. Caulleryi Mesnil,
P. quadrilobata Jacobi,
Magelona papillicornis Miilzer,
M. rosea Moore, . .
Disomipar.
Poecilochaetus serpens 4l/en,
x
oS 2h es Os
SESE aaa |
US PS tS tS ON 2S ON
x x
Killary Harbour.
Killary Harbour.
R.I.A, PROC., VOL, XXXI.
47
47 10
TABLE OF SPECIES—continued.
Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
SPECIES.
Blacksod Bay.
Clew Bay.
Clare Island.
Newport Bay
and
Westport Bay.
Bofin Harbour.
Ballynakill
Harbour.
Other Stations.
CHAETOPTERIDAE.
Chaetopterus variopedatus Renier,
AMMOCHARIDAR.
Owenia fusiformis D. Ch., .
Myriochele Heeri Malngren,
CInRATULIDAE.
Cirratulus tentaculatus (Mont.), .
C. norvegicus (Quatr.),
C. cirratus (Miller),
C. Macintoshi nom. nov.,
Chaetozone viridis (Lang.), .
C. alata sp. n.,
C. killariensis sp. »., .
C. zetlandica M‘Intosh,
C. setosa Malmgren.,
Dodecaceria concharum Oersted, .
Macrochaeta clavicornis (Sars),
TERBBELLIDAE.
Proclea Graffi (Lang.),
Amphitrite affinis Malngren,
A. Johnstoni (Malmgren),
A. gracilis (Grube),
Lepraea lapidaria (Z.),
Scione maculata (Dalyell), .
Nicolea venustula (Montagu),
Lanice conchilega (Pallas), .
Pista cristata (Miller),
Polymnia nebulosa (Montagu),
P. nesidensis (D. Ch.),
Thelepus setosus (Quatr.), .
T. cincinnatus (Faér.),
x
XE XESS
x
mS PS 2 DS 28
XXX, SOX
x & x
x
|
oS ON
Killary Harbour.
| Killary Harbour.
Killary Harbour.
| Killary Harbour.
Clare Island Survey—Archiannelida and Polychaeta. 47 11
TABLE OF SPECIES —continued.
los , ls es
| a S q 3 a 2 aa
eas: 3 a ipod Ss rao , .
SPEcIEs. 3 Q 4 S ES. ei EE Other Stations.
Pa. 2 | Bie ee ee
~Q oO ‘S) ley ies fea a
Thelepides collaris gen. e¢ sp. nov., — - — x = | — =
Polycirrus caliendrum Clap., x x — x TESS =
P. Smitti (Malmgren), x — — = — = =
P. haematodes (Clap.), x x — ! x = x | —
P. denticulatus de St.-Jos., . x | | Ss me
‘Terebellides Stroemi Savs, x = — Se | == x | Killary Harbour.
Trichobanchus glacialis Malmgren, . | — - — Sn | x | Killary Harbour.
AMPHARETIDAE, |
Ampharete Grubei Malmgren, . : x | x — = = won aes
AMPHICTENIDAE.
Pectinaria auricoma (Miller), o |) Sx x — x — | — | =
P. belgica (Pallas), . . ; alae — — — = S| Killary Harbour.
Lagis Koreni Malmgren, . A o | SC — — = iSaer 52 || =
CAPITELLIDAE. | |
Capitella capitata (Fabr.). . 9 x x x ENG x = | ae
Notomastus latericeus Sars, z 2 x x — se — x Killary Harbour.
OPHELIIDAE. | |
Travisia Forbesi Johnston, . x = = | = os ae
Ophelia limacina (Ruthke), . ° ol) Se x S| ee ae =
Ammotrypane aulogaster Rathke, of) = Ss. = | X = x =
Armandia flagellifera sp. n., é >| = = ey i ee = x =
Polyophthalmus pictus (Dzy.), . ail lire <a x x x | Achill Sound.
Ma.paniDar. |
Micromaldane ornithochaeta Mesni . | — x — = = = ass
Nicomache maculata Arwd., x — = = = = a
Caesicirrus neglectus sLrwd., x = = x = x =
Petaioproctus terricola Quat., x = = = — = =
Heteroclymene robusta Arwd., . -| = —|— = x ses
ARENICOLIDAE.
Arenicola marina (L.), 0 : «|| — x = = x a
A. ecaudata Johnston, . . : dal >< — x — = x =
A. branchialis Aud. § Hdw., 5 ol — —= | = = x =
B 2
47 12
TABLE OF SPECIES—continued.
SPEctrEs.
ScaLIBREGMIDAE.
Scalibrezma inflatum Rathke,
Sclerocheilus minutus Grade,
Asclerocheilus intermedius (de S¢
CHLORHAEMIDAE.
Stylaroides plumosa (Muller),
S. glauca (Malmgren),
Flabelligera affinis Sars, .
SaBELLIDAE.
Sabella payonina Sae., .
Potamilla reniformis (Muller),
P. Torelli Malmgren, . ;
_-Jos.), |
Branchiomma vyesciculosum (Henz.),
Dasychone bombyx (Dalyell),
Laonome Kroyeri Malmgren,
Jesmineira elegans dz St.-Jos.,
J. caudata Langerhans,
Pabricia sabella (Ehren.), -
Oria Armandi (Clap.),
Chone Duneri Haiagren,
C. filicaudata sp. m.,
Euchone rubrocincta (Sars),
E. rosea Langerhans, .
Myxicola infundibulum (Zenter), :
SERPULIDAE.
Serpula vermicularis Z.,
Pomatoceros triqueter L.,
Hydroides norvegica Gunn.,
Filograna implexa Berkeley,
Blacksod Bay.
x xX
x
x x
Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
al ae |
eo) eofece alae
a m jesse] B | se] Other Stations.
S|5 & P| a = |
] r
| |
x | os — Se =
if = | = i = | = a
—|—|—]|—-]|x =
a eae ae —
x = — — x =
x x — >< | x | =
|
x = x — x ea
x = — || — = =
x x x - x a
—s =. we = x ae
x = x — x =e
== Ze | = fae a!
me —_— x = x =
x = _— — = =
— >< — — 1 — —
x = —_— — = a
x = _ — — =
a = x — > =
_ i r= ve x edi
= = ve a x ca
= p= — oe x =
x = — — — =
x x x _— me =.
x = x —_— = —
x
Clare Island Survey—Archiannelida and Polychueta. 47 13
TABLE OF SPECIES—continued.
3 . fee a ce lee
us} e ss SZ = & Ss :
SPECIES. ° fas) 4 |u| & 35 Other Stations.
x4 = o (26S) a | a
5 5 |e ee fi
= £ i WG Sl) oe 3
=) S) Sia i) Ey el
|
Protula tubularia (Mont.), . = | = | x — < | Killary Harbour.
Spirorbis spirorbis (Z.), SS Sas Bi =
S. pusilloides Bush, x = x a sue a eu
S. medius Pizell, x = as = aed _ ee
HeRMELLIDAE.
Sabellaria spinulosa Leuck., x SK — x = — —
Myzostomanta.
Myzostoma cirriferum Leuck., —_ — = — c= x —
|= ——
Total, 253 species and 2 varieties, . | 170 | 166+) 36 80 35 |112 +
1 yar. 1 var. |
Disregarding the Archiannelida and Myzostoma, we find that the total
number of species of Polychaeta is 249, and 2 varieties, distributed as
follows :—Blacksod Bay, 169 species; ‘Clew Bay, 164 species and 1 variety ;
Clare Island, 36 species; Newport and Westport Bays, 80 species; Bofin
Harbour, 35 species; Ballynakill Harbour, 111 species and 1 variety; Killary
Harbour, 22 species. The number of species confined to any one of these sub-
areas is as follows :—Blacksod Bay, 20 species, or 11:8 per cent. ; ‘Clew Bay,’
40 species, or 24:1 per cent.; Clare Island, 1 species, or 2:8 per cent. ;
Newport and Westport Bays, 3 species, or 3°75 per cent.; Bofin Harbour,
1 species, or 2°8 per cent.; Ballynakill Harbour, 11 species, or 9:9 per
cent. ; Killary Harbour, 3 species, or 13°6 per cent. It thus appears
that ‘Clew Bay’ yields both the greatest number and the greatest
proportion of peculiar forms, whilst Clare Island and Bofin Harbour
contain the smallest proportion. The sheltered bays show greater
resemblance to each other than any one of them does to ‘Clew Bay,’
as shown by the following figures, each sub-area being compared to Blacksod
Bay, the latter sub-area containing the greatest number of species. The
figures show the number of species the sub-area has in common with Black-
sod Bay. ‘Clew Bay,’ 110 species, or 66°3 per cent. ; Clare Island, 35 species, or
47 14 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
97-2 per cent.; Newport and Westport Bays, 63 species, or 78°7 per cent. ;
Bofin Harbour, 29 species, or 80 per cent. ; Ballynakill Harbour, 89 species, or
80 per cent.; Killary Harbour, 14 species, or 63°6 per cent. Westport and
Newport Bays and Ballynakill have 51 species in common. Thus the fauna
of Blacksod Bay shows greater resemblances to each of the other sub-areas
than these do to each other. This is probably due to the high average
suitability of the shores of Blacksod for maintaining a rich fauna, and the
absence there of any large tracts of abnormal ground such as would only
shelter a small and peculiar fauna.
The species peculiar to ‘Clew Bay’ consist principally either of those
forms living in 10-30 fathoms on clean sand, such as Achloé astericola,
Sthenelais limicola, Lwmbriconereis impatiens, Onuphis britannica, Hyalinoecia
sicula, &c., or of small forms living on the “ Polygordius ground.”
Notwithstanding the small numbers of species which are restricted to any
one sub-area, the number which occur in all the sub-areas is surprisingly
small, consisting, in fact, of only one, Nereis Dumerilw. 24 species occur
in five out of the six sub-areas, and 40 species are common to the four sub-areas
in which the most work was done, namely, Blacksod Bay, Clew Bay, Newport
and Westport Bays, and Ballynakill Harbour.
A consideration of the geographical distribution of the Polychaeta is
reserved for Part 67 of this series.
SUMMARY OF RESULTS.
Of the Archiannelida, two species of Polygordius, both probably widely
spread on suitable ground, are added to the British fauna. The list of
Polychaeta comprises 249 species and 2 varieties. This is by far the largest
list of Polychaeta yet published from any limited area. The largest list
hitherto published is that of the Baron de Saint-Joseph, who found 210 species
at Dinard on the north-west coast of France. ‘he fauna of this coast shows
great resemblances to that of our west coast. At St. Vaast-la-Hougue, a
favourite collecting-ground for the French naturalists, 165 species have been
found. In the report on the fauna of the Plymouth district, published in 1904
by the Marine Biological Association, 144 species are listed. At Wood’s Hole,
Massachusetts, where the United States Bureau of Fisheries has 4 permanent
Marine Laboratory, the report on the survey of the district, published last
year, includes 135 species of Polychaeta.
The large number of species found in Clew Bay is accounted for partly by
the richness of the fauna on our west coasts, and partly by the large amount
of time and care which was devoted to collecting them.
It is impossible at present to institute comparisons of any value between
Clare Island Survey—Archiannelida and Polychaeta. 4'7 15
the Polychaete fauna of the east and west coasts of Ireland, for the reason
that the east coast fauna has not yet been investigated with anything like
the same degree of thoroughness as that of the west coast.
Two new genera, Praegeria and Thelepides, sixteen new species, and three
new varieties are described, viz. :—
Exogone hebes, var. hibernica var. nov. Mystides (Mesomystides) elongata
Sphaerosyllis bulbosa sp. 7.
Pionosyllis serrata sp. n.
Streptosyllis Websteri sp. 7.
S. bidentata sp. n.
Opisthodonta pterchaeta sp. n.
Castalia fusea var. hibernica var. nov.
C. fusca var.
Pholoé tuberculata sp. n.
Praegeria remota gen. et sp. nov.
Sp. 1.
Paraonis lyra sp. n.
Nerinides tridentata sp. 2.
Aonides paucibranchiata sp. 1.
Chaetozone alata sp. 1.
C. killariensis sp. x.
Thelepides collaris gen. et sp. nov.
Armandia flagellifera sp. n.
Chone filicaudata sp. n.
The generic name Anaitzs has been changed to Paranaitis, and Cirratulus
norvegicus McIntosh, has been changed to C. Macintosh, nom. nov., the two
original names having already been used for other forms.
The following thirty-six species have not previously been recorded from
the British Marine Area :—
Sphaerosyllis erinaceus.
Syllis (Typosyllis) vittata.
Syllis (Ehlersia) ferrugina.
Autolytus brachycephala.
Autolytus punctatus.
Microphthalmus Sczelkowi.
Oxydromus propinquus.
Chrysopetalum debile.
Lacydonia miranda.
Kulalia pusilla.
Mystides bidentata.
Mystides borealis.
Mystides limbata.
Marphysa fallax.
Sphaerodorum Claparedii.
Sphaerodorum minutum.
Aricidea Jeffreysii.
Nerinides longirostris.
Polydora Giardi.
Magelona rosea.
Myriochele Heeri.
Macrochaeta clavicornis.
Cirratulus norvegicus.
Cirratulus Macintoshi.
Proclea Graff.
Amphitrite afiinis.
Polycirrus denticulatus.
Micromaldane ornithochaeta.
Petaloproctus terricola.
Asclerocheilus intermedius.
Jasmineira caudata.
Chone Duneti.
Euchone rubrocincta.
Euchone rosea.
Spirorbis pusilloides.
Spirorbis medius.
In addition, seventy-seven other species are here recorded from
waters for the first time.
Trish
The collections described in the present paper, including the types of the
new species, have been deposited in the Irish National Museum.
47 16 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
SYSTEMATIC PART.
Order ARCHIANNELIDA.
Nerilla antennata O. Schmidt.
1912. Nerilla antennata Goodrich, p. 397.
This species was found frequently in Blacksod Bay, living in weeds on
the shore. It was also found in the sand of a Zostera bed, and dredged in
2 fms.
This species was until recently included amongst the Polychaeta. After
an elaborate investigation of its anatomy, Goodrich concluded that the alleged
resemblances to the Syllidae are merely superficial, and that the proper place
for this species is with the Archiannelida, in which group it occupies a very
central position.
Habitat Btacxsop Bay—Found on the shore on 6 occasions. Dredged
in 2 fms.
Distribution.—Dublin Bay ; Plymouth ; Faroé; Helgoland ; Kiel; France ;
Naples.
Polygordius lacteus Schneider.
1887. Polygordius lacteus + P.neapolitanus. Fraipont, pp. 86,89. 1907.
P. ponticus. Salensky, p. 103. 1906. P. lacteus. Hempelmann, p. 527.
This species of Polygordius is very abundant in certain parts of Clew
Bay, where the bottom consists of fine gravel, or of sand and shells. It occurs
on similar ground in Dingle Bay.
Hempelmann has shown (1906) that P. Jacteus of the North Sea is
identical with P. neapolitanus of the Mediterranean, and adds that probably
all the described European forms—with the exception of P. appendiculatus
and P. triestinus, which are clearly distinct—will be shown on further
examination to belong to the same species. ‘his seems extremely likely,
as the diagnostic characters used are vague, and probably erroneous.
Polygordius was dredged on 5 occasions in Clew Bay, on a bottom of
gravel or shelly sand. Mature specimens were found in August.
Hatitat.—CLiew Bay—Dredged on 5 occasions in 16-24 fms.
Distribution.— North Sea ; Mediterranean ; Black Sea.
Polygordius appendiculatus Fraipont.
1887. Polygordius appendiculatus. Fraipont, p. 88.
Numerous specimens of this species were dredged on two occasions in
Clew Bay, in 24-27 fms. on a bottom of sand and shells. They were
accompanied by numerous specimens of P. /acteus Schneider. From the
latter species they are easily distinguished by the shorter and thinner body,
Clare Island Survey—Archiannelida and Polychaeta. 4% 17
and by the characteristic pair of anal appendages. This species has not been
found previously in British waters.
Habitat Cirw Bay—Dredged on 2 occasions, in 24-27 fms., south-west
of Clare Island.
Distribution.—Helgoland ; Mediterranean (Villefranche, Naples, Messina).
Order POLYCHAETA.
Family SYLLIDAE.
Exogone gemmifera Pagenstecher.
1908. #.g. McIntosh, p. 151.
Mature specimens were found from May to October, sometimes swimming
on the surface.
Habitat.—Buacxsop Bay—Common in Laminaria roots. Dredged in
1 fathom. CLEw Bay—Dredged in Inishlyre Harbour on
three occasions, in 2-5 fms. Dredged in the bay on five
occasions, in 9-28 fms. BALLYNAKILL HArBouR—Dredged
on 11 occasions, in 2-8 fms. Borin Harpour—Dredged on
4 occasions.
Distribution.—British Isles; France; Madeira; Mediterranean.
Exogone hebes, var. hibernica, var. nov.
Pl. I, figs. 1A—H.
1884. Paedophylaw hebes. Webster and Benedict, p. 716. 1887. P.h.
Webster and Benedict, p. 721.
The specimens from the west coast of Ireland show several small
differences from the description and figures of Webster and Benedict.
However, the points of agreement are so numerous that it seems preferable,
for reasons given below, not to create a new species, but to give a full
description and figures, with which the American specimens may be
compared.
The largest specimen is 7 mm. long, and consists of 51 setigerous
segments. The body is widest near the middle, and tapers gradually towards
each end. It is creamy white in colour, without any pigment.
The head (figs. 14, 1B) is separated from the palps and buccal segment
by faintly marked grooves, and the length exceeds the width. It bears three
tentacles, a long median subulate one, and two small laterals. The latter
are about tth as long as the median tentacle. There are three pairs of eyes
situated outside the lateral tentacles. In the type specimen, from Galway
Bay, the eyes are very small, especially the anterior pair, and are arranged
R.I.A. PROG., VOL. XXXL C AT
47 18 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
in a triangle. The specimens from Clew Bay have also small eyes, but one
from Lough Swilly has very large eyes, and the pigment on each side is
continuous. The arrangement is, however, the same. On the outer side of
the eyes are conspicuous ciliated nuchal organs. The palps are large and
conical, completely fused on the dorsal side, but showing a shallow median
groove on the ventral surface. The brain is elongated and bilobed.
The buccal segment is as large as the head, and has a pair of small
bulbous tentacles tipped with stiff cilia. The first setigerous segment is
normal, and the second is, as usual, without dorsal cirri.
The anal segment (fig. 1c) has two slender cirri and a median papilla.
The feet are very similar throughout the length of the body. The
setigerous lobe (figs. 1D, 1£) is unequally bilobed, the dorsal portion contain-
ing the aciculum being much the smaller, and having a rounded papilla near
the tip. The dorsal cirri are small and bulbous, with stiff cilia at the tip.
The ventral cirri are cylindrica] and much larger than the dorsal cirri. Each
foot contains 4-10 compound setae in a fan-shaped series, with the tips
pointing upwards. The shaft (1F,@) is slightly curved, swollen, and bevelled
at the tip. The terminal pieces vary very little in size, the longer tips being
in the centre of the series. They are coarsely toothed on the basal portion;
and some distance below the tip is a broad tooth which gives them a bifid
appearance. The tips of the setae are rather shorter in the two anterior
segments than in those behind. There is a single spine ending in a swollen
smooth tip (fig. 1r,c). In the type specimen a simple dorsal seta appears in
the seventh foot and is joined in the posterior seven segments by a similar
ventral seta. These setae are curved and pointed, with a conspicuous tooth
below the tip (fig. lr,@). The ventral seta is slightly thinner than the
dorsal one. The disposition of these simple setae varies considerably. In
a specimen from Clew Bay the dorsal seta is present in all the feet, and
the ventral seta commences in the 10th foot. A similar arrangement is
found in a specimen from Blacksod Bay.
The proboscis (fig. 14) extends from the 2nd to the 5th setigerous
segment. It is covered with dark pigment, except for a narrow strip in the
4th segment. The anterior part of the proventriculus is long and narrow,
occupying nearly two segments, and has 25 rows of glands. There is a
constriction between it and the next portion, which is muscular, without
glands. Into its posterior end open two small ciliated sacs (fig. 1H). The
proboscis has 10 soft papillae in front, and a conical tooth (fig. 14, 1¢). The
specimen from Galway Bay is a female, with two eggs in each segment from
the 10th to the 22nd, and was collected in May. Through the kindness of
the authorities of the U. S, National Museum, I was able to examine several
Clare Island Survey—Archiannelida and Polychaeta. 4'7 19
specimens of Paedophylax hebes, named by Webster and Benedict. Unfor-
tunately the specimens had been mounted in Canada balsam, so it was
difficult to make out the minute structure of the setae. There is very close
agreement in the structure of the head and tentacles, feet, setae, and
alimentary canal. The compound setae, very imperfectly figured by Webster
and Benedict, resemble those shown in fig. 1r,d. The chief differences
between the Irish and American specimens are in the shape of the simple
setae and the length of the various divisions of the alimentary canal. In
the American specimens, a dorsal simple seta appears in the 10th—12th foot.
It is, as figured by Webster and Benedict (1884, Pl. III, fig. 35), a strong,
almost straight seta with a simple pointed tip. In a few of the posterior
segments there is also a simple ventral seta with a bifid tip (¢om. cit., Pl. III,
fig. 36). The Irish specimens differ in that all the simple setae are of this
latter type, with bifid tips (fig. lr,a). As stated above, their arrangement is
subject to considerable variation. As regards the anterior end of the
alimentary canal, there is very close agreement in the shape and proportions
of the various parts, the American specimens, like the Irish, having a layer of
dark pigment round the proboscis. The stomach in the American specimens
is however, proportionally longer than in the Irish specimens, though there
is some variation in this respect.
It seems advisable under the circumstances to recognize the differences
between the two forms by regarding the Irish specimens as a variety of the
American species.
I have found this species in Blacksod Bay, Clew Bay, Lough Swilly,
Galway Bay, and in 78 fms. off the coast of Co, Kerry.
Habitat.—BuacksoD Bay—A single specimen in the sand of a Zostera
bed on the south shore of Elly Bay. CLEw Bay—Dredged
in 24 fms., on a bottom of sand and shells. Dredged in
Killary Hbr., in 7 fms.
Distribution.— Provincetown, Mass. ; Eastport, Maine.
Sphaerosyllis hystrix Claparéde.
1908. S.h. MelIntosh, p. 156.
Mature specimens were found from May to October, and were occasionally
taken in the surface tow-net. Swimming bristles occur from the 10th or 11th
setigerous segment to the tail. Some females had two eggs in each segment,
others four; and the eggs occupy the eighth to nineteenth setigerous segments.
The packets of rhabdites commence in the fourth setigerous segment. A
simple pointed seta is present dorsally in nearly all the feet, and this is jomed
in the posterior segments by a similar ventral seta.
C 2
47 20 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
Habitat.—Btacksop Bay—In weeds from the shore. Dredged on four
occasions, in 1-5 fms. Ciew Bay—Dredged in 4 fms. in
Inishlyre Harbour. Dredged in 9 fms., in Laminaria roots.
Trawled in 13-16 fms., in Laminaria roots. BALLYNAKILL
Harsour—Dredged on nine occasions, in 2-8 fms. Borin
Harsour—Dredged in 1 fathom.
Distribution.—British Isles; France; North Sea?; Mediterranean; Black
Sea.
Sphaerosyllis erinaceus Claparéde.
1886. Sphaerosyllis erinaceus. de Saint-Joseph, p. 207.
A single pelagic specimen of this species was taken at night in the surface
tow-net in Ballynakill Harbour, in July. The genital products had been
shed, and it was impossible to ascertain the sex of the specimen. Capillary
setae begin on the 8th setigerous segment, and occur on 11 segments, being
absent on the last setigerous segment. <A simple dorsal curved seta is present
in all the feet. The muscles specially developed for swimming are very large,
and composed of extremely fine fibres. The anterior pair of eyes are mere
pigment-specks, the middle pair are large, with lenses, whilst the posterior
pair are intermediate in size, also with lenses. The palps are much smaller
than those of Sphaerosyllis hystriz. Other characters which distinguish it
from the latter species are the slender anal cirri, the absence of the capsule
of rhabdites above each foot, the longer terminal pieces of the setae, and the
longer proventriculus. There is also a striking difference in the spines which
support the feet. In S. Aystriz the spine at the tip is curved at right angles
to the shaft like a golf-club. In the present species it is blunt or slightly
swollen at the tip, but not bent.
Habitat.—Ballynakill Harbour. Surface tow-net at night.
Distribution.— Pas de Calais, Dinard, St. Vaast.
Sphaerosyllis bulbosa sp. n.
Pls. I-II, figs. 2a-c.
Numerous specimens of this species have been taken at various points on
the west coast of Ireland.
The body in preserved specimens is pale brown or creamy white. It is
5-6 mm. long, composed of 48 setigerous segments. The body is widest in
the anterior third, and tapers gradually towards each end. No papillae are
found on the body except on the parapodia and on the anal segment.
The head (fig. 24) is oblong, with rounded corners, the width being double
Clare Island Survey—Archiannelida and Polychaeta. 47 21
the length. It has 4 large eyes, with reddish-brown pigment, provided with
lenses.
The tentacles, tentacular cirri, and dorsal cirri resemble those of Sphaero-
syllis hystrix, being flask-shaped with a globular base and cylindrical distal
portion. The palps are long and broad, completely fused, with a faint dorsal
furrow, and a broad and conspicuous ventral groove. Between the head
and buccal segment in the lateral region are the conspicuous ciliated nuchal
organs (fig. 2c). The buccal segment is quite distinctly separated from the
head, though narrower than the subsequent segments. The anal segment
(fig. 2B) bears a number of small papillae, and two long cylindrical cirri, with
slightly swollen bases.
The parapodia are all similar. The dorsal cirri of the second setigerous
segment are missing, as in all species of the genus Exogone. The setigerous
lobe is short and bluntly rounded (fig. 2D), the dorsal cirri are flask-shaped,
the ventral cirri small and cylindrical. The setae in each segment are
very similar. In the dorsal region of the foot there is a stout simple seta
(fig. 2E, b) slightly curved at the tip. It is usually present in all the feet,
and is thicker in the middle of the body (fig. 2r, b). In the anterior segments
it narrows suddenly, and is slightly hispid at the tip. In the terminal
segments it is rather different in shape (fig. 2G), with a bolder curvature and
eradually pointed tip. Ina variable number of the posterior segments, in
some cases only 4, in others as many as 20 segments, there is added a similar
ventral simple seta. The compound setae are few in number, usually 4 in
each foot, and have slightly curved shafts, bevelled at the tip, with a distinct
shoulder (fig. 2m, a). The terminal pieces are all short, approximately equal
in length, with a simple tip, and serrate edge. In the posterior segments,
the tip of the shaft is more spinous than in the anterior segments (fig. 2F, a),
and the serrate edge of the terminal pieces seems to have been worn away.
The spines (figs. 2, 2r,¢) are stout, with a bulbous tip, terminated by a
small papilla, differmg greatly from the bent tip in Sphaerosylles hystrie.
The proboscis (fig. 24) stretches through four segments. It has a bluntly
rounded tooth in front, and a crown of soft papillae. The proventriculus
occupies two segments, and has 14 rows of glands. Two small diverticula
are attached to the front end of the intestine.
This species is characterized by the absence of papillae on the body, the
large palps, the short terminal pieces of the setae, the structure of the simple
setae and spines, and the well-developed buccal segment. It is closely allied
to Sphaerosyllis Claparédei Ehlers (Borstenwitirmer, p. 252); but in the latter
species the buccal segment is completely fused with the head, and there are
no papillae on the feet or anal segment, besides other small differences.
47 22 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
I have also found this species in Dingle Bay.
Habitat—CiLew Bay—Dredged in large numbers on three occasions, in
24-27 ims.
Grubea clavata (Claparede).
1910. G.c. McIntosh, p. 235.
Mature males, full of sperm, and with swimming bristles, were found
from May to September.
Habitat.—BiacksoD Bay—Common in weeds from rock-pools, in sand
of Zostera beds, and in Laminaria roots. Found on eight
occasions. Dredged on seven occasions, in 1-5 fathoms.
CLew Bay—Taken in the trawl in 13-15 fms., 23 miles east
of Clare Island. Dredged in 4 fms., in Inishlyre Harbour.
BALLYNAKILL Harspour—Dredged on seven occasions in 2-8
fathoms.
Distribution —Co. Dublin; Torquay; France; Madeira; Mediterranean.
Grubea pusilla (Dujardin).
1886. G. p. de St.-Joseph, p. 203.
A mature male of this species was found in March. In May, specimens
with embryos attached were found.
Hatitat—Buacksop Bay—Found on the shore in weeds, on three
occasions. Dredged in 1-2 fms.,in Laminaria roots. CLEW
Bay—In Laminaria roots trawled in 13-16fms. Trawled
in 3 ims., off the mouth of the harbour, Clare Isd. On south
shore of Clare Isd., in Lithothamnion.
Distribution —Malahide, Co. Dublin; France ; Madeira; Mediterranean.
Pionosyllis lamelligera de Saint-Joseph.
1886. P./. de Saint-Joseph, p. 163.
This species is fairly abundant in Blacksod Bay and Clew Bay, especially
in Laminaria roots. It is easily recognized by the dark black pigment stripes
on the anterior segments, which remain for some time in preserved specimens.
In the parapodia of the posterior segments there is a thick simple bifid seta
ventrally, and a slender curved faintly bifid seta dorsally. Mature specimens
were found in March.
Hatitat—BLacxsoD Bay—Found on nine occasions, always in Laminaria
roots. Dredged in 1 fathom. Ciew Bay—Dredged on
seven occasions, in 7-26ims. Borrmy Harpour—Taken in
1-23 ims.
Distribution.—Torquay ; north coast of France.
Clare Island Survey—Archiannelida and Polychaeta. 47 28
Pionosyllis serrata sp n.
Pls. ILI-IV, figs 54.
The type of this new species was found on the shore of Blacksod Bay. A
number of other specimens were also obtained in Bofin and Ballynakill
Harbours.
The worms are small, 25-3 mm. in length, consisting of 27 setigerous
segments. The preserved specimens are colourless. The parapodia project
for a considerable distance, and in length almost equal the width of the
trunk. ‘The total width, not counting the setae, is ‘65 mm. at the broadest
part, which is in the 10th segment. Behind this the body gradually grows
narrower.
The head (fig. 5A) is rounded in front, straight behind. It has six eyes.
The anterior pair are mere pigment spots, lying inside the bases of the
lateral antennae. The middle pair are large and have the lenses directed
forward. The posterior pair are nearer together and have the lenses pointing
backwards. The median antenna rises from the dorsal side of the head, just
in front of the eyes. The lateral antennae are shorter, and arise from the front
margin of the head. ‘Ihe palps are placed ventrally and fused together at
the base.
The buccal segment bears a pair of tentacular cirri on each side, the
dorsal pair being the longer. The antennae and cirri, as well as all the dorsal
cirri, are smooth and cylindrical, with no trace of the moniliform condition.
They are jointed at the base. The buccal segment is not visible on the dorsal
surface, being covered by the first setigerous segment. The dorsal cirri of
the first setigerous segment are the longest appendages of the whole body,
being ‘5mm. in length. The setigerous lobes of this segment project forwards
alongside the head. In the anterior and posterior segments the ventral cirri
project beyond the setigerous lobes, but in the middle feet they are equal in
length or slightly shorter.
The anal segment (fig. 5B) is rounded, without a median papilla, and
bears two slender cylindrical cirri.
The anterior parapodia are provided with two aciculae and a fan-shaped
series of 14 setae. The typical parapodium (fig. 5D) has a bluntly pointed
setigerous lobe bearing a small dorsal papilla at the tip, so that it seems slightly
bifid when seen from above. ‘lhe ventral cirrus is broad and subulate.
There is a fan-shaped series of 16 setae with the tips facing upwards. The
dorsal setae differ both in length and minute structure from the ventral
setae. ‘I'he tips of the shafts are swollen and bevelled, with a series of
4.77 24 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
conspicuous spines. In the dorsal setae the terminal pieces (fig. 5,0) are
long and bifid at the tip, with four or five long slender teeth near the
proximal end. In this latter respect they greatly resemble the setae of the
Hesionid Castalia fusca (Johnston). The upper tooth of the tip is boldly
hooked, the lower tooth almost vertical. The ventral setae (fig. 5E,c) are
short, not bifid at the tip, but simply hooked, and the margin is smooth or
very faintly and indistinctly toothed. Of the 16 setae in each foot, 5-7 of
the dorsal ones are bifid, the remainder being simple. The intermediate
setae show signs of transition as regards both the bifid tips and the serrate
margin.
There is a single stout aciculum in each foot, except in the anterior
segment, where there are two, rapidly tapering towards the end, and
terminating in a bulbous tip (fig. 52, @).
In the six posterior segments there is a single long very slender simple
seta in the dorsal part of the foot.
The proboscis (fig. 5c) is very short and broad, -21 mm. in length,
occupying only two segments of the body. It is brown in colour with a
smoothly rounded anterior margin, and with a large tooth on the dorsal side
near the front. The proventriculus occupies three segments. It is 33 mm.
in length, with 20 rows of glands. Mature specimens containing eggs and
sperm, but without capillary setae, were found in September, in Bofin
Harbour.
This species is very closely related to Pionosyllis pulligera (Krohn). The
latter, which has been examined by Krohn, Claparéde, Viguier, de Saint-Joseph,
and Pierantoni, has not yet been satisfactorily described and figured ; but it
appears to differ from the present form in the following points :—
(1) The buccal segment is quite distinct, and is visible on the dorsal side,
whereas in P. serrata it is covered by the first setigerous segment. (2) The
proventriculus in P. pulligera occupies two segments, in P. serrata three
segments. (3) The setae are very different in appearance. ‘he spine also
does not resemble the characteristic figure given by Viguier (1884, Pl. V.,
fig. 53). (4) In P. pulligera the lateral antennae are relatively much shorter
than in P. serrata.
Habitat.— BuacxsopD Bay—aA single specimen on the shore. Borin
Harsour—Taken on three occasions, in 1-4 fms. BALLyNA-
KILL HARBoUR—Taken on two occasions, in 2-8 fms. 13 miles
off Cleggan Head, in mid-water tow-net at 7 fms. 5 miles
N.W. by N. of Inishturk, in surface tow-net at night.
Clare Island Survey—Archiannelida and Polychaeta. 47% 25
Streptosyllis Webster and Benedict.
This genus was created by Webster and Benedict (1884, p. 711), for
a species, S. arenae, found at Provincetown, Mass.
The same observers described a second species, S. varians (1887, p. 718),
from Eastport, Maine. The genus was defined in 1884, from observations
on only a single species, as follows :—
“Antennae, three; tentacular cirri, four; dorsal cirri, partly smooth,
partly articulated; oesophagus unarmed, with a circle of papillae at its
anterior end; stomach passing directly into the intestines; setae of two
kinds, simple and compound, both kinds covered by a membrane externally
(stem of compound setae terminating in four teeth or lobes); palpi united
for most of their length, turned downward so as not to be visible from
above.”
In 1895 de Saint-Joseph (p. 192) found a pelagic individual belonging to
this genus, and referred it to the S. varians of Webster and Benedict. There
seems little doubt, however, that his specimen belongs to a distinct species
as it exhibits several notable distinctions, the chief being (1) the palps are
ventral, and invisible from the dorsal side, whereas those of S. varians are
exceptionally prominent, and project beyond the front of the head ; (2) capillary
setae commence on the 12th segment, in S. vartans on the 2lst; (3) the
proboscis occupies segments 1-4, the proventriculus the 5th to the 8th
segments, whilst in S. varians, the proboscis occupies 6 segments, and the
proventriculus 8 segments. These differences are sufficient to justify the
creation of a new species for the French specimen ; but, as explained below
(p. 27), it may be identical with S. Websteri sp. un., to which it is evidently
closely allied.
The large thick spines are present only in segments 1-5, in S. varians
W. and B., in segments 1-23:!
It is now possible to define the genus Streptosyllis with greater accuracy :—
Syllidae with palps fused at the base, filiform at the tip; tentacular
cirri two pairs; cirri smooth or very indistinctly moniliform; pharynx
unarmed; feet in a variable number of anterior segments with thicker
spines, shorter and thicker setae, with shorter terminal pieces, than in
the subsequent segments; simple seta dorsally; tips of the shafts of the
setae dividing into several teeth or lobes; ventral cirri long in posterior
segments ; reproduction direct, with pelagic stage.
‘ Thave examined the types of this species now in the U.S. National Museum and in Union
College.
R,I.A. PROC., VOL, XXXI. D 47
47 26 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
The known species may be separated as follows :—
Compound setae with winged tips = S. arenae Webster and Benedict.
Compound setae without winged tips = a.
| Thick spines present in 23 anterior segments = S. varians Webster
a and Benedict.
| Thick spines present in 5-6 anterior segments = 0.
b { Thick spines in setigerous segments 2-5 = «,
| Thick spines in setigerous segments 2-6 = S. bidentata sp. n.
{ Spine in Ist setigerous segmentvery thick = S. “varians” de St.-Joseph.
| Spine in Ist setigerous segment slender = S. Websteri sp. n.
The genus Syllides is very close to Streptosyllis, differing only in the
apparent absence of any differentiation between the anterior and posterior
parapodia. In Syllides Verrilli Moore (1907, p. 448), the end of the shaft
of the seta approaches the condition characteristic of Streptosyllis.
Streptosyllis Websteri sp. n.
Pl. II, figs. 3a—F.
This species, which is named after one of the American naturalists who
created the genus Streptosyllis, was taken on several occasions in the harbours
of Bofin and Ballynakill. All the specimens were sexually mature, provided
with swimming setae, and were taken in the tow-net, usually at the surface, at
night. No specimens belonging to this species have been yet found in the
bottom fauna, and consequently their habitat is not known.
‘The worms are 30-5 mm. long, consisting of 52-49 setigerous segments.
The head (fig. 3A) is broader behind than in front, with four large
circular reddish-brown eyes provided with lenses. The median antenna
is missing. The lateral antennae, rising from the front of the head, are
smooth and cylindrical, shghtly narrowed at the base. The palps are small
and filiform, ventral in position. Between the head and the buccal segment
on each side are the ciliated nuchal organs. The buccal segment bears on
each side a pair of smooth tentacular cirri, longer than the lateral tentacles,
but shorter than the anterior dorsal cirri. All the cirri are filled with
rounded faintly yellow granules. The anal segment (fig. 3B) bears two short
lateral cirri, and a long median one.
The feet are prominent. ‘The anterior region of the body consists of
5 setigerous segments, as in the “S. vartans” of de Saint-Joseph, but differs
from that species in that the spine in the first segment is thin, resembling
that in the posterior segments. In segments 2-5 the spine is very large
and thick (fig. 3c).
Clare Island Survey—Archianneludu und Polychaeta. 49 He
The third foot (fig. 3c) has a blunt setigerous lobe, pierced at the dorsal
angle by a thick spine, 7-10 compound setae, of which 1 or 2 have long tips
and 6-8 have short tips. A single simple seta is present in the dorsal
region of the foot. The dorsal cirrus is long, the ventral cirrus short
and thick. The 16th foot (fig. 3p) has proportionally a much smaller
setigerous lobe, with a simple dorsal seta, slender spine, and six compound
setae with long tips. The ventral cirrus is considerably longer than in
the anterior segments.
The simple seta is present in all segments. In the anterior segments,
it is slightly curved, serrate near the tip, and the latter is not winged
(fig. 3E, a). Further behind )fig. 5r, @), a delicate wing envelops the tip
of the seta. The setae in segments 1-5 are much shorter and thicker
than those in the other segments. One or two of them have slender
serrate tips with bluntly rounded points (fig, 3, 6). The remaining setae,
6 or 8 in number, have short, thick terminal pieces (fig. 3E,c). All these
compound setae have swollen ends to the shafts, which are produced into
a number of short rounded lobes.
Behind the 5th segment the setae are much thinner. The terminal
pieces differ only slightly in size (fig. 3¥, b,¢), and are serrate, with simple
rounded tips. The end of the shaft is serrate along one edge, and is pro-
duced into 4 sharp lobes. The simple seta is toothed along the convex side,
and the tip has a delicate wing (fig. 3r, a). The spine is slender, with a
bulbous tip (fig. 5r, c), 1 or 2 in each foot.
Capillary setae commence in the 11th setigerous segment, and are present
in all the following segments except one or two at the posterior end. The
length of the capillary setae exceeds the width of the body.
The ventral cirri are much longer in the posterior segments than in the
anterior,
The proboscis (fig. 3A) is straight and broad, dark reddish-brown in colour,
occupying 3-4 segments, and is unarmed.
The proventriculus occupies 4-5 segments, and has about 50 rows of
glands.
All the specimens obtained were mature males, with the body-cavity full
of sperm. ‘They were taken in April, September, and October.
This species seems to be most closely allied to the Streptosyllis varians
of de Saint-Joseph. Lt resembles this species in having 5 setigerous segments
in the anterior region, and in having simple tips to the compound setae. It
differs in having a slender spine in the first setigerous segment, in the shape
of the terminal pieces of the anterior setae, in the presence of the simple
dorsal setae in all segments, in having 3 anal cirri, and in other details.
D2
47 28 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
Further research, however, may show that the two species are identical. As
stated above, the Streptosyllis varians of de Saint-Joseph seems to be different
from that of Webster and Benedict.
Habitat —BALLYNAKILL Harpour—Bottom tow-net, in 2-6fms. Borin
Harsour—Taken on two occasions in the tow-net, soundings
1-4 fms.
Streptosyllis bidentata sp. n.
Pl. IL, figs 44-F.
A number of fragmentary specimens of this new species were dredged in
24 fathoms in Clew Bay, on a bottom of sand and shells, associated with a
very peculiar microfauna.
The longest specimen is 25 mm., composed of 25 segments. It is com-
plete posteriorly, except for the fact that the anal segment is damaged. This
specimen is an immature female, with developing eggs in the body-cavity.
Another specimen, with the posterior part missing, had 51 setigerous segments.
The body is widest in the region of the proventriculus, tapering very
slightly towards the head, much more so towards the tail.
Most of the appendages are missing, but those which remain are smooth
and cylindrical, with no trace of moniliform articulations.
The head (fig. 44) is broad, and the width greatly exceeds the length.
There are four large reddish-brown eyes, with lenses. The appendages of
the head are missing, but the base of the medium tentacle is seen between
the anterior pair of eyes. The palps lie on the ventral surface (fig. 48), and
are invisible from above. Their basal portions are closely fused with the
ventral side of the head, and they terminate in slender papillae. Between
the head and the buccal segment are the ciliated nuchal organs. The buccal
segment is quite distinct from the head, and bears two pairs of smooth cirri.
There is a patch of cilia on the dorsum above each foot (fig. 44). The
anal region in all the specimens is more or less imperfect ; but there seem to
be a pair of short lateral cirri and a short slender median cirrus. The feet
are prominent, and the anterior six segments differ from those which succeed
them. The first setigerous segment contains a simple dorsal seta, 8 compound
setae, of which 7 have short tips and one a long tip, and a slender spine
with a swollen tip. The 2nd to 6th feet have each a simple dorsal seta,
5-8 compound setae, of which 3-6 have short tips and 2 long tips, and one or
two very thick spines with large swollen tips. Apart from these differences
in detail, the setae of the 6 anterior segments are similar, and those of the
third segment may be described as typical of the others.
The setigerous lobe (fig. 4c) is blunt, and is supported by one or two very
Clare Island Survey—Archiannelida and Polychaeta. 47 29
thick spines with swollen truncated tips (fig. 4e,@). The dorsal simple seta
is curved at the distal end, where it terminates in a point which is delicately
winged, and serrated on the convex side (fig. 48,0). The compound setae
are short and thick, the swollen tips of the shafts ending in 5 or 4 blunt teeth.
The terminal pieces are distinctly bifid at the tip, 7 being short and 2 long
(fig. 4E,c and d@). The edge of the long tips is coarsely serrated. In the
succeeding segments the distinction between the setae with short and long
terminal pieces disappears, and there is a gradual transition from the long
dorsal to the short ventral tips. Taking the 16th foot as typical of this
region (fig. 4D), it is seen that the setigerous lobe is more elongate, the spine
is very slender (fig. 4¥,~), resembling that of the first segment, and less than
half as thick as the spines in segments 2-6. The dorsal simple seta is similar,
except that the delicate wing at the tip is cup-shaped; but this may be due
to abrasion (fig. 4r,/). The compound setae are much longer and thinner
(fig. 4¥,c¢ and d@), with distinctly bifid terminal pieces and serrated edges, the
length of the terminal pieces decreasing from above downwards. In the last
3 or 4 segments there is in addition a very slender simple seta in the ventral
part of the foot. In the dorsal region of the middle and posterior feet
there are two very slender spines (fig. 4D). These may be the forerunners of
the swimming setae which develop at maturity.
The dorsal cirri of all the feet are long and cylindrical, with no indications
of the moniliform condition. The ventral cirri are also very long, increasing
in size from in front backwards. They are placed towards the extremity of
the setigerous lobes, and extend outwards beyond the setae. The great
length of the ventral cirri seems to be a character of the genus Streptosyllis.
The pharynx (fig. 44) is short, straight, and broad, without a tooth,
extending through 3 segments. It has 8 papillae in front. The proventri-
culus is massive, extending through 6 segments, and has 48 rows of glands.
None of the specimens are mature; but an immature female has eggs
beginning in the 12th segment.
Webster and Benedict do not state the number of segments in the
anterior region of the body. The present species differs from S. arenae in
many respects, especially in the shape of the setae, which have simple winged
tips. SS. varians differs from the present species in the length of the proboscis
and proventriculus, in having some of the dorsal cirri moniliform, in the larger
palps, and in the minute structure of the setae, and in the much greater
number of anterior segments with thick spines. From S. Websteri this species
differs in having six segments in the anterior region, as against five, and in the
structure of the setae.
Hahitat.—Ciew Bay—Dredged in 24 fms., on a bottom of sand and shells,
47 30 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
Opisthodonta Langerhans.
This genus was created by Langerhans (1879, p. 547) to include a species
found at Madeira, with separate palps, smooth unjointed cirri, and a single
tooth in the posterior part of the pharynx. It differed from the genus
Pionosyllis in the position of the tooth in the pharynx. Malaquin (1893,
p- 69) maintained the genus, and stated in a foot-note that he had examined
a species belonging to this genus from the Mediterranean, at, Banyuls-sur-
Mer, which differed from that of Langerhans. So far as I know, it has not
yet been described. The species from Clew Bay differs considerably in the
structure of the spines and setae from 0. morena Langerhans, and for the
present no generic characters can be based on these characters till the
Madeira species has been more fully described. It was an immature speci-
men; but the Clew Bay specimen confirms the opinion one would derive from
the systematic relations of the genus, that reproduction is direct, the worms
at maturity developing swimming setae and becoming pelagic.
Opisthodonta pterochaeta sp. n.
Pl. IV, figs. 64-G.'
The anterior end only of a single specimen was available for this deserip-
tion. It belongs to a mature male, with swimming setae developed, and was
taken in October in the mid-water tow-net at 9 fathoms, in soundings of
18 fathoms, one mile north of Cleggan Head.
This fragment is 6 mm. long, and consists of 49 setigerous segments.
At its widest part, it is ‘7 mm. wide; and it tapers considerably towards the
anterior end. The head (PI. IV, fig. 68) is rounded in front, with a straight
posterior margin. It bears four large reddish-brown eyes, with lenses. The
median tentacle, which is missing, rises between the anterior eyes. The lateral
tentacles rise near the front of the head. All these appendages and the
other cirri of the body are smooth and cylindrical, with no trace of articula-
tions. The palps are of medium size, free distally, but united at the base,
with rounded angles. The buccal segment is distinct dorsally, though slightly
narrower than the subsequent segments, and bears two pairs of tentacular
cirri. Of these the ventral pair are rather longer than the lateral tentacles,
whilst the dorsal pair are twice as long.
The pharynx (Pl. IV, fig. 64) is very long, 1-4 mm. in length, dark-brown
in colour, and stretching through 16 segments. Just behind its middle point
‘ The figures for this species and for Microphthalmus Sczelzowi, which by error haye both been
numbered 6, may be distinguished by the number of the plate.
Clare Island Survey—Archiannelida und Polychueta. 47 31
it bears a sharp lateral tooth (PI. 1V, figs. 64, 6£). The proventriculus is long
and cylindrical, equal in length to the pharynx, and occupying 11 segments.
It has about 45 rows of glands, which are joined by wavy lines. Behind it
passes into the broad intestine, which has two diverticula in front, closely
pressed against the posterior part of the proventriculus.
The anterior parapodia (Pl. IV, fig. 6c) have bluntly rounded, bifid seti-
gerous lobes. The dorsal cirrus is long and cylindrical, indistinctly jointed
at the base. The ventral cirrus is massive, swollen at the base, and projects
beyond the setigerous lobe. The thirteenth setigerous segment contained a
fan-shaped series of 18 setae, all very similar in shape. The shafts are
slightly curved, swollen and bevelled at the tip, with a distinct shoulder, and
a series of spines on the upper edge. The terminal pieces do not differ much
in size, those in the middle of the foot being slightly longer than the others.
They end in a simple boldly curved tip (Pl. IV, fig. 6¥, 6) and the whole,
except the extreme point, is enveloped in a delicate sheath. Fig. 6r, c shows
one of the terminal pieces in side-view. ‘The spines are large and thick, with
peculiarly swollen truncated tips (Pl. [V, figs. 6c, 6r,@). The anterior 15
segments have these large spines. They gradually increase in size up to the
10th segment. From the 16th segment onwards they are replaced by slender
spines, one in each foot, of a similar shape, except for the fact that the
swollen tip gradually becomes less prominent; and in the 25rd segment they
are only bluntly pointed (PI. IV, fig. 6a,a). Segments 1-15 have two spines
in each foot, and the remaining segments a single spine in each foot. In
the 24th segment a simple dorsal seta appears (Pl. IV, fig. 6G, ¢), and is
present in the remaining feet. It is curved and winged at the distal end,
indistinetly bifid at the tip, and minutely serrate on the convex margin.
Capillary swimming setae commence on the 51st segment, though the
feet are modified and dorsal spines present on the 29th foot. In the middle
region of the body, the foot (Pl. IV, fig. 6D) is biramous, the dorsal branch
having a bunch of long capillary setae embedded in a shallow sac in the foot,
and a slender spine with a bluntly rounded tip. The dorsal and ventral cirri
resemble those in the anterior feet, but are smaller in proportion. The ventral
division of the foot bears a single dorsal simple winged seta, 4 or 5 compound
setae, and a simple ventral seta (Pl. IV, fig. 6c, d) differing from the
dorsal one in the absence of the wing and serrations. The spine is similar to
that of the dorsal division of the foot. The compound setae resemble closely
those in the anterior segments, though the terminal hook is more boldly
defined.
This species agrees with Opisthodonta morena Langerhans, in the position
of the tooth in the pharynx, and the smooth tentacles and cirri, but in other
47 32 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
respects differs widely. The setae are of quite a different type. The struc-
ture of the simple winged setae and the thick spines of the anterior segments
show close relationship to the genus Streptosyllis, which has, however, an
unarmed proboscis.
Hatbitat.— About 1 mile N.N.E. of Cleggan Head, Co. Galway. Taken in
the mid-water tow-net at 9 fathoms, soundings 18 fms.
Eusyllis tubifex (Gosse).
1867. Lusyllis Blomstrandi. Malmgren, p.40. 1886. #. B. de St.-Joseph
pails 1908. £.¢. + #. B. McIntosh, pp. 174, 176.
This species occurs in immense numbers amongst weeds and on Laminaria
roots. It may be found in rock-pools in the upper littoral zone. The delicate
tubes in which it lives are often found on the blades and stems of Laminaria
in vast numbers.
Mature forms of this species were found from March to May. In
the males, the swimming setae begin on the 17th setigerous segment.
In the feet of the posterior segments, there is a simple seta both dorsally
and ventrally, the latter being bifid.
I have been unable to distinguish between ZL. tubijex and £. Blomstrandi.
Elwes records £. tubifez as common on the south coast of England, whilst
de $t.-Joseph found #. B/omstrandi on the north coast of France. The only
investigator recording both species is McIntosh (tom. cit.) ; and his descriptions
and figures afford no evidence that the two species are distinct. A specimen
in the Irish National Museum, labelled Zusyllis Blomstrandi by McIntosh,
differs in no way from the common form.
Habitat— BLacksop Bay—Taken on the shore on eleven occasions.
Dredged on five occasions in 3-6 fathoms. CLEW Bay—
Dredged on twenty-three occasions, in 3-28 fathoms.
BALLYNAKILL Harsour—Dredged on seven occasions, in
2-9 fms. Borry Harsour—Taken in the surface tow-net.
Distribution.—British Isles; Spitzbergen; Nova Zembla; North Sea;
France ; Madeira; east coast of Canada; Mediterranean.
Odontosyllis gibba Claparede.
1908. O. g. McIntosh, p. 183.
This species is extremely abundant throughout the district, and seems
to have no preference for any particular habitat. When irritated it shows
a brilliant green phosphorescence, which seems to be located in the parapodia.
Tt ranges up to half tide-mark,
Clare Island Survey—Archiannelida and Polychaeta. 47 33
Habitat BtLacksop BAy—Shore, under stones, and in Laminaria roots,
on nine occasions. Dredged on six occasions in 1-8
fathoms. CLEW Bay—Dredged on nine occasions in 2—24
fathoms. BALLYNAKILL HARBouR—Dredged on twenty-five
oceasions. Borin HArBour—Dredged on seven occasions,
Distribution.—British Isles; France; Madeira; Mediterranean.
Odontosyllis ctenostoma Claparéde.
1908. O.c. McIntosh, p. 182.
Very abundant throughout the area, living under stones and in Lami-
naria roots. Mature specimens were found in August and September, with
swimming setae in the 24th-42nd feet.
_ Habitat—Btacksop Bay—Found on shore, on twenty occasions. Dredged
in 1 fathom. CieEw Bay—Dredged on two occasions,
in 4-7 fms. BALLyNAKILL HArsour — Dredged on two
oceasions in 1-8 fms. Bormy Harsour—Dredged on three
occasions.
Distribution.—Co. Dublin; south coast of England; France; Madeira;
Mediterranean.
Trypanosyllis zebra (Grube).
1908. 7. z. McIntosh, p. 169.
Free-swimming Tetraglene buds were taken in the surface tow-net at
Bofin Harbour in May and September. In some specimens the 2nd segment
has a bunch of short swimming setae. De St.-Joseph (1886, p. 183) states
that these setae commence on the 3rd segment.
Habitat.— BLAcKSOoD Bay—On shore, under stones, on 9 occasions. CLEW
Bay—Dredged on 4 occasions, in 7-16 fms.. usually in
Laminaria roots. Borrix HAarsour—Taken on 4 occasions,
in the surface tow-net.
Distribution—South coast of England; Channel Isles; France; Madeira;
Mediterranean.
Trypanosyllis coeliaca Claparéde.
1886. 7c, de St.-Joseph, p. 184. 1910. 7.¢. McIntosh, p. 240.
This species is very rare in the district, only two individuals being
obtained.
Habitat—CLeEw Bay—Found on two occasions in Laminaria roots;
dredged in 9-16 fms.
Distribution.—Torquay ; France; Madeira; western Mediterranean.
R,I.A. PROC., VOL. XXXI, BR 47
47 34 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
Eurysyllis paradoxa (Claparéde).
1910. #.p. McIntosh, p. 241.
This species seems to be widely spread on the Irish coast, though it has
not previously been recorded.
Habitat. —BLACKSOD BAay—-Taken on shore on 4 occasions, in Laminaria
roots. CLEW Bay—Taken in surface tow-net in Killary
Harbour. Dredged in 9-11 fms., in Laminaria roots.
_ Distribution —Yorquay ; France; Kattegat; Madeira; Mediterranean.
Syllis (Typosyllis) armillaris (Miller).
1908. S.a. McIntosh, p. 188. 1886. Syllis (Lypoysllis) alternosetosa.
de St.-Joseph, p. 150. 1910. Pionosyllis alternosetosa. McIntosh, p. 238.
1913. S. a. McIntosh, p. 83.
McIntosh has recently expressed the opinion that these two species are
identical (1913, p. 83). I have examined specimens of the so-called
S. alternosetosa from Plymouth, Torquay, and the deeper parts of the English
Channel, and finally de St.-Joseph’s types in the Paris Museum, and I am
able to confirm McIntosh’s opinion.
This species is one of the most abundant on the Irish coasts.
Habitat.—BuLacksoD Bay—On the shore under stones and in Laminaria
roots, on 19 occasions. Dredged on 6 occasions, in 1-6 fms.
CLiew Bay—Shores of Clare Island. Dredged on 11
occasions, in 5-28 fms. BALLYNAKILL Harsourn—Dredged
in 1-3 fms.
Distribution.—British Isles; Arctic seas; Scandinavia; North Sea;
Behring’s Sea; Madeira; France.
Syllis (Typosyllis) hyalina Grube.
1908. Pionosyllis hyalina. McIntosh, p. 166.
This species is very closely related to Sy/lis prolifera Krohn, the only
points which distinguish it being the shorter cirri, and the presence of simple
pointed setae in the dorsal and ventral regions of the posterior feet, the
corresponding setae in S. prolifera being bifid. These distinctions are not of
much weight, as a variety of S. prolifera is of frequent occurrence, which
has very short cirri, with few articulations.
Habitat.— Biacksop Bay—Dredged in 4—6 fms.
Distribution.—Co, Dublin ; Plymouth; Norway; Madeira; Mediterranean,
Clare Island Survey—Archiannelida and Polychaeta. 47 35
Syllis (Typosyllis) prolifera Krohn.
1908. Pionosyllis prolifera. McIntosh, p. 161.
This species is very abundant throughout the district. Stolons with male
buds attached were found in Clew Bay in May, and Chaetosyllis buds were
taken at the surface on several occasions in June and August at Ballynakill
and Bofin. ;
Habitat.—Biacksop BAy—Common on shore, and in Laminaria roots.
Taken on ten occasions. Dredged on five occasions, in
1-8 fms. CLEW Bay—Shore of Clare Isd., at Portavrriff.
Dredged on eight occasions, in 4-17 fms. BALLYNAKILL
Harsour—Taken on five occasions, in 0-8 fms. Borin
Harsour—Taken in surface tow-net.
Distribution—Great Britain; Spitzbergen; Madeira; France; Mediter-
ranean; South Africa.
Syllis (Typosyllis) Krohnii Ehlers.
1908. S.A. McIntosh, p. 192.
This is one of the rarest of the Syllidae in our district, only 3 specimens
having been obtained.
Habitat BLAcKsop BAy—One specimen in weeds from shore of Carrigeen-
more. CLEW Bay—Dredged in 7 fms. BALLYNAKILL
Harsour—Dredged in 1-3 fms.
Distribution.—Great Britain; France; Madeira; Canaries; Mediter-
ranean.
Syllis (Typosyllis) vittata Grube.
1864. Syllis aurita. Claparéde, p. 539. 1874. Syllis vittata. Maren-
Zeller, p: 35. 1875. Syllis auwrita. Marion and Bobretzky, p. 17.
1908. Sy/lis Buskti. McIntosh, p. 206.
A large number of specimens of this species were dredged u one station
in Clew Bay. The characteristic purple or brown transverse bands on the
dorsum are only faintly indicated in the preserved specimens. In the struc-
ture of the elongate palps, cirri, setae, etc., they agree closely with the
descriptions of S, vittata and S. awrita, which are now regarded as the same
species. There is nothing to distinguish Sy/lis Buskii of McIntosh from this
species, though no information is given as to the colour. The oesophagus
and proventriculus are very long, the former extending to the 15th segment,
the latter to the 19th, agreeing with Marenzeller’s description. The
proventriculus had 45 rows of glands. In small specimens the bifid nature
of the setae can be plainly seen, especially in the posterior segments; but
BK 2
47 36 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
in fully grown animals the slender lower tooth is absent, as Marenzeller
figures it, or only slightly indicated, as McIntosh found it. In the posterior
feet there are a very large bluntly rounded spine, a simple dorsal seta, and
a curved bifid ventral seta. The first segment is narrow, and slightly over-
laps the head, as was pointed out by Marion and Bobretzky. The anal cirri
have 20 joints, and there is a slender smooth median cirrus between them.
The dorsal cirri are alternately long and short. This species is very close
to S. variegata Grube, but differs in the colour pattern, the structure of the
setae, and several other points.
Habitat.—CLEw Bay—Dredged in 24 fms.
Distribution—Guernsey and Herm; Azores ; north coast of Mediterranean
from Port Vendres to Trieste.
Syllis (Typosyllis) variegata Grube.
1875. Syllis variegata. Marenzeller, p. 19.
This species is easily recognized by the characteristic colouring on the
dorsum of the anterior segments. The colour tends to fade in preserved
specimens. It is very closely allied to Syllis prolifera, but not identical with
it, as McIntosh seems to think (1908, p. 161). The chief differences are—
(1) the colour pattern is quite different; (2) the tips of the setae are not so
boldly bifid, and the edge is more serrate ; (3) the spines in the posterior feet
are very thick, and bluntly pointed, especially in small or young specimens.
The dorsal cirri are alternately long and short. In the posterior 20 feet
there is a simple dorsal seta which is slightly bifid, and hispid near the tip.
This is joined in the last 12 segments by a smooth boldly bifid simple
ventral seta.
A female pelagic bud of this species was taken in the tow-net, in mid-
water, in October. It is of the “ Chaetosyllis” type. The head is small, with
a pair of short, smooth tentacles, and there are no eyes. The 1st segment is
normal. The 2nd to the 27th segments are provided with tufts of long
swimming setae. There are 35 setigerous segments altogether. The
ventral cirrus is very much elongated, especially in the posterior segments,
the spine is extremely large, and the dorsal cirri are less distinctly articulated
than in the asexual stock. The body is full of eggs, except in the Ist and
posterior § segments.
Habitat CLew Bay—Dredged on two occasions, in 13-24 fms. 13 mile
off Cleggan Head, in the middle tow-net at 7 fms., a female
bud,
Distribution—English Channel; France; Madeira; Azores ; Mediter-
ranean; Red Sea.
Care Island Survey—Archiannelida and Polychaeta. Ai,
Syllis (Ehlersia) cornuta Rathke.
1908. S.c. MeIntosh, p. 200.
This species usually lives in empty shells, which it shares with hermit
crabs or Gephyrea like Phascolion strombi or Aspidosiphon Milleri. I also
found one sharing a tube with Pectinaria auricoma.
Mature specimens were found in August. In September a posterior part
of the body of aspecimen was taken in the surface tow-net in Bofin Harbour,
. which may represent a bud of this species. There is no sign of cephalization,
except that the 1st setigerous segment has no swimming setae, but only a
spine in the dorsal region of the foot. The alimentary canal is degenerate,
and the muscular system well-developed.
In the 11 posterior segments there is a simple bifid seta present in both
the dorsal and ventral region of each foot.
The setae with short tips are distinctly bifid, and those with elongate tips
are longer and slenderer than is usual in 8. cornuta. The setae, as a whole,
show more resemblance to those of hlersia ferrugina, Langerhans (vide
p. 38), than to S. cornuta, but the dorsal cirri are distinctly moniliform.
The changes which take place in the setae on attaining maturity have not
yet been adequately studied. On the whole, I think this bud belongs to
S.cornuta. Similar buds without heads have been noted in Syllis (Haplosyllis)
spongicola Grube, and Syllis (Ehlersia) rosea Langerhans.
Halitat.—CLEw Bay—Dredged on 4 occasions in 10-24 fms. Borin
Harsour—Bud in surface tow-net. Dredged in 15-16 fms.,
in shell of Z'rivia europaea with Phascolion stromobt.
Distribution —Great Britain; Spitzbergen; Scandinavia; France ;
Madeira; Mediterranean; South Africa.
Syllis (Ehlersia) simplex Langerhans.
1879. Ehlersia (Syllis) simplex. Langerhans, p. 538. 1881. #.s,
Langerhans, p. 104. 1886. Syllis (Ehlersia) aesthetica. de St.-Joseph,
p. 156. 1908. Syllis Cunninghami. McIntosh, p. 195.
This species is characterized by the presence in certain of the sezments of
one or two dorsal setae much thicker and stronger than the rest. The tips of
the setae are simple, and the edge is conspicuously spinous. The terminal
pieces of the thicker setae are frequently absent. This form seems to have
been first described by Langerhans, who found it at Madeira and the Canaries in
1879 and 1881. In 1886 de St.-Joseph described it as a new species, without
comparing it to Hhlersia simplex, De St.-Joseph’s specimen was larger than
those of Langerhans, and the cirri had more segments, but in the structure
47 38 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
and position of the thick setae the two forms agree closely. In 1908
McIntosh described Syllis Cunninghami, a species characterized by the
presence in each foot of two setae thicker than the rest. He did not
mention the two species already described, characterized by this peculiar
arrangement, and his description is very inadequate, but there seems no
reason to doubt that his species is identical with Zhlersia simplex and
Syllis aesthetica. ;
Habitat —Cimrw Bay—A single specimen in Lithothamnion on the south
shore of Clare Island.
Distribution.—Guernsey ; Dinard; Madeira; Canaries.
Syllis (Ehlersia) ferrugina (Langerhans).
1881. Ehlersia ferrugina. Langerhans, p. 104.
A single specimen of this worm was found in Laminaria roots in Blacksod
Bay. It agrees with the description of Langerhans in the following points :—
(L) The number of joints in the tentacles and anterior cirri; (2) the dorsal
cirri alternate in length, and behind the first few segments they are smooth,
and not moniliform; (3) the feet contain two kinds of setae, some having
short distinctly bidentate tips, others very long slender pointed tips. The
chief difference lies in the fact that the distinction between the two kinds of
setae in the anterior segments of Langerhans’ specimens is not by any means
so marked as it is in segments further behind. In the Blacksod specimen the
distinction between the two kinds of setae is equally marked in all the feet.
The anterior cirri are also not so distinctly moniliform. Itis at present
difficult to say whether these differences have specific value ; and until further
specimens are available, it seems better to regard the Blacksod form as a
variety of Langerhans’ species, which has only been found in the Canaries.
The present specimen, of which only the anterior 27 segments were
obtained, is a mature female and was found in March. On the 26th
segment there is a long bunch of swimming setae. There is no sign
that a bud is forming; and it is possible that the species reproduces
directly. If this is the case, it probably belongs to the genus Pionosyllis,
with which it has great affinities, and the smooth dorsal cirri lend strong
support to this opinion. The setae closely resemble those of Pionosyllis
lamelligera de St-Joseph, from which species, however, it differs in the
absence of lamellate ventral cirri on the first setigerous segment, the struc-
ture of the spines, ete. It differs from Syllis cornuta in having smooth
dorsal cirri and in the structure of the setae. It is possible that the
acephalous bud described under Syllis cornuta (p. 37) may belong to the
present species.
Clare Island Survey—Archiannelida and Polychaeta. 47 39
Habitat—Buackxsop Bay—A single specimen in Laminaria roots from the
north side of Feorinyeeo Bay.
Distribution —Canary Islands.
Syllis (Syllis) gracilis Grube.
1908. S. g. McIntosh, p. 208.
A female bud of this species was found in September in Blacksod Bay.
A specimen was found in Blacksod Bay which, from a portion of the
mid-body having only the two thick bifurcate setae in the parapodia, had
regenerated a new head and tail.
Habitat.—BuLacksop Bay—Found on shore on 11 occasions, usually under
stones. CLEW Bay—Common on the south and east shores
of Clare Island, under stones and in Lithothamnion. This is
essentially a littoral form in the district.
Distribution—British Isles; France; Madeira; Canaries; Azores; Medi-
terranean; Black Sea; Red Sea; Persian Gulf; Ceylon ;
West Indies; Virginia,
Syllis (Haplosyllis) spongicola Grube.
1908. S.s, McIntosh, p. 197.
In Blacksod Bay, this species is very common in certain sponges, especially
Spongelia fragilis Montagu.
In the posterior segments there is a black pigment spot between the
dorsal cirrus and the setigerous lobe of each foot.
Habitat.—BiacKsop BaAy—Common on shore, living in sponges. CLEW
Bay—Dredged on two occasions in 25-28 fms., living in
Halichondria.
Distribution—South coast of England; France; Madeira; Canaries ;
Mediterranean ; Black Sea; Ceylon.
Autolytus longeferiens de Saint-Joseph.
1886. Autolytus longeferiens. de Saint-Joseph, p. 217. 1908. A. 7.
Elwes, p. 202. 1910. A.l. McIntosh, p. 245. 1892. ? Autolytus
vervilli. Marenzeller, p. 416.
Elwes (tom. cit.) pointed out that his specimens differed from those of
de Saint-Joseph in having only two small teeth between each of the large
ones. In the Irish specimens there are sometimes 2, sometimes 3, small
teeth, even in the same specimen. The proboscis is very long and twisted,
47 40 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
but it does not attain the enormous length of 18-20 mm., as de Saint-Joseph
states. Elwes gives 2mm. in one place, and 18-20 mm. in another. In the
Trish specimens the length did not exceed 4mm.
The species described by Marenzeller (tom. cit.) as Autolytus verrilli (the
Stephanosyllis ornata of Verrill, and the Autolytus Alexandri of Malmgren) ~
seems to be closely allied to, if not identical with, this species. The proboscis,
which has a single loop, is crowned with 9 large teeth, each pair being
separated by 2 small teeth, in the latter respect greatly resembling some
of the Irish specimens. In other respects the two species agree. For
instance, the epaulettes behind the head, which Marenzeller describes, though
not mentioned by de Saint-Joseph or McIntosh, are present in the Irish
specimens.
If Marenzeller is right in identifying his species with the A. Alexandri
of Malmeren, then this is the correct name for the species, otherwise the
name of de Saint-Joseph has priority.
Habitat.—Buacksop BAy—In Laminaria roots on the shore. CLEW BAY—
Dredged in Inishlyre Harbour in 4 fms.
Distiibution—British Isles (Dublin Bay, Torquay); France; ? New
England; ? Spitzbergen ; ? Greenland.
Autolytus rubropunctatus (Grube).
1860. Sylline rubropunctata. Grube, p. 87. 1875. Autolytus (Pro-
ceraea) ornatus. Marion and Bobretzky, p. 44. 1879. P.r. Langerhans,
p. 579. 1886. A.o. de St.-Joseph, p. 220. 2 1908. Sylline rubro-
punctata. MelIntosh, p. 186.
It is difficult to understand what species McIntosh had under examination
when he drew up the description of Sylline rubropunctata (tom. cit.). The
coloured illustration and the description of the colour pattern agree exactly
with Autolytus rubropunctatus (= A. ornatus); but he states that a ventral
cirrus is present on each foot, and figures the setae with simple tips. In
the true A. rubropunctatus the ventral cirrus is undoubtedly absent and
the setae are bifid, as described by other observers, and as I have found
in numerous Irish specimens. Moreover, McIntosh states that his species
is the same as that found by Grube, Marion and Bobretzky, Langerhans,
Malaquin, and de Saint-Joseph. It seems probable that McIntosh has
confused two distinct species when drawing up his description.
Hubitat—CLeEw Bay—Dredged in 7-10 fms. BALLyNAkILL HarsouR—
Dredged on two occasions, in 2-8 fms.
Distribution.—Plymouth ; France; Madeira; Mediterranean,
Clare Island Survey—Arehiannelida und Polychactu. 47 41
Autolytus pictus (Ehlers).
1908. Autolytus pictus. McIntosh, p. 211.
This species is very common on the shore, sometimes under stones, but
more frequently in weeds and Laminaria roots. It is also commonly taken
in the dredge.
Habitat. —BiLAcksop BAy—Found on the shore on six occasions. Dredged
on two occasions in 2-8 fms. CLEW Bay—Dredged on six
occasions in 4-16 fms.
Distribution.—British Isles; France; White Sea; Madeira; Mediter-
ranean.
Autolytus macrophthalma (Marenzeller).
1875. Proceraeca macrophthalma. Mayrenzeller, p. 37. 1879. P.m.
Langerhans, p. 579. 1886. A. m. de St.-Joseph, p. 226.
A nunber of specimens found in Clew Bay are referred to this species
on account of the structure of the proboscis and the exceptionally large
eyes. It is practically impossible, except by the latter character, to separate
this species from A. luawrians, also described by Marenzeller. The latter
species has been regarded by several workers as identical with A. auran-
tiacus (Claparéde). The unusual length of the antennae and anterior cirri in
A, luxurians is not a distinctive character, as living specimens from Clew Bay
had cirri nearly 5 mm. long, whilst Marenzeller gives 2-4 mm. as the length for
A. luxurians. The structure of the crown of teeth and of the setae is
similar in both species, and the only character which seems to distinguish
them is that A. Juxwrians has small reddish-brown eyes, whilst those of
A. macrophthalma are large and red.
Habitut.—Ciew Bay—Dredged on 3 occasions, in 7-26 fms.
Distribution.—Torquay ; north coast of France; Madeira; Adriatic.
Autolytus brachycephala (Marenzeller).
TRL, Wi, titer, 10),
1874. Proceraea brachycephala. Marenzeller, p. 54. UWS), JP,
Langerhans, p. 580.
The specimens which I refer with some doubt to this species show con-
siderable differences from those described by Marenzeller, and to a lesser
degree from those of Langerhans. The tentacular cirri and the cirri of the
2nd segment are much longer. ‘here is a conspicuous pair of epaulettes
behind the head, which are not noted by Marenzeller or Langerhans. As
R.I.A. PROC., VOL, XXXI, r AT
47 42 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
regards the double row of glands on the dorsum of each segment, the alter-
nation in length of the dorsal cirri, the shape of the head and eyes, the Irish
specimens agree with those already described. Marenzeller states that the
opening of the proboscis is crowned with 30 teeth, of which 8-10 are some-
what larger than the others, each large one alternating with 2 or 3 smaller
ones. Langerhans gives 30 teeth to the proboseis, 5 of which are very
much larger than the rest. Jn the Irish specimens there are 30 teeth, of
which 4 are very much larger than the rest. Between each pair of large
teeth there are 6 or 7 smaller ones. Two of the small teeth overlap each
large one (fig. 10). In the structure of the teeth, therefore, the Irish specimens
agree fairly closely with those found by Langerhans at Madeira, and differ
considerably from Marenzeller’s specimens from the Adriatic. ;
It is possible that the Ivish specimens represent a distinct species, or that
they are identical with the Madeira species, but distinct from the one found
in the Adriatic. An examination and comparison of specimens from the three
localities would be necessary to decide this point, and for the present they
may remain as a variety of A. brachycephala.
Huabitat—Buacxsop Bay— Dredged in 4-6 fms. CLEW Bay—Dredged
in 18 fms.
Distribution—Madeira; Adriatic.
Autolytus ehbiensis de Saint-Joseph.
1886. <Autolytus ehbiensis. De St.-Joseph, p. 228.
Specimens with male buds were found in September. This species is
fairly common in dredged material, or on the shore in Laminaria roots.
Habitat. — Buacxsop Bay — Found on the shore on 3 occasions.
Dredged on 8 occasions, in 1-8 fms. CLEW Bay—Dredged
on 5 occasions, in 2-28 fms. BALLYNAKILL HarBour —
Dredged on 2 occasions, in 13-4 fms. Borin HAarsour—On
bottom of a boat.
Distribution—Dublin Bay ; Torquay ; north coast of France.
Autolytus punctatus de Saint-Joseph.
1886. Autolytus punctatus. De St.-Joseph, p. 233.
This species is comparatively rare, and has only been found elsewhere on
the north coast of France.
Habitat.—Buacksop Bay—In Laminaria roots from the shore.
Distribution,—North coast of France,
Clare Island Survey Archiannelidu and Polychaeta. ay 43
Autolytus Edwarsi de Saint-Joseph.
1886. Autolytus Edwarsi. De St.-Joseph, p. 235.
This species was found with chains of buds at all seasons of the year.
It is very common in Laminaria roots.
Habitat.—BLacksop Bay—Found on the shore on 6 occasions. Dredged
on 4 occasions in 1-5 fms. CiEw Bay—Dredged on 8 occa-
sions in 4-19 fms. BALLYNAKILL Harpour---Dredged on 5
occasions in 4-8 fms.
Distribution. —Malahide, Co. Dublin; north of France.
Autolytus prolifer (O. F. Miller).
1908. <Autolytus prolifer. McIntosh, p. 216.
From the number of records of this species, especially of the pelagic
sexual stages, one would think it is one of the most abundant forms round
our coasts. Nevertheless during the course of the Clare Island Survey only
two individuals were found which could be definitely referred to this species,
out of many hundreds of specimens belonging to the genus, and the asexual
form is undoubtedly very rare as compared with other species of the genus.
The pelagic buds of the various species greatly resemble each other, have not
been clearly described, and are difficult to name with precision, and hence I
believe the greater number of the records of Autolytus prolifer are unreliable,
and refer to the pelagic stages of other species of the genus.
Habitat.—Ciew Bay—Dredged in 10 fms., in Laminaria roots. In addi-
tion, many pelagic buds were obtained in various parts of the
district, which correspond to the description of this species.
Distribution—British Isles; Arctic; Scandinavia; North Sea; France;
Madeira; Mediterranean ; South Africa.
Autolytides inermis (de St.-Joseph).
1886. Autolytus inermis, De St.-Joseph, p. 237. 1910. <Autolytus
inermis. MeIntosh, p. 247.
Habitat—Buacxsop Bay—Found once on the shore, in Laminaria roots.
Dredged once in 6-8 fms.
Distribution.—Torquay ; Dinard.
Amblyosyllis lineata Grube.
1908. Amblyosyllis lineata. McIntosh, p. 225.
Mature specimens of this species were found in March, May, June, and
September.
B2
47 44 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
It is common on the shore at Blacksod Bay, living under stones and in
Laminaria roots.
Habitat.—Biacksod Bay—Found on the shore on 11 occasions. Dredged
in 1 fathom. Crew Bay—Kast shore of Clare Island.
Dredged on two occasions in 13-19 fms. BALLYNAKILL
Harsour— Dredged on 6 occasions in 1-8 fms. Borin
Harsour—Dredged twice, in 1-2 fms. Dredged off Cleggan
Head in 15 fathoms.
Distribution.—Great Britain; France; Mediterranean.
Myrianida pinnigera (Montagu).
1908. Myrianida pinnigera. McIntosh, p. 229.
Specimens with chains of buds were found in January and March.
Habitat.-—BALLYNAKILL Harsour—Found once on the shore. Dredged
twice in 4-8 fathoms.
Distribution.—British Isles; France ; Madeira; Naples.
Family HESIONIDAE.
Microphthalmus Mecznikow 1865.
This genus was created by Mecznikow (1865, p. 334) for a small Hesionid
found at Helgoland, and named JZ, Sczelhowit. It is closely related to the
genus Podarke through the possession of three pairs of tentacular cirri on
each side, five unjointed tentacles, aud a rudimentary dorsal branch to the
parapodia, It is distinguished from that genus by having only a single pair
of rudimentary eyes, without lenses, and by the remarkable flattened
posterior extension of the anal segment. The tentacles and cirri are smooth,
and show no trace of articulation. The shape of the setae and the papillae
on the proboscis are not characteristic of this genus, as Mecznikow thought.
Webster and Benedict (1887, p. 715) described a species from Eastport,
Maine, and from Provincetown, Mass., under the name Podarke aberrans,
which appears to belong to the genus Microphthalmus. It has the character-
istic anal plate, and the small rudimentary single pair of eyes. Its distinctive
characters will be considered below (vide p. 46). Bobretzky (1880, p. 139)
mentions two hermaphrodite species belonging to this genus, JZ fragilis and
MM. similis, from the Black Sea; but except for his account of the reproductive
organs, I have been unable to find any particulars of these species.
In reviewing the family Hesionidae, neither Grube, McIntosh, nor
Gravier mentions the genus Microphthalmus.
Clare Island Survey—Archiannelida and Polychueta. 4@ 45
Microphthalmus Sczelkowii Mecznikow.
Pl. V, figs. 64-n
1865. Microphthalmus Sczelkowtt. Mecznikow, p, 354, taf. xxiv, figs. 10-12.
Three specimens of this species were found under stones on the shores of
Blacksod Bay. Reproductive elements were not present in any of them.
The largest specimen is 6 mm. long, composed of 40 setigerous segments.
The other two are smaller, 2:2 mm, and 2'8 mm. long, with 23 and 25
setigerous segments respectively.
The body is widest in the anterior third, tapering slightly towards the head,
considerably towards the tail. The lateral regions are flattened, leaving a
prominent dorsal ridge, from the front of which rises the median antenna
(Pl. V, fig. 64). This dorsal ridge may be the result of contraction. There is
considerable brown pigment on the dorsum, especially in the lateral region,
forming four ill-defined transverse bands in each segment.
The head (PI. V, fig. 6A) is rounded in front, where it is slightly indented.
The posterior margin is rounded at the sides, and concave in the middle. In
the posterior region of the head is a single pair of small black kidney-shaped
eyes, without lenses. In front of the head are four slender tapering tentacles,
the dorsal pair slightly longer than the ventral pair, all without basal
articulation. In the posterior indentation of the head rises the median
tentacle, which equals the dorsal tentacles in length.
There are three pairs of tentacular cirri on each side. The segments
bearing them are distinet from each other, and from the head. The tenta-
cular cirri are somewhat swollen in the basal portion, tapering distally. The
anterior pair are almost equal in size, and are shorter than the second pair,
which again are almost equal. The dorsal cirrus of the third segment is the
longest appendage of the body, and is twice as long as the ventral one. The
feet are all similar in structure, and the fourteenth may be described as
typical (Pl. V, fig. 6p). The dorsal cirrus is broad at the base, tapering to a fine
tip, and is twice as long as the ventral cirrus. The dorsal division of the
foot is rudimentary, consisting of a slender spine, and a single small seta
with a peculiar spinous tip (PI. V, fig. 68, «). The ventral division of the foot
is prominent, with a single large spine, and a fan-shaped series of about 10
setae. The setae in the middle of the foot have the longest tips, those in the
ventral region the shortest, whilst the dorsal setae are intermediate. The
shafts of the setae are gently curved, with bevelled, slightly bifid tips (Pl. V,
fig. 68, b,c). The terminal pieces are minutely serrate, bifid at the tip. Beneath
the lower tooth is a long slender tooth parallel to the tip.
1 The figures for this species and for Opisthodonta pterochaeta, which by error haye both been
numbered 6, may be distinguished by the number of the plate.
47 46 Proceedings of the Royal Trish Academy.
The peculiar dorsal seta is obviously homologous to the lyrate seta present
in the dorsal region of the feet of some members of this family.
The anal segment (Pl. V, figs. 6B, 6c) consists anteriorly of a thickened,
deeply pigmented ring, which is produced backwards into a flat hood-shaped
plate concave below, rounded behind, with the edge entire. The anus lies
dorsally at the posterior median margin of the thickened ridge, which also
carries two long slender anal cirri dorsally.
The opening of the proboscis is surrounded by a number of papillae.
Unripe eggs were found in the parapodia of one specimen collected in
September.
M. Sezelkowii was described in 1865 by Mecznikow, who found it at
Helgoland. His description and figures are very incomplete, and in some
respects erroneous, and the species does not seem to have been found since.
In the shape of the tentacular cirri, feet, and anal plate, the Irish specimens
agree with Mecznikow’s description. The most noteworthy difference lies in
the position of the median tentacle, which, in the figure given by Mecznikow,
rises in front of the eyes, whilst in the Ivish specimens it is behind the
eyes. The peculiar dorsal seta, wrongly described and figured by Mecznikow
as compound, is differently shaped and has fewer teeth in the Irish specimens.
The figure of the compound setae given by Mecznikow is too imperfect to
have any value. These differences are slight, and may be due to errors of
observation on the part of Mecznikow, and until specimens from the original
locality are re-examined it seems preferable not to create a new specific
name,
The Podarke aberrans of Webster and Benedict (1887, p. 713) belongs to
the genus Microphthalmus. I have re-examined the original types from
the United States National Museum and the Union College. In the shape
of the body, head, and feet, and the position of the median antenna, this
species agrees closely with the Irish specimens. The only distinction of any
value lies in the shape of the setae in the dorsal lobe of the foot. According
to Webster and Benedict “the dorsal setae are short, stout, simple, six to
eight in each bundle.’ This statement does not apply to any of the
specimens of Podarke aberrans which I examined.
The setae normally occurring in the dorsal division are shown in Pl. V,
fig. 7. There is a slender pointed aciculum, a stout curved smooth seta ending
in a sharp point, and a similar curved seta with the terminal portion fringed
with fine teeth.
This latter seta was quite overlooked by Webster and Benedict. The
dorsal division of this species differs from that of the Irish specimens in the
presence of the curved smooth seta, and in the shape of pectinate seta, which
Clare Island Survey—Archiannelida and Polychaeta. 47 47
has numerous slender teeth, whereas in the Irish specimens there are only
5-6 very long teeth.
The compound setae, which were figured with fine-pointed tips, are really
bifid, resembling those of MZ, Sczelkowii.
Habitat —BiacksoD BAy—Three specimens found under a stone on the
north shore of Feorinyeeo Bay.
Distribution.— Helgoland.
Magalia perarmata Marion and Bobretzky.
1908. Magalia perarmata. McIntosh, p. 136.
This species is common in dredged material, but is rarely found on the
shore. It is very frequently found in Laminaria roots dredged in shallow
water.
Habitat.—Biacksop BAy—Found once on the shore. Dredged twice, in
2-5i fms. CLlew Bay—Dredged on six occasions, in 5-26 fms.
BALLYNAKILL Harsour—Dredged on seven occasions, in
1-8 fms.
Distribution.—Dublin Bay ; south-west coast of England ; north coast of
France ; Madeira; Mediterranean.
Oxydromus propinquus (Marion and Bobretzky).
1875. Gyptis propinqua. Marion and Bobretzky, p. 51.
‘<4 This pretty and active little species was found only in Ballynakill
Harbour. It swims rapidly and gracefully through the water, and comes to
a dead stop, and even swims backwards, if its progress is opposed.
Habitat.— BALLYNAKILL Harsour—Taken twice in the surface tow-net,
and twice on the bottom, in 2-8 fms.
Distribution.—North coast of France; western Mediterranean.
Ophiodromus flexuosus (Delle Chiaje).
Pl. V, fig. 9.
1908. Ophiodromus jflewwosus. McIntosh, p. 117.
This species is comparatively rare in the district.
There is one peculiarity in the structure of the setae of this species which
has either been overlooked by previous observers, or is peculiar to the Ivish
specimens. On the ventral side of the dorsal bundle of capillary setae are a
number of lyrate setae (fig. 9), such as are found in several other species of
the family Hesionidae. One stem of the foot is much stronger and longer
than the other, and terminates in a small rounded knob. The inferior tooth
is slender and finely pointed. ‘The stem below the fork is bordered along one
side with fine teeth for a considerable distance.
47 48 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
This species is closely related to the genus Podarke, differing only in the
greater development of the dorsal lobe of the foot.
Mature specimens were found in January.
Habitat.—Buiacksop Bay—Dredged in 6-8 fms. BALLYNAKILL HARBOUR—
Dredged on 2 occasions, in 2-12 fms.
Distribution —British Isles; Scandinavia; North Sea; France; Spain ;
Mediterranean.
Castalia punctata (O. F. Miller).
1908. Castalia punctata. McIntosh, p. 121.
This species is common on the shore, living under stones, and in Laminaria
roots.
Habitat.—Buacksop Bay—Found on the shore on 4 occasions. Dredged
on 2 occasions in 44-5} fms. Ciew Bay—Dredged on 7
occasions, in 54-19 fms. BALtyNakin, Harsour—Dredged
in 1-5 fms. Dredged 2 miles S.W. of Shark Head, in
30 fms,
Distribution.—British Isles; Scandinavia; Western Baltic; Iceland;
Azores; Gulf of Gascony.
Castalia fusca (Johnston), typ.
1908. Castalia fusea. McIntosh, p. 127. 1862. Castalia aurantiaca.
Sars, p. 90. 1896. Castalia awrantiaca, Michaelsen, p. 61.
This species is very common on the shore, living under stones and in
Laminaria roots. It is also frequently taken in the dredge, in shallow water.
In this species the terminal pieces of the setae are provided with very
long coarse teeth, giving them a characteristic appearance, and the tip is
simply hooked, not bifid.
Mature specimens were found in May.
The Castalia aurantiaca described by Sars (tom. cit.), as recorded by
several Scandinavian observers, seems to be this species. I have examined
specimens thus named by Michaelsen from Kiel (tom. cit.), and they are
typical examples of Castalia fusca. Two well-marked varieties of this species
are described below, which may eventually prove to be distinct species.
Hubitat— BLacxsop BAy—Found on the shore on 17 occasions. Dredged
on 3 occasions, in 1-6 fms. CLEW Bay—Shores of Clare
Island, in Lithothamnion. Dredged on 4 occasions in various
parts of the Bay, in 5-17 fms. BALLyNAkILL HARBOUR—
Dredged on 2 occasions, in 1-8 fms. Found once on the
shore.
Distribution. — British Isles; Scandinavia; Western Baltic; France;
Madeira; Mediterranean,
Clare Island Survey—Archiannelida and Polychaeta. 47 49
Castalia fusca var. hibernica var. nov.
Pl. V, fig. 8.
In a remarkable haul of the dredge in Clew Bay (Station W. 84), in
24 fms., a number of specimens were secured which, whilst agreeing generally
with Castalia fusca, yet show a number of definite differences. Of these the
chief are: (1) the eyes are red, those of C. fusca being black; (2) the very
characteristic coarse teeth on the terminal pieces of the setae of C. fusca are
not found in this form; (8) the setae are shorter and thicker, the terminal
pieces tend to be bifid at the tip, especially in the dorsal part of the foot, and
in the posterior segments. Setae with simple and bifid points are shown in
fig. 8. The bevelled end of the shaft of the seta is bifid. The simple tips
are not formed from the bifid ones by abrasion, as they are sometimes found
with a wing over the simple tip. In all other characters this form seems to
agree very closely with OC. fusca. The habitat of the two forms is very
different, however, and further research may prove that they are quite dis-
tinct species. This form has since been found in Dingle Bay, in 20 fathoms,
associated with a fauna very similar to that found with it in Clew Bay.
The specimens, which were found in May, were mature.
Halitat.—CLEw Bay—-Dredged in 24 fms., on a bottom of sand and shells.
Castalia fusca var.
Another curious variety of this species was found in Ballynakill Harbour.
The setae resemble those of the variety hibernica, but are longer; the tips of
the shafts are pointed, not bifid; the terminal pieces are longer, with fine
teeth ; and the bifid nature of the tips is more obvious, and occurs in a much
greater proportion of the setae than in the previous variety. The character-
istic coarse teeth on the setae of the type form are absent in this variety also.
This variety resembles the Kefersteinia cirrata (Keferstein) of de Saint-
Joseph (1888, p. 324) in the following remarkable features :—In a number of
the segments in the middle of the body, usually the 11th to the 21st, there
occurs in the dorsal division of each foot a large curved aciculum, as figured
and described by de Saint-Joseph. These setae are present in all the speci-
mens which constitute the present variety. They have been noticedonly by
de Saint-Joseph and by Fauvel (1913, p. 57), and their significance is quite
unknown. ‘The specimens were not mature, so their function can hardly be
sexual. The Kefersteimia cirrata of various authors is a synonym of Castalia
fusca; but the form described by de Saint-Joseph seems to belong rather to
the present variety, which, if its features are constant, will require a new
name.
R.I.A. PROC., VOL. XXXI. G 47
47 50 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
I have never yet found specimens having setae with bifid terminal pieces,
and at the same time the coarse serrations characteristic of Castalia fusca.
Habitat.—BALLYNAKILL HarBour—Dredged in 1-3 fms.
Distribution.—Dinard ; Monaco.
Family AMPHINOMIDAE.
Euphrosyne foliosa Aud. and Edw.
1900. Huphrosyne foliosa. McIntosh, p. 234.
This species is rare in the district. ;
Habitat.—Ciew BAy—Dredged on 2 occasions, in 5-16 fms. BALLYNAKILL
Harsour—Dredged on 3 occasions in 2-8 fms.
Distribution.—British Isles; France; Mediterranean.
Family APHRODITIDAE.
Aphrodite aculeata L.
1900. Aphrodite aculeata. McIntosh, p. 247.
This species is usually dredged on sand which contains a slight admixture
of mud. It is almost absent from Clew Bay, where the sand is usually hard
and clean. In the deeper waters of Blacksod Bay it is sufficiently abundant
to give a characteristic aspect to the fauna. The bottom here consists of
muddy sand and shells.
Habitat.—Buacksop BAay—Dredged on 8 occasions in 4-9 fms. CLEW
Bay—Off Inishgowla, in 7-10 fms. East of Clare Island, in
18 fms. BALLYNAKILL HarsouR—Found once on the shore.
Dredged on 3 occasions in 6-12 fms.
Distribution.—North Atlantic shores; Mediterranean; Red Sea.
Lepidonotus squamatus (L.).
1900. Lepidonotus squamatus. Melntosh, p. 274.
‘This species is very common on the shore, under stones and in Laminaria
roots. It is very commonly dredged down to 30 fms., throughout the area.
Habitat.—BuacksopD Bay—Taken on the shore on 21 occasions. Dredged
on 6 occasions in 3-8 fms, CLEW Bay—Kast shore of Clare
Island. Taken in the dredge on 14 occasions in different
parts of the bay, in 4-28 fms. BALLYNAKILL HarBouR—
Found 3 times on the shore. Dredged 3 times in 1-8 fms,
Distribution.Shores of North Atlantic; Arctic; Japan.
Lepidonotus clava (Montagu),
1900. Lepidonotus clava. McIntosh, p, 280.
Clare Island Survey—Archiannelida and Polychaeta. 49% 51
This species is common on the shore, especially in Lithothamnion and
Laminaria roots. It is seldom taken in the dredge.
Habitat.—Biacksop Bay—Taken on the shore on 19 occasions. CLEW
Bay—East and south shores of Clare Island. Dredged in
9-11 fms., east of Clare Island. BALLYNAKILL HarBour—
Dredged in 1-3 fms.
Distribution.—Ireland ; west of Scotland; south coast of England; France ;
Spain; Madeira; Canaries; Mediterranean; Japan; South Africa.
Gattyana cirrosa (Pallas).
1900. Gattyana cirrosa. MeIntosh, p. 285.
This species is almost always found sharing the tube of Chaetopterus. It
is never very common.
Habitat.—BLacKsopD Bay—Found twice on the shore, and dredged in
43 fms. CLrEW Bay—Dredged on 5 occasions in 4-20 fms,
_ Distribution—Shores of North Atlantic; Arctic.
Lagisca floccosa (Savigny).
1900, Lagisca floccosa. McIntosh, p. 298.
Extremely common on the shore, under stones, and in Laminaria roots.
Habitat—Buacxsop Bay—Taken on the shore on 20 occasions. Not taken
in the dredge. CiEW Bay—KEast and south shores of Clare
Island. Dredged on 5 occasions in 4-28 fms. BALLYNAKILL
Harsour—Dredged on 2 occasions in 6-8fms, CLEGGAN
Bay—Dredged in 5-10 fms.
Distribution.—Shores of North Atlantic; Greenland; Madeira.
Lagisca Elizabethae McIntosh.
1900. Lagisea Hlizabethae.. McIntosh, p. 303. 1891. Polynoé (Lagisea)
extenuata. Hornell, p. 233. 1910. Lagisca extenuata. Elwes, p. 59.
This species is very common on the shore and in shallow water,
especially in Laminaria roots. It is easily recognizable from its colouration
and the structure of the scales. There seems not much doubt that the Polynoé
extenuata of Hornell belongs to this species. It agrees with it in the structure
of the setae and of the scales. Lagisca extenuata (Grube) seems to be a deep-
water form in the British area. The Lagisca extenwata of Major Elwes is
certainly this form, as I had the opportunity of examining specimens.
Habitat—B.uacksop Bay—Found on the shore on 10 occasions. Dredged
on 4 occasions in 1-6fms. CLEW Bay—Shores of Clare
Island, in Lithothamnion. Dredged on 8 occasions, in
2-29 fms.
G2
47 52 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
Distribution.—Dublin Bay; St. Andrews; Port Erin; Puffin Island;
Colwyn Bay ; Torquay.
Harmothoe imbricata (L.).
1900. Harmothoe imbricata. McIntosh, p. 314.
This species is probably the most abundant Polychaete in the littoral and
shallow-water regions. It is found everywhere except in sand, and seems to
have greater powers of dispersal and adaptation than any other species.
Mature specimens, with masses of eggs and sperm under the elytra, were
found in March.
Habitat.—Btacksop Bay—Found on the shore on 27 occasions. Dredged
on 11 occasions, in 1-8fms. CLEW Bay—LEast shore of Clare
Island. Dredged on 5 occasions in 2-17 fms. BALLYNAKILL
Harsour—Found 3 times on the shore. Dredged on 5
occasions in 1-8 fms. CLEGGAN Bav— Dredged in 5-10 fms.
Distribution—Shores of North Atlantic; Arctic; Japan; Adriatic.
Harmothoe spinifera (Ehlers).
1900. Harmothoe spinifera. McIntosh, p. 327.
Found under stones and in Laminaria roots.
Hatitat.—Biacksop Bay—Found on the shore on 7 occasions. CLEW
Bay—Dredged on 3 occasions in the bay,iu 9-19fms. In
Kallary Harbour on mud, in 17} fms.
Distribution.—British Isles; France; Spain; Madeira; Azores; Mediter-
ranean.
Harmothoe zetlandica McIntosh.
1900. Harmothoe zetlandica. McIntosh, p. 330.
Ina large specimen, 15 mm. long, the elytra do not cover the whole of the
dorsal surface. They are faintly mottled and very tenacious.
Habitat—CLEw Bay—Dredged on 4 occasions in 11-24 fms.
Distribution.—Shetlands.
Harmothoe lunulata (Delle Chiaje).
1900. Harmothoe lunulata. McIntosh, p. 342. 1912. H./. Cuénot,
p. 102. 1900. ¢% Malmgrenia andreapolis, McIntosh, p. 382.
A number of specimens belonging to this species were found living in sand
in Blacksod Bay. They are very darkly pigmented, with the characteristic
pattern on the elytra. Itis probable that these specimens were commensual
with Synapta inhaerens, which was also common in the same sand. Cuénot
Clare Island Survey—Archiannelidu and Polychaeta. 4% 53
has recently found it in the galleries of Synapta digitata and S. galliennet
(= S. inhaerens) at Arcachon (tom. cit.). He is of the opinion that the
Harmothoe synaptae of de Saint-Joseph (1906, p. 147) is the same species.
Some of the specimens from Blacksod Bay were very large, up to 35mm.
long. The tips of the upper ventral setae are bluntly rounded, probably
by abrasion with the sand. The specimens dredged in Clew Bay have the
ventral setae acutely pointed, are smaller, and with very little pigment.
The colour pattern on the elytra varies considerably, and must not be
regarded as affording a reliable diagnostic character.
There seems to be very little to distinguish the Malmgrenia andreapolis
of McIntosh from this species. The resemblance in the colour pattern and
structure is very striking, and the head and feet are very similar. The
setae resemble those of the Blacksod specimens found in sand, in which the
points have been abraded by friction.
Habitat Buacxsop Bay—Found living in sand on the shore on six
occasions. CLEW Bay—Dredged on two occasions, in 16-19
fms. BALLYNAKILL Harsour—Dredged in 1-2 fms.
Distribution.— British Isles; France; Spain; Mediterranean ; Azores.
Harmothoe setosissima (Savigny).
1900. Harmothoe setosissima. McIntosh, p. 345.
Habitat,—CLEw Bay—Dredged off Mulranny in 13 fms. Bormy HARBOUR
—One large specimen obtained.
Distribution.—British Isles; North Sea; France; Spain; Mediterranean.
Evarne impar (Johnston).
1900. Hvarne impar. McIntosh, p. 353.
This species is fairly common on the shore of Blacksod Bay, and in
shallow water.
Habitat.—BLacksop Bay—Found on the shore on two occasions. Dredged
on six occasions, in 38-6 fms. CLEW Bay—Dredged on
four occasions, in 13-26 fms. BaLLYNAKILL HArBouR—
Dredged on six occasions, in 1-9 fm, CLEGGAN Bay—
Dredged in 6-10 fms.
Distribution.—British Isles; Scandinavia; North Sea; France; Spain;
Azores; east coast of North America.
Scalisetosus communis (Delle Chiaje).
Let, WW, ye, dle
1900. Scalisetosus communis. MeIntosh, p. 372.
4.7 54 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
This species 1s comparatively rare. Mature females were found in
August and November. The dorsum is mottled with dark brown in a
regular and complex pattern, and there are two spots of brown on each
foot. The body has 32 setigerous segments.
The specimen dredged in Cleggan Bay differed from the type in several
respects. The scales had, in addition to the usual small globular papillae, a
number of large egg-shaped papillae scattered over the surface (Pl. V, fig. 11).
At the top of each of these was a smaller papilla, probably sensory in function.
The tips of the dorsal bristles were not bifid, as in the type, but pointed like
a spear.
Habitut.—Buacksop Bay—Two specimens obtained, one on the shore,
the other dredged in 43 fms. Crew Bay— Dredged on two
occasions, east of Clare Island, in 7-16 fms. Dredged in
Killary Harbour in 7 fms., on mud. CLEGGAN BAy—
Dredged in 5-10 fms.
Distribution —British Isles; North Sea; France; Spain; Madeira;
Mediterranean.
Scalisetosus assimilis McIntosh.
1900. Scalisetosus assimilis. McIntosh, p. 377.
This species was frequently found in Clew Bay, coiled round the peristome
of Echinus esculentus, or crawling about the spines, in both of which positions
it is very inconspicuous. It is almost transparent, with two dark bands along
the dorsum, and paler pigment between them. The anterior pair of elytra
have an inner border of red-brown colour. The mid-dorsal line is green in
specimens preserved in formalin. Mature specimens were found in August.
Habitat.—CLew Bay— Obtained on seven occasions, in 5-15 fms.
Distribution.— British Isles; France ; Spain.
Halosydna gelatinosa (M. Sars).
1900. Hulosydna gelatinosa, Melntosh, p. 384.
Habitat.—Buiacksop Bay—Found on the shore on sixteen occasions.
CLeEw Bay—Annagh Islands. Off Clare Island, in 2-4 fms.,
a young specimen with eleven pairs of elytra, in August.
BALLYNAKILL Harsour—Found four times on the shore.
Dredged in 3-5 fms. Borin Harsour—Found once on
the shore.
Distribution—British Isles; Norway; France; Spain; Madeira; west
Morocco.
Polynoe scolopendrina Savigny.
1900. Polynoe scolopendrina. McIntosh, p. 389.
Clare Island Survey—Archiannehda and Polychaeta. 4% 55
This species is usually found in the tubes of various Terebellid worms such
as Thelepus setosus, T. cincinnatus, Polymnia nebulosa, ete.
Habitat.—BLAcKsop BAy—Found on the shore on nine occasions. Dredged
on five occasions in 4-8 fms. CLew BAy—Dredged in Inish-
lyre Harbour in 4 fms.; off Inishgowla in 9 fms., on sandy mud.
Found on the shore at Achill Sound. BALLYNAKILL HARBOUR—
Found on the shore on six occasions. Dredged once in 2 fms:
Borin Harsour—Found once on the shore.
Distribution.—British Isles ; Norway ; France; Mediterranean.
Achloé astericola (Delle Chiaje).
1900. Achloé astericola. McIntosh, p. 397.
This species lives in the ambulacral grooves of the starfish Astrupecten
irregularis, a species very common in Clew Bay on sandy ground. Mature
specimens were found in August.
Habitat.—CLew Bay—Dredged on thirteen occasions in 11-22 fms.
Distribution —Ireland; England; France; Mediterranean.
Sthenelais boa (Johnston).
1900. Sthenelars boa. McIntosh, p. 408.
This species is common in the sand under stones on the shore, in muddy
sand and gravel, and in the sand of Zostera beds. It is also dredged most
frequently on muddy sand.
Habitat.—Buiacksop Bay—Found on the shore on seventeen occasions.
Dredged on two occasions in 3-5 fms. CLew Bay—Dredged
off Inishgowla (twice) in 1-9 fms.; Inishlyre Harbour
(twice) in 4-5 fms.; between Dorinish and Inishimmel.
BALLYNAKILL HarBour—Found twice on the shore. Dredged
in 2fms. Borrmy HarspoUr—Found once on the shore.
Distribution.—Shores of Europe; Madeira; Mediterranean ; South Africa ;
Japan.
Sthenelais zetlandica McIntosh.
Pl. VI, figs. 13a, B.
1900. Sthenelais zetlandica. McIntosh, p. 414.
The anterior end of a specimen of this species, consisting of 50 segments,
was dredged in Clew Bay in 18 fathoms. As McIntosh drew up the descrip-
tion from a fragment from which the head was missing, the present specimen
enables the account of this species to be completed. I was able to examine
the original fragment, and there is no doubt as to the specific identity of the
two specimens.
47 56 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
The head (PI. VI, fig. 134) is oval, and bears two pairs of kidney-shaped
eyes. The median tentacle is jointed at the base, and on each side of it is a
short rounded lobe, the cephalic ctenidium. The palps are long and tapering,
about eight times as long as the median tentacle.
The parapodia of the first segment (fig. 138) project in front of the head.
On the dorsal side, near the base, is a small rounded lobe (a), the dorsal
ctenidium of the first foot. On the inner margin of the base of the first foot
is the lateral tentacle (6), broad at the base, and tapering to a point. The
setigerous lobe also bears long slender dorsal and ventral cirri(¢,d). Between
these, on the outer side of the setae, is a delicate membrane (e), the buccal
ctenidium (“cuilleron céphalique” of Pruvot and Racovitza). The setae are
grouped in two bundles, but there is only a single spine. They are simple,
slender, and serrate. There are no compound setae in the first foot. The
relations of these various structures are shown in fig. 13B, in which the first
foot is seen from the outer side.
Behind the head, on the dorsal side, the two anterior segments are prominent
in the median region, and project laterally as a pair of short blunt papillae.
The second pair of feet project laterally in front of the head. Some of the
ventral setae are very long and slender, and the terminal pieces have 7-9
joints. In the succeeding feet these setae gradually grow shorter, and in the
5th foot have the normal number of two or three joints.
The dorsal simple setae are minutely bifid at the tip, a point which
McIntosh overlooked.
The ventral cirri on the second pair of feet are larger than those on the
following segments, and are nearer to the median line of the body. ‘The
ventral surface of the body is thickly covered with small globular papillae,
except in the median line beneath the nerve-cords.
This species is closely related to the S. minor of Pruvot and Racovitza.
It differs in having papillae on the ventral surface, and short clavate cilia on
the margin of the elytra, those in S. minor being long and tapering. There is
also considerable difference in the size of the body, and the proportions of the
various structures comprising the anterior end.
Habitat.— CLeEw Bay—Dredged in 18 fms.
Distribution.—Off the Shetland Islands; off Port Erin, Isle of Man.
Sthenelais limicola Ehlers.
1900. Sthenelais limicola. McIntosh, p. 417.
This species was not found between tide-marks, nor does it occur in
Blacksod Bay. It is characteristic of a sandy bottom in shallow water.
Clare Island Survey—Archiannelida and Polychaeta. 47% 57
Habitat.—Ciuw Bay—Dredged on eleven occasions in various parts of
the bay, in 4-26 fms.
Distribution.—British Isles; Norway; east North America; France ;
Mediterranean.
Sigalion Mathildae Aud. and Edw.
1900. Sigalion Mathildae. McIntosh, p. 427.
This species is frequent but not abundant in clean sand in Blacksod Bay.
Habitat.—Buiacksop Bay—Found on the shore on 11 occasions. CLEW
Bay—Dredged on three occasions in 5-20 fms.
Distribution.—British Isles; North Sea; France; Mediterranean.
Pholoé minuta (Fabricius).
1900. Pholoé minuta. McIntosh, p. 437.
Very abundant under stones on the shore, in Lithothamnion, and in
Laminaria roots.
Habitat.—Buacksop Bay—Found on the shore on 17 occasions. Dredged
on 6 occasions in 1-8 fms. CLEW Bay—East and south
shores of Clare Island. Taken on 7 occasions in 2-26
fathoms. BALLYNAKILL HarBpour—Dredged on 7 occasions
in 1-8 fms.
Distribution.—North Atlantic shores; Arctic.
Pholoé tuberculata sp. n.
Pl. VI, figs. 14 A-t.
A number of specimens of Pholoé from several localities differ in many
characters from the common P. minuta, and appear to belong to an
undescribed species.
The largest specimen is 21 mm. long, composed of 68 setigerous segments.
The body throughout is of very uniform width, tapering rapidly at each end.
The Blacksod specimens are greyish-brown in colour, whilst one from
Portstewart is flesh-coloured.
The head (Pl. VI, figs. 14 4,8) is rounded at the back and sides, deeply
indented in front. There are two pairs of large black eyes, the pair on each
side being connate. The median tentacle is placed in the anterior indenta-
tion of the head. It is short, smooth, and conical, seated on a broad rounded
base which bears several small papillae. The palps are massive, smooth,
tapering to a point, and contain a great deal of opaque white pigment,
especially towards the distal end. The tentacular cirri are well in front of
R.I,A, PROG., VOL. XXXI. H 47
47 58 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
the head. They are smooth and subulate, without papillae, but with
numerous palpocils. The massive base on which they rest bears a few
cylindrical papillae. On the ventral side of the head, beneath the median
tentacle, is a large facial tubercle (figs. 14 a, B, f, fig. 14 Cc), seated on a
rounded base.
The whole of the ventral surface of the body aud parapodia is covered
with small globular thick-walled papillae, those in the mid-ventral line being
the smallest. The lower lip of the mouth is thickly set with cylindrical
papillae. The anal segment is button-shaped, and carries two long slender
anal cirri.
There are 56 pairs of elytra, placed in the normal manner on segments
2,4,5,7,9,11 ... 23, 24, 25, ete. The elytra cover most of the dorsum,
leaving only a narrow median space in the anterior region. In the Blacksod
specimens there is a large amount of opaque white pigment on the elytra,
especially round the outer margin, but in the Portstewart specimens this
pigment is absent, and the scales are translucent, with well-marked hilum
and indistinct areolation.
The first pair of elytra (fig. 14 D) are rounded, smaller than the rest,
with a few papillae on the upper surface near the edge, and about 32 on
the border. The papillae are short, cylindrical, often with swollen tips.
On the succeeding segments the elytra (fig. 14 &) are larger, irregularly
oval in shape, without papillae on the upper surface, and with about 18-25
papillae on the margin. The papillae are moniliform, with swollen tips, and
with a granular core.
The scales on the posterior segments are of a more transversely elongate
oval shape, with fewer papillae.
The first foot resembles the others except for the fact that the ventral
cirrus is much larger and is fixed nearer to the median line (fig. 148).
It rises from a conspicuously swollen base, which is thickly covered with
papillae except on the inner side.
The 15th foot (fig. 14 F) is distinctly bifid, with a large spine in each
branch. The dorsal lobe forms a flattened hood-like expansion over the
ventral lobe, and is continued laterally along the sides of the ventral lobe
towards the ventral cirrus. In this lateral region it bears a series of 6 long
cylindrical papillae. Fig. 14 shows the dorsal lobe as it appears when
viewed from above. The setae are of two kinds. On each side there is a
bunch of long slender serrate setae (fig. 14 L,b) which emerge on the ventral
side of the dorsal lobe. Along the margin there is a series of short bent
setae (fig. 14 L,a~) which taper abruptly to a fine point, and have a number
of teeth near the bend. These setae emerge on the dorsal side of the dorsal
Clare Island Survey—Archiannelida and Polychuetu. 4% 59
lobe. This arrangement of the dorsal setae differs considerably from that
found in Pholoé minuta. In the latter species the long dorsal setae are not
collected into two lateral bunches, nor definitely distinguished from the
shorter median setae, and there is a gradual transition from the one kind
to the other. Moreover all the setae emerge on the upper side of the
dorsal lobe.
The ventral lobe of the foot is thickly covered with papillae, which are
small and globular on the lateral and ventral regions, long and cylindrical
towards the tip of the foot (fig. 14H). These long papillae form a fringe on
each side of the setae. The ventral cirrus is smooth and slender, with a few
globular papillae on its swollen base. The ventral lobe bears 8 compound
setae. In the 15th segment these setae (fig. 14 K) have thicker stems, shorter
and thicker terminal pieces than in the Ist foot (fig. 141). The upper setae
in each foot are thicker than the lower ones. The end of the shaft is bevelled
and hispid, and has a series of spines on its upper margin. The terminal
piece is curved at the tip, and coarsely serrate along the edge.
The 60th foot is similar in shape, with 7 ventral setae. The lateral fringe
of the dorsal lobe bears only 4 long papillae on each side.
Mature specimens were found in October.
The most remarkable character of this species is the presence of the large
facial tubercle. This structure is usually indistinct or absent in species
belonging to the family Aphroditidae, and is best marked in the sub-family
Hermioninae (family Aphroditidae of McIntosh), and the genus Iphione.
Quatrefages (1865, vol. i, p. 187), however, in his generic diagnosis of the
genus Pholoé, states that a facial tubercle is present, but does not say in
which species it is found, and it appears to be absent in P. minuta and
P. synophthalmica.
Other characters distinguishing this species from P. minuta are
(1) absence of papillae on the tentacular cirri, (2) more numerous papillae
on the feet and ventral surface, (3) papillae on the elytra shorter, and only
in one row, (4) the arrangement of the setae in the dorsal bundles, (5) shape
of the ventral setae, which have stronger teeth, and shorter tips in the
anterior bundles.
From P. synophthalmica this species differs in the presence of the facial
tubercle, the absence of papillae on the tentacular cirri, the shape of the
anterior ventral setae, etc. From P. dorsipapillata Marenzeller, it is
distinguished by the absence of papillae on the dorsum, the structure of the
elytra and setae, ete.
Habitat.—Buacksop Bay—Found on the shore on 4 occasions, CLEW
Bay—Dredged in 9-11 fms., in Laminaria roots.
H 2
47 60 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
Family PALMYRIDAE.
Chrysopetalum debile (Grube).
1855. Palmyra debilis. Grube, p. 90. 1864. Palmyra (Palny-
ropsis) EHvelinae. Claparéde, p. 586. 1864. Chrysopetalum fragile.
Ehlers, p. 81. 1906. Chrysopetalum debile. De St.-Joseph, p. 198.
21897. Chrysopetalum occidentale. Johnson, p. 161.
No member of the family Palmyridae has yet been recorded from the
shores of the British Isles. A single specimen dredged in 24 fms. in Clew
Bay belongs to the species Chrysopetalum debile (Grube), hitherto known
from the north coast of the Mediterranean, the Gulf of Gascony, and
Madeira. A closely allied, if not identical, species is C. occidentale Johnson,
from California.
This specimen was one of the most unexpected of the remarkable group
of species of Polychaeta taken at Station W. 84, ona bottom of sand and
shells.
There is nothing to add to the previous accounts of this animal.
Halitat—CLEW Bay—One specimen dredged in 24 fms., on a bottom of
sand and shells.
Distribution.—Mediterranean; Madeira; ? California.
Family PISIONIDAE.
The genus Pisione, with the single species P. Oerstedii, was created by
Grube in 1857? for the reception of a peculiar Polychaete worm collected by
Kroyer at Valparaiso. He placed it in the family Phyllodocidae, which at
that period included the Hesionidae, and regarded it as a transitional form
between the Phyllodocidae and the Glyceridae.
Levinsen* created a new family, the Pisionidae, for its reception, without
defining it.
In 1901 Ehlers* gave a full description of P.Oerstedi, and a new species
P. contracta, the latter species, however, not being very clearly differentiated
from the former. As regards the affinities of the family, Ehlers expresses
the opinion that Pisione is related to various families of errant Polychaeta,
such as the Aphroditidae, Nephthydidae, Hesionidae, Syllidae, and Glyceridae.
In the course of the Clare Island Survey, a number of specimens were
dredged in several parts of Clew Bay, and also in Dingle Bay, which are
| Annulata Oerstediana. Vid. Meddel. naturh. For. Kjobenhayn, Aar. 187, p. 174.
? Kara-Hayets Ledorme. Kjobenhayn, 1886. Dijmpha-Togtes zoologisk-botaniske Udbytte,
p- 292.
* Die Polychaeten des magellanischen und chilenischen Strandes. Berlin, 1901, p. 60.
Clare Island Survey—Archiannelidu and Polychaeta. 47 61
evidently closely related to Pisione, but show differences of generic value.
The members of the family Pisionidae previously known were confined to
the shores of Chile and Peru.
Praegeria remota gen. et sp. noy.
Pls, VII-VIILI, figs. 15a-x.
No complete mature specimens of this species have been found, and
consequently the dimensions of the fully grown animal cannot be stated.
Moreover, by far the greater number of specimens, and especially the larger
ones, are represented by fragments. A small but complete specimen measured
7 mm., and was composed of 40 setigerous segments. A larger, but incom-
plete specimen had 55 segments. The body is colourless or flesh-coloured,
long and narrow, tapering considerably towards the tail, but very little
towards the head. The segments in the middle of the body are almost as
long as broad, with elongate feet projecting laterally. The body terminates
behind in a button-shaped anal segment, with two long slender anal cirri
1:25 mm. long (fig. 158).
In this species the head is so completely fused with the anterior segments
of the trunk that it has lost its organic individuality. The brain can be seen
as a pair of elongate lobes (fig. 15a) united in front, and stretching into the
fourth setigerous segment. Just behind its middle line are two pairs of black
eyes, the pair on each side being connate, with the lenses pointing in opposite
directions. At the back of the brain are two additional spots of pigment.
All these eyes rest directly on the brain, and cannot be considered as
indicating the position of the head. In front of the brain, and probably
representing the head, is a flattened four-sided lobe, pointing forward. ‘This
is surrounded on its anterior sides by the swollen bases of the buccal para-
podia; but it seems to project a little dorsally. The massive bases of the
buccal parapodia are fused in front of the head; but the union is marked by
dorsal and ventral grooves (figs. 15B, c). Each contains a large spine, which
is swollen in the middle and expanded at the tip, where it is bevelled, and in
some specimens has a few blunt spines. The inner end of each spine is
situated near the base of the first setigerous foot. The massive base is
prolonged dorsally into a slender tapering cirrus, and beneath the base of
this is a small flask-shaped cirrus. These two structures probably represent the
dorsal and ventral cirri of the buccal parapodium. To the ventral surface of
the buccal parapodia are attached the basal portions of a pair of long slender
cirri, which are about three times as long as the dorsal buccal cirri. Their
bases are enclosed by conspicuous sheaths of tissue (figs. 15c, D) through
which they pass towards the ventral surface of the head above the mouth.
47 62 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
Ehlers (tom. cit., p. 62) is of the opinion that these structures correspond to
the buccal cirri of the Polynoidae. It seems to me more probable that they
are appendages of the head, homologous to the palps of the Polynoidae or
Nereidae. These structures are shown in side-view in fig. 15p. ‘lhe mouth
appears on the ventral surface as a transverse slit, guarded behind by a
erenulate lower lip. All the cirri of the body are tipped with palpocils.
The ventral cirrus of the first setigerous foot is slender and elongate as
in Pisione; but the dorsal cirrus of the second foot is normally shaped, whilst
that of Pisione is long and slender.
The fifth foot is shown in fig. 151. The setigerous lobe is elongate, with
two lobes or papillae at the tip. The dorsal and ventral cirri are spherical,
attached by narrow bases, and with terminal papillae carrying palpocils.
There are two spines with curved tips, the upper one representing the reduced
dorsal division of the foot. There are five setae, four of which are compound,
whilst the upper one is simple. The compound setae (fig. 15G,a) have
slightly curved shafts, which are deeply bifid at the tip, and carry a lateral
projection for the articulation of the terminal piece. The latter is short and
simply pointed, with a row of fine teeth. The dorsal simple seta (fig. 15e, 0),
which is present in all the feet, is thicker than the compound setae. It is
expanded and bevelled at the tip, where it has a row of spines. Further
behind, in the 10th, 11th, or 12th foot, a second simple seta appears beneath
the dorsal one, from which it differs in having a smooth tip (fig. 15H). In
the posterior segments the number of setae is reduced to four, and they are
shorter and thicker than those on the anterior feet. The dorsal simple seta
(fig. 15k,~) has lost its spines on the tip, whilst the second simple seta
(fig. 15K, +) has a smooth, tapering tip, with no trace of expansion.
The eversible proboscis (figs. 154, 15F) carries 14 conical papillae. The
two lateral papillae on each side carry in addition a small papilla on their
outer margins. Behind the papillae are the jaws. They are of a deep amber
colour at the tip. Each jaw is crescent-shaped, with irregular projections,
which vary in shape in different individuals.
Behind the jaws in a muscular stomach, which occupies 3-4 segments.
Females with immature ova were found in May.
This species is undoubtedly very closely related to the genus Pisione.
Apart, however, from numerous minor differences, such as size, shape of the
feet and setae, and relative proportions of the anterior appendages, there are
a number of characters which justify the generic separation of this species
from the two forms described by Ehlers. In the first place, the head is
greatly reduced, and is apparently represented only by the four-sided
prominence just behind the anterior dorsal end of the body. The eyes have
Clare Island Survey—Archiannelidu and Polychaeta. 4% 65
lost their connexion with the head, and are directly seated on the brain, in a
very backward position. Secondly, the dorsal cirrus of the second setigerous
segment, which in Pisione is elongate and functions as a tentacular cirrus, in
the Irish species is unmodified. Thirdly, the genital papillae, so prominent in
the posterior segments of Pisione, are absent in the Irish specimens.
The provisional diagnosis of the new genus would be as follows :—
Praegeria! gen. nov.
Pisionidae unth greatly reduced head; ventral cirrus of first setigerous
segment elongate, and functioning as a tentacular cirrus ; dorsal cirrus of second
setigerous segment globular, as on the following segments; genital papillae
absent; anterior parapodia with one, posterior parapodia with two simple setae.
The geographically isolated position of this form is indicated hy the
specific name remota. Ehlers expressed the opinion that the simple setae in
the feet of Pisione might be only compound setae which had accidentally lost
the terminal pieces, but the spinous structure of the bevelled tip in Praegeria
shows that they are true simple setae. This is confirmed by the smooth
tapering tip of the simple seta which appears in the posterior feet, and which
differs widely from the shaft of the compound setae.
As regards the affinities of the Pisionidae, I agree with Ehlers in the
opinion that they approach most nearly to the Aphroditidae. They resemble
the sub-family Sigalioninae in the reduction of the head and its appendages,
the forward position of the buccal segment, the shape of the compound setae,
and the presence of jaws. I am of the opinion that the elongate ventral
anterior cirri of the Pisionidae are homologous to the palps of the Sigalioninae,
that the slender dorsal and globular median cirri, together with the swollen
bases which contain the prominent spines, constitute the parapodia and cirri
of the buccal segment, the whole being homologous to the segment bearing
tentacular cirri in Pholoé, and the first setigerous segment in Sthenelais. The
first setigerous segment in the Pisionidae would then be homologous to the
first setigerous segment in Pholoé and to the second in Sthenelais. In all
three cases the ventral cirrus of this segment is elongate and functions as
a tentacular cirrus, a remarkable resemblance, which is best explained by the
theory of close relationship. In the Pisionidae, the foot has been greatly
reduced, and the former existence of the dorsal division is only witnessed by
the presence of a single spine. The compound setae, however, closely
resemble those of Pholoé. The affinities with the families Nephthydidae,
Hesionidae, and Syllidae, which Ehlers discusses, seem to be far more
problematical and dubious.
' This genus is named after R. Lloyd Praeger, to whom are due the initiation and organization of
the Clare Island Survey.
47 64 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
The geographical range of this species, so widely separated from its allies
on the west coast of South America, will probably be widely extended on the
west European coast. It is a small species, living on a bottom of sand and
shells, or gravel, and would escape capture in the dredge, unless special
precautions were taken. The Clew Bay specimens were taken in a fine-
meshed tow-net attached to the back of the dredge, whilst those found in
Dingle Bay were obtained by carefully washing fine gravel.
It is noteworthy that the Oligochaete Grania maricola Southern, which
was obtained on the same ground as Praegeria remota, has its nearest ally in
South Georgia, an island of South America.
Habitat.—CLEw Bay—Dredged on two occasions, in 24-27 fms., on a
bottom of sand and shells. Also dredged in Dingle Bay,
in 19-20 fms., on a bottom of fine gravel and sand.
Family PHYLLODOCIDAE.
Lacydonia miranda Mar. et Bobr.
1875. Z.m. Marion and Bobretzky, p. 57. 1887. ZL. m. de St.-Joseph,
p. 314.
Twelve specimens of this peculiar Phyllodocid were dredged in Clew Bay,
on a bottom of sand and shells. I have nothing to add to the descriptions
quoted above.
Habitat—Ciew Bay—Dredged in 24 fathoms on a bottom of sand and
shells.
Distribution.—Dinard ; Mediterranean (Marseilles, Saint-Raphael).
Notophyllum foliosum (Sars).
1908. Notophyllum foliosum. McIntosh, p. 46.
Habitat.—CLEw Bay—Dredged on three occasions, in 16-28 fms.
Distribution—British Isles; Scandinavian coasts; Gulf of Gascony ;
Marseilles ; Adriatic.
Eulalia bilineata (Johnston).
1908. Eulalia bilineata. McIntosh, p. 50.
This species is very common in Laminaria roots, and in dredged material.
Mature specimens were found in May and September.
Hoabitat.—Buiacksop BAy—Found on the shore on eleven occasions.
Dredged on six occasions in 1-8 fms. Crew Bay—Dredged
on ten occasions in various parts of the bay, in 4-28 fms.
BALLYNAKILL Harpour—Dredged on five occasions, in
1-8 fms.
Distribution —British Isles; Scandinavia ; Baltic ; Canaries.
Clare Island Survey—Archiunnelida and Polychaeta. 49 65
Eulalia punctifera Grube.
1908. Hulalia nebulosa. McIntosh, p. 53.
This species is very rare in the district, only three specimens having been
found. It was first described under the name Phyllodoce (Hulalia) punetifera
by Grube, in 1860, and the specific name nebulos« was not published till 1867,
by Parfitt, though it had been used in Ms. by Montagu in 1808 (fide McIntosh,
1908, p. 53). Consequently the name given by Grube, which has been used
by all modern writers except McIntosh, has precedence.
Habitat. Buacksop Bay—A single specimen found under a stone on the
shore on the north side of Feorinyeeo Bay. BALLYNAKILL
Harpour—Two specimens found on the shore.
Distribution.— West of Ireland; south-west of England; Dogger Bank:
France; Monaco; Adriatic.
Eulalia viridis (Miller).
1908. Hulalia viridis. MelIntosh, p. 55.
This species is extremely common throughout the district, both in the
littoral and shallow-water regions.
In addition to the type form, the Hwlalia ornata of de Saint-Joseph
(1888, p. 291) and the Hulalia awrea of Gravier (1897, p. 309) were frequently
foundin Blacksod Bay. McIntosh regards these two species as colour varieties
of #. viridis. At any rate the colour pattern is definite and constant, and
entitles these two forms to rank as distinct varieties of #. viridis. Another
variety, with dark-green body and reddish-brown cirri, was also found in
Blacksod Bay.
Habitat—Buiacksop BAy—Found on the shore on 16 occasions. Dredged
in lfm. Crew Bay—Common on the shores of Clare
Island. Dredged on 6 occasions, in 5-17 fms. BALLYNAKILL
Harsour—Dredged in 1-3 fms.
Distribution.— Widely spread on shores of North Atlantic, Arctic, and
Mediterranean ; South Africa; Japan.
Eulalia tripunctata McIntosh.
1908. Eulalia tripunctata. McIntosh, p. 63.
Habitat.—Biacksop Bay—A specimen found in Laminaria roots from
Barranagh. Dredged in Elly Bay in lfm. C1Lew Bay—
Dredged in 9 fms. on a bottom of sandy mud.
Distribution.—St. Andrews; Plymouth; Channel Islands; France
(Dinard).
R-I.A, PROC., VOL. XXXI, ; T 47
47 66 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
Eulalia macroceros Grube.
1908. Lulalia (Pterocirrus) macroceros. McIntosh, p. 60.
Habitat —Ciew Bay—Dredged on 2 occasions, in 5-28 fms., on a stony
bottom.
Distribution.—Plymouth ; Channel Islands; France; Mediterranean ;
Black Sea; ?Ceylon.
Eulalia pusilla Oersted.
1888. Eulalia pusilla. De Saint-Joseph, p. 287.
This minute species has not previously been recorded from the British
Isles, but it appears to be fairly common on the Irish coast, especially in
Laminaria roots.
Habitat—Biacksop Bay—In Laminaria roots on the shore. Dredged
alsoin lfm. BattyNaKxit, Harsour—Dredged in 2-4 fms.
Distribution. —France ; entrance to the Baltic.
Eumida sanguinea (Oersted).
1908. Eumida sanguinea. MelIntosh, p. 66.
This is one of the commonest Polychaetes round the Irish coast. It is
found on the shore under stones, in Lithothamnion, and in Laminaria roots,
and is very frequently dredged in shallow water. Mature specimens were
found in May.
This species varies very much in colour. One well-marked variety has
broad green bands alternating with narrow white ones on the dorsum.
Another common form is brown in colour. A large specimen was dredged in
Westport Bay. green in colour, with 29 papillae on the end of the proboscis.
Hahitat —Biacksop Bay—Found on the shore on 18 occasions. Dredged
on 13 occasions, in 1-8 ims. CLEw Bay—Shores of Annagh
Island. Dredged in all parts of the bay, on 14 occasions, in
4-20fms. BattyNakiLL Harsour—Found on the shore on
2 occasions. Dredged on 6 occasions, in 1-8 fms.
Distribution —British Isles; shores of Europe; Arctic: Mediterranean ;
Black Sea; ? Virginia; Persian Gulf; Japan; New Zealand.
Paranaitis nom. nov.
Syn. Anaitis Malmgren et auct.
This generic name was first used by Duponchel’ in 1844 for a group of
Geometrid moths, and was only used by Malmgren in 1865. Consequently
2 Duponchel. Catalogue méthodique des Lepidoptéres d’Europe. Paris, 1844,
Clare Island Survey—Archiannelida and Polychaeta. 47 67
the name cannot stand for a genus of the Phyllodocidae, and I suggest
Paranaitis instead.
Paranaitis Wahlbergi (Malmgren).
Pl. VILL, fig. 16.
1865. Anaitis Wahlbergi. Malmgren, p. 9+. 1867. A. hosteriensis.
Malmeren, p. 142. 1908. A.k. McIntosh, p. 72. 10, AL W%s
Ditlevsen, p. 12.
A single specimen of this species was dredged in 183 fms., in Clew Bay.
The living animal was pale yellow in colour, with bright red bands across
the back and on the cirri, especially marked in the region of the 6th-8th
segments. Thus the colour pattern is very similar to that found in Paranaitis
rosea and P. Jeffreysit. The preserved animals lose the red pigment, and are
pale yellow in colour.
As no accurate figures of the setae of this species have yet been published,
I have drawn carefully the end of the shaft of the seta (fig. 16) to show its
peculiar character. The tip is bevelled, and the main fang is deeply bifid.
Sometimes the teeth are equal in size, sometimes one is slightly longer than
the other. Below the main tooth, the tip of the shaft has a number of
conspicuous spines.
The anal cirri are small and globose, as Malmeren figures them. ‘The
tentacular cirri have filiform tips. The first segment is prominent, and
projects slightly over the head. ‘he latter has two large eyes, with lenses,
Halitat.—Citew Bay—Dredged in 183 fms.
Distribution.—Donegal Bay; Sweden; Iceland; Spitzbergen; Nova
Zembla; Kara Sea; Skagerrak ; Kattegat.
Paranaitis Jeffreysii (McIntosh).
1908. Anaitis Jeffreysii. McIntosh, p. 73.
This species has previously been found only in Valencia Harbour, and
was apparently described from a single preserved specimen. Ihave examined
a number of living specimens, and am able to supplement the description
given by McIntosh.
The head is white, and the back is coloured with alternating bands of
white and greenish-brown. ‘The first and second setigerous segments are
almost covered with broad dark bands of the same greenish-brown colour,
which is also present on the dorsal cirri. Thus all three Ivish species of this
genus agree in having pigment specially concentrated on some of the anterior
segments.
In preserved specimens the greenish-brown pigment is still visible,
12
47 68 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
forming bands on each side of the intersegmental grooves. - It is specially
pronounced in the middle and sides of the segments, so as to present the
appearance of three longitudinal bands. The setae are more swollen at the
tip of the shaft than McIntosh shows in his figure.
The specimens are about 15 mm. long, composed of 70 segments, but are
apparently not fully grown.
Habitat.—Buacksop Bay—Dredged in 2-3 fms. Ciew BAy—Dredged on
two occasions, in 5-22 fms. BALLyNAKILL HarBpour—
Dredged. Depth not known. Borrs Harsour—Dredged
in 1-3 fms.
Distribution. —Valencia Harbour.
Phyllodoce lamelligera (Gmelin).
1908. Phyllodoce lamelligera. McIntosh, p. 76.
This species is common under stones on the shore. It is rarely taken in
the dredge.
FHabitat.—Biacksop Bay—Found on the shore on nineteen occasions.
CLew Bay—Shores of Clare Island and Annagh Island.
Dredged in Inishlyre Harbour in 4fms.,on mud. Batiyna-
KILL Harsour—Commoon on the shore.
Distribution.—British Isles ; France; Mediterranean; Japan.
Phyllodoce Paretti (Blainville).
1908. Phyllodoce Paretti. McIntosh, p. 82.
This is one of the most beautiful animals on our west coast. It is found
usually under stones.
Habitat.—Biacksop Bay—Taken on the shore on twenty occasions.
CLew Bay—Dredged in 53-11 fms., near Mulranny.
Distribution—South of England; Channel Islands; France; Mediter-
ranean.
Phyllodoce groenlandica Oersted.
1908. Phyllodoce groenlandica. McIntosh, p. 86.
This species was found either in sand or in mud. It varies considerably,
and is often difficult to distinguish from P. maculata and P. lamelligera,
especially the form of the latter, which has the basal part of the proboscis
provided with 12 regular rows of papillae.
Habitat.—Buacksop BAy—Single specimen in sand between tide-marks
in Elly Bay. Crew Bay—Dredged on 5 occasions, in 10-19
fathoms.
Clare Island Survey—Archiannelida and Polychaeta. 47 69
Distribution.—British Isles; France; North Sea; Scandinavia; Arctic
Seas; eastern shores of North America; Japan.
Phyllodoce maculata (L.).
1908. Phyllodoce maculata. McIntosh, p. 89.
This species is common under stones on the shore, in Laminaria roots,
and occasionally in sand. Mature specimens were found in March.
Habitat.—Biacksop Bay—Found_on the shore on 18 occasions. Dredged
on 10 occasions, in 1-8 fms. Crew Bay — Dredged in
Inishlyre Harbour, Killary Harbour, and various parts of
the bay on 6 occasions, in 4-20 fms. BALLyNAKILL Har-
BouR—Found once on the shore. Dredged on 5 occasions, in
1-8 fms. Borrmy Harsour—Dredged in 1-4 fms.
Distribution.—British Isles; France; North Sea; Faroé; Iceland; Arctic
seas.
Phyllodoce rubiginosa de Saint-Joseph.
1888. Phyllodoce rubiginosa. De St.-Joseph, p. 282. 1908. P.%.
McIntosh, p. 92. 1908. Genetyllis hibernica. McIntosh, p. 97.
This species is fairly common on the shore at Blacksod Bay, living under
stones and in Laminaria roots. It is also frequently dredged on the west
coast of Ireland down to about 30 fathoms, as in Clew Bay. I have found
a number of specimens in Blacksod Bay which agree exactly with the
description given by McIntosh for Genetyllis hibernica. The single specimen
from which this species was first described was found on the coast of Galway
Bay in 1868, and it has not since been recorded. The living specimens are
deep yellow in colour, the cirri being especially dark. In preserved speci-
mens the whole body changes to a cinnamon colour, the colour of the cirri,
as before, being specially pronounced. This agrees exactly with the descrip-
tion of McIntosh. On comparing the figures of the feet and setae which he
gives for P. rubiginosa and G. hibernica, it is impossible to see the slightest
specific difference, the resemblance between the shape and position of the
ventral cirri being very striking. A close comparison of the arrangement of
the tentacular cirri of typical members of each form shows that they agree
exactly. The head is small, with very large eyes, and the tentacles and
tentacular cirri are short, thick, and subulate. The buccal segment, which
is very indistinct and almost completely fused with the following segment,
has a single cirrus on each side. The second segment has on each side two
cirri and a small setigerous lobe with setae. The third segment has on each
side a dorsal tentacular cirrus, a setigerous lobe with setae, and a normal
47 70 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
ventral cirrus. This is the typical arrangement for the sub-genus Carobia of
the genus Phyllodoce, as defined by de Saint-Joseph (1888, p. 273), and
differs from the genus Genetyllis as understood by McIntosh, which has two
pairs of cirri on the buccal segment, and two pairs with setae on the second
segment. Moreover, McIntosh says that his specimen of G. hibernica has a
bluish tint on the dorsum, and has both surfaces iridescent, which agrees
exactly with some specimens of P. rubiginosa which have been kept for some
time in spirit. There is considerable variation in colour, even in the deeply
pigmented specimens of P. rubiginosa, and the colour changes greatly when
they are preserved.
Hahitat.—BLAcKsop Bay—Found on the shore on 9 occasions. Dredged
on two occasions, in 1-8 fms. CLEWw Bay—Dredged on 5
occasions, in 9-27 fms. BALLyNAKILL HarsouR—Dredged
on two occasions, in +-8 fms.
Distribution.—British Isles (coast of Galway, Plymouth); France.
Phyllodoce Lizziae (McIntosh).
1908. AMystides Inzziae. McIntosh, p. 110.
The genus Mystides is characterized by the presence of three pairs of
tentacular cirri. In his description of this species McIntosh says :—“ Three
tentacular cirri occur on each side (on the first, second, and third segments).
The figure of the head, however (pl. Ilvii, fig. 11), shows four pairs of
tentacular cirri. A specimen from Berehaven, now in the Ivish National
Museum, was referred by McIntosh to this species, and quite distinctly it shows
four pairs of cirri, The individual from Ballynakill Harbour agrees exactly
with the one from Berehaven, and with McIntosh’s figures, and has four pairs
”
of cirri. J can only conclude that McIntosh made an error in observation,
which was corrected by his artist. The species seems to be a typical repre-
sentative of the genus Phyllodoce, agreeing with the sub-genus Carobia in
the distribution of its tentacular cirri, of which one pair is on the first seg-
ment, two pairs with a spine and several setae on the second segment, and
one pair with a small setigerous lobe and normal ventral cirrus on the third
segment. The buccal segment forms a prominent collar round the posterior
margin of the head, interrupted in the median dorsal region by the posterior
portion of the head, which in this region bears a small median tentacle.
The Berehaven specimen is 62 mm. long, with 135 segments; the one from
Ballynakill is 24 mm. long, with 85 segments. Both specimens have
regenerated tails, and the smaller one has a pair of slender cylindrical
anal cirri. The dorsum and feet are marked with purple pigment, and
there is a patch of the same pigment at the base of each foot on the
Clare Island Survey—Archiannelidu and Polychaeta. 47% 71
ventral side. ‘The feet and setae agree closely with McIntosh’s description
and figures, except that the second tooth on the tip of the shaft of the setae
is somewhat larger.
Habitat. BALLYNAKILL Harpour—Dredged in 6-8 fathoms.
Distribution. —Berehaven; St. Andrews; off Cape Sagres.
Mystides (Protomystides) bidentata Langerhans.
Pl. VIII, figs. 17 a, B.
1879 a. Jf. b. Langerhans, p. 310. 1888. JZ. b. de St.-Joseph, p. 308.
A large number of specimens of this species were obtained in a haul of the
dredge in 24 fathoms in Clew Bay. They are greenish-yellow in colour, and
vary in length from 5-25 mm. On the ventral surface there is a dark-brown
pigment spot at the base of each foot.
The head in preserved specimens is not so long and slender as de St.-
Joseph figures it. The tentacular cirri agree in arrangement with the figures
of Langerhans and de St.-Joseph, but in a few of the specimens they are
much longer. They have their greatest thickness at the base, and taper to
a point. The segments are well marked. The feet are provided with ovate
cirri, and the setigerous region is bifid, with about 8-10 setae. The ventral
setae are considerably thicker than the median setae, and the terminal blades
are much shorter (Pl. VIII, fig. 17 8). The dorsal setae are intermediate in
these respects. The setae are slightly curved and the dilated and bevelled tip of
the shaft bears two unequal claws, between which the terminal blade is fixed.
In addition to the two large claws, the tip of the shaft bears a number of
small spines. The terminal blade, of very variable length, tapers to a fine
point, and is minutely serrate. The anal segment bears two slender cirri,
swollen at the base, and tapering to a point. Between them is a long slender
papilla.
A mature male, provided with swimming setae, was dredged in 16
fathoms near Bofin Harbour in June, 1899. It was 23 mm. long, and had
190 segments. The body was filled with sperm, giving it a creamy brown
colour. The swimming setae are present on segments 40-157. Fig. 174
represents a foot from the middle of the body. De St.-Joseph dredged a
mature female at Dinard (1906, p. 227, foot-note) filled with green eggs, and
with slender swimming setae, beginning on the 66th segment.
The generic distinctions in the family Phyllodocidae seem to me to be
somewhat arbitrary. In the present species, the ventral cirri of the second
segment are much above the normal size, and should be considered as
tentacular cirri. The latter structures will then have the arrangement
characteristic of the genus Phyllodoce, sub-genus Carobia,
47 72 Proceedings of the Royal Trish Academy.
Habitut—Mature male dredged in 15-16 fathoms near Bofin Harbour
in June. Dredged in large numbers in Clew Bay, in 24
fathoms on a bottom of sand and shells.
Distribution.— Dinard; Madeira; Mediterranean (Saint-Raphael).
Mystides (Mesomystides) limbata de Saint-Joseph.
Pl. VIII, fig. 18 4, B.
1888. Mystides (Mesomystides) limbata. De St.-Joseph, p. 310.
This species was dredged in Inishlyre Harbour and in Clew Bay. It is
at once distinguished by the fan-shaped array of spines at the end of the
shaft of the seta (fig. 188). Another distinguishing character is the winged
expansion of the ventral tentacular cirrus on the second segment, though
this character is much more obvious in living than in preserved specimens.
The typical foot (fig. 18 4) has oval dorsal and ventral cirri and a bitid
setigerous lobe with 6-9 setae. The latter are curved, and the tip of the
shaft bears a single strong tooth with a fan-shaped series of spines on each
side. The terminal blade is coarsely serrate and obliquely striated. The
anal segment bears a pair of fusiform cirri. The proboscis has nine papillae
at the tip, and is covered with large conical papillae.
De Saint-Joseph states that both mature males and females are provided
with capillary swimming bristles, and this adaptation seems to be character-
istic of all members of this genus. I have found a mature female with
capillary setae in Galway Bay. Its proboscis was extended, and terminated
in a ring of about 10 papillae. Jt had 44 segments, and capillary setae from
the 14th to the 30th segment. De Saint-Joseph’s specimens had 93 segments
and capillary setae from the 35th to the 85th segment.
Habitat.—Ciew Bay—Dredged in 24 fathoms, on a bottom of sand and
shells. Also in Inishlyre Harbour, in 2-4 fms., on a bottom
of Lithothamnion.
Distribution.—Fyance (Dinard, Brest).
Mystides (Mesomystides) borealis Théel.
Pl. VIII, figs. 19 a-p.
1879. Mystides borealis. Théel, p. 35, Pl. II, figs. 29-32. 18794. Mystides
caecw. Langerhans, p. 310, Taf. XVI, fig. 42. 1887. Mystides viridis.
Webster & Benedict, p. 712, figs. 10-12. 1913. I. c. Fauvel, p. 53.
A single specimen of this species was found, together with a large number
of other remarkable Polychaetes, in Clew Bay, in 24 fathoms (Station W. 84).
I have since found two others on similar ground outside Dingle Bay, in 78
Clare Island Survey—Archiannelida and Polychaeta. 47 73
fathoms, and these specimens are partly utilized in drawing up the following
description. The colour is greenish-yellow in the preserved specimens, and
is especially concentrated in the cirri. The largest specimen has 38 segments
and is 54 mm. long. The smallest is 2 mm. long and also has 38 segments.
The head is rounded in front, broader behind, and bears four long slender
tentacles (Pl. VIII, figs. 19 4, B). No trace of eyes could be seen in any of
the specimens. The mouth is a wide transverse opening on the middle of
the ventral side of the head. Between the head and first segment on each
side there is a deep ciliated groove, containing the nuchal organs. The first
segment bears a single pair of tentacular cirri. On the second segment there
are two pairs of cirri, the dorsal pair being somewhat the larger. All the
tentacular cirri are seated on short pedicels, have swollen bases, and long
filiform tips. The second segment has a well-developed setigerous lobe on
each side. The third segment is normal, but has no dorsal cirri. The dorsal and
ventral cirri of the following segments are round or broadly oval. The anal
segment bears two large oval cirri, between which is a short papilla (fig. 19 c).
The shaft of the setae (fig. 19 D) terminates in a slightly swollen bevelled
head and two long equal claws, of which only one is seen in side view.
These claws are covered with spines, and between them rises the terminal
blade. The latter is long and slender, minutely serrate, and with oblique
striations.
This description agrees closely with that of Théel, whose specimen was
104 mm. long, with 48 segments. It differs only in the absence of the two
large black eyes which Théel found. In the same year that Théel described
this species, Langerhans published a description of a Polychaete from
Madeira which he called Mystides caeca. It differed from the northern form
in having no eyes, thus agreeing with the Irish specimens, but this can
hardly be considered a valid specific character, as the eyes often disappear
in preserved specimens. In other respects the two forms are so much
alike that I have no hesitation in regarding them as the same species.
The Mystides viridis of Webster & Benedict (1887, p. 712) appears to be
this species. The authors state that they had not seen Théel’s paper.
The shape of the head, tentacles, tentacular cirri, feet, setae, and anal
cirri all agree with Théel’s species. Eyes were present on the head. The
authors do not state whether setae are present on the second segment,
and the figures give no information on this point.
Habitat—Ciew Bav—Dredged in 24 fathoms, on a bottom of sand and
shells.
Distribution.—Nova Zembla; Madeira; Monaco; Eastport, Maine.
R.I.A. PROC,, VOL. XXXI. K aT
47 74 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
Mystides (Mesomystides) elongata sp. n.
PIV, fic. 12:
A number of badly preserved specimens were dredged in Clew Bay in
24 fms., accompanied by the remarkable fauna already noted. The same
species was afterwards obtained in better condition in 20 fms. in Dingle Bay.
The specimens are sometimes yellowish green when preserved, sometimes very
dark green. The body is very slender and elongated, the segments being 1-2
times as long as broad, the posterior ones being more elongate than those in the
anterior region. The anal region is missing in all the specimens. The largest
fragment is 6 mm. long, composed of 80 segments, but the entire animal is
probably considerably longer. In the 5th segment the width of the body is
"11 mm., or including the setigerous lobes -25mm. The width gradually
increases to the middle of the body. The head (fig. 124) is twice as long as
broad, with rounded anterior margin. In the posterior lateral angles are two
eyes composed of transversely elongated patches of brown pigment, without
lenses. Rising from the anterior border of the head are 4 long, slender
tentacles, the dorsal pair being slightly longer than the ventral pair. The first
segment bears a single pair of long slender tapering cirri. The second segment
bears two pairs of cirri, a dorsal pair slightly longer than those on the first
segment, and a short ventral pair, similar to the ventral cirri of the succeeding
segments. No trace of setae or spines could be found on the second segment.
The third segment bears on each side a normal setigerous lobe with setae and
a ventral cirrus, but the dorsal cirrus is missing in all specimens. The
setigerous lobe and ventral cirrus in each segment gradually increase in size
up to the fifth segment, where they attain the normal size and shape.
The normal foot (fig. 128) has a long bluntly pointed setigerous lobe
provided with a single spine and four setae. The dorsal cirri are small and
fusiform. The ventral cirri are longer than the dorsal cirri, slightly swollen
in the proximal half, and attached near the middle of the setigerous lobe.
Towards the posterior end the ventral cirrus increases in length, and its point
of attachment moves towards the tip of the setigerous lobe (fig. 12c).
The setae of this species are very characteristic. There are four in each
foot, of two different types. Three of them have compound tips (fig. 128, 4, c).
The shaft is thick, curved, and bevelled, but not swollen at the tip, which is
bifid. The terminal piece is short, wide at the base, tapering to a fine point,
and with very coarse striations, which give it an appearance markedly different
from any other British species. The second seta from above differs from the
other three (fig. 128, a). The shaft is decidedly thinner, and terminates in a
flattened coarsely striated expansion, which is prolonged on one side to a fine
Clare Island Survey—Archiannelida and Polychaeta. 47 75
point. The flattened tip obviously represents the terminal piece which has
fused with the shaft. The fusion is not so complete in the anterior segments
as it is in the posterior.
The muscular stomach occupies segments 11-13.
One of the specimens from Clew Bay, obtained in May, was a mature
female, with bluish-green eggs in the body-cavity. The eggs commence in
the 29th segment. No capillary setae were present, so that the specimen
was probably not quite mature.
This species is characterized by the elongate body, the structure of the
feet, and the unusual shape of the setae. It agrees with the sub-genus
Mesomystides of Czerniavsky in having three pairs of tentacular cirri, one
pair on the first segment, and two pairs on the second segment. It differs
from other species of this sub-genus, however, in the complete absence of
setae and spines from the second segment. This character, together with the
peculiar structure of the setae, may eventually necessitate the creation of a
new sub-genus; but till other species are known, it may well remain in the
sub-genus Mesomystides.
Habitat—CLew Bay—Dredged in 24 fms., on a bottom of sand and
shells.
Also found in Dingle Bay, in 20 fms., on a bottom of fine gravel.
Mysta barbata Malmgren.
1908. Mysta barbata. McIntosh, p. 108.
A single specimen was dredged in Blacksod Bay. In the structure of its
tentacular cirri it exhibited several peculiarities. On the right side there
were three cirri instead of two. On the left side the ventral cirrus had a
small swelling in the middle, from which projected a normal seta. The
ventral cirrus on the right side had a similar swelling, but no seta.
Halbitat.—BuacksoD Bay—Dredged in 3 fathoms.
Distribution.—Scotland ; Arctic seas ; Norway ; Behring’s Straits.
Eteone picta Quatretages.
1908. Hteone picta. McIntosh, p. 100.
Rarely found in weeds on the shore. Common in dredged material.
Halitat —BLacksopD Bay—Found on shore on two occasions. Dredged
on two occasions in 1-8 fms. CLEWw Bay—Dredged in
Inishlyre Harbour, in 5 fms.; near Dorinish ; in 10-12 fms.,
off Old Head. BaAtLyNakILL Harspour—Dredged on four
occasions, in 2-4 fms. Boris Harpour—Dredged in 1-4
fms.
K 2
47 76 Proceedings of the Koyal Irish Academy.
Distribution—British Isles: North Sea: western Baltic; France;
Mediterranean ; Black Sea.
Eteone foliosa Quatrefages.
1865. Hteone folioso. Quatrefages, p. 146. 1865. Hteone pusilla +
EL. spetzbergensis. Malmgren, p. 102. 1875. #. caeca. Ehlers, p. 42.
1888. £. foliosa. De St.-Joseph, p. 306. 1895. #. foliosa. De St.-Joseph,
p. 226. 1896. #. Malmgreni. Michaelsen, p. 37. 1908. L. spetzber-
gensis + E. pusilla. McIntosh, pp. 104, 106.
To this species I refer a number of large specimens usually found in sand.
From Hteone arctica it is easily distinguished by its large size, absence of setae
on the second segment, and long fusiform anal cirri. Owing to the confusion
of species in this genus, it is advisable to give a description of the Irish
specimens.
The largest specimens are 130 mm. in length, consisting of 360 segments.
For £. foliosa, de St. Joseph states that his largest specimen was 200 mm.
long, with 353 segments. The body is cream-coloured in life, and the
segments are so crowded together that the setigerous lobes and cirri are
in close contact. The length of the head is about equal to its width at
the posterior margin, which is much wider than the front end. A pair of
eyes is always present; but in preserved specimens they are apt to be
concealed by the opaque overlying tissues. The tentacles are short and
subulate, the ventral pair being placed behind the dorsal. The dorsal
tentacular cirri are shorter than the ventral pair. The second segment has
no setae or setigerous lobe, and bears only a flattened ventral cirrus on each
side, as described by de St.-Joseph for #. foliosa. The setigerous lobe in the
normal foot is bifid, the ends being rounded. In the anterior segments the
dorsal and ventral cirri are in close contact with the setigerous lobe; but
in the posterior segments the dorsal cirrus is carried on an elongated broad
pedestal, and does not touch the setigerous lobe. The longer diameter of the
dorsal and ventral cirri is horizontal, and the distal ends are rounded, but
occasionally they taper to a rounded tip. In the typical setae the
shaft is slightly dilated at the tip, and terminates in two unequal teeth.
The end of the shaft is deeply bifid, and the sides and bases of the two
claws are covered with spines. The smaller tooth shows varying degrees of
development and is very short in the anterior feet. ‘The various shapes
represented by MelIntosh (1910, Pl. Ixxviii, figs. 16, 16a, 164, 17) for
EL. spetzbergensis and £. pusilla may all be seen in a single foot.
The anal segment bears two long conical cirri, swollen at the base, and
tapering gradually to a point.
Clare Island Survey—Archiannelida and Polychacta. 47 77
This species is clearly identical with the Eteone joliosa Quat., described
by de St.-Joseph (tom. cit.). [I have examined specimens in the Paris
Museum, named by him, and there is no doubt of the identity. Iam unable
to distinguish between the #. pusilla and L. spetsbergensis as described and
figured by Malmgren and McIntosh. Both species agree in the shape of
the feet, anal cirri, and setae. The #. caeca of Ehlers appears to be a young
specimen of this species, with which it agrees in the shape of the head, absence
of setae on the second segment, and the condition of the feet and setae. No
information is given as to the anal cirri; and the absence of eyes in the
preserved specimen has no significance. #. caeca was obtained near Galway,
not far from the district where the present specimens were found.
The correct name for this species seems to be doubtful. Michaelsen
(1896, p. 37) has pointed out that the #. pusilla of Malmgren differs in
several points from the #. pusilla of Oersted, and gave the name 2. Mal/m-
grent to Malmgren’s species. The name £. foliosa given by Quatrefages in
1865 has, however, clearly a better claim; and as it has been adequately
described by de St.-Joseph, I haveadopted it here. The only other alternative
is the #. spetzberyensis of Malmgren, published in 1865, the same year as
Quatrefages published his description of #. folzosa ; and the identity of the
two species being still doubtful, #. foliose seems to have the stronger
claim. .
A specimen in the Irish National Museum, from Norway, labelled
Hteone fucata Sars, is identical with #. foliosa. The species of Sars, however,
judging from his description and figures (1873, p. 26, Pl. xv, figs. 1-6), is
quite distinct, being closely related to, if not identical with, Hteone picta
Quat.
Doubtless a number of other species of Eteone are synonymous with
E. foliosa ; and a revision of the species found in the North Atlantic, based on
the large amount of material now accumulated, is desirable. Too much
attention has been paid to small variations in the shape of the head, feet,
and setae, and too little attention given to really valuable characters, such
as the condition of the second segment, and the shape of the anal cirri.
Only in the case of #. foliosa and E. caeca is any information given as to the
presence or absence of setae on the second segment. The various figures
given by Malmgren, Théel, McIntosh, and other observers, of what is supposed
to be the same species, afford no evidence for thinking that their identifi-
cations are reliable or final.
Two small specimens dredged in 54-11 fms. in Clew Bay, and one
specimen dredged in 7-8 fms. in Blacksod Bay, seemed at first to belong
to a new species, but further consideration has led me to believe that they
47 78 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
may represent young specimens of the present species. The Clew Bay
specimens resemble £. arctica in appearance; but they differ from that species
in having no setae but only a spine on the second segment, in having slender
elongate conical anal cirri, and broader and more foliate dorsal and ventral
cirri. The head is longer and more attenuated in front than in the typical
form, and the segments are more distinct. The ventral cirrus in the anterior
segments is relatively much larger and is attached nearer to the tip of the
setigerous lobe. The claw on the end of the shaft of the seta is more
prominent.
The Blacksod specimen, which seems somewhat older, tends more towards
the type, though the second segment is provided with a spine on each side.
The head is wider, the segments closer together, and the dorsal and ventral
cirri more foliate.
The presence of the spines in the secoud segment is the chief character
distinguishing these three specimens from £. foliosa. It is possible that this
is a juvenile character, and that the spine falls out as the worms grow older.
Habitat —Biacksop Bay—Found on the shore on five occasions. Dredged
on two occasions in 3-8 ims. CieEw Bay—Dredged on
four occasions, in 5-26 fms. Dredged in Killary Harbour,
in 6-7 ims., on mud.
Distribution —British Isles; France; Scandinavia; Arctic; eastern
North America.
Eteone arctica Malmgren.
1908. Hteone arctica. McIntosh, p. 102.
The specimens referred to this species have the following characters.
The body is 20-23 mm. in length, composed of about 112 segments. The
latter are longer and narrower in proportion than those of £. pusilla, and
the feet on each side are widely separated from each other. The head tapers
in front, and bears two black eyes on its posterior margin. The tentacular
cirri are short, the ventral being longer than the dorsal.
The second segment bears a well-developed setigerous lobe, with setae,
and a ventral cirrus. The anal segment has two short spatulate cirri,
usually of a dark brown colour. The dorsal and ventral cirri are small and
ovate, and the dorsal cirrus is not in contact with the setigerous lobe. The
principal tooth on the tip of the shaft of the seta is not much larger than the
secondary tooth, and the base of each is markedly spinous. Preserved
specimens have a variable amount of brown pigment. There seems to be
no valid distinction, in the figures given by Malmgren, between this species
and £. Lilljeborgi, E. islandica, E. Leuekarti, E. Sarsi, and £. lentigera, and
a further examination of these reputed species is necessary.
Clare Island Survey—Archiannelida and Polychaeta. 47 79
Habitat.—BLacksop Bay—A single specimen, dredged in 3 fms.
Distribution.—Great Britain (Southport and St. Andrews); Greenland ;
Spitzbergen ; Siberia; Behring’s Strait.
Eteone depressa Malmgren.
1865. Hteone depressa. Malmgren, p. 103. 1912. #.d. MelIntosh,
p. 119.
A single specimen, found in sand in Blacksod Bay, agrees almost exactly
with the species recently described by McIntosh as Hteone depressa Malmgren.
It is much smaller, however, being only 20 mm. long, with 130 segments,
whereas McIntosh’s specimen was 80 mm. long. Such slight differences as
occur are probably due to difference in age and size. The colouring agrees
exactly with McIntosh’s description. The head is more sharply marked off
from the buccal segment. The dorsal tentacular cirri are shorter than the
ventral pair. This species agrees with #. arctica in having a well-developed
setigerous lobe and setae on the second segment, in the shape of the short
spatulate anal cirri, and the form of the setae. The structure of the foot is
somewhat different, the dorsal cirrus being broader and more pointed at the
tip. These differences are very slight, and I am doubtful whether this form
deserves specific rank. The use of this specific title by Malmgren, Théel,
McIntosh, Fauvel, and others seems very arbitrary.
A specimen agreeing with the above description was found in sand in
Dublin Bay.
Habitat.—B.LAcKsop BAy—A single specimen in sand.
Distribution. — England (Scarborough); Spitzbergen; Greenland; Nova
Zembla; Murman Sea.
Family TOMOPTERIDAE.
Tomopteris helgolandica Greeff.
1911. Tomopteris helgolandica. Southern, p. 8.
A tull account is given in the above paper of the distribution of this
species in Irish waters. It was not found in Blacksod Bay. In Clew Bay
it was found on 4 occasions. Within a radius of 15 miles of Inishbofin,
including Ballynakill Harbour, it was found on 53 occasions.
This species is widely spread in the Atlantic and Mediterranean, and
probably occurs in the Pacific.
Family NEREIDAE.
Two species of this family known to occur in Irish waters were not found
in the Clare Island area, viz., V. zonata Malmgren, a northern species found
47 80 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
in the Irish Sea, and NV. Schmardaei Quat., a southern species found in
Galway Bay.
Nereis pelagica L.
1910. Nerets pelagica. McIntosh, p. 267.
This species is very abundant throughout the area, ranging from tide-
marks down to 25 fathoms. Heteronereis stages were found in February and
March. An unmodified female, with the body-cavity full of eggs, was found
in Blacksod Bay in March. Young specimens were found in September.
A number of Heteronereids of this species was obtained from the stomach of
the Spur Dogfish (Acanthias vulgaris) taken off High Island, in February,
1902.
NV. pelagica is commonly found under stones, in weeds and Laminaria
roots, and in the sand of Zostera beds.
Habitat.— Buacksop BAy—Taken on the shore on 24 occasions. Dredged
in 1 fm. CiLew Bay—Common on east and south shores of
Clare Island, under stones, in Lithothamnion, etc. Dredged
on 11 occasions in the bay, in 5-20 fms. Dredged between
Dorinish and Inishimmel. Dredged in 44 fms., 3 miles
south-west of High Island. Dredged in 42 fms., 14 mile
north of High Island. BatLyNAKILL Harsour—Dredged in
6-9 fms.
Distribution—Shores of Atlantic, Mediterranean, Arctic, and Pacific
oceans.
Nereis cultrifera Grube.
1910. Nereis cultrifera. McIntosh, p. 280.
This species is commonly found between tide-marks in ali parts of the
area. It is very seldom taken in the dredge, and I have never found it
below 3 fms.
No Heteronereis stages of this species were found, and it is apparently
very rare. ‘he only one McIntosh mentions in his Monograph (1910, p. 288)
was an Irish specimen. An unmodified female, full of eggs, was found in
Blacksod Bay in March.
This species is usually found in the sand under stones, and especially in
the sand of Zostera beds.
Habitat.—Biacksop Bay—'l'aken on the shore on twenty-one occasions.
Dredged in 4-3} fms. CLEW Bay—East shore of Clare
Island. Battynakitt Harsour—Dredged in 1 4 fms., on
4 occasions. Found on the shore on 3 occasions. Borin
Harbour—Found on the shore.
Clare Island Survey—Archiannelida and Polychaeta. 47% 81
Distribution. — British Isles; western. Europe; Madeira; Canaries ;
Mediterranean; Black Sea; Red Sea; Persian Gulf:
Japan; Philippines.
Nereis Dumerilii Aud. and Edw.
1910. Nereis Dumerilit. McIntosh, p. 302. va
This species is extremely common throughout the area. It is one of the
most abundant species round the Irish coast, living between tide-marks and
down to about 25 fathoms. I have observed it secrete a transparent tube
with great rapidity. ; .
The Heteronereis stage has been taken frequently in the surface tow-net.
On the 13th of May, 1902, in Fahy Bay, Mr. G. P. Farran observed a swarm
of Heteronereids swimming round the ship at 9.30 am. They were all males.
Females with the body-cavity full of eggs have been found, some in the
Heteronereis condition, whilst others had not undergone metamorphosis.
The Heteronereis stage is most frequently found in March to June, but they
have been found also in August. A number were found living in tubes
attached to Laminaria roots trawled in 16 and 20 fathoms. Heteronereids
and young forms were taken in the surface tow-net in Inishlyre Harbour in
May.
Habitat.—Btacksop Bay—Taken on the shore on 15 occasions. Dredged
on 21 occasions in 3-9 fms. CLEW Bay—Shores of Clare
Island, and Annagh Island. Dredged in various parts of
the bay on 15 occasions, in 5-21 fms. Dredged in Inishlyre
and Killary Harbours. BaLtyNakILL Harsour—Dredged
on 16 occasions, in 1-9fms. Bormy Harsour—Dredged on
4 occasions, in 1-4 fms. CieccAN Bay—Dredged in
5-10 fms. Dredged }$ mile off Cleggan Head, in 15 fms.
Distribution.—Shores of North Atlantic; Mediterranean ; Japan; Persian
Gulf,
Nereis diversicolor O. F. Miiller.
1910. Nereis diversicolor. McIntosh, p. 312.
This species occurs locally all round the Ivish coast, especially in places
where there is a large admixture of fresh water.
Habitat.—Biacksop Bay—Found on 2 occasions on the north side of
Feorinyeeo Bay. CiLEw Bay—Common in the muddy Hats
at the head of the bay, and at Achill Sound.
~ Disiribution.—British Isles ; Scandinavia ; North Sea; Baltie; Japan;
Adriatic; east North America.
R.I.A, PROC,, VOL, XXXI, L 47
47 82 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
Nereis longissima Johnston.
1910. Nereis longissima. McIntosh, p. 325
The Heteronereis stage of this species was teres in the surface tow-net
at night in the month of May, in Inishlyre Harbour. The species is not
common.
Habitat—B.acxsop Bay—A single specimen found in sand on the shore.
CLEw Bay—Three specimens, two of them Heteronereids,
taken in Inishlyre Harbour.
Distribution.—British Isles; Greenland; North Sea; Mediterranean.
Nereis (Nereilepas) fucata Savigny.
1910. Nereis fucata. McIntosh, p. 336.
This species shares empty shells, usually those of Buccinium undatum,
with the Hermit-crab Zupagurus Bernhardus, occupying the upper whorls of
the shell.
Habitat.—BiLacksoD Bay—Dredged on 8 occasions, in 3-9 fms. CLEW
Bay—Dredged in 18 fms., east of Clare Island.
Distribution.—British Isles; North Sea ; English Channel ; Mediterranean ;
east North America.
Family NEPHTHYDIDAE.
Nephthys caeca (O. F. Miiller).
1908. Nephthys cacca. McIntosh, p. 8.
This species is common on the shore under stones, in sand, and in Zostera
beds. The variety ciliata (McIntosh, 1908, p. 13) was occasionally found in
sand in Blacksod Bay.
Habitat.—BLAcKsoD BAy—Found on the shore on 12 occasions. Dredged
n2fms. BartyNaxint Harsour—Found frequently on
the shore. Borrx Harsour—On the shore.
Distribution—British Isles; coasts of Europe; Arctic seas; Puget Sound:
Japan ; east coast of Canada.
Nephthys Hombergii Lamarck.
1908. Nephthys Honbergit. McIntosh, p. 17.
This species is common on the shore under stones, in sand, mud, and
Zostera beds. It is frequently dredged on clean or muddy sand, or in mud.
The variety vasculosa was dredged several times in Clew Bay.
Clare Island Survey—Archiannelida und Polychaeta. 47 83
Habitat—Buacksop Bay—Found on the shore on sixteen occasions.
Dredged on seven occasions, in 2-9 fms. CLEW Bay—
Dredged on sixteen occasions in various parts of the bay, in
4-26 fms. Batiynakitt Harsour—Dredged in 1-2 fms.
Distribution.— British Isles; Atlantic; Arctic; Mediterranean; Black
Sea; South Africa.
Nephthys ciliata (O. F. Miiller).
1908, Nephthys ciliata. McIntosh, p. 23.
This species was always found in sand. Mature specimens were found in
March. In this month also some examples were taken in the’ surface
tow-net at night.
Habitat.—Buacksop Bay—Found on the shore on five occasions. Taken
once in the surface tow-net. CLEW Bay—Shore of Clare
Island, near the harbour. Dredged on three occasions, in
11-19 fms.
Distribution.—Co, Dublin ; Scotland; France; North Sea; Scandinavia ;
Aretic shores; Canada; Behring’s Straits; Japan.
Nephthys hystricis McIntosh.
1908. Nephthys hystricis, McIntosh, p. 27.
This species was usually found in mud, but occasionally in sand. It was
very abundant in the rich mud in Killary Harbour.
Habitat.—Buacksop Bay—A single specimen found in sand. CLEw
Bay—Only found in the mud in Killary, Inishlyre, and
Inishgowla Harbours, in 4-18 fms.
Distribution —lIreland ; East Atlantic ; Norway; Azores; Mediterranean.
Nephthys cirrosa Ehlers.
1908. Nephthys cirrosa. McIntosh, p. 36.
This species is easily recognized by the presence of the abruptly bent
serrate setae, described and figured by de Saint-Joseph (1894, p. 20, Pl. I,
fig. 19). It is usually found in clean sand.
Habitat—Buacksop Bayv—Found on the shore on six occasions. CLEW
Bay—Dredged on three occasions, in 10-26 fms.
Nstribution.—Ireland ; south of England; Channel Islands; France ;
Norway ; east coast of North America; Magellan Straits.
Nephthys longisetosa Oersted.
1908. Nephthys longisetosa. McIntosh, p. 29.
‘his species is rare in the district, being only found on one occasion,
L2
47 84 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
Habitat —Ciew Bay—Dredged-in 21 ims. Peet
Distribution.—lrelaud (Nymph Bank) ; Scotland ; Farée Channel; North
Scandinavia; Arctic; east coast of North America; Magellan Straits.
Family EUNICIDAE.
Ophryotrocha puerilis Clap. and Mecz.
1910. Ophryotrocha puerilis. McIntosh, p. 364.
This minute species is fairly common in Laminaria roots, and in material
dredged in shallow water.
Hobitat.—Buiacksop Bay.—Found on 2 occasions on the shore in
Laminaria roots. Dredged on three occasions in 1-8 fms.
Crew Bay.—Dredged on three occasions in 13-24 ims.
Distribution.—Ireland ; south coast of England; France; Mediterranean.
Staurocephalus rubrovittatus Grube.
1910. Staurocephalus rubrovitiatus. McIntosh, p. 353.
This species is fairly common on the shore at Blacksod, and in Clew Bay.
It lives under stones and in Laminaria roots. aa
Habitat—Biacksop Bay—Found on the shore on 10 occasions. Dredged
inl fm. CLew Bay—Dredged on 9 occasions in 9-28 fms.
Distribution.—South coast of England ; France ; Finmark ; Mediterranean ;
Black Sea.
Staurocephalus Kefersteini McIntosh.
1910. Stewrocephalus Kefersteini. McIntosh, p. 358.
Living specimens of this species are of a bright red colour.
Haiitat—BLacksop Bay.—Two specimens found on the shore. CLEW
Bay—Two specimens dredged in 24 fms., south of Clare
Island, on a bottom of sand and shells. BALLYNAKILL
HarsbouR—Two specimens taken in the surface tow-net.
Distribvtion.—Scotland.
Staurocephalus pallidus Langerhans.
1910. Staurocephalus pallidus. McIntosh, p. 363.
This species is rare in the district, only being taken on one occasion.
Habitat—Ciew Bay.—Three specimens dredged in 21 fms., 2 miles north-
east of Clare Island, on fine gravel.
Distribution.—Plymouth ; Dinard; Madeira.
Clare Island Survey—Archiannelida and Polychaeta. 47 85
Lumbriconereis Latreillii Aud. aud Edw.
1910. Lumbriconereis Latredlii. MeIntosh. p. 376.
This species is fairly common on the shore in Blacksod Bay, living under
stones. A specimen 300 mm. long was found living in sand.
Habitat.—Buacksop Bay.—Found on the shore on 7 occasions. CLuWw
Bay— Dredged on 8 occasions, in 43-19 fms.
Distribution.— British Isles; south of England ; Channel Islands ; France ;
North Sea; Mediterranean ; Japan.
Lumbriconereis impatiens Claparede.
1910. Lumbriconereis impatiens. MeIntosh, p. 379.
This species is characteristic of a bottom of clean sand, and is very
common on the trawling ground in Clew Bay.
According to McIntosh, this species is characterized by the presence of
long hooks in the first foot, whilst in Z. fragilis (Muller) the hooks appear
in the 21st foot. In the Ivish specimens the first hook appears usually in
the 4th or 5th segment, as in specimens from Plymouth. JZ. fragilis has a
northern distribution, whilst Z. impatiens is a southern form ranging to the
Mediterranean. I am inclined to think that further research will show that
these two forms are identical, the Ivish specimens being intermediate both
in structure and geographical position. McIntosh states that the spines in
both species are black, whilst de Saint-Joseph (1898, p. 281) found those of
L.. impatiens to be yellow. The figures of the dental apparatus of L. zmpatiens
given by McIntosh and de Saint-Joseph do not seem to agree at all, the
figure of the latter author agreeing better with McIntosh’s figures for
L. fragilis.
Habitat—CiEw Bay—Dredged on 9 occasions, in 5-42 fms.
Distribution.—British Isles; France; Naples.
Lumbriconereis gracilis Ehlers.
1910. Lumbriconereis gracilis. MeIntosh, p. 385.
This species is found on a bottom of clean sand, gravel, and rock, or on
muddy sand. Mature specimens were found in August.
Habitat. — Cuew Bay—Found on 13 occasions in various parts of the
bay, in 6-27 fms. BALLYNAKILL HAarsour—Dredged on 3
occasions, in 1-9 fms.
Distribution.—British Isles; off Cape Finisterre; Norway; Madeira;
Mediterranean; Adriatic.
47 86 Proceedings af the Royal Irish Academy. -
Arabella iricolor Montagu.
1910. Arabella tricolor. McIntosh, p. 595. -
This species is fairly common in Blacksod Bay, where it lives under
stones on the shore, and especially between the layers of schist. It is also
occasionally found in Laminaria roots and in the sand of Zostera beds.
Habitat —BuacksoD Bay—Found on the shore on 10 occasions.
Distribution—South coast of England; Channel Islands; France; Canaries:
Naples; South Africa; Japan; Juan Fernandez; Straits of
Magellan; Persian Gulf.
Notocirrus scoticus McIntosh.
1910. Notocirrus seoticus. MeIntosh, p. 400.
A single specimen only of this species was found in Clew Bay, on a bottom
of sand.
Hoahitat—CLew Bay—Dredged in 16-17 ims, 4 miles east of Clare
Island.
Distribution—Hebrides; Irish Sea, off Peel.
Qnuphis britannica McIntosh.
1910. Onuphis britanniez. McIntosh, p. 404.
Mature specimens were found in May. This species lives on a bottom of
sand or sandy mud. :
Hohitat—Ciew Bay—Dredged on 10 occasions in various parts of the
bay, in 7-19 fms.
Distribution.—British Isles; Ceylon? Probably frequently recorded as
Onuphis conchylega Says.
Hyalinoecia sicula (Quatrefages).
1910. Hyelinoeccia sieula, MeIntosh, p. 417.
This species is a characteristic member of the fauna found on a bottom of
sand, muddy sand, or gravel—a fauna which is comparatively rich in species
of the Family Eunicidae. It was frequently found in Clew Bay.
In his definition of the genus Hyalinoecia,MecIntosh (1910, p. £17) states
that the body terminates in two long anal cirri, whereas there are four—two
long and two short.
Hariat.—Cizw Bay—Dredged on eight occasions in 10-21 fms., in
various parts of the bay.
Distribution.—LBritish Isles: Mediterranean; Gulf of St. Lawreuce.
Clare Island Survey—Archiannelida and Polychaeta. 4'% 87
Marphysa fallax Marion and Bobretzky. °
Pl. VIII, fig. 20.
1875. Marphysa fallax, Marion and Bobretzky, p, 14. 1888. J. /.
de Saint-Joseph, p. 205.
A single specimen of this species was found under a stone on Barranagh,
Blacksod Bay. It has been found by Marion and Bobretzky at Marseilles,
and by de Saint-Joseph at Dinard. The specimen was 31 mm. long, con-
sisting of 100 setigerous segments. The distinctive colouring was not
retained by the preserved specimen. The head is well represented by the
figure of Marion and Bobretzky (tom. cit., fig. 14), but in the Irish specimen
the anterior margin of the head is more deeply indented.
The feet gradually increase in size up to the 14th segment, where the
first branchial filament appears. The feet differ in certain definite points
from the description of Marion and Bobretzky. ‘There is a single branchial
filament on 13 feet (14-26) ; the succeeding 34 feet (27-60) have two filaments.
Then follow 20 feet (61-80) with again a single filament, and finally the
posterior 20 feet are without branchiae, According to Marion and Bobretzky
there are only 3 or 4 anterior segments with a single filament, 19 with
two filaments, and then 10 with a single filament. In de Saint-Joseph’s
specimen, which was. a young form, no branchia had more than a single
filament. Marion and Bobretzky found that the branchial filaments only
slightly exceeded the dorsal cirrus in length, whereas, in the mid-region of the
Trish specimen, they are 4-5 times as long. here are three spines in the
ventral division of the foot, and one slender spine in the dorsal division.
The compound setae with the bifid tips were found only in a few of the
anterior feet, and never more than two in each foot.
Neither Marion and Bobretzky nor de Saint-Joseph say anything about
the anal segment of this species. In the Irish specimen this segment is
funnel-shaped (fig. 20) with lobed border, and has four pairs of cirri of different
sizes on its ventral margin. Further observations on this species will probably
clear up any discrepancies between this specimen and those of the previous
observers.
Habitat—Btacxsop Bay—Under a stone on the shore of Barranagh.
Distribution.—Dinard ; Marseilles.
Marphysa sanguinea (Montagu).
1910, Marphysa sanguinea, McIntosh, p. 442.
-. A single specimen was found on-the shore in. Ballynakill Harbour.
Habitat,—BALLYNAKILL HarsouR—On the shore, >
47 88 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
Distribution.—South of England; Channel Islands; France; Mediter-
ranean ; eastern North America; South Africa: West Indies.
Marphysa Belli (Aud. and Edvw.).
1910. Marphysa Belli. McIntosh, p. 448.
Two specimens were found on the shore of Bofin Harbour. -
Habitat. —Borix Harpour—On the shore.
Distribution.—South of England; Channel Islands; France; Mediter-
ranean; eastern North America; West Indies.
Nematonereis unicornis (Grube).
1910. Nematonereis unicornis. McIntosh, p. 453. —
The posterior end of a single specimen was taken in Clew Bay, on a bottom
of sand and rock. :
Habitat—CLew Bay—Dredged in 18 ims., east of Clare Island.
Distribution —South coast of England; Channel Islands; France :
Mediterranean; Madeira; Canaries; Cape Town?; Cape Verde Islands:
Ceylon ; Pernambuco. =
Lysidice punctata (Risso).
1910. Lysidice punctata. MelIntosh, p. 456.
This species, better known as Z. ninetia, is common under stones on the
shore. and in crevices of the schist, and young specimens are often found in
Laminaria roots. On one occasion a specimen was found in the sand of a
Zostera bed.
Hobitat—BtacksoD Bay—Found on the shore on 15 occasions. CLEWw
Bay—Dredged on two occasions in 5=11 ims.
Distribution.—W est of Ireland ; south coast of England ; Channel Islands:
France; Madeira; Canaries; Mediterranean; Black Sea ; Red Sea.
Family SPHAERODORIDAE.
Ephesia gracilis Rathke.
1911. Ephesia gracilis. Fauvel, p. 15.
This species is widely spread throughout the district, living rarely in the
littoral region, and more commonly in shallow water.
Mature specimens were found from July to October. On three occasious
mature specimens were taken in the surface tow-net at night.
Hobitat—BtacksoD Bay—Found once on the shore. Dredged on S
occasions, in 1-9fms. CLEW Bay—Dredged on 6 occasions,
in 13-26 fms. BALLyNaKILL. HArBoUR=Taken in~ the
surface tow-net at midnight. - Se
Clare Island Survey—Archiannelida and Polychaeta. 47 89
Distribution.—Great Britain; Arctic; Scandinavia ; North Sea; France
Mediterranean ; eastern North America; 7 California; South Aivica,
Ephesia peripatus (Claparéde).
1911. Ephesia peripatus. Fauvel, p. 17.
This species is not so common as #, gracilis. It is, as a rule, considerably
smaller than that species. A mature female, 75mm. long, was taken at
midnight, in the surface tow-net, in Ballynakill Harbour. It contained 40
large eggs, resembling those found in the species of Sphaerodorum. Mature
in July.
Habitat.—Biacksop Bay—Found twice on the shore, in weeds and
Laminaria roots. Dredged in 2fms. Ciew Bay—Dredged
in 24fms. BALLYNAKILL HARrBour—Dredged on 2 occasions,
in 2-Sfms, ‘Taken once in the surface tow-net at midnight.
Distribution—South of England; France; Kara Straits; Mediterranean.
Sphaerodorum Claparedii Greeff.
1866. Sphaerodorum Claparedii. Greeff, p. 358.
A number of specimens were found in Blacksod Bay and Ballynakill
Harbour which agree with Greeff’s species in having six rows of papillae on
the dorsum, and in the structure of the head. A number of differences were
noted, which probably result from the imperfect description of Greeft’s species.
Of these the chief are:—({) There is a conspicuous median ventral papilla
on the anal segment, such as occurs in other species of the genus, but is not
mentioned or figured by Greeff. (2) There is a short cylindrical median
tentacle in front of the eyes. (8) Greeff states that, in addition to the 6 rows
of large papillae on the dorsum, there are four rows on the ventral surface.
In the Ivish specimens there are no large papillae on the ventral surface, but
only the smaller papillae such as are scattered irregularly over the dorsal
surface. Of these there are on the ventral surface rows of 4 papillae between
the parapodia, alternating with rows of 6 papillae, with other smaller papillae
irregularly arranged. (4) The number of segments is much smaller. Greeff
says that there are 18 segments, of which 16 are setigerous. I found only
12 setigerous segments, and one mature male specimen had only 8.
There are two reddish-brown eyes on the buccal segment. The spaces
between the four inner rows of dorsal papillae are less than the space between
the two outer rows on each side. When the stomach is everted, it carries the
eyes with it, and they then lie on its dorsal surface.
1 A translation of this paper was published in The Annals und Magazine of Natural History (3),
vol. xx, 1867, p. 1.
R.I.A. PROC., VOL. XXXI, M AT
47 90 Proceedings of the Royal Trish Academy.
Mature specimens were found in April and September.
This species does not appear to have been recorded since Greefi found it
at Dieppe, in the oyster-basin of that town, in 1865.
Habitat—BLacksop Bay—Found once on the shore, in weeds. Dredged
on 2 occasions, in 1-8fims. BaLLyNakitt Harrocr—Taken
in the surface tow-net.
Distribution.—Dieppe.
Sphaerodorum minutum (Webster and Benedict).
Pl. IX, figs. 214-2.
1887. Ephesia minuta. Webster and Benedict, p. 728. 1913. S.m. Fauvel,
p- 37.
This species has previously been found only at Eastport, on the east
coast of the United States, and to the north of Spitzbergen, and has been
very inadequately described and figured. In view of this uncertainty a full
description of the Irish specimens is desirable.
Eleven specimens inall are available. They are small and broad, 2-3 mm.
long, consisting of 17-22 setigerous segments. The ventral surface is flat and
narrow, the dorsal surface almost rounded. The head (figs. 214-8) is narrow
in front, and is covered with papillae. On the anterior border are four
tentacles, two dorsal and two ventral. The basal portion of the tentacles is
covered with cylindrical papillae. Behind the paired tentacles there is a
short thick median tentacle. The buccal segment carries a pair of cylindrical
tentacular cirri. In some specimens these cirri have a number of cylindrical
papillae round the base; in others these papillae are absent. ‘The head is
covered with papillae, in some specimens spherical, in others cylindrical,
possibly depending on the state of preservation and contraction. Behind, and
dorsal to, the tentacular cirri is a pair of large eyes, composed of lenses and
dark reddish-brown pigment.
Each segment carries a row of 10-12 large globular papillae on the
dorsum, in a line with the parapodia. Numerous smaller papillae of various
sizes are scattered over the body. There are none of the large papillae on
the ventral surface, but only the smaller papillae, arranged in no very definite
manner.
The anal segment (fig. 21c) has two large globular lateral papillae and a
long median cylindrical papilla. The anus is on the dorsal side.
The parapodia (fig. 21p) consist of a rounded setigerous lobe, with a pointed
spine, and 4-9 compound setae. There isa large cylindrical ventral cirrus
and a similar slightly smaller papilla on the anterior face of the setigerous
lobe. In addition there are several spherical papillae on or near the
Clare tslund Survey—Arehiannelida and Polychucla. 4% 91
parapodium, When looked at from above, the foot seems to be bifid, this
appearance being caused by the two cylindrical papillae. The setae
(fig. 21u) are slightly curved. The tips of the shafts are swollen and
bevelled, with a row of minute serrations along one edge. The terminal
pieces are of medium size, curved at the tip.
The barrel-shaped stomach (fig. 214) occupies 24-3 segments. It is dark
in colour, furrowed along one side, and transversely striated. It is frequently
everted in preserved specimens. The anterior margin is smooth, with a
thickened rim.
Mature specimens of both sexes were found in June, July, and August.
They were usually taken in the surface tow-net at night.
I have compared the Irish specimens with a number of individuals
of Ephesia. minuta, named by Webster and Benedict, belonging to the
United States National Museum, and with others in the Museum of the
Union College. All the American specimens had been collected at Hastport,
Maine. I was unable to find any distinction of specific vaiue between the
Irish and American specimens. Webster and Benedict state that the stomach
occupies four segments. An examination of the American specimens showed
that this character is very variable, depending on the degree of contraction
of the individual, and the number of segments occupied by the stomach
ranged from three to six. In the Irish specimens the usual number of
segments was three. The median tentacle, which the American naturalists
describe as placed “between the eyes,” is really at some distance in front
of them. The “reddish purple” corpuscles noted in the body-cayity axe
eggs.
Habitat.—Btacxsop Bay—A single specimen in Laminaria roots from
Barranagh. Ciew Bay—Dredged in 24 fms., on a bottom
of sand and shells. BatLyNAKILL Harsour—Taken in the
surface tow-net at night on four occasions. Dredged on
two occasions, in 2-8 fins.
Distribution—Eastport, Maine, U.S.A.; Spitzbergen.
Family GLYCERIDAE,
Glycera lapidum Quatrefages.
1910. Glycera lapidum. McIntosh, p. 477.
his species was not found in Blacksod Bay. It is a characteristic
member of the fauna living on the trawling grounds near Clare Island, that
is to say, on a bottom of sand.
Habitat.—Ciew Bayv—Dredged on ten occasions, in 11-28 fms. Boris
Harsour—Dredged outside the harbour, in 15-16 fms.
M 2
47 92 Proceedings of the Royal Trish Acudemy.
Disirthution—British Isles; Scandinavia; North Sea; France; Spain
Mediterranean ; Azores; west coast of North America.
Glycera Ehlersi Arwidsson.
1910. Glycera Eldersi. McIntosh, p. 481.
This species is very abundant in Clew Bay, living on a sandy bottom.
It is easily distinguished by its long slender head, composed of many rings,
and by the large dorsal cirrus placed close to the setigerous lobe.
Halntat—Ciew Bay—Dredged on five occasions, in 10-19 fms.
Distribution.—Scotland ; France (St. Malo).
Glycera siphonostoma (Delle Chiaje).
1910. Glyccra siphonostoma. McIntosh, p. 482.
I have only found this species in gravel or coarse shelly sand.
Halntat—BLacksoD Bay—In coarse sand on Carrigeenmore. CLEW Bay—
Dredged on 2 occasions, in 21—24 fms., on gravel and shells.
BALLYNAKILL Harsour—Found once on the shore.
Distribution.—British Isles; France; Mediterranean ; Madeira; Canaries ;
Canada ; South Africa ; Porto Rico ; Japan.
Glycera alba Blainville.
1910. Glycera alba. MeIntosh, p. 486.
This species is common on the shore, living in sand, under stones, and in
the sand of Zostera beds.
Habitat BLacksoD Bay.—'aken on the shore on 18 occasions. CLEW
Bay—On the shore of Clare Island, near the Quay. Dredged
on 4 occasions, in 4-18 fms. BALLYNAKILL Harpour—Found
once on the shore. Dredged in 6-8 fms.
Iistribution. — British Isles; Franee; Scandinavia; North Sea;
Mediterranean ; east coast of North America; Japan.
Goniada maculata Oersted.
1910. Goniada maculata. MeIntosh, p. 462.
This species was dredged in mud or in fine gravel.
Habitat —Ciew Bay—Dredged in Inishlyre Harbour, in 4 fms.; in Killary
Harbour, in 173 fms.; north of Clare Island, in 21 ims.
Distribution —British Isles; Scandinavia; North Sea; Spaim; Portugal;
Madeira ; east coast of North Ameriea.
Clure Island Survey—Archiannelida and Polychaeta. 47 93
Glycinde Nordmanni (Maliugren).
1910. Glycinde Nordmanni. McIntosh, p. 469.
This species is very rare in the district, only a single specimen having
been found.
Habitat.—Ciew Bay—Dredged in 18 fms.
Distribution.—A northern form. Ireland: Scotland; North Sea;
Scandinavia; Siberia ; Behring’s Sea.
Family ARICIIDAE.
Aricia Cuvieri Aud. and Edw.
1910. Avricia Cuvieri. MelIntosh, p. 497.
This species was only taken in Killary Harbour and Inishgowla, on «
muddy bottom.
Habitat.—CiEw Bay—Dredged on 5 occasions, in 7-17 fms.
Distribution.—British Isles; France; Greenland; Farde; Scandinavia;
North Sea ; Mediterranean.
Aricia Latreillii Aud. and Edw.
1910. Aricia Latreillii. McIntosh, p. 602.
This species was only found in fairly clean sand.
Habitat.—BLAcKsoD BAy—Found on the shore on 7 occasions. BALLYNA-
KILL HARBOUR—F ound on the shore on 2 occasions.
Distribution.—Great Britain; France; Naples,
Scoloplos armiger (O. F. Miiller).
1910. Scoloplos armiger. McIntosh, p. 510.
This species is common under stones, in sand, and especially in the ond
of Zostera beds. The everted proboscis of one specimen was composed of 8
lobes.
Habitat —Buacksop BAy—Found on the shore on 14 occasions. Dredged
in 2fms. CLEW BAy—Dredged on 2 occasions, in 4-14 fms.
Distribution.—British Isles; France; Arctic; Scandinavia; east coast of
Canada.
Family PARAONIDAE.
Aricidea Jeffreysii (McIntosh).
1878. Scolecolepis (2) Jeffreysii. McIntosh, p. 506. 1909. Aricidea
Jeffreys. Cerruti, p. 469.
‘Two specimens of this interesting addition to the British fauna were found
Al 94 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
in Ballynakill Harbour, in 2-6 fms., whilst several fragments were dredged in
2+ fms. in Clew Bay. The species has recently been described in detail by
Cerruti, and I have nothing to add to his description.
Halitat—CLew Bay—Dredged in 24fms., on a bottom of sand and shells.
BALLYNAKILL Harsour—Dredged in 2-6 fms.
Distribution.—Naples ; Davis Strait.
Paraonis (Paraonides) lyra sp. n.
Pls. 1X, X, figs. 22 a-c.
A mature male specimen belonging to a new species of Paraonis was
taken in the surface tow-net at midnight in June,in Ballynakill Harbour.
Two mature females were afterwards dredged in 1-2 fms. in New Harbour,
Galway Bay, also in June, and were studied alive.
- The specimens are 12-20 mm. long, consisting of 90-105 setigerous
segments. The body is colourless, widest in the middle, and tapering
gradually towards each end.
The head (fig. 22) is widest behind, rounded in front. On the anterior
margin is a low rounded papilla, provided with stiff cilia. The nuchal
organs are large and conspicuous, inclining backwards from the mid-lateral
region on each side towards the posterior margin. They are richly ciliated,
and are rendered conspicuous by the presence of brown pigment. No eyes
were observed in any specimen, though there was a certain amount of
yellow pigment on the head. The three anterior segments are provided
with capillary setae and dorsal cirri. The branchiae commence on the fourth
segment, and vary in number, the three specimens having eight, eleven, and
fourteen pairs respectively. In the specimen with fourteen pairs, the two
posterior pairs are small. The branchiae are richly ciliated. The dorsal
cirri are small in the anterior segments, but gradually increase in size, and in
the posterior segments are long and slender. The anal segment is rounded
and almost globular (fig. 22c). It bears three slender subulate cirri, two
dorso-lateral, and one ventral median. A pair of cirri seem to be attached
to the anterior ventral border of the anal segment; but they probably
represent the posterior pair of dorsal cirri.
In the anterior bundles the dorsal and ventral setae are almost equal in
length, and continue so to the end of the body in immature specimens, In
the mature male specimen the ventral setae begins to increase in length at
about the 15th-20th segment, whilst the dorsal setae become shorter.
The setae in the male specimen taken in the surface tow-net are much
more prominent than in the females; and in length they exceed the width
of the body, especially in the posterior segments (fig. 228). ‘The dorsal cirri
Clare Islund Survey
Archiannelida and Polychaeta. 4% 95
are placed behind the dorsal bundle of setae (fig. 22p). The capillary setac
are very slender, without wings; and in the male specimen the longer ventral
setae are longitudinally striated. On the ventral side of the dorsal bundle
there are 1-3 short setae with lyrate tips (fig. 22), One arm is longer than
the other, and has a row of spines on its inner margin, This type of seta
makes its appearance in the fourth segment, and continues to the end of the
body. It has not been found in any other species of this family. The setae
in each bundle are arranged in two rows, and the lyrate setae are at the
lower end of the front row. In the 4th foot (fig. 22D) the dorsal setae are
slightly longer than the ventral setae. In the 50th foot (fig, 228), the ventral
setae are three times as long as the dorsal. In the male specimen the setae
in the upper part of the ventral bundle are longer and thicker than the rest,
and are longitudinally striated. The setae in the females do not show this
distinction. In the 80th foot (fig. 22) the difference in length between the
setae in the dorsal and ventral bundles is not so marked.
In the female specimens the eggs commence in the 26th segment, and
there are usually four ineach segment. They are red incolour. The absence
of appendages on the head is characteristic of the genus Paraonis, Grube.
The sub-genus Paraonides was created recently by Cerruti (1909, p. 503) to
contain a species Paraonis (Paraonides) neapolitana Cerruti, distinguished
by the presence of modified setae in the posterior dorsal bundles. In this
sub-genus the present species must be placed, owing to the presence of
the lyrate setae in the dorsal bundles. This type of seta has not hitherto
been found in any species of the family Paraonidae, and its occurrence adds
an additional proof of the close relationship of this family to the Aricidae.
Habitat.—BAtuYNAKILL Harsour—Mature male taken in the surface
tow-net at midnight. This species was also found in Galway
Bay, and in Dingle Bay.
Family SPIONIDAE.
Spio martinensis Mesnil.
1896. Spio martinensis. Mesnil, p. 122.
This species is very closely allied to S. filicornis Fabr., but as regards
those characters in which the two species are said by Mesnil to differ, such
as the shape of the head, feet, and setae, the Irish specimens agree with
S. martinensis, According to McIntosh (1909, p. 162), the capillary setae
of S. filicornis are striated but not dotted, whereas the Irish specimens have
setae exactly like those figured by Mesnil for S. martinensis. I have not yet
found the true S. filicornis in Ireland. The first crochets appear in the
47 96 Proceedings of the Royal Trish Academy.
veniral division of the 11th foot, whereas Mesnil found them in the 13th-—
15th foot. The anterior end of the body is marked with dark-brown pigment
in longitudinal rows on the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the buccal segment,
and in transverse rows on the following segmenis.
Habitat —BiacksoD Bsay—Found on two oceasions, in sand under stones.
Distribution —Ireland (Dublin Bay); France (St. Martin).
Spio seticornis Fabricius.
1909. Spis seticornis. McIntosh, p. 163.
Numerous specimens of this species were found, usually living in Lami-
uaria roots. The anterior dorsal end is marked with dark pigment. The
erochets begin on the 8th setigerous segment. Four eyes are present. The
anal segment bears two long dorsal and two short ventral cirmi, the latter
pair being full of brown pigment. Mature specimens were found in
March.
Huhitat.—Btacksop Bay—Found on the shore on three occasions. Dredged
on three occasions, in 1-6 fms. CLew Bay—Dredged in
7-10 fms. Bormy Hangover.
Distribution —Great Britain; Greenland; Farée ; Baltic.
Scolecolepis vulgaris (Johnston).
1896. Scolelepis Girardi. Mesnil, p. 140. 1909. Scolecolepis vulgaris.
McIntosh, p. 159.
This species was generally found living in sand, rarely in Laminaria roots.
It was never abundant. Mature specimens were found in March.
Hatitut—Backsop Bay—Found on the shore on 5 occasions. CLEW
Bay—Shore of Clare Island, near the Harbour.
Distriution—British Isles; Norway; North Sea; France; Mediterra-
nean.
Scolecolepis faliginosa (Claparéde).
1896. Scolelepis fuliginosa. Mesnil, p. 152.
This species is common locally in Blacksod Bay, but not widely distri-
buted. Mature specimens were found in March. One specimen was found
feeding on a red seaweed (Chylocladia sp.).
Hatitat.—BLacksoD Bay—Found on the shore on 5 occasions.
Distritution.—South coast of England; North Sea; France: Mediter-
ranean,
Clare Islund Survey—Archiannelida and Polychaeta. 47 97
Laonice cirrata (Sars).
1867. Scolecolepis (Laonice) cirvata, Malmeren, p. 91. 1896. Luoniee
cirrata. Mesnil, p. 247. 1909. S. (Laonice) cirvata, MeIntosh, p. 160.
This species is very common in Clew Bay, living usually on a sandy
bottom. It is occasionally taken in the tow-net at night.
The anal segment bears nine long slender cirri and two short blunt
ventral cirri.
Mature specimens were found in August.
Habitat —CLEw Bay—Dredged on 10 occasions, in 5-27 fms.
Distribution.—British Isles; Arctic; Scandinavia; Canada.
Genus Nerinides.
This genus was created by Mesnil (1896, pp. 119, 152) for the species
which de Saint-Joseph described under the name Nerine lougirostiis Quaty.
(1894, p. 74). Mesnil gives some reasons (p. 164) for thinking that
the Nerine longirostris of Quatrefages is identical with Nerine cirratulus
(D. Chiaje), but the description of Quatrefages is too meagre to decide this
point with certainty. The discovery of a new species, described below, does
not necessitate any change in the generic description given by Mesnil. This
genus is intermediate between Spio and Nerine, and is very closely allied to
both of them.
A species has recently been described by McIntosh (1909, p. 175) under
the title Neriudes lamellata, from Tangiers Bay. Only the anterior end was
found, but it exhibits none of the generic characters of Nerinides. ‘lhe head
is broadened in front, with lateral peaks. The first setigerous segment bears
a branchia and both dorsal and ventral bundles of setae. The dorsal lamella
is shorter than the branchia, and is separated from it distally by a deep
indentation. The ventral modified setae are wingless, and simply pointed.
It is not clear from the description given what genus this species belongs to,
though it seems to have great affinities with Scolecolepis, but at any rate it is
not a Nerinides,
Neiinides longirostris (Quatr.) de St.-Joseph.
1894. Nerine longirostris. De St.-Joseph, p. 74. 1896, Nerinides
longivostris. Mesnil, p. 152.
This species was occasionally found in clean sand in Blacksod Bay, but is
nowhere abundant. As stated above, there is reason to doubt whether the
Nerine longirostris of de St.-Joseph is identical with the AMalacoceros longirostris
of Quatrefages (1865, p. 444).
Habitat—Buacksop Bay—Found on 6 occasions, in clean sand.
Distribution.—Dinard; ? St. Malo.
RTA. PROC., VOL. XXX. N 47
47 98 Proceedings of the Royal Trish Academy.
Nerinides tridentata sp. l.
PI. X, figs. 23 4-3.
_ Eleven specimens of this new species were found on four different
occasions, living in Laminaria roots in Blacksod Bay. This habitat at once
distinguishes it from other allied species of Nerinides, Nerine, and Scolecolepis,
all of which live in sand.
The worms are comparatively small, resembling Spio in appearance.
Mature individuals are 16-20 mm. in length, 1-5 mm. in width, and the body
is formed of 61-70 segments. ‘The body attains its greatest width in the
anterior region, near the 10th segment, and gradually tapers to the very
slender tail. The anterior end is blunt, and tapers very little. The dorsal
surface is flattened, the ventral surface rounded. In the anterior region the
segments are very short, but in the middle region they are almost as long as
wide. 7:
The head (fig. 23 4) is spindle-shaped, acutely pointed at both ends, the
posterior end forming a distinct occipital tentacle. Just behind the middle
line of the head are two pairs of black eyes, arranged almost in a straight
line. The head is separated from the buccal segment both dorsally and
ventrally by deep grooves. The buccal segment forms conspicuous trans-
lucent lobes on each side of the head, and is longitudinally folded on the
ventral side. The tentacles are short, thick, and firmly adherent, of a deep
chocolate colour. The first setigerous segment ‘figs. 23 4, 25 c) bears only a
ventral bundle of capillary setae, and has no branchia. The setae are in two
rows, one consisting of long slender setae, the other of shorter and thicker
setae. Behind the setae is a low rounded lamella, and in the dorsal region of
the foot are two rounded lobes. The second foot (fig. 23D) bears two bundles
of setae, those in the dorsal region being much the larger. These setae are
all longitudinally striated. The dorsal lamella is large, and completely
fused with the branchia, which it slightly exceeds in length. A considerable
interval separates the dorsal from the ventra! lamella.
The tenth foot (fig. 23£) bears two large lamellae which are separated
only by a small interval, and are much larger than those of the second foot.
The dorsal division has two rows of setae, one row consisting of long slender
longitudinally striated setae (fig. 23 H, 2), the other row of short thick finely
pointed setae, with flattened dotted blades and cylindrical striated proximal
shafts (fig.23 4, 4). The ventral setae resemble the short dorsal setae, but are
rather shorter and wider. On the lower margin of the ventral bundle is a
group of three slender striated setae.
The branchiae attain their greatest length in the 15th-20th segments,
They lie transversely across the dorsum, separated in front by a median
Care Island Survey—Archiannelida and Polychaeta. 47 99
space. From the 15th to the 25th segment they meet in the mid-dorsal
line, then further behind they are shorter again.
In the 15th or 16th setigerous segment a row of hooks appears in the
ventral division of the feet (fig. 257). They have an unusually long main
tooth, bent at right angles to the shaft, and crowned with two sharp spines.
The shaft is curved distally, and above the curve it is slightly constricted.
The wing which envelops the distal end of the seta is wide beneath the
imain tooth, and then abruptly narrows towards the neck of the seta, and is
very characteristic in outline.
The 24th foot (fig. 231) does not differ much in outline from the 10th foot.
The dorsal division bears long and short setae, all of which are striated. The
ventral division has 15-15 crochets, and 2 or 5 slender capillary setae. None
of the setae have dotted blades.
In the posterior feet (fig. 23G) the lamellae are more conspicuous. The
branchia is short and the dorsal lamella projects outwards, forming an angle
with the branchia. The ventral lamella is rounded and foliate. The dorsal
setae are long and striated. The ventral division has 10-12 crochets, and
} or 4 slender capillary setae.
The anal segment (fig. 23B) bears a ventral flattened expansion, which is
more or less bilobed. This structure seems to be intermediate between the
anal cirri of Spio and the anal funnel of Nerine.
Mature specimens were found in September.
This species differs in many respects from Werinides longurostris (Quaty.).
It is much smaller in size, has the four eyes in a transverse row, instead of
in a square, and the ventral crochets begin on the 15th segment, whilst those
of IL longirostris begin on the 33rd-—45th segment. These setae have a very
long main tooth crowned with two spines, whilst those of JV. longirostris have
a medium tooth with a single spine. The lamellae on the feet are more
prominent in the posterior part of the body of the present species than those
of WN. longirostris, and the anal segment is quite different. WV. longirostiis
lives in clean sand, WV. tridentata in Laminaria roots.
Habitat.—Buiacksop Bay. Found on 5 occasions, in Laminaria roots from
near low-water mark.
Nerine cirratulus (Delle Chiaje).
1896. Nerine cirratulus. Mesnil, p. 152.
In the sandy beach at the head of Feorinyeeo Bay, in Blacksod Bay,
there is a zone of sand, two or three feet below high-water mark, where this
species occurs in immense numbers, The sand is quite honeycombed with
their burrows, and is stained with their secretions. In other parts of the
N 2
47 100 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
bay it is not socommon. It was found living in the sand of a very exposed
Zostera bed.
Habitat.—Buacksop BaAy—Found in large numbers on the sandy beaches.
CrLew Bay—Clare Island, in sand near the Harbour.
Distribution—British Isles; North Sea; France ; Mediterranean; eastern
North America.
Nerine foliosa (Aud. aud Edw.).
1896. Nerine foliosa. Mesnil, p. 165.
This species lives in clean sand, in the lower half of the littoral zone.
Habitat.—Buacksop Bay—Found on the shore on 6 occasions. BALLY-
NAKILL Harsour—Found once on the shore.
Distiibution—Great Britain; Iceland; Farée; Scandinavia; France.
Aonides oxycephala (Sars).
PIX, fies 25:
1596. Aonides oxycephala. Mesnil, p. 242.
This species is very common and widely distributed throughout the
intertidal area. It is usually found in the sand under stones, especially
if there is any adimixture of mud or decaying weeds. Specimens are
occasionally found in Laminaria roots.
Mature specimens were found in March,
Habitat. —Buacksop Bay—Found on the shore on 14 occasions. CLEW
Bay—Clare Island shore. BALLYNAKILL HarBour—Dredged
in 1-5 fms.
Distribution.—British Isles; Scandinavia; France; ? Port Vendres;
/ United States.
Aonides paucibranchiata sp. n.
Pl. XI, figs. 24 a-E.
A large number of specimens were dredged in Clew Bay which, whilst
agreeing very closely in many respects with Aonides oxycephala, yet exhibit
a certain number of constant and well-marked differences. It will be
sufficient in describing this species to point out these differences, without
siving a full account of the anatomy.
The worms are considerably smaller than A. orycephala. No complete
nature specimen was obtained, the largest fragment of a mature male being
18 mm. long, consisting of 80 segments. A small entire specimen from
Berehaven had 54 segments, The general shape of the body resembles that
of A. oxycephala. The head is spindle-shaped (fig. 24), rounded at both ends.
There are 4 dark kidney-shaped eyes, with lenses. In some specimens the
Care Island Survey—Archiannelidu and Polychaeta. 47 101
eyes are arranged in an almost straight transverse line, but the usual
condition is that shown in fig. 244. The first and second segments closely
resemble those of A. oxycephala as figured by Mesnil (1896, pl. x, figs. 21,
22). The number of branchiae is only 10 pairs or rarely 11, as against 22-25
pairs always found in Irish specimens of A. orycephala. The shape of the
branchiae and lamellae in the anterior segments does not differ from the
condition found in A. ovycephala (Mesnil, 1896, pl. x, fig. 25). The setae
in these segments are all slender, with a delicate wing, and are not dotted.
There is in each foot a row of long slender setae, and a row of shorter stouter
setae, and the dorsal setae are longer than the ventral setae. Behind the
11th foot, the lamellae decrease rapidly in size, and are inconspicuous in the
posterior part of the body. Winged crochets appear in the ventral division
of the 31st foot, and in the dorsal division of the 36th foot, agreeing fairly
closely with A. oxycephala in this respect. The crochets ditfer from those of
A, oxycephala in having three teeth at the distal end. The large main tooth
(fig. 24) is bent at right angles to the shaft. The middle tooth is short and
pointed, and outside this is a short blunt tooth.
In the 78th foot (fig. 240) the dorsal division contains 4 crochets and
6 slender capillary setae. ‘lhe ventral division has 5 crochets and 6 capillary
setae, of which the two ventral are longer and stouter than the others, with a
pronounced double curvature. The lamellae are rendered conspicuous by the
presence of long finger-shaped glands, of a deep amber colour (fig. 24D). The
anal segment (fig. 24B) bears two pairs of cirri, the ventral pair being the
shorter. In A. oxycephala the anal segment bears two lateral plates, one on
each side of the anus, and each plate has 5-5 cirri (fig. 25), usually 4.
The points which distinguish this species from A. oxycephala may be
summarized as follows :—(1) Smaller size; (2) smaller number of branchiae,
there being 10 or 11 pairs as against 22 or 23: (3) three teeth on the crochets
as against 2; (4) only two pairs of anal cirri, as against 5-5 pairs in
A, oxycephala.
Mature specimens were found in May.
Habitat.—Cizew Bay—Dredged on four occasions, in 9-24 fms. This
species was also found in Berehaven.
Prionospio Steenstrupi Malmgren.
1867. Prionospio Steenstrupi. Malmgren, p. 93. 1880. P. 8.
Langerhans, p. 90. 1897. P.S. Mesnil, p. 90.
Three species belonging to the genus Prionospio have been described at
leneth from European shores. Of these P. pluiosa (Sars, 1873, p. 63) seems
to be distinguished by the shape of the head, the anal segment, and the very
47 102 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
numerous branches on the gills. Of the other two species, P. Steenstrupi has
been examined by Malmgren, Langerhans, and Mesnil, with different results.
According to Malmgren, the species has no eyes, there are two rows of
branches on the gills, crochets are absent from the dorsal divisions of the
posterior feet, and those in the ventral divisions have only a single spine on
the crown. According to Langerhans, who found his specimens at Madeira,
the head bears two pairs of eyes, there are four rows of branches on the gills,
crochets are present in the dorsal divisions of the posterior feet, and they
have five spines above the main tooth. Mesnil re-examined the specimens
described by Malmgren and Langerhans, and confirmed the identity of the
two species. He pointed out that the spines on the crown of the crochets
are arranged in pairs.
A large number of [ish specimens of this species have been collected, and
they all show the same characters with very little variation. Jn only a single
specimen are the eyes absent (Southern, 1910, p. 256), and this was a small
immature worm. On the whole, they agree with the description of P.
Steenstrupi given by Langerhans and Mesnil.
The third European species, P. Malmgren’, has been described by Claparéde
(1869, p. 75), and by Marion and Bobretzky (1875, p. 84). It appears to
differ from P, Steenstrupi in haying no crochets in the dorsal divisions of the
posterior feet, and in having only two spines above the main tooth of the
crochets. The head as figured by Marion and Bobretzky (1875, pl. xi, fig. 20)
agrees exactly with Irish specimens of P. Steenstrupi. ‘The statement that
dorsal crochets are absent, and that those in the ventral divisions have only
two spines, may be based on faulty observation. The anal segment and the
structure of the gills agree closely with the Irish specimens; and it appears
to me probable that a further examination of the Mediterranean forms will
show that the two species are identical. McIntosh (1914, p. 82), who has
examined some of the Inish specimens, refers them to P. Malingrent. In his
remarks, however, he ignores the chief character separating the two species,
viz., the presence or absence of crochets in the dorsal divisions of the posterior
feet.
Habitat Btacksop Bay—Dredged on two occasions, in 2-8 fms, CLEW
Bay—Dredged in 18 fms.
Distrilution—Norway; Iceland; Greenland; Madeira.
Spiophanes bombyx (Claparéde).
1896. Spiophanes bombys. Mesnil, p. 249.
This species is rare in the district. Two specimens were obtained by
digging in sand near low-water mark in Blacksod Bay, and several were
dredged in Clew Bay.
Clare Island Survey—Archiannelida and Polychactu. 47 103
Mature specimens were found in September.
Habitat—Btacksop BAY—Two specimens in sand on the shore. Crew
Bay—Dredved on two occasions, in 13-17 fis.
Distribution.—Great Britain (St. Andrew’s, Torquay); North Sea; France;
Naples.
Polydora ciliata (Johnston),
1896. Polydora ciliata. Mesnil, p. 210.
This species was found in Blacksod Bay in varied surroundings. It lives
in Lithothamnion, in the roots of corallines, in sponges, and forming tunnels
in old shells.
Larval forms were taken in the surface tow-net in September; and post-
larval forms were dredged in weeds during the same month.
This species is very abundant in the rock-pools on Clare Island. Most
of these pools are lined with a layer of Lithothamnion in varying degrees of
thickness. The Polydora forms tnnnels in the Lithothamnion. The two
black tentacles protrude from a minute opening, and wave freely in the
water.
Habitat. BLacksoD BAyY—Found on the shore on six occasions. Dredged
on 4 occasions in 2-5 fms. Crew Bay—Common in rock-
pools on Clare Island.
Distribution.—British Isles; France; Arctic; Scandinavia; North Sea ;
Mediterranean ; eastern North America; Australia (Port Jackson).
Polydora hoplura Claparéde.
1869. Polydora hoplura. Claparéde, p. 58.
These worms were found on several occasions living In sponges such as
Halichondria panicea, where they form slender mud-tubes.
Habitat.—BuacksoD Bay—Found once on the shore. BALLYNAKILL
Harsour—Dredged in 1-3 fms. Also found on the bottom
of the ship. Bormy Harsour—Found in sponges on the
shore.
Distribution.—Great Britain; France; Mediterranean.
Polydora caeca (Oersted).
1896. Polydora caeca. Mesnil, p. 191.
This is probably the commonest species of Polydora on the coast. It is
frequently found in Laminaria roots, under Ascidians, and in sponges. A
specimen was dredged in Clew Bay which had regenerated the anterior end
after having lost the first three setigerous segments.
47 104 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
Habitat. BLAcksop Bay—Found on the shore, on 9 occasions. Dredged
on 4 occasions,in 1-8 fms. CLEW BAy—Shore of Clare
Island, in sponges and in Lithothamnion. Dredged on 5
occasions, in 9-28 fins.
Distribution.—Plymouth; France; Arctic; North Sea; Farée.
Polydora flava Claparéde.
1896. Polydora flava. Mesnil, p. 182.
This species was found living in Lithothamnion, and between flakes of
schist.
Habitat. Buiacxsop Bay—Found on 2 0
on 2 occasions, in 33-5$fms. CLew Bay—Dredged in
16 fms.
Distribution.—British Isles; France; Mediterranean.
ecasions on the shore. Dredged
Polydora Giardi Mesnil.
1896. Polydora Giardi. Mesnil, p. 195.
This species, which has not been previously recorded from the British
Tsles, is rare in the district. It was found only in Laminaria roots. Mesnil
found it only in Lithothamnion.
Tiabitat—Biacksop Bay—Found on the shore on 4 occasions. CLEW
Bay—Dredged in 13-16 fms.
Distribution —North of France (St. Martin and Cap de la Hague) ;
? Marseilles.
Polydora Caulleryi Mesnil.
1897. Polydora Caulleryi. Mesnil, p. 88. 1909. Polydora Carazz.
McIntosh, p. 172.
A single specimen of this species was dredged in Clew Bay, in 24fms,, on
a bottom of sand or shells.
Habitut—Ciew Bay —Dredged in 24 fms.
Dislribution—Great Britain; France (Cap de la Hague).
Polydora quadrilobata Jacobi.
1897. Polydora quadrilobata. Mesnil, p. 87. 1909. P. q. MeIntosh,
p. 170.
A single specimen of this rare species was found in the sand of a Zostera
bed in Blacksod Bay. It agrees exactly with the descriptions of Mesnil and
McIntosh. The modified setae of the fifth segment have the brush-like row
of spines between the two terminal teeth.
Habitat.—BiLacksop: Bay—In the sand of a Zostera bed.
Distribution.—Scotland (28t. Andrews); West Baltic (Kiel).
Clare Island Survey—Archiannelida und Polychaeta. 4°97 105
Magelona papillicornis Fr. Miiller.
1896. Mesnil, p. 257.
Frequently obtained in Blacksod Bay by digging in sand near low-water
mark.
/abitat.—BuLacKksop Bay—Common in clean sand near low-water mark.
CLew Bay—Dredged in 54-11 fms., on a sandy bottom.
Distribution.— British Isles; shores of Europe; Mediterranean.
Magelona rosea Moore.
1907. Mlagelona rosea. Moore, p. 201.
Only one species of Magelona has been previously recorded from European
shores. This species has been referred by all zoologists to the I. papillicornis
found by Fritz Miller on the coast of Brazil. As Moore (1907, p. 204) has
pointed out, the two forms are probably specifically distinct. The form
which occurs at Wood’s Hole, Massachusetts, was examined by Moore, and
found to differ markedly from the European J. papillicornis. Whether the
latter species occurs on the American coast is still uncertain.
The most striking difference between J. rosea and J. papillicornis lies in
the structure of the setae of the ninth setigerous segment. In the former
species these setae are finely tapered to a point ; in the latter they terminate
in a characteristic bulbous tip. A number of specimens dredged from the
muddy bottom of Killary Harbour agree with J/. rosea in the structure of the
setae. I sent several of the specimens to Professor Moore, and he confirmed
the identification, This species also occurs in Galway Bay. The difference
in habitat of the two forms in Ireland is very striking, ./. papillicornis being
found in clean sand, M/. rosea in mud.
Habitat.—Dredged in 7 fms. in Killary Harbour, on mud.
Distribution.—W ood’s Hole, Massachusetts.
Family DISOMIDAE.
Poecilochaetus serpens Allen.
1904. Poecilochaetus serpens. Allen, p. 79.
The larval form of this species has been described by Claparéde, Levinsen,
McIntosh, and Gravelly. It is very commonly taken in the tow-net during the
summer and autumn months. The adult has up to the present only been
recorded by Allen, who obtained it by digging in sand at low-water spring-
tides. Last year I found a number of adults in sand on the shore of Lough
Swilly. I have no doubt that the specimens obtained in the tow-net are the
larval forms of this species. The setae in the later larval stages are very
R, I, A. PROC., VOL. XXXI. O 47
47 106 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
similar to those found in the adult. The short stout spines are found in the
second and third setigerous segments of the larval form, as in the adult.
The number of segments with flask-shaped cirri, however, is always five in
the larval form, whilst the adult has seven.
Habitat —CLeEw Bay—Frequently taken in the tow-net, generally near
the bottom. BALLyNAKILL Harpour. BuacKsop Bay.
Distribution.—British Isles; Norway ; Skagerrak ; North Sea; France.
Family CHAETOPTERIDAE.
Chaetopterus variopedatus Renier.
1894. Chaetopterus variopedatus. De Saint-Joseph, p. 147.
This species is occasionally found in sand or muddy gravel near low-water
mark in Blacksod Bay. Empty tubes are frequently obtained in the dredge.
The living worm was almost always accompanied in its tube by the Polynoid
Gattyana cirrosa.
Habitat.—BuLacksop BaAy—Found on the shore on 4 occasions. Dredged
on 6 occasions, in 1-9 fms. CLEW Bay—Dredged on 4
occasions, in 16-19 fms. 3ALLYNAKILL HarBouR—Found
several times near low-water mark. Borin Harsour—
Found on the shore.
Distribution —Great Britain; shores of Atlantic; Mediterranean ;
Magellan Straits.
Family AMMOCHARIDAE.
Owenia fusiformis Delle Chiaje.
1898. de Saint-Joseph, p. 397.
Habitat —Buacksop Bay—Found on the shore in sand on 3 occasions.
Dredged in 9 fms. CLEW Bay—Dredged on 8 occasions,
in 4-20 fms., on a bottom of sand or mud.
Distribution.—British Isles; Arctic; Atlantic; Mediterranean.
Myriochele Heeri Malmgren.
1867. Malmgren, p. 101. 1912. Wollebaek, p. 31.
his species has not previously been recorded from British waters. A
number of specimens were found in Clew Bay, living on a sandy bottom.
They are all small, with regenerated tails. The tube is composed of
fragments of shell, which are set on edge and project at right angles to the
tube. It thus differs from the imbricated tube of Owenia fusiformis, and
from the membranous tube studded with quartz grains made by Myriochele
Heeri in Arctic seas.
Clare Island Survey—Archiannelida and Polychaeta. 47 107
The anterior end and setae agree closely with the descriptions and figures
given by Malmgren and Wollebaek.
Habitat.—Dredged on three occasions in Clew Bay, in 16-22 fms., on a
bottom of sand.
Distribution.—Arctic ; Scandinavia; North Sea ; Madeira; Canada.
Family CIRRATULIDAE.
Cirratulus tentaculatus (Montagu).
1911. Cirratulus tentaculatus. McIntosh, p. 151.
This species is sometimes found in enormous numbers in the sand of
Zostera beds, where it 1s one of the dominant species. It also lives in the
sand under or between stones, and occasionally in clean sand near rocks.
Mature specimens were found in June.
Hatitat.—Buiacxsop BAyY—Taken on the shore on 15 occasions. CLEW
Bay—Shore of Clare Island near the Quay, under stones.
Borin HAarBour—On the shore.
Distribution—British Isles; France; Skagerrak ; North Sea.
Cirratulus norvegicus ((Juatrefages).
Plate XI, figs. 26 a-p.
1845. Cirratulus borealis Lamarck. Rathke, p. 180, Tab. viii, figs. 16-18.
1865. Audowinia norwegica. Quatrefages, p. 461. 1870. C. norvegicus ?
Grube, p. 85. 1872. C. norvegicus. Grube, p. 62.
Non Cirratulus norvegicus McIntosh (1911, p. 171).
A number of specimens of Cirratulus, from various parts of the Irish
coast, differ from any other British form, and appear to belong to the species
first described and figured by Rathke as Cirratulus borealis Lamarck. The
latter species is now regarded as identical with C. cirratus (Miiller), and
differs markedly from that described by Rathke. Accordingly, Quatrefages
(1865, p. 461) separated it as “Audowinia norwegicus,’ repeating the
diagnosis of Rathke. At the same time he stated that he had found this
species, or one extremely close to it, on the French coast at St. Vaast, the
only difference being the somewhat smaller number of dorsal branchiae. A
number of these specimens, labelled “ Cirratulus norwegicus,” by Quatrefages,
are in the Paris Museum. I have been able to examine them, and without
exception they belong to Cirratulus tentaculatus (Montagu), a species quite
distinct from that described by Rathke. This fact does not, however,
invalidate the name given by Quatrefages to Rathke’s species; and
accordingly I adopt Cirratulus norvegicus (Quatrefages) as the correct name
O2
477 108 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
for this species. In 1870 Grube recorded C. norvegicus from St. Malo,
without giving any description. The description and figures given by Rathke
are very meagre; and I have thought it desirable to give a full account of
this species.
A single mature female was dredged in Clew Bay, in 54-11 fms. Four
other specimens were available from various places on the Irish coast, and
have been utilized in drawing up the present description.
The worms are 35-40 mm. in length, with 130-140 segments. The body
is rounded dorsally, flattened ventrally, with a shallow median groove. It is
widest and thickest between the 50th and 40th segments, and tapers
gradually towards both ends. The anus is large and funnel-shaped, with
crenulate margin, and with a rounded ventral papilla.
There is a considerable amount of dark pigment on the ventral side of
the head and anterior region and in the lateral region of the prostomium
near the nuchal organs.
The prostomium is followed by three achaetous segments. The first is
slightly elevated dorsally. The third post-oral segment bears a pair of cirri
(branchiae) on the postero-lateral margin (fig. 26 A). The position of the first
pair of lateral cirri has been utilized as a specific character by various
naturalists; but I find them normally occurring on the third post-oral
segment in all species I have investigated. The dorsal tentacles (gills) are on
the fourth setigerous segment. There are nine or ten pairs of them forming
an oblique band on the sides of the segment, and leaving bare a broad median
area. Each segment, except a number at the posterior end, bears a pair of
lateral cirri, which are attached behind and above the dorsal setae. In the
anterior region the distance between the cirri and the dorsal setae is small,
considerably less than the distance between the dorsal and ventral setae. In
the anterior region also, the dorsal and ventral setae are further apart than
in the middle region of the body. Thus in the anterior region the space
between the dorsal and ventral setae gradually becomes less, whilst that
between the cirri and the dorsal setae increases. Behind the 20th segment
the ratio between these two spaces remains constant, the distance between
the cirri and the middle of the dorsal setae being two-thirds of that between
the middle of the dorsal and the ventral setae (fig. 268). This ratio supplies
a useful character for differentiating the species of Cirratulus.
In the anterior region of the body the feet contain only capillary setae.
The 10th segment has 13 setae in the dorsal division, 15 in the ventral, the
dorsal setae being somewhat longer than the ventral. ‘There are three kinds
of setae. The longest setae are very slender, with flattened serrate blades.
The shorter setae are only half as long, but quite as wide as the long setae
Clare Island Survey—Archiannelida and Polychaeta. 47 109
(fig. 26c). On the lower margin of the dorsal and the upper margin of the
ventval divisions are 2 or 3 very slender, short, smooth setae. Curved hooks
appear in the ventral division of the 21st setigerous segment, and in the
dorsal division of the 54th-41st segment. The ventral hooks are slightly
thicker, shorter, and more strongly curved than the dorsal hooks (fig. 26D).
In the 26th foot there are 9-11 capillary setae in the dorsal division, 3 hooks
and 4 capillary setae in the ventral division.
In the 75th foot there are 5—4 capillary setae and 2-3 hooks in the dorsal
division, 3 capillary setae and 5 hooks in the ventral division. In the
posterior feet there are 1-2 capillary setae and 2-3 hooks in each division of
the foot. The dorsal capillary setae are longer than those in the ventral
division. The difference in size between the dorsal and ventral hooks in the
posterior segments is not so great as in C. tentaculatus.
The other specimens of this species show very little variation from the
above description. In one specimen, obtained in Laminaria roots in Dublin
Bay, the dorsal tentacles encroach on the lateral areas of the third setigerous
segment. A specimen from Lough Swilly has a small dorsal bundle of setae
on the third post-oral segment.
Mature specimens were found in August.
This species differs from C. tentaculatus in the following respects :—
(1) Smaller size and smaller number of segments; (2) smaller number of
dorsal tentacles (in C. tentaculatus the latter form an almost continuous
band across the segment); (3) the dorsal tentacles are on the 4th setigerous
segment, those of C. tentaculatus being on the 6th or 7th; (4) the distance
between the cirri and the dorsal setae is greater in C. norvegicus than in
C. tentaculatus; (5) the hooks appear in a more anterior region than in
C. tentaculatus.
The relations with C. filigerus D. Chiaje are somewhat closer. The chief
differences are :—(1) and (2) as above; (3) the dorsal tentacles in C. filigerus
are on the 5th—7th setigerous segment; (4) the distance between the cirrus
and the dorsal setae in C. filigerus exceeds that between the dorsal and ventral
setae, reversing the ratio found in C. norvegicus.
‘The chief reasons in favour of regarding these Irish specimens as belonging
to the same species as that described by Rathke are:—(1) the occurrence of
the dorsal tentacles on the 4th setigerous segment; (2) the number of tentacles
is the same in both forms ; (3) the number and arrangement of the capillary
setae and hooks in the posterior segments and the relative position of the
dorsal cirri are in close agreement.
This species seems to be the same as that recently mentioned by
MeIntosh (1911, p. 154) as “A form approaching Cirratulus filigerus
Db. Chiaje, from: Malahide, Co. Dublin.”
47 110 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
Habitat—CLEw Bay—Dredged in 53-11 fms.
I have also found this species in Lough Swilly, Galway Bay, and on the
Dublin coast, in Lithothamnion or Laminaria roots.
Distribution.—Norway (Molde and Drontheim); France (?St. Vaast,
2St. Malo).
Cirratulus cirratus (O. F. Muller).
1911. Cirratulus cirratus. MeIntosh, p. 154.
This species lives under stones almost up to high-water mark. It prefers
situations where there is a slight admixture of mud. It is sometimes found in
Laminaria roots, and young specimens have been taken in the dredge. It is
mature at least from June to September; and young specimens are found in
the spring.
Habitat.— Buacksop Bay—Taken on the shore on 7 occasions; young
specimens dredged in 4} fms. in March. CLEW BAy—Hast
shore of Clare Island; young specimens dredged in 10 fms.,
in May.
Distribution.—British Isles; shores of the Arctic seas; Scandinavia;
France; Madeira; Canaries; east coast of North America.
Cirratulus Mcintoshi nom. nov.
1911. Corratulus norvegicus? McIntosh, p. 171.
“A form dredged off Drébak, Christiania Fjord, in 30-100 fathoms,” was
recently described by McIntosh under the name Cirratulus norvegicus? The
meaning of the query-mark is not quite clear. It may indicate that the author
is not certain that the form has not been previously described. In any case
the title cannot be maintained, as Quatrefages described a species under the
name Audouinia norwegica (1865, p. 461), afterwards changed to Cirratulus
norvegueus by Grube (1870, p. 85; 1872, p. 62). The latter species is quite
distinct from tbat described by McIntosh. Both occur in Clew Bay. I have
used the name C. norvegicus for the species recorded by Rathke, Quatrefages,
and Grube, and given the name (. Meintoshi to the species described by
McIntosh. Four specimens were found in Clew Bay, and of these, two
dredged in the mud of Killary Harbour in May and August were full of eggs.
Of the other two specimens, one was dredged in the mud of Inishlyre
Harbour, and the other was taken at night in the tow-net in Bofin Harbour.
Ihave compared them with McIntosh’s specimens, and with others of the
same species from the west coast of Norway.
The relationship of this species with others having only capillary setae,
such as Heterocirrus Marioni de St.-Joseph, H. multibranchis Grube,
Cirratulus filiformis Keferstein, C. tenwisetis Grube, etc., requires investi-
gation, and it will doubtless be found that a number of these titles refer to
Clare Island Survey—Archiannelida and Polychaeta. 47 111
the same species, Not one of them has been adequately described or
figured.
Habitat—Cirw Bay—Dredged in Inishlyre Harbour in 5 fms., on mud.
Kittary Harsour—Dredged on two occasions in 7 fms., on
mud. Born Harsour—Taken at night in the tow-net.
Distribution. —West coast of Norway.
Genus Chaetozone.
The genus Heterocirrus was created in 1855 by Grube, for a species he
named H. sawicola. This species was afterwards shown to be the Dodecaceria
concharum of Oersted, described in 1843. De Saint-Joseph (1894, p. 52)
conserved the genus Heterocirrus, whilst giving it a new definition ; but this
is contrary to the Rules of Nomenclature; and Moore! adopted what, in his
opinion, was the next available name, the Tharyx of Webster and Benedict
(1887, p. 741).
The genus Chaetozone was created by Malmgren in 1867; but he gave no
generic diagnosis. In the opinion of subsequent writers, the distinguishing
character of this genus was the modification of the setae in the posterior part
of the body, where they form an almost complete ring, consisting of a mixture
of crochets and capillary setae. Caullery and Mesnil (1898), in reviewing the
genera of the Cirratulidae, retain the three genera Heterocirrus, Tharyx, and
Chaetozone, defining them by the structure and arrangement of the setae. In
Heterocirrus, crochets are present in the dorsal and ventral rami; in
Tharyx all the setae are capillary; and in Chaetozone the crochets form an
almost complete ring in the posterior segments. In practice this classifica-
tion breaks down hopelessly. For instance, the Chaetozone zetlandica of
MeIntosh (p. 115) has crochets in the ventral rami, and capillary setae in the
dorsal rami. Again, the degree to which the crochets form a ring on the
posterior segments is very variable ; and it is impossible to draw a distinction
between Heterocirrus and Chaetozone in this respect. There is reason to
think that some species which have crochets when fully grown have only
capillary setae in their earlier stages. The marked development of the crochets
in Chaetozone is evidently an adaptation for a pelagic hfe—an adaptation
which exists in various degrees in all species of the three genera, and isa
character to which no generic importance can be attached.
In view of these facts the conclusion is irresistible that no valid distinction
exists between the three genera. Chaetozone has clearly priority over
Tharyx, and hence must be used, with Chaetozone setosa Malmgren, as the type
species.
' Proc, Acad. Nat. Sciences of Philadelphia, 1909, p. 268.
47 112 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
Chaetozone viridis (Langerhans.)
1898. Heterocirrus viridis. Caullery and Mesnil, p. 117.
This species, which has been described accurately by Langerhans,
de Saint-Joseph, and by Caullery and Mesnil, is very common in Laminaria
roots. It was recorded by Elwes from Torquay.
Mature ¢ specimens were found in August and September. The eyes
are much larger than in the immature specimens, and the dorsal capillary
setae are longer and more numerous.
Halitat—Buicksop Bay—Found on the shore on 6 occasions; dredged
inlim. CLew Bay—Dredged on 2 occasions, in 9-16 fms,
Borrmsy Harsour—A mature male with large eyes and long
swimming setae was taken in the surface tow-net at night.
Distribution.—South coast of England; France; Madeira; east coast of
United States ?
Chaetozone alata sp. n.
Pl. XII, figs. 27 a—p.
Three specimens of this species were obtained two from Ballynakill
Harbour and one from Blacksud Bay. The body is 10-12 mm. long, consisting
of 100-110 segments. It is very slender, and uniform in width, tapering
only slightly at each end. The colour of the preserved specimens is a greyish
brown.
The head is conical in front (Pl. XII, fig. 274). There is a pair of dark
eyes deeply embedded on the dorsal side of the head, probably lying on the
brain. The nuchal organs could not be seen.
The dorsal tentacles are very large, attaining a length of 2mm. The
lateral cirri are 3 mm. long. The dorsal tentacles seem to be on the segment
in front of the first setigerous segment, each accompanied by a lateral cirrus.
This species is characterized chiefly by the shape and arrangement of the setae.
The capillary setae vary in number and length according to the age of the
specimen, and the following description applies to the largest individual. All
the specimens were immature, and probably further changes in the setae
occur with the advent of sexual maturity.
Capillary setae are present in all the dorsal bundles. The longer ones are
slender and cylindrical with no evident flattening of the blades (fig. 278, a).
The shorter ones have a distinctly flattened blade, which is very thin along
one edge (fig. 278, 6). In the anterior segments there are 4-6 capillary setae
in the dorsal bundles, but in the middle and posterior regions the number is
reduced to 2 or 3. Dorsal crochets appear on the twenty-first setigerous
Clare Islind Survey—Archiannelida and Polyehuela. 47 113
segment. In the middle region there are 1 or 2 crochets in each dorsal
bundle; in the posterior region the number increases to 3. In the smaller
specimens there are only 3 or 4 capillary setae in each of the anterior dorsal
bundles. The number gradually decreases, the 15th-20th segments containing
1 or 2 capillary setae, and the posterior segments only a single capillary.
Crochets are present in all the ventral bundles—a character which distinguishes
this species from all others. In the anterior segments there are 5-7 crochets
in each bundle, accompanied by 2 very slender capillary setae (fig. 278, c).
In the posterior segments each ventral ‘proualle contains 3-5 crochets and
1 or 2 fine capillary setae.
The crochets (figs. 27c, 27p) ave distinctly bifid at the tip and boldly
curved. The shaft is constricted at the point where it emerges from the
skin. Above the constriction, on the posterior margin, is a delicate wing, a
structure which I have not noticed in any other Cirratulid. ‘Yhe dorsal setae
in each bundle are slightly thicker than the ventral ones. Passing backwards
the crochets gradually increase in size (compare figs. 27¢ and 27p), although
they still remain small as compared with C. setosa and C. zetlandica. The
slender capillary setae (fig. 26B, c) which usually accompany the crochets,
both dorsally and ventrally, are frequently absent.
This species is most nearly allied to Chaetozone viridis (Langerhans), and
these two species are sharply separated from other species of the genus by
the structure and arrangement of the setae. The present species 1s
distinguished from C. viridis by the following characters :—(1) the presence
of crochets in ald the ventral bundles (in C. viridis they are absent from the
two anterior bundles) ; (2) the shape of the crochets is somewhat different,
and the wing is absent in the setae of C. viridis; (3) the presence of capillary
setae in all the ventral bundles.
Habitat —Buacksop Bay—A single specimen found in Laminaria roots
from Carrigeenmore. BALLYNAKILL Harsour—T'aken on
two occasions, in the surface tow-net at night.
Chaetozone killariensis sp. n.
Pl. XII, figs. 28a-r.
This species has only been found, up to the present, in Killary Harbour.
A number of specimens were obtained by washing the rich black mud,
dredged from the bottom of the harbour, through a fine silk net. Some of the
specimens contained immature eggs. ‘The largest individual was 11 mm. in
length, and consisted of 84 setigerous segments. The body is widest in the
anterior third, tapering rapidly towards the head, and very gradually towards
PROC, R.I.A., VOL. XXXI, oe 47
47 114 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
the tail. In the anterior region the dorsal surface is flatter than the ventral,
and the segments are very narrow. Further behind, the segments are longer
and the body more rounded in section. The anus is dorsal, with a ventral
lobe beneath. :
The head (fig. 284) is pointed in front, and in the preserved specimens
neither eyes nor nuchal organs can be seen. The dorsal tentacles are on the
segment in front of the first setigerous segment. Each tentacle is accom-
panied as usual by a lateral cirrus, situated externally to it. The dorsal
cirri are fixed above the dorsal setae.
Both dorsal and ventral bundles in the anterior and middle regions of the
body contain only capillary setae. The dorsal setae are longer than the
ventral setae ; but there are long and short setae in each bundle. The longest
setae are in the upper part of the dorsal bundles. Passing backwards these
dorsal setae gradually become longer, till in the 20th—30th segment they
attain the leneth of :75-1:00 mm. ‘They then gradually decrease in length.
In the anterior seements there are 5-7 setae in each bundle; in the middle
region, 6-8. The shorter setae in the anterior segments (fig. 28B) have a
cylindrical shaft and a flattened blade, with a distinct curve at the junction
of the shaft and the blade.
The segment on which the crochets first appear is variable in position. In
the largest specimen the first ventral crochet appears in the 56th segment,
the first dorsal crochet in the 61st segment.
The normal arrangement of the setae in the posterior segments is shown
in fig. 28r. In the dorsal division there are two crochets in the upper part
of the bundle, the outer one being the largest in the whole segment (fig. 28c).
Then follow a smaller crochet, and 4 or 6 capillary setae, alternately long
and short. ‘The ventral division usually contains 2 or 3 crochets in
the lower part of the foot, the lowest being also the shortest. Above the
crochets are 3 or 4 capillary setae closely resembling the short capillary
setae of the dorsal bundle (fig. 28p, ~), In the segments near the tail all the
capillary setae of the ventral bundle may be replaced by crochets.
‘The arrangement of the crochets in the posterior segments depends on the
age and size of the specimens. Two individuals of 44 and 50 segments
respectively had crochets in the ventral bundles of the posterior 13-14
segments ; but the dorsal bundles consisted solely of capillary setae. Another
specimen, somewhat larger, had crochets in the dorsal bundles of the posterior
8 segments. As already stated, the largest specimen, of 84 segments, had
crochets dorsally in 24 segments, ventrally in 29 segments.
The dorsal crochets (fig. 28c) resemble the short capillary setae in shape,
except that the tip is curved and bifid. The uppermost crochet in the
Clare Island Survey—Archiannelida and Polychacta. 4% 115
dorsal bundle is much larger than any of the others in either division. The
upper crochet in the ventral division (fig. 28D, 5) is larger than the lower ones
(fig. 28p,¢). The tip of the crochets is curved, and the two points diverge
at a very wide angle (fig. 288).
So far as can be seen from the available specimens, there is no tendency
for the posterior setae to form a ving round the segment, such as characterizes
Chactozone setosa and other species. However, as all the specimens except
one fragment are immature, it is possible that considerable changes take
piace in the setae at the period of sexual maturity. This species is closely
related to Chaetozone setlandica McIntosh, but differs in having no eyes, in
having crochets in the posterior dorsal bundles, in the relative position, size,
and shape of the setae, etc. It differs from Chactozone caput-esocis (de
St.-Joseph) in having no eyes, in having bifid crochets, and in the position,
shape, and nwmbers of the crochets.
Hobitat—Dredged in Killary Harbour, in 7 fms., in rich black mud.
Chaetozone zetlandica McIntosh.
Pls, XII, XIII, figs. 29a-x.
1911. Chaetozone zetlandiea. McIntosh, p. 161.
This species was recently described by McIntosh from a single fragment
consisting of the posterior end of a specimen dredged in 100 fathoms in
St. Magnus Bay, Shetland. It is at once distinguished from all other species
of the genus by the arrangement of the crochets, which are present in the
ventral, absent in the dorsal bundles. Through the courtesy of Professor
McIntosh, I was able to examine the type-specimen, and compare it with the
individuals here described. Consequently any errors which may be involved
in the assumption here made that the various forms described below are
referable to one specific form—C. zetlandica McIntosh—will be due either to
the fragmentary nature of the type-specimen, or to the wrongful interpre-
tation of alterations in structure due to growth and development.
Altogether, 25 specimens are available for study. These can be easily
divided into 5 stages, the most obvious distinction being the size. These 5
stages will be considered separately.
Stage A—The occurrence of this form is worthy of note. Twenty-three
specimens were taken, on ten different occasions in the months of March—
August. These specimens were always captured at night, in the tow-net,
usually at the surface, and have only been obtained in Fahy Bay, a branch
of Ballynakill Harbour.
These worms are 4-6 mm. long, composed of 36-64 segments, of which,
in the larger specimens, 40-50 are provided with cirri, The shape of the
P2
47 116 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
body is very constant and characteristic. It gradually increases in size up to
the 15th setigerous segment, and then tapers towards the tail (Pl. XIII,
fig. 29c). The body thus seems to be inflated in the anterior region, re-
sembling that of Scalibregma inflatum. 'The body segments are narrow, and
not clearly differentiated.
The head (fig. 294, 29D) is pointed in front, swollen behind. Just behind
the narrow part of the head is a pair of laterally placed reddish-brown
kidney-shaped eyes, the pigment of which seems to be partially soluble in
alcohol. In front of, and on the outer side of, the eyes are the ciliated nuchal
organs. ‘The individual segments composing the anterior part of the body
are not distinguishable, except by the appendages they bear. The dorsal
tentacles, each accompanied by a lateral cirrus placed externally, occur on
the segment in front of that bearing the first bundles of setae. The lateral
cirri, of which there are about 46 pairs, are situated as usual just behind and
above the dorsal setae. The anus (fig. 298) is dorsal, bounded above by three
ill-defined papillae and below by a prominent lobe.
In the anterior segments the setae, 5-8 in number, both dorsal and
ventral, are capillary. In the dorsal bundles there are a few very long slender
cylindrical setae, without any distinct neck or flattening of the blade. These
setae are about 1 mm. long. The ventral bundles sometimes have one or two
slender capillary setae. The remaining capillary setae in the dorsal division
and in the anterior ventral feet are shorter capillary setae, with flattened
blades and a distinct neck and curvature where the cylindrical shaft emerges
from the body-wall (fig. 29F). They are *2-°5 mm. in length. There are only
capillary setae in the dorsal bundles. The position of the first crochets
in the ventral division is not constant, varying from the 15th to the 25th
segment. At first there are only 1 or 2 crochets in each foot, but in the
posterior region the arrangement is fairly constant, as shown in fig. 298.
The dorsal division usually contains 5 long slender cylindrical setae,
alternating with 3 shorter thicker setae, with slightly flattened blades. ‘The
ventral division contains 3 crochets alternating with short capillary setae.
‘The uppermost seta of the ventral division is usually a short capillary seta,
thicker and more flattened than the rest.
The crochets (figs. 29G, 29H) are bifid at the tip, the two points forming
an acute angle. This is best seen in the ventral crochet. In the uppermost
crochet, and sometimes in some of the others, the point is simple, through
abrasion of the tip. ‘he shaft of the crochet is longitudinally striated. A
distinet neck separates the shaft from the blade, and the latter is obliquely
striated. This applies to all the setae except the very long dorsal capillary
setae. The thick flattened setae in the middle and posterior dorsal divisions
Clare Island Survey—Archiannelida und Polychacta. 4% 117
resemble the crochets in shape, except that they terminate in long slender
points. The crochets increase in size in the posterior segments, where the
setae are relatively much more prominent than in the anterior and middle
regions, and occupy all the lateral area of the body. The distance between
the dorsal and ventral bundles remains fairly constant, diminishing only very
slightly towards the posterior end. Thus the arrangement of the setae in
the posterior region is intermediate between that usually associated with
Heterocirrus on the one hand and Chaetozone on the other.
None of the pelagic specimens were sexually mature; and the free-swim-
ming habit at night has evidently been adopted for the purpose of seeking
food. :
Stage B.—This stage is represented by a single specimen obtained by
digging in clean sand in Blacksod Bay in September. It is 11mm. long,
consisting of about 120 segments. The body is long and slender, and the
inflation of the anterior end characteristic of Stage A is not evident. The
anterior end resembles that of Stage A, but the eyes are darker and slightly
more ventral in position. The setae resemble those already described, but
are, on the whole, stronger, thicker, more prominent, and more numerous,
especially at the posterior end. In the anterior region they do not differ
from the arrangement found in Stage A. The concave side of the curved
blade shows the same tendency to become frayed, owing to abrasion. In the
posterior region there is also a close resemblance; but some of the ventral
divisions have each four crochets, the bifid nature of which is not so evident
asin those of Stage A. The lowest crochet is always bifid; the next may
show a slight indication of a cleft at the tip; and the two remaining crochets
have simple rounded points (fig. 293, a-c). The thick capillary setae of both
divisions taper rapidly to very fine points (fig. 293, d). These thick setae
and the crochets alternate with very slender long capillary setae. The tail
shows a slight indication of flattening,
Stage C.—This stage, to which the fragment described by McIntosh also
belongs, is also represented by an entire specimen found in clean sand in
Blacksod Bay in March. It attains the relatively enormous length of 44 mm.,
but consists only of 150 segments—a number not greatly exceeding that of
Stage B. The head bears two ventrally placed reddish-brown eyes. A
characteristic feature is the marked flattening of the posterior part of the
body, which is only slightly indicated in Stage B. The setae are much more
numerous than in Stages A and B, but have the same arrangement in two
rows, one consisting of thick flattened setae, the other of long slender
cylindrical setae. In the posterior segments there are 18-25 setae in each
bundle. The ventral bundles contain 6-7 erochets, terminating in simple
47 118
rounded points.
Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
In some of the feet the lowest crochet shows traces of a
cleft at the tip, but no distinctly bifid setae were seen (fig. 29K).
No trace of genital products was seen in this specimen.
The characteristics of the three stages may now be tabulated, so as to
make the comparison clearer :—
Stace A.
1. Taken only in the sur-
face tow-net at night. |
Srace B. Srace C.
| Living in clean sand.| Living in clean sand.
Found in September. Found in March.
Found from March- |
August.
2. Length 4-6 mm.
5. Number of segments |
56-64.
|
4. Body inflated in the
anterior region, with
eylindrical — posterior
end.
5. Head with pair of
lateral eyes.
6. Dorsal branchiae on seg-
ment in front of that
bearing the setae.
7. Setae 5-8 in number in
cach division.
[oa]
. Crochets absent from
dorsal divisions.
9. The majority of the
crochets distinctly bi-
fid, but the upper
crochet with simple
tip.
Length 11 mm.
Number of segments 120.
Body cylindrical, with
slight flattening of pos-
terior end.
| Head with pair of ventro-
laterally placed eyes.
| Resembles Stage A.
| Setae 7-9 in each division,
nent than in Stage A.
| Crochets absent from dor-
sal divisions.
| Crochets not so distinctly
bifid as in Stage A.
longer and more promi- |
Length 44 mm.
Number of segments 150.
Body cylindrical in front,
with marked flattening
of posterior end.
Head with pair of ventrally
placed eyes.
Hesembles Stage A.
Setae 18-25 in each divi-
sion, longer and more
prominent than in Stage
A or B.
Crochets absent from dorsal
divisions.
Crochets with simple
rounded tips. Only ex-
ceptionally the lowest
crochet shows indication
of a bifid tip.
It will thus be seen that the three stages resemble each other in the
shape of the head, the position of the dorsal branchiae, the arrangement of
the setae, the absence of crochets from the dorsal divisions of the feet, and
the general shape of the setae. The chief differences between Stage A and
Stage C relate to the size, number of segments, shape of the body, and the
nature of the tips of the crochets. In all these characters, Stage B seems to
Clare Island Survey—Archiannelida and Polychaelu. 4° 119
he an intermediate form, with greater leanings towards Stage A, as might be
expected from the relative sizes of the three stages. he differences between
Stages A and C may be regarded as due to the different ages of the specimens ;
and the dates of capture indicate that C isa year older than Stage A; whilst
Stage B is intermediate in age. In view of the close resemblance in certain
characters between the three forms, it seems safer to accept this conclusion
for the present than to regard Stages A and © as separate species. The
discovery of other intermediate stages will be necessary for conclusive
proof.
In any case, it is evident that the species represented by Stage A has
adopted the free-swimming habit as part of its normal existence, and not
merely as an aid to reproduction.
Habitat.—Biacxsop Bay—Found on 2 occasions in clean sand. Batiy-
-NAKILL Harsour—'aken on 10 occasions in the surface
tow-net at night, in Fahy Bay.
Distribution.—Dredged in 100 fathoms in St. Magnus Bay, Shetland.
Chaetozone setosa Malmgren.
1867. Chaetozone setosa. Malmgren, p. 96.
Several specimens of this species were taken in the tow-net, usually at
night. None of them were mature.
Habitat.—Buacksop Bay—Surface tow-net at night. Crew Bay—Many
specimens taken in tow-net attached to dredge, in 14-17 fms.
BALLYNAKILL Harsour—One specimen taken in surface
tow-net at night.
Distribution.—Scotland (Firth of Clyde); Arctic; Siberia; Scandinavia ;
North Sea; eastern North America.
Dodecaceria concharum Oersted.
1898. Dodecaceria concharum. Caullery and Mesnil, p. 11.
This species is common throughout the district, especially in a calcareous
habitat. It is found in Lithothamnion, in the roots of Corallines, in certain
sponges, boring in shells and limestone, and between layers of schist.
An epitokous male was dredged in Blacksod Bay in March.
Habitat.—Buacxsop BAay—Found on the shore on 9 occasions ; dredged in
4 fathoms. CiEWw Bay—Common on the shores of Clare
Island ; dredged in 16 fms., in limestone.
Distribution.— British Isles; west coast of Europe; Mediterranean ;
Madeira; eastern North America.
47 120 -Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
Macrochaeta clavicornis (Sars).
1855. Nats clavicornis. Sars, p. 64. 1880. Mucrochaeta clavicornis.
Langerhans, p. 95. 1898. Macrochaeta clavicornis Caullery and Mesnil,
p. 150.
This species was originally found by Sars near Bergen, and many years
afterwards by Langerhans at Madeira. These are the only records of its
occurrence. It is very common throughout Clew Bay and Blacksod Bay ;
but I have not found it elsewhere in Ireland. In Blacksod Bay it occurs in
corallines on the shore, in Laminaria roots, and is very common in weeds
dredged in a few fathoms.
The systematic affinities of this species are at present not clearly recog-
nized. It is regarded by Levinsen and de St.-Joseph as belonging to the
Syllidae ; by Langerhans and by Caullery and Mesnil, as undoubtedly a
Cirratulid. I hope at some future date to give an adequate description of
this species and its allies. For the present it may be stated that the relation
to the Syllidae is very slight, whilst that to the Cirratulidae is not so
pronounced as Caullery and Mesnil maintain.
Mature specimens are found in May.
This species is phosphorescent on irritation, showing a bright blue light.
Habitat.—BiacksoD Bay—Obtained on 7 occasions, in weeds from rock-
pools, in Laminaria roots, and with weeds in 1-4 fathoms.
CLew Bay—Obtained in the dredge or tow-net on 4 occasions,
in 4-21 fms. BattyNakint HarBour—Dredged on 6
occasions, in 2-8 fms.
Distribution.—Norway (Floréen); Madeira.
Family TEREBELLIDAE.
Proclea Graffi (Langerhans).
1884. Leaena Grafii. Langerhans, p. 262. 1894. Proclea Graffit.
de St. Joseph, p. 180. 1899. Solowetia Malmgreni. Ssolowiew, p. 195.
A single specimen of this very interesting Terebellid was dredged in
Clew Bay in 11-19 fms., on a sandy bottom. It was a mature female full of
egos, and was taken in August.
The description and figures given by Langerhans are very meagre and
unsatisfactory. The characters of the species are so remarkable, however,
and the agreement is so close between the two forms, that there can be little
doubt as to the identification of the Irish specimen.
The chief characters distinguishing this species are (1) the absence of
branchiae ; (2) the presence of capillary setae in 16 segments, These setae
Clare Islund Survey—Archiannelida and Polychaeta. 4% 121
are of three types; one type occurring in the anterior eight bundles, a second
type in the posterior eight bundles, and the third type in all the bundles;
(3) uncini, which have a characteristic shape and arrangement.
I hope to publish a more complete description of this species on some
future occasion; but meanwhile a single point may be mentioned. The first
bundle of capillary setae is on the fourth segment. Langerhans says the
third segment ; but it may be inferred from his figure of Leaena oculata that
he does not include the buccal segment.
In 1899 Ssolowiew described a new genus and species from the White
Sea, which he named Solowetia Malmgrent. Apparently he was unaware
of the writings of Langerhans and de Saint-Joseph on the ebranchiate
Terebellidae, as their names are not mentioned in the paper.
S. Malmyreni agrees with P. Grafi in the following characters :—
(1) Branchiae are absent. (2) There are 16 pairs of bundles of capillary
setae consisting of smooth and serrate setae, beginning on the 4th segment.
(3) Uncini begin in the urd setigerous segment, and have the characteristic
shape and arrangement in single and double rows.
Ssolowiew does not appear to have noticed the peculiar arrangement of
the smooth and serrate capillary setae, but otherwise no distinction can be
found between the two forms, and I have no doubt but that they are referable
to the same species.
Habitat.—CieEw Bay—Dredged in 11-19 fms., 1 mile ES.E. of Clare
Island lighthouse, on a sandy bottom.
Distribution.— White Sea (73-94 fms.) ; Franz-Joseph Land; Madeira.
Amphitrite affinis Malmgren.
1865. Amphitrite afinis. Malmgren, p. 375. 1912. A. a. Wollebaek,
p. 101.
A single small specimen, dredged in 16-19 fms. in Clew Bay, appears to
belong to this species. It agrees with it in having 3 pairs of branched gills,
capillary setae on 17 segments, in the shape and arrangement of the uncinate
setae, and in having a tube formed of mud, with thick walls. The wings and
teeth on the capillary setae are rather more prominent than is shown in the
figures of Malmgren and Wollebaek. The uncini agree closely, the rounded
base being very characteristic. On segments 11-20 the uncini are in two
rows, on the other segments in a single row.
This species seems to be very closely related to the Amphitrite variabilis
(Risso) found in the Mediterranean, differing, so far as I can see, only in the
simpler gills and the shape of the uncini.
R.I.A, PROC., VOL. XXXI. Q aT
47 122 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
Hahitat.—Cizw Bay. Dredged in 16-19 ims., on a sandy bottom, 1 mile
E. by S. of Clare Island lighthouse.
Distribuiion.—Spitzbergen ; Iceland; Norway; Siberia.
Amphitrite Johnstoni Malmgren.
1865. Amphitrite Johnstoni. Malmgren, p. 377. 1898. 4. J. de
Saint-Joseph, p. 421. 1912. A. J. Wollebaek, p. 103.
This species is occasionally found under stones on the shore, but usually
it lives in wide deep tunnels in the sand of Zostera beds. It lines the tunnel
with a thick mud tube.
A small specimen, 20 mm. long, was dredged in 1 im. in Blacksod Bay,
living in Laminaria roots. It agreed with fully grown specimens in having
3 pairs of gills, 24 bundles of capillary setae, and double rows of uncini on
segments 11—27.
Habitat—BLacxsoD Bay—Found on the shore on two occasions. Dredged
in 1 fm, in Laminaria roots. BaLiyNakint Harsour—
Found on the shore. Borrxs Harsour—Found on the shore.
Distribution —British Isles; France ; North Sea; Scandinavia; White
Sea; east North America.
Amphitrite gracilis (Grube).
1884. Amphitrite gracilis. Marenzeller, p. 176. 1894. A. g. de Saint-
Joseph, p. 198.
This species is extremely common on the shore at Blacksod Bay. Iz lives
under stones on the shore, and in crevices of the flaky schist.
Habitat—BuscksoD Bay—Found on the shore on 26 occasions. CLEW
Bay—Dredged on two occasions, in 18-19 ims., on a rocky
bottom. BALLYNAKILL H4rspour—Found on the shore on
two occasions.
Lepraea lapidaria (L.)
1894. Terebella lamdaria. De Saint-Joseph, p. 202.
This species was very rare, only two specimens being found.
Habitat.—Ciew Bay—Dredged in 16 fms.
Distrijution.—South of England; France; Mediterranean.
Seione maculata (Dalyell).
1894 Scione maculata. De Saint-Joseph, p. 205.
‘This species forms a fine tube of sand, small fragments of shell, and pieces
of seaweed, usually attached to Hydroids, Polyzoa, or seaweeds.
Clare Island Survey—Archiannelida and Polychaeta. 4% 128
Halitat.—Buacksop Bay—Found once on the shore. Dredged on 2
occasions, in 4#-54 fms. CLEw Bay—Dredged in Laminaria
roots from 13-16} fms.
Distribution.—Secotland ; north of France.
Nicolea venustula (Montagu).
1894. Nicolea venustula. De Saint-Joseph, p. 207.
All the specimens of Nicolea from the Clare Island district, whether from
between tide-marks, or dredged in 25 fms., agree with the species described
by Marenzeller and de Saint-Joseph in having two pairs of gills and capillary
setae on 17 segments. The form zostericola with capillary setae on 15
segments was not obtained.
Mature specimens were found in March and May.
Habitat.—Buacksop Bay—Found on the shore on 5 occasions. Dredged
on 3 occasions, in 3-6 fms. CLEW Bay—Dredged on 5
occasions, In 9-26 fms. BALLYNAKILL Harspour—Dredged
in 6-9 fms.
Distribution.—British Isles ; France; Mediterranean ; Red Sea; ? Arctic;
?Scandinavia ; 2? North Sea.
Lanice conchilega (Pallas).
1894. JZ. c. de Saint-Joseph, p. 211. 1912. JZ. c¢. Wollebaek, p. 105.
This species is very abundant on the shores of Blacksod Bay. It lives
with its tube buried deeply in the sand, the upper end usually projecting
between two stones. It is also found occasionally living in clean sand, but
more usually in mud, gravel, or the sand of Zostera beds. The empty tubes
are very common in the dredge. Young specimens were dredged in May.
Habitat.-—BuacksopD Bay—Found on the shore on 19 occasions. Dredged
on 9 occasions in 1-9 fms. CLEW Bay—Dredged on 17
occasions, usually only empty tubes, in 5-22 fms. Batty-
NAKILL HarBouUR—F'ound on the shore on 4 occasions.
Distribution.— British Isles; France; Scandinavia; North Sea; Madeira ;
Mediterranean.
Pista cristata (O. F. Miiller).
1865, Pista cristata. Malmgren, p. 382. 1912. P.c. Wollebaek, p. 99.
This species was rare in the district, only a single specimen having been
dredged in Inishlyre Harbour, on a muddy bottom. It had four unequal gills.
Habitat.—Ciew Bay—Dredged in 4 fms., in Inishlyre Harbour.
Distribution—Shetlands ; France ; Iceland; Scandinavia; Spitzbergen ;
Nova Zembla; White Sea ; east North America; Mediterranean.
Q 2
47 124 Proceedings of the Royal Trish Academy.
Polymnia nebulosa (Montagu).
1896. Polymnia nebulosa. De Saint-Joseph, p. 219.
1912. Terebella debilis. Wollebaek, p. 96.
This species is abundant on the shore, living in long tubes on the under-
side of stones in gravel, and in the sand of Zostera beds. The tubes
are sometimes as much as a foot and a half long, consisting of a parchment-
like membrane covered with sand and pieces of shell. Specimens taken
in the dredge are always much smaller than those found on the shore.
Mature specimens were found in September.
Habitat.—Buacksop Bay.—Found on the shore on 15 occasions. Dredged
on 4 occasions, in 2-6 fms. CLEW Bay—On the shore of
Annagh Island. Dredged on 5 occasions, in 4-10 fms.,
usually on muddy ground. BattyNnakILL Harsour—Found
on the shore on 3 occasions. Dredged on 4 occasions in 1-8
fms.
Distribution.—Great Britain; France; Norway; Finmark; Skaggerak ;
Helgoland ; Mediterranean.
Polymnia nesidensis (Delle Chiaje).
1896. Polymnia nesidensis. De Saint-Joseph, p. 225. 1912. Terebella
Danielsseni. Wollebaek, p. 97.
This species is found on the shore, under stones and in the sand of
Zostera beds. Mature specimens were found from February to May.
Habitat.—Buiacksop Bay—Found on the shore on 8 occasions. Dredged
on 7 occasions, in 1-8 fms. CLeEw Bay—Dredged in
Inishlyre Harbour, in 5 fms. BALLYNAKILL HarBouR—
Dredged on 3 occasions, in 2-9 fms.
Distribution—Great Britain; France; Scandinavia; North Sea;
Mediterranean.
Thelepus setosus (Quatrefages).
1894. Thelepus setosus. De Saint-Joseph, p. 230.
This species was common on the shore in Blacksod Bay, living under
stones, in Laminaria roots, and in the sand of Zostera beds. It is frequently
accompanied in its tube by the Polynoid worm Polynoe scolopendrina.
Mature specimens were found in August, the eggs being of a pale salmon
colour.
Habitat.—Buacksop Bay—Found on the shore on 8 occasions. Dredged
on 6 occasions, in 3-8 fms. CLEw Bay—Dredged on 4
occasions, in 9-26 fms.
Distribution,—Dublin Bay ; south of England; France.
Clare Island Survey—Archiannelida and Polychaeta. 47% 125
Thelepus cincinnatus (Fabricius).
1912. Thelepus cincinnatus. Wollebaek, p. 89.
This species is very rare in Blacksod Bay, only two specimens having
been found there. In Clew Bay, it was usually dredged in mud or muddy
sand. Mature specimens were found in August, young specimens in May.
Habitat.—BiacksopD Bay—Found on the shore on two occasions.
Ciew Bay—Dredged off Mulranny in 7 fms.; in Inishlyre
Harbour in 2-4 fms.; in Killary Harbour on two occasions
in 7 and 174 fms. ; near Inishgowla in 8-10 fms.
Distribution —British Isles; France; Arctic ; Scandinavia; North Sea;
east North America; Mediterranean.
Thelepides collaris gen. et sp. nov.
Pl. XIII, figs. 30 a.
A single specimen only of this interesting form was dredged in Clew Bay,
in 15 fathoms. The tube is missing.
The specimen, which is incomplete posteriorly, is 25 mm. long, and
consists of 29 segments, of which 27 bear setae. The sexual organs are not
mature.
The body is only slightly swollen in the thoracic region, tapering towards
the head. The abdominal region is cylindrical. The skin is smooth, and
does not show the pitted markings so prominent in Thelepus setosus and
T. cincinnatus.
In the anterior region the segments are four times as broad as long, but
the length gradually increases, and in the abdominal region the length
considerably exceeds the breadth. Im the thoracic segments there is a
superficial annulation of the skin.
A conspicuous folded membrane surrounds the mouth (figs. 30a, 308). In
the median ventral line there is a small lobe not connected with the folded
membrane. The tentacles emerge in two lateral bunches.
The first segment has two groups of eyes in a dorso-lateral position. On
the ventral side it forms a smooth rounded lower lip (fig. 308), with its
lateral boundaries indicated by the nerve commissures.
The branchiae occur on the second and third segments (fig. 30a). As in
the genus Thelepus, they are slender, cirriform, and unbranched. Each is
faintly grooved. On the second segment there are four pairs of branchiae,
on the thirdsegment two pairs. These numbers are much smaller than those
found in species of Thelepus, and approximate to the condition in the genus
Enthelepus McIntosh, where there is only a single pair of branchiae on
47 126 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
each segment. The branchiae on the second segment are somewhat larger
than those on the third segment.
Capillary setae commence on the third segment, as in the genus
Thelepus, but they are only present on fifteen segments On the 3rd and
4th segments a conspicuous row of glands runs round the segment in a line
with the setae (figs. 304, 30B). In each of the dorsal bundles the setae are
in two rows. The posterior row consists of long slender setae (fig. 30C),
tapering to a fine point, with a smooth edge and narrow unequal wings. The
anterior row consists of shorter setae, with narrower wings, and with more
abruptly tapered tips (fig. 30D).
The ventral rows of uncini only commence on the 11th segment (9th
setigerous segment). In the genus Thelepus they commence on the 5th
segment. On the 9th setigerous seement there are 9 uncini, on the 10th
there are 20, on the 18th 93, and on the 26th there are 86. They are
arranged side by side in a single row, with no alternation. In the posterior
segments they are moved by long slender chitinous tendons (‘soies de
soutien’). In side view (fig. 30k, a), each uncinus shows two teeth above the
main tooth. The base is rounded, with a sharp spinous muscle attachment
in front, and a blunt one on the posterior border. In surface view (fig. 30E, 0)
the crest shows a single row of seven slender teeth above the main tooth. The.
uncini of the posterior segments are slightly larger than those of the anterior
segments.
These uncini differ considerably in shape from those so characteristic of
the genus Thelepus. The rounded button-shaped knob on the base of the
uncini of Thelepus is represented in the present species by a sharp spine, as
in most genera of the Terebellidae. Moreover in Thelepus there are usually
two or three rows of teeth on the crest of the uncini, as against a single
row in Thelepides.
In these cireumstances I propose a new genus for this form, which may
be provisionally defined as follows :—
Thelepides gen. nov.
Forms agreeing with Thelepus in having (1) setae on the third segment ;
(2) filiform. unbranched gills ; (3) uneint in a single row. They differ from
Thelepus in having (1) capillary setae on 15 segments only ; (2) wneini with a
single row of teeth on the crest, without the characteristic knob on the base. The
uncini commence on the eleventh segment, those of Thelepus on the fifth.
Halitat.—Ciew Bay—Dredged in 15 fms., 9 miles E.S.E. of Clare I.
lighthouse, on stony ground.
Clare Island Survey—Archiannelida and Polychaeta. 49% 127
Polycirrus caliendrum Claparede.
1894. Polycirrus caliendrum. De Saint-Joseph, p. 237.
Numerous specimens of this species were found throughout the area. It
was most commonly found in Laminaria roots; but it was also found in the
sand of a Zostera bed, and was dredged on several occasions. Mature
specimens were found in March and May.
The species most commonly recorded from the European coasts is P. avran-
tiacus Grube. It differs from the present species in having only three pairs
of nephridia instead of six pairs. In other respects the two species are
almost identical. A careful examination of all the Irish specimens has shown
that in all cases six pairs of nephridia are present. ‘The three posterior pairs
are, however, very small and easily overlooked. The three anterior pairs are
large and easily seen lying free in the body-cavity, whilst the three posterior
pairs are hidden by overlying transverse strands of muscle.
In view of these observations, it seems probable that a large proportion
of the records of P. awrantiacus should really be referred to P. caliendrum, it
indeed the two species are not identical. I am not in a position to pronounce
definitely on this point. Specimens from various parts of Europe should be
examined and compared.
Habitat.—-BLacksop Bay—F ound on 2 occasions, on the shore. CLEW
Bay—Dredged on 4 occasions, in 7-16 fms. BALLYNAKILL
Harsour—Dredged on 2 occasions, in 1-8 fms. Borin
IsLanD—Dredged in 16 fms.
Distribution.— England; France; Naples.
Polycirrus Smitti (Malmgren).
1865. Hreutho Smittz. Malmeren, p. 391.
This species was found by digging in clean sand and in muddy gravel in
Blacksod Bay. Mature specimens were found in May.
The capillary setae occur on 13 segments. They are very slender, and
either without, or with only a slight indication of, wings. The edge of the
seta 1s sometimes serrate ; but this is owing to abrasion, and is not a specific
character. The uncini have a single row of small teeth on the crest of the
large tooth. The base of the uncini is striated. There are six pairs of
nephridia.
Habitat. —Buacksop Bay—Obtained on the shore on 3 occasions, by
digging in sand and muddy gravel.
Distribution.— Scotland; Arctic shores; Scandinavia; Hastport, Maine,
U.S.A,
47 128 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
Polycirrus haematodes (Claparede).
1894. Polycirrus haematodes. De Saint-Joseph, p. 241.
In the littoral region this species was always obtained from Laminaria
roots. It was taken a few times in the dredge. Mature specimens were
found in August. ‘he capillary setae of this species are frequently serrate
at the tip, owing to abrasion of the blade.
Haintat.— Biacksop BAy—'l'aken on 3 occasions on the shore, in Laminaria
roots. CLEW Bay—Dredged on 2 occasions, in 8-16 ims.
BALLYNAKILL Harpour—Dredged in 6-8 fms.
Distribution Scotland (Fairlie Channel); France; Madeira; Naples.
Polycirrus denticulatus de Saint-Joseph.
1894. Polycirrus denticulatus. De Saint-Joseph, p. 242.
This species was particularly characterized, according to de Saint-Joseph,
by the serrate wings of the capillary setae. My observations on several
species have convinced me that this character is of no importance. The
serration of the delicate edge of the setae is caused by abrasion. I have
frequently found smooth and serrate setae in the same bundle. In this genus
the capillary setae have a fibrous structure, and readily become frayed at the
edge.
There is great resemblance between this species and P. haematodes
(Claparéde). The chief differences are (1) the absence of uncini from the
thoracic region in P. haematodes; (2) in P. denticulatus the winged portion
of the capillary setae is shorter than in P. haematodes. It is possible
that the species P. triglandula Langerhans, and P. tenuisetis Langerhans, are
identical with the present species. According to Langerhans, these two species
have only three pairs of nephridia; but he may have overlooked the three
posterior pairs, which, in P. denticulatus, are very small, and are hidden by
an overlying sheet of muscle.
Hohitat.— Buacksop Bay—Obtained on one occasion in Laminaria roots on
the shore. BALLYNAKILL HarsBourn—Dredged on 2 occasions,
in 3-8 fms.
Distribution. —France (Dinard).
Terebellides Stroemi Sars.
1865. Terebellides Stroemi. Malmgren, p. 396. 1912. Terebellides
Stromt. Wollebaek, p. 78.
This species is usually found in mud, or in the sand of Zostera beds.
Mature specimens were found in May and November. The geographical
range is very extended, stretching from the Arctic to the South Pacific.
ey
Clare Island Survey —Archiinnelida and Polychaeta. 47 129
Habitat—Buiacxsop Bay—Found once on the shore. Dredged on 3
occasions in 1-4} fms. CLEew Bay—Dredged in Killary
Harbour, in 7 fms.; in Inishlyre Harbour on 5 occasions, in
4—-5fms. BaLtyNakitt Harsour—Found on the shore on 5
oceasions. Dredged on 2 occasions in 1-4 fms.
Distribution.—Great Britain; Arctic; Scandinavia; Siberia; Adriatic ;
east coast of North America; Magellan Straits; Kerguelen; east of Bouvet
Islands.
Trichobranchus glacialis Malmeren.
1894. Trichobranchus glacialis, De Saint-Joseph, p. 244. 1912. 7. 9.
Wollebaek, p. 79.
This species is comparatively rare in the district. It is generally found
on a muddy bottom.
Habitat—CiEw Bay—Dredged in Inishlyre Harbour, in 5 fms.; in
Killary Harbour in 8 fms. Batitynakinn Harsour—
Dredged on 4 occasions, in 1-8 fms.
Distribution—Scotland; Arctic; Scandinavia; North Sea; France ;
Madeira; Canaries; Mediterranean ; eastern North America.
Family AMPHARETIDAE.
Ampharete Grubei, Malmgren.
1865. Ampharete Grubet, Malmgren, p. 363. 1897. Ampharete Gruber.
Fauvel, p. 13.
Mature specimens of this species were found in May.
Habitat.—-Btacksop Bay—Dredged on 6 occasions, in 2-6fms. CLEW
Bay—Dredged on 4 oceasions, in 54-17 fms.
Distribution.—British Isles (Dublin Bay, Isle of Man); France; Arctic ;
Seandinavia ; North Sea; eastern North America.
Family AMPHICTENIDAE,
Pectinaria auricoma (Miiller).
1865. Aimphictene auricoma. Malmgren, p. 357.
This species usually lives in sand. It was also found in fine gravel, and in
the sand of Zostera beds.
Habitat.—Biacksop Bay—Found twice on the shore. Dredged in
7-8 fms. Ciew Bay—Dredged on 11 occasions, in 4-22 fms.,
usually on a sandy bottom.
Distribution.—British Isles; Scandinavia; North Sea; Mediterranean.
R.I,A, PROC, VOL, XXX1. R 47
47 130 Proceedings of the Royal Trish Academy.
Pectinaria belgica (Pallas).
1865. Pectinaria belgica. Malmgren, p. 356.
The only specimens of this species obtained in the district were secured
by passing the rich black mud from the bottom of Killary Harbour through
a sieve. Some of the specimens grow here to a great size, up to 80 mm. in
length. The longest tube obtained was 90 mm. long.
This species has been repeatedly confused with Zagis Koreni, and its
distribution is probably much more restricted than would appear from the
records. It is a northern form.
Habitat.—Cirw’ Bay—Dredged on 3 occasions in Killary Harbour, in
8-17 fms.
Distribution. —Irish Sea (Lambay Deep); Scotland (St. Andrews);
Scandinavia; Belgium.
Lagis Koreni Malmgren.
1891. Lagis Korent. De Saint-Joseph, p. 405.
This species is common in Blacksod Bay, living in clean sand, more rarely
in the sand under stones.
Habitat.—Biacksop Bay—Found on the shore, on 8 occasions. Dredged
in 6-Sfms. BattyNnakirn Harsour—Found once on the
shore.
Distribution —Great Britain (Plymouth); France; Scandinavia; North
Sea; Mediterranean.
Family CAPITELLIDAE.
Capitella capitata (Fabricius).
1887. Capitella capitata. Eisig, p. 849.
This species is not very common in the district, and was only taken on
4 occasions. Mature specimens were found in August.
Habitat Buacksop Bay—In muddy sand on the shore. Dredged in
1fm. CLew Bay—In sand near the Harbour, Clare Island.
Dredged in Laminaria roots, 13-24 fms.
Distribution.—British Isles ; Scandinavia ; Arctic; North Sea; Madeira;
Naples; Black Sea; east coast of North America; South Africa ; Kerguelen.
Notomastus latericeus M. Sars.
1894. Notomastus latericeus, De Saint-Joseph, p. 117.
This species is very abundant on the shore in clean sand, and especially
in the sand of Zostera beds. It is also common in muddy sand and gravel,
Clare Islund Survey—Arechiannelida und Polychueta. 49 131
Habitat.—Buacxsop BAy—Found on the shore on 20 occasions. CLEW
Bay—Dredged in various parts of the bay, including
Killary Harbour and Inishgowla, on 6 occasions, in 4-24 fms.
BALLYNAKILL Harpour—-Dredged in 4-8 fms.
Distribution—British Isles; Arctic; Scandinavia; North Sea; France;
Madeira; Adriatic; east coast of North America; east of Bouvet Island
(South Pacific).
Fanily OPHELIIDAE.
Travisia Forbesi Johnston.
1898. Travisia Forbesii. De Saint-Joseph, p. 381.
This species lives in clean sand. It is exceedingly abundant in certain of
the sandy beaches in Blacksod Bay, especially in Elly Bay, where large
numbers were obtained by passing the sand through a sieve. The worms
are enveloped in a delicate membranous tube, covered with sand-gvains.
Mature specimens were found in March.
Habitat—Buacksop BAy—Found on the shore on 11 occasions.
Distribution.—Great Britain; France; Scandinavia; Arctic; North Sea ;
east coast of North America; South Africa.
Ophelia limacina (Rathke).
1843. Ammotrypane limacina. Rathke, p. 190.
This species only lives in sand. A few large specimens were found in
Blacksod Bay ; and it was taken in Clew Bay, when dredging on a sandy
bottom.
Halitat —Biacksop BAy—Found on 3 occasions, CLEW Bay—Dredged
on 5 occasions, in 8-19 fms,
Distribution.—British Isles; Scandinavia; Arctic; North Sea; east coast
of North America.
Ammotrypane aulogaster Rathke.
1845. Amimotrypane aulogaster, Rathke, p. 188.
Very rave in the district. Not found in Blacksod Bay.
Habitat.—CLew Bay— Dredged in Inishlyre Hbr., in 5 fms. ; in the middle
of the bay, in 18fms. BaLLtyNAkILL HArsour—Dredged in
1-3 fms.
Distribution.—Great Britain; Scandinavia; Arctic; North Sea; Gulf of
St. Lawrence.
R2
47 132 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
Armandia flagellifera sp. n.
PI. XIV, figs. 31 s—p.
A single specimen of this new species was taken in the tow-net near the
entrance to Ballynakill Harbour. A well-preserved specimen has also been
dredged in 11 fathoms in Galway Bay; and as the latter individual is in some
respects in better condition than the former, it has been largely used in
drawing up the following description.
The body is 12mm. long in one specimen, and 9mm. in the other, the
latter being more strongly contracted and thicker than the former. It is of
very uniform thickness throughout the greater part of its length, tapering to
the pointed head, and more abruptly towards the tail. Starting immediately
behind the mouth, a ventral groove runs along the body to the anal funnel.
It is shallow in front, but gradually deepens towards the middle of the body ;
and it is bounded laterally by two conspicuously rounded ridges. The colour
is pale-brown with a greenish sheen, and any pattern which may have been
present in the living worms has vanished.
There are 33 setigerous segments in both specimens. Each segment is
composed of three distinct rings, and each ring is biannulate. The annulation
is not very distinct near the ends of the body.
The head (fig. 31 4) tapers gradually to a slender tip. No eyes are visible
on the head.
In front of the first setigerous lobe on each side is a conspicuous nuchal
organ.
Long slender dorsal cirri are present on all setigerous segments except the
first and the two last. Their absence from these segments is probably due
to accident.
The lateral eyes occur on 16 setigerous segments, the 4th to the 19th.
The posterior ones are small and inconspicuous. In the specimen from
Galway Bay the eye consists of small spheres of pigment, like a compound
eye; but in the Ballynakill specimen the pigment in each eye is fused into a
single sphere.
The anal funnel (fig. 31c) is formed.of a delicate membrane, ringed
externally. The opening is dorsal, sloping from below upwards and forwards.
The membrane on each side of the opening projects in four lobes, each lobe
bearing a fusiform papilla.
On the ventral side of the anal funnel, in the median line in front, rises a
long slender cirrus, nearly twice as long as the anal funnel. Such a cirrus
has been found previously in two species of Armandia, A. /epfocirris Grube,
Clare Island Survey—Archiannelida and Polychaela. 47 135
and A. intermedia Vauvel, though its absence may in some other cases have
been due to accident, as it is easily detached. In the latter case a careful
search will reveal the fractured base of the cirrus. In other respects the
anal funnel of these two species differs widely from that of A. flagellifera.
In the specimen from Galway Bay, the proboscis is partially protruded
(fig. 318). It projects as an arched membrane over the mouth, and is fringed
with 13 slender papillae. A similar structure does not seem to have been
noted in any other species of Armandia. Kukenthal’ gives a figure of the
extended proboscis of A. polyophthalma. It is a globular lobate organ, without
any papillae, and de Saint-Joseph states (1894, p. 115) that A. Dollfusi
resembles A. polyophthalma in this respect.
The feet are situated on the upper and outer sides of the ventro-lateral
ridges. There is a rounded setigerous lobe (fig. 51D) from the upper and
lower margins of which emerge the dorsal and ventral setae respectively.
The dorsal cirri are long, slender, and tapering, the ventral cir1i short and
finger-shaped.
The setae are longitudinally striated, and are easily fractured into a bundle
of long, slender needles. In the specimen from Ballynakill, the setae are all
frayed out in this manner.
In the dorsal division of the foot there are 7-8 long flat setae, the upper
ones being the longest. In the ventral division there are 9-10 similar setae,
almost equal in length, but shorter than the dorsal setae.
In the posterior nine or ten segments, the setae are greatly elongated,
exceeding the anal funnel in length.
This species is easily distinguished by the shape of the head, absence of
eyes, structure of the anal funnel, especially by the presence of the median
ventral cirrus, and by the papillae on the proboscis.
Halitat. — BALLYNAKILL HARBouR—A single specimen taken in the surface
tow-net at night.
Another specimen was dredged in 11 fms. in Galway Bay, living in
sand,
Polyophthalmus pictus (Dujardin),
1898. Polyophthalmus pictus. De Saint-Joseph, p. 385.
This species is extremely common in the littoral and shallow-water areas
of the west coast of Ireland. It is found in weeds from rock-pools, in Zostera
beds, Laminaria roots, and is dredged on all types of ground, except clean
sand and mud.
1 Jenaische Zeitschrift, Bd. xx, 1887, Taf. xxniii, fig. 28.
47 134 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
Habitat.— BLAcKsop BAY—Found on the shore on 11 occasions. Dredged
on 6 occasions, in 1-8 fms. CLEW Bay—Shore of Achill
Island. Dredged in Inishlyre Harbour on 2 occasions, in
2-5 fms. Dredged in 14 fms., 1} miles off Cleggan Head.
BaLlyNakILL Harsour—Dredged on 11 occasions, in 1-8
fis. Borry Harsour—Dredged on 17 occasions, in 1-6
fms.
Distribution—West coast of Ireland; south-west coast of England;
France ; Mediterranean; Red Sea.
Family MALDANIDAE.,
Micromaldane ornithochaeta Mesnil.
1897. Micromaldane ornithochueta. Mesnil, p. 146.
A number of specimens of this interesting little species were found in
Laminaria roots dredged in 9-11 fms., in Clew Bay. I have also found them
in Laminaria roots from Howth, Co. Dublin. Apparently the species has been
previously seen only by Mesnil, who found it in the cavities of Lithothamnion
polymorplum at La Hague, near Cherbourg.
Habitat.—CLEw Bay— Dredged in 9-11 fms.
Distribution.— France (La Hague).
Nicomache maculata Arwidsson.
1911. Micomache (Nicomache) maculata. Arwidsson, p. 209.
This species was described by Arwidsson partly from specimens collected
in Blacksod Bay. They were found in muddy sand between stones on the
north side of Feorinyeeo Bay.
Mature specimens were found in October.
Hahitat.—BLAcksop BAy—Found once on the shore.
Distribution—lIveland (Howth, Portstewart); Scotland (Firth of Forth,
St. Andrews) ; Helgoland.
Caesicirrus neglectus Arwidsson.
1911. Caesivivrus neglectus. Arwidsson, p. 217.
This species—only recently described by Arwidsson, from Ivish material—
is exceedingly abundant in certain patches of clean sand in Blacksod Bay,
The fine sandy tubes project in vast numbers from the sand near low-water
mark. In other adjacent patches of sand, apparently of the same nature and
under the same conditions, Caesicirrus is quite absent.
Mature specimens were found in September.
Clare Island Survey—Archiannelida and Polychaeta. 47 186
Habitat. —Buackxsop Bay—Found in the sand on the shore on 13 occasions.
Dredged on 2 occasions, in 4-5} fms. Crew Bay—Dredged
in Inishlyre Harbour, in 4 fms., on corallines. BAniyNna-
KILL Harpour—Found once on the shore.
Distribution,—Iveland (Galway Bay, Valencia Harbour); Great Britain
(Bangor, Firth of Forth).
Petaloproctus terricola (Juatrefages.
1894. Petaloproctus terricola. De Saint-Joseph, p. 144.
Two specimens of this species were found in Blacksod Bay, living under
stones on the shore. They were compared with individuals from St. Vaast-
la-Hogue, with which they agreed closely. The identification was confirmed
by Arwidsson. The species has not previously been recorded from the
British Isles, and has only been found on the Atlantic and Mediterranean
shores of France.
Habitat.—Btacxsop Bay—Found on 2 occasions, on the shore.
Distribution—Atlantic and Mediterranean shores of France.
Heteroclymene robusta Arwidsson.
1906. Heteroclymene ‘robusta. Arwidsson, p. 227. HOW. Jee WR
Arwidsson, p. 224.
A single complete specimen was dredged in Ballynakill Harbour, in 1-3
fms. It was named by Arwidsson (i911). This is the only record from the
British Isles. _
Habitat. —BAttyNAKILL HAarsour—Dredged in 1-3 fms.
Distribution.— West of Ireland; west coast of Norway.
Family ARENICOLIDAE.
Arenicola marina (L.).
1909. Avrenicola marina. Ashworth, p. 1. 1912. A. m. Ashworth,
-p. 86.
Post-larval stages of this species were found in Laminaria roots in
September. One pelagic specimen, enveloped in a gelatinous tube, was
taken in the surface tow-net in March, in Blacksod Bay.
Habitut—Biacksop Bay—Very common in the sandy beaches. CLEW
Bay—Common on the sandy beach near the Harbour, Clare
Island. BattyNakin. Harsour—Common in the sandy
beaches.
Distribution.x—Shores of North Atlantic, Arctic, and western
Mediterranean,
47 136 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
Arenicola ecaudata Johnston.
1909. Arenicola ecaudata. Ashworth, p.2. 1912. A.e. Ashworth, p. 132.
Post-larval stages of this species were frequently obtained in Laminaria
roots in Blacksod Bay, in September, and young stages in March. Adults
were rare in Blacksod Bay, only 4 specimens being found, whilst 4. branchialis
was common. t
Habitat.—BiLacksop BAy—Adults on 2 occasions, under stones on the
shore. Post-larval stages frequently in Laminaria roots.
Ciew Bay—Shore of Clare Island. PBaLLyNaKkILL Harpour—
Under stones on the shore.
Distribution.—British Isles; Scandinavia; France.
Arenicola branchialis Audouin and Edwards.
1909. Arenicola Grubvi. Ashworth, p. 2.
1912. A. branchialis, Ashworth, p. 138.
The only post-larval specimens of this species known up to the present
were found in Laminaria roots in Blacksod Bay, in September, 1910. Young
specimens were found in March. Adults were common in Blacksod Bay,
living in gravel and coarse sand under stones. They were not found in clean
sand, but live in numbers in the sand of Zostera beds. Some of the specimens
are coloured a dark greenish brown ; others are light brown with broad bands
of a deeper colour.
Habitat. — Buacxsop Bay—Found on the shore on 10 occasions.
BALiyNAKILL Harsour—Three specimens on the shore.
Distribution—West shores of the British Isles; France; Spain;
Portugal; Morocco; northern Mediterranean; Black Sea,
Family SCALIBREGMIDAE.
Scalibregma inflatum Rathke.
994
1901. Sealibregma inflatum. Ashworth, p. 237.
This species was found on many occasions. It is fond of muddy places,
and lives also between flakes of schist, in the sand of Zostera beds, in muddy
gravel, and in coarse shelly sand.
A large number of small specimens were taken in the surface tow-net at
night, in Ballynakill Harbour, in the months of March, April, and May.
Habitet—Btacxsop Bay—Found on the shore on 3 occasions. CLEW
Bay—Dredged in Inishlyre Hbr., in 4 fms., on a bottom of
mud. Dredged in 12fms., off Killary Hbr., on a bottom of
sandy mud. BALLyNakiLL Harsour—Taken on 6 occasions
in the surface tow-net at night,
Clure Island Survey—Archiannelida and Polychaeta. 47 137
Distribution:— British Isles; Arctic; Scandinavia; North Sea; east
coast of North America; South Africa; Kerguelen ; New Zealand.
Sclerocheilus minutus Grube.
1894. Sclerocheilus minutus. De Saint-Joseph, p. 104.
This species is not common in the district, but is occasionally found
under stones on the shore, or taken in the dredge. When living, it is ofa
bright red colour. Its distribution is distinctly southern.
Habitat.—Buacxsop Bay—Found on the shore on 4 occasions. Dredged
inlfm. Crew Bay—Dredged in 53-11 fms.
Distribution.—South coast of England; Channel Islands; France ;
Mediterranean.
Asclerocheilus intermedius (de St.-Joseph).
_ 1894. Lipobranchius intermedius. De St.-Joseph, p. 113.
1901. Asclerocheilus intermedius. Ashworth, pp. 294, 297.
Several specimens of this species dredged in Blacksod Bay had regenerated
the anterior end.
The absence of eyes and ventral cirri at once distinguished this species
from Selerocheilus minutus.
Habitat.—Buiacxsop Bay—Found twice on the shore, living in the roots
of Laminaria. Dredged in 1 fm., also in Laminaria roots.
BALLYNAKILL Harpour—Dredged in 1-3 fms.
Distribution.—France (Dinard); Azores (760 fathoms).
Family CHLORHAEMIDAE.
Stylarioides plumosa (O. F. Miller).
1894. Stylarioides plumosa. De Saint-Joseph, p. 101.
This species is very common in Blacksod Bay, where it lives on the shore
under stones and in gravel. It prefers sand with an admixture of mud, and
is common in the sand of Zostera beds.
Habitat.—Buacxsop Bay—Found on the shore on 18 occasions. Dredged
on 4 occasions, in 1-5fms. Crew Bay—Dredged on
5 oceasions in 4-17 fms. BaLLyNaAkinL Harpour—Found on
2 occasions on the shore. Dredged in 2 fms.
Distribution.—British Isles; Arctic; Scandinavia; North Sea; France ;
eastern North America.
~ Stylarioides glauca (Malmgren).
1867. Trophonia glauca, Malmgren, p. 82. . ae
This species is rare in the district. It is generally dredged on sandy
ground.
R.I.A, PROC., VOL, XXNT, 5 AT
47 138 Proccedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
Habitat—Ciew Bay—Dredged on two occasions, in 4-12 fms. Batty-
NAKILL Harspour—Dredged on 2 occasions, in 1-6 fms.
Distribution.—Scotland ; Norway ; Sweden; North Sea.
Flabelligera affinis Sars.
1894. Flabelligera affinis. De Saint-Joseph, p. 96.
This species is very common in Blacksod Bay, where it lives under
stones on the shore, and in Laminaria roots. It is possible that a number
of the records may refer to Flabelligera Buskii McIntosh (1869, p. 420, and
1908 A, p. 533), but this species has not yet been adequately described, and
the characters given by McIntosh are not sufficient to diagnose specimens,
especially when they have been preserved in spirit.
Hobitot.— Buiacksop Bay—Found on the shore on 23 occasions. Dredged
on 2 occasions, in 1-6 fms. CLEW Bay—Shore of Clare
Island, near Portlea. Dredged on 5 occasions, in 10-21 fms.
BALLYNAKILL HArsourR—Common on the shore. Dredged
on 2 occasions, in 1-4 fms. Borry Harsour—Dredged in
1-4 fms. ,
Distribution — British Isles; Arctic; Siberia; shores of western Europe ;
Mediterranean ; eastern North America.
Family SABELLIDAE.
Sabella pavonina Savigny.
1894. Sabella pavonina. De Saint-Joseph, p. 267.
Littoral specimens were found in muddy gravel, and in the sand of Zostera
beds. Dredged specimens are usually attached to stones or shells.
Habitat —BLacksoD Bay—Found on the shore on 5 occasions. Dredged
on 2 occasions, in 3-9fms. CLEW Bay—Shore of Annagh
Island. Dredged on 7 occasions, in 1-21fms. BaLiyNa-
KILL Harspour—Found on the shore, and also on the ship's
bottom.
Distribution.—British Isles; Arctic: Scandinavia; North Sea; France:
Mediterranean; eastern North America,
Potamilla reniformis (O. F. Miiller).
1894. Potamilla reniformis. De Saint-Joseph, p. 292.
This species was found in Laminaria roots, in crevices of limestone, and
in the sponge Cliona celata.
. .. Hobitat.—Biacksop Bay—Dredged in 5fms, CLew Bar—Dredged on
5 occasions, in 5-28 fms,
Clare Islund Survey— Archiannelidu and Polychaeta. 47 139
Distribution—South coast of England; Arctic; Scandinavia; France ;
custern North America; Mediterranean ; Madeira.
Potamilla Torelli Malmgren.
1894. Potamilla Torelli. De Saint-Joseph, p. 296.
This species is very abundant throughout the area. The tube is found
attached to Lithothamnion, Polyzoa, shells, stones on the shore, Laminaria
roots, &e.
Habitat.—Buacksop Bay—Found on the shore on 4 occasions. Dredged
on 3 occasions, in 1-6 fms. Crew Bay—Shores of Clare
Island. Dredged near Dorinish; near Inishgowla, in
8-10 fms.; north of Clare Island, in 25 fms. BALiyNa-
KILL HARBOUR—Dredged in 1-3 fms.
Distribution.—Great Britain; Iceland ; France; Madeira; Mediterranean;
Japan ; Cape Agulhas.
Branchiomma vesiculosum (Montagu).
1894. Branchiomma vesiculosun. De Saint-Joseph, p. 300.
Habitat Buacksop Bay—Yound on the shore on 4 occasions, in muddy
gravel, and in the sand of Zostera beds. BALLYNAKILL
Harsour—Found on the shore on 4 occasions. Young
specimen dredged in 1-3 fms.
Distiiiution—Great Britain; France; Naples; Madeira.
Dasychone bombyx (Dalyell).
1894. Dasychone bombyz. De Saint-Joseph, p. 309.
This species is able to adapt itself to a great variety of conditions. On
the shore it is found under stones, in Laminaria roots, and sometimes in the
sand of Zostera beds. It is frequently obtained in the dredge.
Haltat—Btacksop Bay—Found on the shore on 8 occasions. Dredged
on 5 oceasions, in 1-8 fms. Ciew Bay—Shore of Annagh
Island. Dredged near Dorinish. Dredged in the bay on 3
occasions, in 13-21 fms. BaLtyNaAkini HArBoun—Found on
5 occasions on the shore. Dredged on + occasions, in 1-9 fs.
Distirbution.—British Isles; Nova Zembla; Scandinavia; North Sea;
Mediterranean.
Laonome Kroyeri Malmgren.
1865. Laonome Kroyert. Malmgren, p. 400.
A single specimen of this species was dredged in Inishlyre Harbour, on a
bottom of mud.
S2
47 140 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
Habitot.—OLEw Bay—Dredged in Inishlyre Harbour, in 4 fms.
Distribution.—Scotland (Firth of Forth); Spitzbergen ; west Baltic.
Jasmineira elegans de Saint-Joseph.
1894. Jasmineira elegans. De Saint-Joseph, p. 316.
This species is fairly common throughout the district. Mature specimens
were found in May, August, and September.
Halitat.—Biacksop Bay—Found on 2 occasions on the shore, in
Laminaria roots. Dredged on 4 occasions, in 1-6 fms.
CLew BAay—Dredged on 11 occasions, in 4-28 fms. Dredged
near Inishgowla, in 9 fms., on sandy mud. BALLYNAKILL
Harsour—Dredged on 3 occasions, in 1-8 fms.
Distribution.— Great Britain (Dublin Bay, Firth of Clyde, Torquay) ;
France.
Jasmineira caudata Langerhans.
1880. Jasmineira caudatu. Langerhans, p. 114.
Four specimens, dredged in 17 fms. in Clew Bay, agree with the above
species, and differ from J. elegans, in having a filiform anal appendage. In
the structure of the setae no difference could be found between these speci-
mens and typical J. elegans. The number of setigerous segments in the
abdomen is 20. Langerhans states that his specimens had 17 abdominal
segments, whilst J. elegans has 28-32. The collar in J. caudata seems to
be somewhat higher than, and not so oblique as, in J. elegans. No other
distinctions could be found between the two species.
The specimens were fully mature in May.
Habitat.—CLEw BAy—Dredged in 17 fms.
Distribution. —Madeira.
Fabricia sabella (Ehrenberg).
1894. Fubricia sabelle. De Saint-Joseph, p. 319.
This species lives amongst corallines, and forms tubes in sponges and
Lithothamnion.
Halitat—Buacksop Bay—Found in weeds from the shore on 10
occasions. OLEW BAy—Shore of Clare Island, in weeds
and Lithothamnion.
Distribution.—British Isles; Arctic; Scandinavia; western Baltic ; North
Sea; France ; Mediterranean; Black Sea; Madeira; Canaries; eastern North
America.
Clare Island Survey—Archiannelidu and Polychaeta. 42 141
Oria Armandi (Claparéde).
1894. Oria Armandi. De Saint-Joseph, p. 321.
This species was found only in Laminaria roots. Mature specimens
were found in September.
Habitat—Biacksop Bay—Found on the shore on 2 occasions. CLEW
Bay—Dredged on 2 occasions, in 9-16 fins.
Distribution.—South-west coast of England; France; Mediterranean ;
Madeira.
Chone Duneri Malmeren.
1867. Chone Duneri. Malmgren, p. 116. 1911. G. D. Fauvel, p. 42.
A single specimen was dredged in 11 fathoms in Clew Bay. The trunk
is slender, 16 mm. long, and the anal region is pointed. The specimen is a
imature male full of sperm, and was taken in August. ‘The chief points
distinguishing this species from C. infundibuliformis are the low narrow collar
and the long filiform tips to the branchiae, and in both these respects the
present specimen agrees with C. Duneri. I have compared it with specimens
from the Arctic Ocean, named by Fauvel, and now in the Brussels Museum,
and the resemblance between the two forms is very close. C. Duneri has
been recorded from the Clyde area,’ but an examination of the specimen
kindly sent to me by Dr. Gemmill shows that it is a large example of C.
mfundibuliformis.
Habitat Crew Bay—Dredged in 11 fms., on stony ground.
Distribution.—North Sea (Jutland); Norway; Spitzbergen; Kara Sea ;
Arctic ; Madeira.
Chone filicaudata sp. n.
Pls. XIV-XV, figs. 32 s—t.
1910. Chone infundebuliformis (Svoyer). Southern, p. 241.
I formerly recorded this species from Dublin Bay as C. infundibuliformis
(Ki6yer), but a subsequent examination of a number of specimens from the
west coast has shown that it differs markedly from any previously described
species. It resembles Jasmineira caudata, Langerhans, in having a filiform
anal appendage.
This species has been found in Inishlyre Harbour, Ballynakill Harbour,
Dingle Bay, and Dublin Bay,
The body is short, and comparatively stout. The whole body is 11 mm.
long; the trunk being 7 mm., and the branchiae 4mm. The width is 1°5 mm.
in the largest specimen, a female full of eggs.
1 J. F. Gemmill: ‘Marine Worms.’’ Reprinted from the British Association Handbook on the
Natural History of Glasgow and the West of Scotland (1901).
47 142 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
Tn a smaller specimen, 5mm. long, the branchiae are proportionally much
longer, equalling the trunk in length.
There are 26-28 setigerous segments, 8 thoracic and 18-20 abdominal.
The first and last segments bear no setae. The body is creamy-white, at
least in preserved specimens, and tapers somewhat abruptly towards the tail.
The segments are biannulate.
There are 8 or 9 pairs of branched gills, and one pair of ventral unbranched
ills attached to the gill membrane. In addition there is an inner ring of
unbranched gills of varying number and length. The connecting membrane
runs up to the tip of the gills, the naked portion of which is intermediate in
length between those of @. Duneri and @. infundibuliformis (Pl. XIV,
fig, 325). The connecting membrane is about two-thirds as high as the
filaments. ‘he collar resembles that of C. infundibuliformis, but is not quite
so high and prominent. It is entire on the ventral side, is infolded dorsally,
and does not slope obliquely as in C. Duneri (figs. 32 A-c).
The lip-membrane terminates on the ventral side in a bifid process
(figs. 832 B, C), which is absent in C. infundibuliformis.
The first setigerous segment is narrow, and bears only a dorsal bundle,
consisting of a row of long setae with narrow wings, and a row of short,
slender setae with only traces of wings.
The second setigerous segment bears a row of glands behind the setae
(fig. 832A). This character has been noted in several species of Chone,
Euchone, and other Sabellidae, and also in Zhelepides collaris and Tricho-
branchus glacialis,
The thorax consists of one achaetous and eight setigerous segments. They
are biannulate, and longer than the abdominal segments, of which there are
19-21. The anal segment (fig. 32p) is achaectous. The anus is on the
ventral side. On the dorsal side of the anal segment is a long filiform
appendage which tapers to a fine point. Jt varies in length, but is generally
longer and thinner than is shown in fig. 32p. It closely resembles the anal
appendage of Jasmineira caudata Langerhans.
There is a longitudinal median groove, which is dorsal in the thoracic,
ventral in the abdominal region, passing round from the ventral to the dorsal
side in the first abdominal segment. The margins of this groove, and also of
the intersegmental grooves, are lined by numerous gland cells (fig. 32D), which
are also present in a more diffused condition over the whole body.
In the thoracic segments the dorsal bundles contain setae of three types.
In the upper part of the bundle there are 13 long, slender setae (fig. 32H),
with narrow striated wings. Beneath these are 14 setae with spatulate tips
(fig. 32¥), which taper to a fine point much more gradually than those of
Clare Island Survey—Archiannelida and Polychaeta. 49 1438
C. Duneri and C, infundibuliformis, At the base of the spatulate setae is a
row of short, slender setae, the basal setae, 13 in number (fig, 2c), They
are bayonet-shaped, with finely pointed tips, and some of them have very
narrow wings. All these setae have shafts with delicate longitudinal
striations, and are very finely dotted.
In the ventral division there are 17-27 long, stout crochets (fig. 52J),
The main tooth is long and stout, making rather more than a right angle
with the neck. Behind it are two distinct teeth and several indistinct ones.
At the back of the crown is a delicate wing. I have noticed a similar wing
in other species of Sabellidae. The shaft expands slightly below the neck,
and is longitudinally striated.
In the abdominal segments the capillary setae are long and slender
(fig. 32K), with very narrow wings. ‘here are 10 in the first segment,
12 in the sixth. Below the origin of the wing, the shaft has a characteristic
bend, and narrows suddenly, giving the setae the aspect of a very slender
bayonet. ‘The capillary setae in the abdominal segments are longer than
those in the thoracic segments.
There are 34 uncini in the first abdominal segment, 42 in the sixth.
The upper uncini are very small compared with the lower ones, but in all
segments of the abdomen they have a similar shape. In surface view
(fig. 821, 6) the crown shows seven or eight rows of teeth, 5-7 ina row. In
side view (fig. 321, a) the main tooth projects beyond the base, and is
surmounted by 10-12 rows of teeth. These numerous teeth are very
characteristic of the uncini of this species. The posterior margin is rounded.
The 18th abdominal segment has 5 capillary setae and 35 uncini.
Mature specimens were found in May, July, and August.
This species is readily distinguished from forms already described, with
the exception of C. suspecta, Kroyer, by the presence of the filiform anal
appendage. The latter species, recently redescribed by Hofsommer (1913,
p. 339), has a conical anal appendage. In other respects, however, it
shows considerable differences. It has 35-42 segments, as compared with
26-28, 6 pairs of branched gills, as compared with 8 or 9, and finally the
setae are very different. The difference is specially marked in the number
of setae in each bundle, it being far greater in C. filicaudata than in
C. suspecta. he shape of the basal thoracic setae (‘spieszborsten’) is quite
different in the two species, and finally the abdominal uncini of C. filicaudata
are quite characteristic.
Hatitat,—CLEw Bay—Three specimens dredged in Inishlyre Harbour, in
5 fms. BaLtyNakILL Harpour—A sinele specimen dredged
in 2 fms,
47 144 Proceedings of the Royal [rish Academy.
Also dredged in Dublin Bay (8-12 fms.), and in Dingle Bay (20 fms. in
gravel).
Euchone rubrocincta (Sars).
1865. Euchone rubrocincta. Malmgren, p. 406.
Four specimens of this species were dredged in various parts of Ballyna-
kill Harbour. Whilst preserved in formalin they retained the characteristic
and beautiful bands of bright red pigment, but the colour disappeared quickly
when the specimens were transferred to alcohol.
In the thoracic segments the spatulate setae have long, gradually tapering
tips, and more closely resemble the long capillary setae than in any other
species of Euchone, but the resemblance is exaggerated in the figure drawn by
Malmgren’s artist (1865, Taf. xxix, fig. 91B, 918’). The short capillary setae
at the base of the spatulate setae, which might be called the ‘ basal’ setae for
convenience, have the characteristic ‘bayonet® bend of the shaft, and are
distinctly winged. These‘ basal’ setae furnish a useful specific character in
many species of Sabellidae, but have only been figured in a few cases. The
naked tips of the branchiae are filiform. The usual row of glands encircles
the body behind the setae of the second setigerous segment. There are
usually 31-32 setigerous segments, of which 9-11 form the anal funnel.
Mature specimens were found in March, April, July, and September.
Habitat.—BALLYNAKILL Harpour—Dredged on 4 occasions, in 1-8 fms.
Distribution.—Norway ; Skagerrak ; Gulf of Marseilles.
Euchone rosea Langerhans.
Pl. XV., figs 33 a-K.
1884. Euchone rosea. Langerhans, p 271.
Two small specimens of Euchone, dredged in 1-5 fms. in Ballynakill
Harbour, agree in so many respects with those described by Langerhans from
Madeira, that it seems advisable for the present to regard the two forms as
identical. The description given by Langerhans is somewhat inadequate, so
I have described the two Irish specimens at some length, and with figures.
The points in which they resemble and differ from the description of
Langerhans will then be noted.
Of the two specimens found, one is a male and the other a female. They
are very small, the female having a total length of 44mm., of which the
trunk is 3-2mm., and the branchiae 12mm. The male specimen is slightly
smaller.
The body is very uniform in width, tapering slightly towards the tail.
The colour of the preserved specimens is a transparent brown with a slight
tinge of green. The ventral surface (Plate XV, fig. 334) is almost covered by
Clare Island Survey—Archiannelida and Polychaeta. 47 145
a series of opaque white glands. In the thorax there are two of these glands
in each segment, but in the abdominal segments they are divided into four by
the ventral furrow.
Both specimens have 20 setigerous segments, 8 being thoracic and 12
abdominal. The first thoracic as usual bears only dorsal capillary setae.
Behind the setae of the second setigerous segment is the row of glands which
has been noted in other species of the Sabellidae.
No eyes or otocysts were noted.
There are five pairs of branched tentacles, and several pairs of unbranched
ones, of which one long ventral pair is attached to the connecting membrane,
whilst the others are free. Each of the branched branchiae has about 26
branches arranged in two rows. The terminal portion (fig. 33c) without
branches is‘3mm. long. The longest unbranched branchia is 1 mm. long, the
shorter ones “3 mm. long.
The collar is wide, and its anterior border is curved outwards. It is
dorsally infolded, ventrally only slightly indented. Beneath the collar on
the dorsal side, the terminal portions of the thoracic excretory organs show as
conspicuous dots. The anal funnel (figs. 33 4, B) is wide, with a much-folded
border. It is formed by the four posterior setigerous segments, the first of
which forms the anterior border.
The first setigerous segment bears only dorsal capillary setae, of which 6
are long, with conspicuous wings. There is also a second row of shorter,
slenderer setae, with curved shafts and delicate wings.
The other thoracic segments bear dorsally a row of 5 capillary setae, the
upper ones (fig. 53D, a) being longer than the lower ones (fig. 33D, d).
Beneath these elongate capillary setae is a row of 4-5 spatulate setae, the
upper ones haying longer blades than the lower ones (fig. 35E). At the base
of the spatulate setae is a row of six shorter setae, the basal setae, of
characteristic shape (fig. 33r). The shaft, on emerging from the skin, grows
rapidly thinner, and shows a double curvature. It is delicately winged on
both sides. The corresponding setae in Huchone rosea from Madeira, as
figured by Langerhans (1884, Taf. xvi, fig. 35, g), ave shorter, thicker, more
abruptly curved, and have no wings. In the ventral division of the foot are
9 crochets with long stalks (fig. 33G). Behind the main tooth there are 4
smaller teeth, and a delicate wing. Below the neck the shaft expands
abruptly.
In the abdominal segments the capillary setae have long, slender, tapering
tips (fig. 35K), winged on both sides.
In the anterior abdominal segments, the uncini (fig. 53H) differ slightly in
shape from those in the posterior segments. In surface view the anterior
R.J,A. PROC., VOL. XXXI, a: 47
47 146 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
uncini have about four rows of teeth above the main tooth, in lateral view
5 or 6 rows can be seen. The posterior uncini have a much greater number
of teeth, as Langerhans has pointed out.
In the second abdominal segment, there are 9 capillary setae and 7
uncini; in the seventh segment there are 6-7 capillary setae and 14
uneini,
The two specimens, which were mature, were found in September. This
form agrees with the #. rosea of Langerhans in the following points :—
(1) size, the Madeira specimens measuring 5 mm. ; (2) number of branchiae ;
(3) shape of the collar; (4) the number of segments composing the anal
funnel; (5) the number and arrangements of the ventral glands; (6) the
distinction between the uncini of the anterior and posterior abdominal
segments.
The only points of difference noted are (1) the absence of eyes on the
peristomium and anal segment. This may be due to the method of preserva-
tion ; (2) the larger number of setigerous segments, e.g. 26 as against 20;
(3) the difference in the structure of the basal thoracic capillary setae, which
are winged in the Irish specimens, and without wings in those from
Madeira.
As these differences, in themselves not very important, may be minimized
by future observations, it seems preferable for the present to regard the two
forms as identical. ‘This is another instance of the great affinity between the
fauna of the west coast of Ireland and that of Madeira.
Halitat.—BaLLyNAKILL Harsour—Two specimens dredged in 1—5 fms.
Distribution.— Madeira. ;
Myxicola infundibulum (Renier).
1898. Myzxicola infundibulum. De Saint-Joseph, p. 433.
The only place in the Clare Island area where this species has been
found is a small patch of muddy sand near the entrance of a small stream
into Ballynakill Harbour.
Hatbitat.—BaLlyNaKILL HarBouR—On the shore of Fahy Bay.
Distribution.—South-west coast of England ; France ; Mediterranean.
Family SERPULIDAE.
Serpula vermicularis L.
1894. Serpula vermicularis. De Saint-Joseph, p. 328.
Habitat—BuacksoD Bay—Found under stones on the shore on 3
occasions. CLEW BAy—Dredged on 8 occasions, in 5-28 fms.
Distribution.—British Isles ; North Atlantic ; Mediterranean,
Clare Island Survey—Archiannelida and Polychaeta. 49 147
Pomatoceros triqueter L.
1894. Pomatoceros triqueter. De Saint-Joseph, p. 359.
This species is extremely common throughout the whole area, growing on
stones, shells, and Lithothamnion. Mature specimens were found in March.
Habitat—Buacksop Bay—Common everywhere on the rocky shore, and
dredged at all depths, Crew Bay—Common on the shores
of Clare Island. Dredged in the bay on 5 occasions, in
19-28 fms. BALLYNAKILL HarBouR—Common on the shore,
and at all depths.
Distribution—British Isles; Arctic; North Atlantic ; Mediterranean,
Hydroides norvegica Gunnerus.
1898. Hydroides norvegica. De Saint-Joseph, p. 440.
This species is very commonly obtained in the dredge, attached to stones
and shells,
Halitat— Buacxsop Bay—Dredged on 3 occasions, in 3-6 fms. CLEW
Bay—Dredged on 9 occasions, in 9-28 fms.
Distribution.—British Isles; Arctic; Scandinavia; North Sea; Baltic;
France; Mediterranean; Persian Gulf.
Filograna implexa Berkeley.
1894. Filograna impleaa + Salmacina Dysteri. DeSaint-Joseph, pp. 335, 340.
Only a few specimens were dredged in Clew Bay, attached to shells.
They were without operculum, thus agreeing with the form described as
Salmacina Dystert Huxley. This species is now considered as identical with
Filograna implexa Berkeley.
Habitat.—CLew Bay—Dredged on 2 occasions, in 5-19 fms,
Distribution.—British Isles; Seandinavia ; Faroes; North Sea; France ;
Mediterranean ; eastern North America.
Protula tubularia (Montagu).
1894. Protula tubularia. De Saint-Joseph, p. 362.
The specimens of this species obtained in the district fall readily into two
groups. One form was only obtained by dredging in the mud of Killary
Harbour, where the tubes are véry common. These tubes are 100-140 mm.
long, more or less straight, and attached to each other in masses, but not to
any extraneous object. The contained worms are 60-70 mm. long, not
including the branchiae.
The other form from Ballynakill Harbour, Inishgowla, and Killary
T2
47 148 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
Harbour is much smaller, the largest specimen having a body 50 mm. long,
the usual size being 15-20mm. The tubes were always attached to stones
or shells. Both these forms were obtained in the same haul of the dredge in
Killary Harbour. No differences could be found in the setae or shape of the
collar in these two forms. In these respects they all agree with the descrip-
tions of P. tubularia. The larger form has the habit of P. itestinwm
(Lamarck). The characters distinguishing these two forms do not seem to be
of great weight.
According to Fauvel,! the P. Meilhaci, found at Marseilles and Cette,
is identical with P. tubularia. He examined specimens 80-120 mm. in
length, comparable with the large specimens from Killary Harbour.
Habitat. Kittary Harsour—Dredged on 5 occasions, in 6-22 fms., in
mud. Westport BAy—Inishgowla. Dredged in 8-10 fms.,
in sandy mud. BALLYNAKILL Harpour—Dredged in 2-8 fms.
Distribution.— Great Britain; France ; Mediterranean.
Spirorbis spirorbis (L.).
1894. Spirorbis borealis. De Saint-Joseph, p. 345.
This species is extremely common throughout the area. In the littoral
region it covers the rocks and Fuci. It is also found on shells, worm-tubes,
crabs, &c. The tube varies considerably, ridged and smooth forms being
equally common. The smooth form is generally found on seaweeds, the
ridged form on rocks. Some forms have narrow mouths, others wide trumpet-
shaped mouths. Specimens were dredged in 26 fathoms in Clew Bay, on
stones, others in 1 fathom in Blacksod Bay, on Laminaria roots.
Halitat.—Clare Island; Clew Bay; Blacksod Bay on 24 occasions;
Ballynakill Harbour.
Distribution —Arectic ; Atlantic; Mediterranean.
Spirorbis pusilloides Bush.
1894. Mera pusilla. De Saint-Joseph, p. 351.
1912. Spirorbis pusilloides. Pixell, p. 797.
This species is closely related to, if not identical with, the S. Pagen-
stechert of the Mediterranean. Like the latter species, the tube has ridges.
It has not previously been recorded from the British Isles.
Habitat—CuarE IstanD—On stones from Portlea. BLAcKsop Bay—
On shells of Mytilus and Trochus.
Distribution.—France (St. Vaast, Arcachon); Gabriola Island, British
Columbia.
* Comptes Rendus de |’ Assoc. Frangaise pour l’Avancement des Sciences. Lille, 1909, p. 696.
Clare Island Survey—Archiannelida and Polychaeta. 47% 149
Spirorbis medius Pixell.
1912. Spirorbis medius. Pixell, p. 800.
This species has only recently been described from the Pacific coast of
Canada. In Blacksod Bay it occurred in dense masses under stones. The
Irish specimens agree closely with the description and figures given by
Miss Pixell, who has verified the identification. It is a comparatively large
species. Mature specimens were found in September, and incubation takes
place in the tube. The collar setae of the first setigerous segment show great
variation. Some of them have the notch and fin as well developed as those
of S. spirorbis, whilst in others the notch is quite absent, and the serrated
edge is uninterrupted. All intermediate stages occur.
Habitat.—Buacksop BAy—Under stones on the shore.
Distribution.—Departure Bay, Vancouver Island.
Family HERMELLIDAE.
Sabellaria spinulosa Leuckart.
1894. Sabellaria spinulosa. De Saint-Joseph, p. 154.
Isolated specimens of this species are common on the shore at Blacksod
Bay, living under stones, in Laminaria roots, and on shells. One tube was
found embedded in a sponge. It is commonly taken in the dredge, growing on
shells and stones. Mature specimens were found in September.
S. alveolata was not found in the Clare Island area, though it is common
in some places on the west coast, forming large reefs.
Habitat.—Buacxsop Bay—Taken on the shore on 17 occasions. Dredged
on 4 occasions, in 2-6 fms. CiEw Bay—Dredged on 5
occasions in 5-17 fms.
Distribution.—British Isles; France; North Sea; Skagerrak and
Kattegat.
APPENDIX TO THE POLYCHAETA.
MYZOSTOMARIA.
Myzostoma cirriferum Leuckart.
1877. L. von Graff in “ Das Genus Myzostoma,” p. 10.
Two specimens of this species were found on the Crinoid Antedon bifida
(Pennant), dredged in 4-8 fms. in Ballynakill Harbour, in June, 1902.
One specimen was full of eggs.
This species is widely distributed in European seas and in the
Mediterranean.
47 150 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
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——— 1913.—Notes from the Gatty Marine Laboratory.—No. xxxiv. Ann.
Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. xi, p. 83.
———— 1914.—Notes from the Gatty Marine Laboratory.—No. xxxvi. Ann.
Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. xiii, p. 77.
Maraguiy, A. 1893.—Recherches sur les Syllidiens. Mém. Soc. Se. Arts
Lille.
Materen, A. J. 1865.—Nordiske Hafs-Annulater. Ofv. of Kel. Vet. Akad,
Forhd. Stockholn.
—-— 1867.—Annulata Polychaeta. Ofv. of Kel. Vet. Akad. Férhd.
Stockholm.
Marenzewter, H. yon. 1874.—Zur Kenntniss der adriatischen Anneliden. I Abt.
Sitz. der K. Akad. der Wiss. Wien., lxix.
———— 1875.—Zur Kenntniss der adriatischen Anneliden. II Abt. Sitz. der K.
Akad. der Wiss. Wien. Ixxii.
1884.—Zur Kenntniss der adriatischen Anneliden. III Abt. Sitz. der
K. Akad. der Wiss. Wien., Ixxxix.
1892.—Zoologische Ergebnisse der im Jahre 1889 Exp. nach Ost-
Spitzbergen. Polychiiten. Zool. Jahrb., vi, p. 397.
Marron, A. F., and N. Bosrerzxy. 1875.—Ktude des Annélides du Golfe e
Marseille. Ann. Se. Nat., Zool., ser. 6, ii, p. 1.
Mecznixow, H. 1865.—Beitrige zur Kenntniss der Chaetopoden. Zeit. fiir wiss.
Zoologie, xy, p. 328.
Mesniz, F. 1896.—Etudes de morphologie externe chez les Annélides. I. Bull.
Sci. France et Belg., xxix, p. 110.
——— 1897.—Ktudes de morphologie externe chez les Annélides. II et III.
Bull. Sci. France et Belg., xxx.
Micuartsen, W. 1896.—Die Polychaeten Fauna der deutschen Meere. Wiss.
Meeresunters. deutsche Meere, N.F. ii, Heft. i.
Moorg, J. P. 1907.—Proc, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, lix, pp. 201 448.
Prxevt, H.L. M. 1912—Polychaeta from the Pacific coast of North America.—
Part I. Serpulidae. Proc, Zool. Soc. London.
Clare Island Survey—Arehiannelida and Polychaeta. 49 153
Quatreracrs, A. de. 1865.—Histoire naturelle des Annelés marins et d’eau
douce. Paris.
Raruxe, H. 1843.—Beitriige zur Fauna Norwegens. Nova Acta Acad. Leop.
Car. Nat. Cur., xx.
Samnt-JosepH, Baron pE. 1886.—Les Annélides Polychétes des cétes de Dinard. I.
Ann. des Se. Nat., Zool. (7), 1.
———— 1888.—lLes Annélides Polychétes des cétes de Dinard. II. Ann. des Se.
Nat., Zool. (7), v.
—— — 1894.—Les Annélides Polychétes des cétes de Dinard. III. Ann. des Se.
Nat., Zool. (7), xvii.
————-. 1895.—Les Annélides Polychétes des cotes de Dinard. IV. Ann. des Se.
Nat., Zool. (7), xx.
———— i1898.—lLes Annélides Polychétes des cétes de France. Ann. des Se.
Nat., Zool. (8), v.
1906.--Les Annélides Polychétes des cdtes de France. Ann. des Se.
Nat., Zool. (9), iii.
Sanensxy, W. 1907.—Morphogenetische Studien an Wiirmern. ii-iv. Mém. de
VAcad. Imp. des Sciences de St. Pétersbourg, xix.
Sars, G. O. 1873.—Bidrag til Kundskaben om Christianiafjordens Fauna, III.
Nyt. Mag. f. Naturv. xix.
Sars, M. 1835.—Beskr. og Iagttagelser over nye eller merkelige i hayet ved den
Bergenske Kyst levende dyr.
1862.—Uddrag af en af detaillerede Afbildninger ledsaget udforlig
Beskrivelse over en Deel norske Annelider. Forhand. Vid.-Selsk.
Christiania, 1861.
SourHern, R. 1910.—The Marine Worms (Annelida) of Dublin Bay and the
adjoining District. Proc. Roy. Irish Academy, xxviii, p. 215.
—-—— 1911.—Polychaeta of the coasts of Ireland. I1].—The Alciopinae,
Tomopteridae and Typhloscolecidae. Fisheries, Ireland, Sci. Invest.,
1910, iii [1911].
Ssotowirew, M. 1899.—Polychaeten Studien. I. Die Terebelliden des Weissen
Meeres. Ann. Mus. Zool. Acad. Imp. Sci. de St.-Pétersbourg, iv.
Tutet, Hj. 1879.—Annélides Polychétes des Mers de la Nouvelle-Zemble.
Kgl. Svensk. Vet. Akad. Handl., Ny Foljd., xvi.
Vieurrr, C. 1884.—Itudes sur les animaux inférieurs de la baie d’Alger. Archiv.
de Zool. Exp., (2), ii.
Wesster, H. H., and J. KH, Benepicr. 1884.—The Annelida Chaetopoda from
Provincetown and Wellfleet, Mass. U.S. Comm. Fish and Fisheries, ix.
Report for 1881. Washington.
—- 1887.—-The Annelida Chaetopoda from Eastport, Maine. U.S. Comm.
Fish and Fisheries, xiii. Report for1884. Washington.
Woutesek, A. 1912.—Nordeuropaeiske Annulata Polychaeta, I. Videnskap.
Skrifter.i. Mat.-Naturv. Klasse, 1911. No. 18. :
R,I.A. PROC., VOL, XXXI. U aT
47 154 Proceedings of the Royal Trish Academy.
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4B.
DESCRIPTION OF PLATES.
Prate 1.
Exogone hebes var. hibernica var. nov.
Anterior end, dorsal view. x60.
Head. x 170.
Anal segment. x 120.
Foot from anterior region. x 330.
Foot from posterior region, showing arrangement of setae. x 400.
Setae. x850. a=simple setae; 5=compound setae; ¢=tip of aspine.
Tooth in the pharynx.
Ciliated sacs entering posterior part of the proventriculus.
Sphacrosyllis bulbosa sp. n.
Anterior end, dorsal view. x 85.
Posterior end, dorsal view. x85.
Nuchal organ and tentacular cirrus, right side. x 530.
Fifth foot. x 350.
PuatE II.
Sphaerosyllis bulbosa sp. n. (continued).
Setae from the second setigerous segment. x850. a=compound
setae ; 5=simple dorsal setae; ¢=spine.
Setae from the twenty-fourth setigerous segment. x 850. a=com-
pound setae; 4=dorsal simple seta ; ¢=spine.
Simple dorsal seta from a posterior foot. x $30.
Streptosyllis Websteri sp. n.
Anterior end, dorsal view. x66.
Posterior end, dorsal view. x 66.
Third foot. x 330.
Sixteenth foot. x 330.
Setae from third foot. x 850. a=dorsal simple seta; 6=compound
seta with long tip; e=compound seta with short tip; d=spine.
Setae from sixteenth foot. x850. a=dorsal simple seta; 5=com-
pound seta; c=spine; o=distal end of the shait of a compound
seta; e= terminal piece of a compound seta.
PuatTe IIT.
Streptosyllis bidentata sp. n.
Anterior end, dorsal view. x 66.
Head, ventral view, x 66.
Fig.
=f
Care Island Survey—Archiannelida and Polychaeta. 47 145
Third foot. x 330.
Sixteenth foot. 330.
Setae from third foot. 850. a=spine; 6b=dorsal simple seta ;
c=compound seta with short tip; d=compound seta with long
tip.
Setae from sixteenth foot. 850. w=spine; b=dorsal simple seta ;
¢=compound seta with short tip; ¢ = compound seta with long tip.
Pionosyllis serrata sp. n.
Anterior end. x74.
Posterior end. x74.
Anterior end of alimentary canal, showing tooth. 100.
PLATE IV.
Pionosyllis serrata sp. n. (continued).
Typical foot. 210.
Setae. 800. a=spine; b=dorsal seta, with long tip; c=ventral
seta, with short tip.
Opisthodonta pterochacta sp. u.
Anterior end, showing pharynx and proventriculus. 42.
Anterior end. x 115,
Thirteenth toot. x 160.
Foot from middle of body. x 160.
Tooth in the pharynx, greatly enlarged.
Setae of thirteenth foot. x 850. a=spine; ) =compound seta; ¢=tip
of compound seta on edge.
Setae from mid-body. x850. w=spine; 6=compound seta; ¢=simple
dorsal winged seta; d = simple ventral seta.
PLAYE V.
Microphthalnvus Sezelkouwi Mecznikow.
Anterior end, dorsal view. x 100.
Posterior end, dorsal view. x 230.
Posterior end, lateral view. x 230,
Fourteenth foot. x 250.
Setae of fourteenth foot. x1150. a=Pectinate seta from dorsal
lobe; 6=compound seta from middle of foot ; c= seta with short
tip from ventral part of foot.
Microphthalmus aberrans (Webster and Benedict). Setae in dorsal
division of foot. x 1150.
U2
47 156 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
Fig.
8.
10.
Castalia fusca var. hibernica var. nov. a=seta from middle of
anterior foot ; =setae from middle of posterior foot. x 530.
Ophiodromus flexuosus (Delle Chiaje). Simple bifid serrate seta from
ventral side of dorsal division of the foot. x 800.
Autolytus brachycephala (Marenzeller). Part of pharyngeal armature,
to show the arrangement of the teeth. Greatly enlarged.
Scalisetosus courmunis (Delle Chiaje), var. Papillae on the elytron.
x 100.
Mystides (Mesomystides) elongata sp. n.
Anterior end, dorsal view. x 133.
Anterior foot. x 200.
Foot from mid-body. x 200.
Setae. 850. a=simple setae; ) and c=compound setae.
PLATE VI.
Sthenelars zetlandica McIntosh.
Anterior end, dorsal view. x 20.
First foot on the left side, external view. x42. a=dorsal ctenidium
of first foot; /=lateral tentacle; c = dorsal cirrus; d = ventral
cirrus ; ¢= buccal ctenidium.
Pholoe tuberculata sp. n.
Anterior end, dorsal view. x42. /=facial tubercle.
Anterior end, ventral view. x42. f= facial tubercle.
Facial tubercle. x75.
First elytron. x42.
Tenth elytron. x42.
Fifteenth foot. x 42.
Dorsal lobe of foot, viewed from above, showing arrangement of setae.
x 110.
Papilla on tip of foot.
Compound seta from the middle of the ventral lobe of the first foot.
x 400.
Compound seta from the upper part of the ventral lobe of the fifteenth
foot. x 400.
Simple setae from the dorsal lobe of the fifteenth foot. x00.
a = median seta ; b = lateral seta.
Piate VII.
Praegeria remota gen. et sp. nov.
Anterior end, dorsal view. x56.
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eee Ee
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Clare Islund Survey—Archiannelida und Polychaeta. 49 157
Head, dorsal view. x 210.
Head, ventral view. x 210.
. Anterior end, lateral view. 85.
Posterior end, dorsal view. x40.
Anterior end of everted proboscis, showing Jaws and papillae. x 135.
Setae from fifth foot. 800. @=compound seta; = upper simple
seta.
Second simple seta from twentieth foot. 660.
Pratt VIII.
Pracgeria remota gen. et sp. nov. (continued).
Fifth foot. x 210.
Simple setae from a posterior segment. x 660. «=dorsal seta;
6 =second seta.
Paranaitis Wahlbergi (Malmgren). ‘Typical setae from mid-body.
x 530.
Mystides bidentata Langerhans.
Foot of a mature male, from mid-body, with swimming setae. x 120.
Compound setae from mid-body. x 530. a=ventral seta; 6 = seta
from middle of foot.
Mystides imbata de Saint-Joseph.
Typical foot from mid-body. x 215.
Compound setae from mid-body. x 530.
Mystides borealis Théel.
Entire animal, dorsal view. x40.
Anterior end, dorsal view. x 132.
Posterior end, dorsal view. x 132.
Compound setae from mid-body. x 800.
Marphysa fallax Marion and Bobretzky. Posterior view of anal
segment, greatly enlarged.
PLavre IX,
Sphaerodorum minutwm (Webster and Benedict).
Anterior end, dorsal view. x40.
Head, dorsal view. x 210.
Posterior end, ventral view. ~ 140,
Sixth foot, front view. x 330.
Setae. x 1150.
47 158 Proceedings of the Royal Trish Academy.
Paraonis (Paraonides) lyra sp. n.
Anterior end, dorsal view. x 64.
Head, dorsal view, drawn from living specimen. x 132.
Posterior end, ventral view. x 80.
Fourth foot, ¢. x85.
Fiftieth foot, g. x85.
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PLATE XX.
22. Paraonis (Paraonides) lyra sp. n. (continued).
22¥. EHightieth foot,?. x 85.
22a. Lyrate seta. x 1000.
23. Nerinides tridentata sp. n.
23 A. Anterior end, dorsal view. x 40.
‘238. Posterior end, dorsal view. 100.
23c. First foot. x 146.
23D. Second foot. x 146.
238. Tenth foot. x 85.
25¥. Twenty-fourth foot, x 85.
23 G. Foot from posterior part of the body. x 85.
25H. Capillary setae, from tenth foot. x 500. «=long dorsal striated
seta; ) = short flat dotted seta, either dorsal or ventral.
234. Crochet from twenty-fifth foot. x 500.
PLaTe XI.
24. Aonides paucitbranchiata sp. nu.
24.4. Anterior end, dorsal view. x56.
248. Posterior end, ventral view. Compare fig. 25. x 100.
24c. Seventy-eighth foot. x 146.
24d. Ventral lamella of the seventy-eighth foot, to show the glands. x 146.
24. Crochet from ventral division of seventy-eighth foot. x 574.
25. Aonides oxycephala (Sars). Posterior end, side view. Compare
fig. 248. x100.
26. Corratulus norvegicus (Quat.).
26A. Anterior end, dorsal view. x18.
268. Part of transverse section of thirty-first segment. x 40.
26c. Short capillary seta from dorsal division of tenth foot. x 210.
26D. Crochets from seventy-fifth segment. «=dorsal crochet; 6= ventral
crochet. x85.
Clare Island Survey—Archiannelida and Polychaeta. 47 159
Prate XII.
Chaetozone alata sp. n.
Anterior end, dorsal view. x56.
Capillary setae. 570. a=long cylindrical dorsal seta from sixth
seement; 6=short flattened dorsal seta from sixth segment ;
e=slender capillary seta accompanying crochets in ventral and
posterior dorsal segments.
Ventral crochet from the sixth segment. x 1150.
Ventral crochet from the eighty-sixth segment. x 1150.
Chaetozone killariensis sp. n.
Anterior end, dorsal view. x 56.
Short thick capillary seta from the eighth segment. x 586.
Upper dorsal crochet from a posterior foot. x 586.
Ventral setae from a posterior foot. x 586. a=upper capillary seta ;
b =upper crochet; ¢=lower crochet.
Tip of ventral crochet shown in previous figure (c). x 850.
Transverse section of a posterior segment, to show the arrangement of
the setae. x 146.
Chaetozone zetlandica McIntosh. “Stage A.”
Anterior end, dorsal view. x 56.
Transverse section of a posterior segment, to show the arrangement of
the setae. x 146,
Puate XIII,
Chaetozone zetlandica McIntosh. “Stage A.” (continued).
Figure of entire animal, side view. x 25.
Anterior end, side view, x 456.
Posterior end, dorsal view. x 85.
Short thick dorsal capillary seta from an anterior segment. x 574.
Bifid crochet from middle of ventral division of a posterior segment.
x 574.
Tip of crochet in previous figure. x 740.
“Stage B.” Tips of setae in the ventral division of a posterior foot.
x 574. a=lowest crochet; b=crochet next above “a”; c=the
two upper crochets ; d= tip of thick capillary setae.
“Stage C.” Tips of lowest crochets in the ventral division of posterior
feet, showing indication of bifid termination. x 574.
Thelepides collaris gen. et sp. nov.
Anterior end, dorsal view. x 18.
Anterior end, ventral view. x 18.
Long capillary seta from the fifth setigerous segment. x 660.
47 160 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
Fig.
30D.
30.
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Tip of short capillary seta from the fifth setigerous segment. x 660.
Uncinus from the eighteenth setigerous segment. x1070. a=side
view; 6 = front view.
Puate XIV.
Armandia flagelifera sp. n.
Anterior end, dorso-lateral view. x40.
Lateral view of head of specimen with extruded proboscis. x 40.
Posterior end, lateral view. x40.
Foot of twenty-second segment. x56.
Chone filicaudata sp. n.
Collar region, dorsal view. x18.
The same, with branchiae removed. x 18.
Collar region, ventral view. x18.
Posterior end, ventral view. x56.
Tip of a branchia. ~x 26.
: PLATE XY.
Chone filicaudata sp. n. (continued).
Spatulate setae from the fifth thoracic setigerous segment. x 930.
Basal seta (‘spieszborste’) from the fifth thoracic setigerous segment.
x 530.
Winged capillary seta from the fifth thoracic setigerous segment. x 330.
Crochet from fourth setigerous segment. . x 530.
Capillary seta from an abdominal segment. x 330.
Uncini from sixth abdominal segment. x 600. a=side view; 6 = front
view.
Euchone vosea Langerhans.
Entire animal, ventral view. x 26.
Posterior end, side view. x56.
Tip of branchia. x 56.
Capillary setae from second thoracic setigerous segment. x 530. a=seta
from upper part of the bundle; /=seta from the middle of the
bundle.
Spatulate setae from the third thoracic setigerous segment. x 530.
Basal seta (‘spieszborste’) from the second thoracic setigerous seg-
ment. x 660.
Crochet from the middle of the ventral bundle of the second thoracic
setigerous segment. x930.
Uncini from the second abdominal segment. a = front view; b = side
view. 9530.
Uncinus from the fourteenth abdominal segment. x 4530.
Capillary seta from the second abdominal segment, x 530,
Proc. R. I. Acap., Vor. XXXI., Part 47. Prare I.
CLARE ISLAND SURVEY.—SOUTHERN: ARCHIANNELIDA AND POLYCHAETA.
Proc. R. I. Acab., VoL. XXNI., Part 47.
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CLARE ISLAND SURVEY.—SOUTHERN: ARCHIANNELIDA AND POLYCHAETA,
Proc. R. I. Acap., Vor. XXXI., Parr 47. PLATE V.
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CLARE ISLAND SURVEY.—SOUTHERN :
ARCHIANNELIDA AND POLYCHAELA.
( September, fous by ory ty i Mee 18, 19
: PROCEEDINGS
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| Hymenoprera. Claude Morley. 18 pp. 64d.
- Drersra, P. H, Grimshaw.
Lspmorrzna. W.F.de V. Kane. 10 pp. 6d.
Nevgoprera. J. N. Halbert.
“Conwoprera—Tzrrestaat. Rey. W. F. Johnson. J. N. Halbert.
Conzorrzra—Aguatio. F. Balfour,Browne. 20 pp. 64d.
Hemrera, J. N. Halbert.
-OrtHoprera, Prof. G, H. Carpenter.
[For continuation see nage 4.
(4)
PART
$2 Aprera. Prof. G. H. Carpenter.
33 Cxmoropa ann Dretoropa. Rey. W. F. Johnson.
84 Pyonogorma. Prof. G. H. Carpenter.
* 85 Aranewa. D. R. Pack Beresford. 8 pp. 6a
* 36 Psatanema. O.R. Pack Beresford. 2 pp.) ~ cer Woah k
% 87 Anoriscoma. James Murray. 16 pp., 8 he - nee
% 88 Psevposcorriones. H. Wallis Kew. 2 pp. i pe aa whe
# 389i Acarmma: i—Hypracarma. J.N. Halbert. 44 BP. 8 plates. 23, a. oe
89 ii Orne Acanmipa. J. N. Halbert. fe
%* 40 Dercaropa. G.P, Farran. 8 pp. | 0 Pi
% 44 Scurzopopa anp Comacea. W. M. Tattersall. 10 pp.
42 Ampureopa. W. M. Taitersall. wie
# 43 Isopopa—Manme. W. M. Tattersall. 6 pp. 6a
* 44 Isoropa—Trrrestaux. N.H. Foster. 4 pp.} ~ ne
45 Ewnromosrraca—Manine. G. P. Farran, KIO Aa
% 46 Ewromosrraca—Fresuwarer. D. J. Scourfield. 18 pp: 1 plate. 6a.
47 Potyouarta anp Arcuiannetipa. R. Southern.
48 Onicocnsnrs. 8. Southern. aig) eh
49 Gernyrea. R. Southern. . Tee RR
50 Hrmoupines. RB. Southern. rhs oe
* 51 Rormers (excluding Boettoma). C.F. Rousselet. 10 pp. 6d.
% 52 Romrszra Bozrtoma. James Murray. 20 pp. I plate. 6d.
%* 53 Ponyzos. A.R. Nichols. 14 pp. 64d.
54 Nemaraentwa ayy Cnartocnataa. R. Southern. G. 0: Sideeords”
55 Nemertiwea. R. Southern.
%* 56 Puraryaenma. R. Southern. 18 pp: 6d.
57 Eocuropermata. A. R. Nichols.
58 Corzenterata. Miss J. Stephens. ,
%* 59 Porwera—Maring. Miss J. Stephens. 42 pp. 1 plate. 1s. 6d.
* 60 Portrera—Fresuwater. Miss J. Stephens. 18 pp. 1 plate. 6d.
61 Inrusonm. J. §. Dunkerly.
62 Fracetata. J. 8. Dunkerly.
* 63 Mycerozoa. Miss Lister. 20 pp. 6d.
64 Forammmera. Edward Heron-Allen. Arthur Harland.
% 65 Rurzoropa axp Heurozoa. G. H. Wailes. Eugéne Penard. 64 pm
6 plates. 3s. ‘ ges
66 Nores ox Marme Prangeron. G. P. Farran.
67 Svmmary on Marie Disremourion. R,. Southern.
68 Susmary on Terrestriat Disrrwution. R. Ll. Praeger.
uN
July, 1912 | Cee yu pid
ave PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
ey ROYAL IRISH ACADEMY
| — Vowwme XXXI
CLARE ISLAND SURVEY
ee tne 20
AVES
BY
me R. J. USSHER
DUBLIN: HODGES, FIGGIS, & CO., Lr».
LONDON: WILLIAMS & NORGATE
1912
Price Two Shillings and Sixpence
[For’ scheme of publication of this series see inside of wrapper]
ROYAL TRISH ACADEMY
CLARE ISLAND SURVEY
THis survey of the Fauna, Flora, Geology, Meteorology, &e., of Chves Tenn
and the adjoining mainland in the West of Ireland was carried out by. over
one hundred specialists during the years 1909, 1910, and 1911. It was
undertaken in order to furnish a study of a typical area of the west coast of
Treland, a region which provides some of the most ‘interesting faunistic and
floristic problems in Europe; and also as a contribution towards the study. of
island faunas and floras—a subject of wide and absorbing interest.
The report when finished will provide the most complete survey of the
Fauna and Flora of a definite area which has ever been made, In addition to
systematic zoology and botany, special attention has been given to questions *y
of geographical distribution, dispersal, and ecology, and to the influence of :
human operations upon the Fauna and Flora. The complete report is: 1%
estimated to run to about 1600 pages with 100 plates, and. will cost 60/— s
or more. The whole series may be subscribed for at the reduced price of
50/- paid in advance, on receipt of which the reports issued up to the present ‘i
will be forwarded, and future parts sent as soon as published. Each part
will also be sold separately.
The reports when complete will: include descriptions of some 50 apecies ‘of a |
animals and plants new to science; also records of about 200 species new to fie fe: ‘
the British Isles, and at least 1,000 species new to Ireland. Wanita oye
The list printed on pages 3 and 4 of this wrapper shows the scope of the
work, the present state of publication, and the prices of the parts published)
so far.
Communications relative to this publication to be addressed to the
publishers or to
THE SECRETARY,
RoyvaL Trish ACADEMY,
DAWSON STREET,
DUuBLIN.
ND ABRATIVE. | RB. i. coo Be
i: t, cE Hehe 3 on 10 plates. 43,
“80 i 6a.
alate 1g. 43
ER. mae, West. pe 2 plates. “Og!”
ne Hamilton. ar A
PISOES xo) Orotostoaars G. P Banas:
Ussher, 54 pp: 5 plates. 2s. 6d.
AND Hemtonoapa. & RP: Parran, R. Southern.
Manine, N Coleen. 86 pp. Ase \
aes dinude ee 18° Pp. “6a.
PAGAC AY ae i TERA H. Grimshaw. 5
ts #26 Luprorrena, W. FE. de Y. Kane, 10 pp. 6d.
ee /Conmopreka<Pannnarnsat, Rey. Ww. FR. Toknaont Mt N. Halbert.
oe 28 Conzoprera—Aguanc.. RF. Balfour Browne. 20 pp. | 6d,
aN 29 Neunoprena. J.N. Halbert. | eats
80 «“Heanprera. J. N. Halbert.
81. Onruoprera, Prof. G. H. Carpenter,
| For continuation see page 4,
PART
32
83
34
3 35
* 36
% 37
% 38
Aprera. Prof. G. H. Carpenter.
Cumoropa anp Dretoropa. Rey. W. F. Johnson.
Pyonoconma. Prof. G. H. Carpenter. ;
Araneipa. D. R. Pack Beresford. 8 pp. lea.
Paatancipa. D.R. Pack Beresford. 2 pp./
Anctiscompa. James Murray. 16 pp., 3 ad 4g
PsruposcorPionns. H. Wallis Kew. 2 pp é
# 391i Acarmipa: i—Hypracarina. J.N, Halbert. 44 pp. 8 lates, 2s, 6d. a
89 ii Oraer Acanimnipa. J. N. Halbert.
* 20
% 44
2,
* 48
* 44
45
46
aT
48
49
50
54
52
53
54
55
%* 56
57
58
89
%* 60
61
*
Decaropa. G. P. Farran. 8 pp. mt? 6d.
Scnizopopa and Cumacea. W. M. Tattersall. 10 pp.
Ampnropa. W. M. Tattersall.
Isopopa—Marws. W.M. Tattersall. 6 pp. ) Ga.
Isopopa—Trrrestrian. N. H. Foster. 4 pp. |
Enromostraca—Marine, G. P. Farran.
Enromostracs—Fresuwater. D. J. Scourfield. — 12 ie
Potyconanrs and Arcaiannetipa. R, Southern.
Oxicocnarta. R. Southern.
Gepuyres. R. Southern.
Hiovpies. RK. Southern.
Roriren (excluding Borwuora). C.F. Rousselet. 10 pp. 6d.
Rorirera Boettoma. James Murray. 20 pp, Iplate. 6d. ,
Potyzoa. A. R. Nichols. 4
Nemarnetmia anp Caarrocnarna. R. Southern G,O, Sherrard. i
Nemertmes. R. Southern. ey :
Pratynetmia. RB. Southern. 18 pp. 6d.
Ecumoprrmata. A. R. Nichols.
Cortentersta. Miss J. Stephens.
Portrers—Manrine. Miss J. Stephens. ee
Portrera—Fresuwater, Miss J. Stephens. 18 pp. 1 plate, 6d.
Ingusorra., J. §. Dunkerly.
Fracetzara. J. §. Dunkerly.
Mycerozoa. Miss Lister. 20 pp. 6d.
Forammirers. Edward Heron-Allen. Arthur Harland.
Ruizopopa ann Hetiozoa. G. H. Wailes. Hugéne Penard. 64 pp.
6 plates. 3s.
Nores on Marie Puanxton. G. P, Farran,
Summary on Marwe Disrkmurion. R. Southern.
Summary on Trearestriai Disrrieurion. R. Lil. Praeger
Bewls r9t¢ Baath Sere ts | 21, en
Le
OF THE ~
ovat Tris ACADEMY
Kae: “Vowwme. XXXI
ae ARE ISLAND SURVEY
a Pants : 2 AND OB
ee AND HEMICHORDA
I VG. P. FARRAN AND R. SOUTHERN |
NOTES ON MARINE PLANKTON
By G. Ly FARRAN
DUBLIN: HODGES, FIGGIS, -& CO. Lip.
_ LONDON: WILLIAMS & NORGATE
1914
Price Se
[Fer pares of publication of this series see inside of i athe
¢
systematic zoology and botany, special cedton ‘has been ‘given 1 to. gue jo.
of anh aoa distribution, aster and ecology, and t to the: infuenes
or more. The whole series may be puuenibar ton ats the. aednedt price Df
Tavunin ‘Gk SseAbL LE SAC TRC Loe
The list printed on pages 3 and 4 of this wrapper sabe: the. ‘seope be a
work, the present state of publication, and ie prices of. the parts Arie:
so far.
Communications ‘relative to this publication to be addressed te ‘the
publishers er to
THE SECRETARY,
Roya. Take Pepe
DAWSON STREET,
URL fee
Age Brain
N. (Gelusn: 80 pp. “6a nM aes,
Vilso n. 46 Pp. ls. ne ge WSEe ti Gee Lee
es PP. 2 plates. 6a. is apes ea E
6 oe Coloured map. As. 6d.
a pp. ae ‘oteeoa| be gens a
“William abuses 62 pp. 2 plates. ues Goa
Car BG Barrett Hamilton. 4 BP. ) }
eRe F, Scharf. 4 pp: ee
. Farran,, 6 ‘Pp. ; Ae
"Uaaheb, bee pp. 5 nae 2a, ie * Sey uh
UNICATA, AND. “Humicuorps. -G. P. Farran. R. Southern. 4 pp, OO Aa Nae
onnusca—Manwe. N. Colgan. 86pp. Is. dish i
Monnusca—Laxn AND Frusa-warer, A. W. Stelfox. 64 pp. 3 plates. SBS es it
NOPTERA Claude Morley. 18 pp. “6a. . PUNE Pee Sana a
‘Diemuna, P. H. Grimshaw. 34 1) aS CP A RM RLV ON
JRPIDOPTERA. W. F. de V. Kane, 10 pp. Gas ia ASN He eR ie
Nevroprsns. J.N. Halbert. 4 pp. 4 Ra ey
Covorrmza—Tennusmaan, W.¥. Johnson. J. N. Halbert. ahat ,
Conroprerd—Aguanre, FP. Balfour Browne. 20 pp.» 6d. ‘
Hesprera. ‘ae We Halbert. 10 pp. ati } 6a eyes
1 Onmaormena, Prof, G. H. Carpenter. 4 pp: Taye,
Oe eens ue ; Age continwation see page 4.
1 2 i ,
¥ A Seer
~ " ‘
okay
:
Aprerycots. Prof. G. H, Carpenter. 12 pp. 1 plate. 6d.
Cumoropa axp Dieroropa. Rey. W. F. Johnson. S¥p. “he 6d.
Pycnoconma. Prof. G. H. Carpenter. 4 pp.
Aranema. D.R. Pack Beresford. 8 pp. } 6a.
Puatancina. OD. RB. Pack Beresford. 2 pp./
Aroriscoma. James Murray. 16 pp., 8 arn 1
Psxvposoorpiones, H. Wallis Kew. 2 pp i ai
i Acanmmpa; i—Hypracanina. J.N. Halbert. 44 pp. 8 mater 2s, 6a. By ¥)
ii Oren Acarmma. J. N. Halbert. %
Decaropa. G.P, Farran. 8 pp. ; | 6a
Scuizopopa anp Comacea. W.M. Tattersall. 10 pp. i fy
Amenropa. W. M. Tattersall. 24 pp. 64. ) Pee 8
Isopopa—Marme. W. M. Tattersall. 6 pp. 5 ¥
Isopopa—Trrrestrut. N. H. Foster. 4 pp.
Enromosrzica—Marmg. G. P. Farran. 20 pp. 38 plates. “Is.
Entomostraca—Fresuwater. D. J. Scourfield. 18 pp. 1 plate. 6d. io
AROHIANNELIDA AND Potycnaxta. R. Southern. 160 pp. 15 plates. 5s.
Oxtcocnszta. BR. Southern. 14 pp. | tal,
1s
Geruyrea. R. Sonthern. 6 pp.
Hmopiea. R. Southern. 6 pp. Tinie A
Rotmers (excluding Bortroma). C.F. Rousselet. 10pp. 6d. epee
Roriveza Boxtxowa. Janies Murray. 20 pp. 1 plate. as Me Bh,
Potyzoa, A.B. Nichols. 14 pp. 6d. ‘v
Nemarseraia and Cuarroonatua. R. Southern, G. 0. Shorraed. aes
Nemertmea. R. Southern. 20 pp. 1 plate. 6d. Mee as
Prarysetma. R. Southern, 18 pp. 6d.
Eonmopermata. A.B. Nichols. 10 pp. 6d.
Cortenrerata. Miss J. Stephens. 10 pp. ;
Porwera—Marime. Miss J. Stephens. 42 pp. 1 plate. 1s. 6d. ;
Porrrera—Fresawater. Miss J. Stephens. 18 pp. 1 plate. 6d.
A Ra eae J. S. Dunkerly. 20 pp. 2 plates. 1s. ;
Mycetozos. Miss Lister. 20 pp. 6d.
Foraminivera. Edward Heron-Allen. Arthur Harland. 188.4 pp.
138 plates. 5s. 6d.
Rarzopopa snp Hetsozoa. G, H. Wailes. Eugéne Penard. 64 pp.
6 plates. 3s.
Notes on Magog Prangron. G. P. Farran. 8 pp. 64.
Summary on Maree Distarotiox. BR. Southern.
Summany on Tuerrestaiat Distrmution. RK. Ll, Praeger.
HHHEKEKKHKEKK HH KHKKK HK HH
SESRSSSSSSASSRSSSRSGSSSRSSLELSE RRS
% HK HK eH HK
& &
83
PMC hemi ease ene RTL YMA Quad pet SAR i Rar AN)
ae Ae Tauern Wes . en
Dh ah! Sova a Ba aN,
AS) TRIER GAR frivaals aM 22 ae
4 Ki Vi ea hide j : £7
"PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
"Roya Irish ACADEMY
Votume XXXI
CLARE ISLAND SURVEY
Part ae
“MARINE MOLLUSCA
NATHANIEL COLGAN, M.R.LA.
DUBDEN: TODGE SS ERiGG?rTS, & C On. fan:
LONDON: WILLIAMS & NORGATE
TOLL
Price, One Shilling
« [For scheme of publication of this series see inside of wrapper]
e ie hist
yo j Nii ik tt
TiSay
Bi
GENERAL DesonPrion, anp NARRATIVE. BL. Praeger
History anp Arcnarotocy. T. Ee Westropp.
Pisce Names. T. J. Westropp. J.H. Lloyd’ ~
Gazuic Puant anp Ayn Naess, is ogi
Acrioutture. Prof. James Wilson. —
Mergorotocy. W J. Lyons. — Byte Pele eee
Grotocy. Prof. G. A. J. Cole. Apical: ag
Pear Deposits.’ F. J. Lewis: re Nae
“Trer-Growrs. A, C. Forbes. — ,
Puanerocama axp Prenmorsyta. R:; Ll Benoger.,
Muscr. Rey. Canon Lett. D. McArdle...
Heraticar. Rey. Canon Lett. D. McArdle.
Fone. Sir H. C. Hawley. Carleton Rea.
Inonenes, Miss A. Lorrain Smith. —
Aucaz—Marme. A.D. Cotton. Bin
46 Ancas—Fresawarer. William West.
47 Masaru. G. E. H. Barrett-Hamilton. dh a
18 Aves. R.J. Ussher. Prof © J. Patten. N. H. Foster.
19 Rerrmsa anp Amram. R. F. Scharff. .
20 Pisces anp Cyouostomata. G. P. Farran. ‘eet?
24. Tuntcata snp Hesnonorpa. G. P. Farran. RB. Southern.
22 Motivsca—Marme, N. Colgan. 1s.
23° Motnusca—Lanp anp Presnwater. . R. Welch. A. W. Sielfor.
24 Hymenoprers. Claude Morley.
25 Dirrers. P. EH. Grimshaw.
26 Lermorrers. W. F. de V. Kane:
27 Nevroprens. J. N. Halbert. ap nraane se aiiiee
28 Conzoprera—Teraesrrmt. Rey W. F. Johnson. J, N, Halbert.
29 Corzorrera—Aquatic. F. Balfour-Browne. iv 2M
30 Hewerens. J. N. Halbert. ¢
31 Oxraoprers, Prof. G. H. Carpenter. .
Connamans
~~ ee he
a — J
[ual mall pe
cao
Arthur Harland,
es
PR el
pane
yo.
ea tore Lavi Sat ERAN | 223
| | PROCEEDINGS
ROYAL [IRISH ACADEMY
VoLuME XXXI
CLARE ISLAND SURVEY
| Part 23
‘LAND AND FRESH-WATER MOLLUSCA
BY
ARTHUR WILSON STELFOX
DUBLIN: HODGES, FIGGIS, & CO., Ltn.
LONDON: WILLIAMS & NORGATE
IQI2
Price Two Shitlings
[For scheme of publication of this series see inside of wrapper]
; PBL aie
cystematic ology ai a botany, special attention oe bon ey ee
et
or more. ‘The whole series may be _suberibed for be Sie: re ae price of
BA
: a:
will also be sold ce
The reports when complete will ues i aoaecent af some 50 speci a
a
animals and plants new to scietice; also records of about 200 s
the British Isles, and at least 1, 000 0 species new to Ireland,
publishers or ‘to
THE SECRETARY,
Rovan Irish ACADEMY 9)”
Dawson STREET, ‘
Re EE
[For continuation see page 4.
ad SOE ST ER ati a
Ae aur
*
*
*
*
# 391 Acarmma: i—Hypracarma. J. N. Halbert. 44 BP. 3 plates, Bs. ea
89 ii OraeR Acarmua. oe N, Halbert. ot
* *
36
37
38
40
a4
42
Aprera. — Prof. G. H. Gatpantat s
CGumoropa and Dietopops. Rey. W. F. ee Hee
Pyoxogonmpa. Prof. G. H. Carpenter. sae)
Arsnema. D. R. Pack Beresford. 8 pp.
Puatancipsa. D.R. Pack Beresford, 2 pp.
Axcriscoma. James Murray. 16 pp., 8 plates ie
Pseuposconpiones. H. Wallis Kew. 2 pp. baa.
Decaropa. G. P. Farran.
Amputpopa. W. M. Tattersall.
Tsoropa—Trrresreiuu. N. H. Foster.
Isopopa—Marisz. W. M. Tattersall.
Scuizoropa anp Cumaces. W. M. Tattersall.
Enromostraca—Fresuwater. D. J. Scourfield.
Enromostraca—Marine, G. P. Farran.
Poryonsnta anp Aronrannetipa. R. Southern, -
OxicocnsrTs. R. Southern.
Gepuyres. R. Southern.
Hmopinea. R. Southern. Arie) 2
Romera (excluding Bortuoma). C. ¥, Rousselet. 10 pp. 6d.
Rotirers Boettoma. James Murray. 20 pp. 1 plate, 6de
Ponyzoa. A. R. Nichols. phe
NematHetma anp Caaztocnaraa. R, Southern. G, 0. Sherrard,
Newertigza. R. Southern. Shes
Puatypetmra. R. Southern.
Ecumopermata, A. R. Nichols.
Cortenterata. Miss J. Stephens. eo as
Portrera—Marie. Miss J. Stephens. ay hia
Porwera—Fresuwater. Miss J. Stephens. 18 pp. 1 plate. 6d.
Ixrusons. J. §. Dunkerly. es ie
Fracetuata. J. 8. Dunkerly.
Mycerozoa. Miss Lister. 20 pp. 6d.
Forammirers.. Edward Heron-Allen. Arthur Harland,
Ruizoropa anp Hetrozos. G. H. Wailes. Eugéne Penard, 64 pp.
6 plates. 8s. MAT Sg
Notes on Manme Prangron. -G. P. Farran, aces
Summary on Manwe Distrmurion. R. Southern.
Summary on Tzrrestaiman Disrewutiox. R,. Ll. Praeger,
_ PROCEEDINGS
OF, THE
| RovaL Irish ACADEMY
Vowme XXXI
CLARE ISLAND SURVEY
| ee Parr 24
HYMENOPTERA
BY
CLAUDE MORLEY
DUBLIN? HODGES, FIGGIS, & CO, Lp:
LONDON: WILLIAMS & NORGATE
Igri
Price Sixpence
[For scheme of publication of this series see inside of wrapper]
*
—_
ne ©
a
om
Bian AND “Anouazozost,
het roeieed td se
~
oo
Westropp.
Piace. Nasnis, ‘T. aw. Westropp. Ne H. an ;
ae
TS Ww. Be yas
- Gooey. Prof, G. A.J. Ges
Pxar Deposits. EB. J. ‘Lewis.
Tres-Growrn. A. 0. Forbes.
PHANEROGAMEA AND ‘Prenmorayra. RU.
Musor. Rey. Canon Lett. D. Sie
Auoar—Marme, A. D. rae ea
Argar—FResawarer. William ‘Wes | ae
Mannan. G. BE. Hy Barrett-Hamilton,
Aves. -R. J. Ussher, | Prof. 6, J. Patt en.
Repmur anp Ampamera, RoE. Scharff.
Pisozs anp Cyouosromata. G, Pa aYTAL
Tuxtosta axd Hewicnorpa. G.
Morruscs—Manixe. Ny Colgan. / 86 pp. ee ;
Morausca—Lanp axp Fresawater. A. W. Stelfox,
Hynenoprers. Claude Morley. 18 PP. 6a. ae
Dieters. P, H. Grimshaw. ’
Lermorrers. W. F. de V. Bane, Cas
Neunoprens. J) N, Halbert. 9) 9) 6 bt
Conzoprera—TerrestriaL, Rey. We B. Saou
Corzorrera—AgQuatio: FF. Balfour Browne.
Hzmprera, J. N. Halbert: haa
OrtHoprera, Prof. G. H, Carpenter.
bsnl
"Ds
ea ee i : He ral my ! : ir
Backs PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
Rovat TRISH ACADEMY
: Vous 04
CLARE | ISLAND “SURVEY.
-Paxr ao
ks
| Percy H. GRIMSHAW
DUBLIN: HODGES, FIGGIS, & CO, Lrp.
LONDON: WILLIAMS: & NORGATE
1912
| Bia Gelb
{For scheme of publication of this series see inside of wrapper]
iy ;
The deport when Arise will A vide Ke
i,
\ Sait Hoey and iy, speci attention
‘ee
or more, The whole seen losch re wn or a) e
ing it i reports iss t
.
‘
The ae when seomplete vill ina ea “0
work, Bie present: state of bleton, st the y en
so far, i
Communications ‘relative to’ this publication to be ;
publishers or. to ra an Rad
THE SECRETARY.
Pahoa
SEH BS Foy Pe A
ublished ar
aah
johns
/ TE WUNN!
ia
:
x Br
“hivate
ei
i is Oe ry
ae i iN
‘ J ei :
_ [For continuation see page 4.
| or continuation sex page 4
SE SESE He see
0
oa
* a an in & XN.
PART
32
ApTERa: ‘Prof, G Ae Carpent
CHtmLOPODA. AND Drezoropa
Pxoxogoxmpa,. Pro
ARANEDDA. DR Re Pack 1
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: g
02. 0o
a8
a5 ‘Ewzomosrraca—Manine, G.
* F6 Extowostascs—Fassnwanes
P's jt
aS Oxtcoomanns, B. Bouthern.,
49 Greruyera. RB. Southern.
50 Hmupmes, BR. Southern. “i
% 51 Roztwena (excluding Boenroxa),. c
% 52. Rovers Bozuzoms. James Murray
% 48 Poryzoa. A, RB. Nichols. ‘14 pp. 6a.
54 NeMarHELMA AND’ Cuasrosxarna, a
Newertmes. B. Southern.
64 Ineusona. J. 8, Daskeeiy,
62 Fraceusata. J. 8. Dunkerly.
% 63 Mycezozoa. Miss Lister. 20 he 6d.
‘6% Forawmurers. Edward Heron-Allen.
% 65 Rurzoropa anp Hetiozoa. | G. EB Wailes. 1 vn
6 plates. 3s.
66 Notes on Marine Beanie G P EN,
Summary on Marre DISTR DEIR Re ‘Southern.
fj
Bel bet ebaels WE RL dh
<S
Loman oe
“ PROCEEDINGS
~RoyaL Irish ACADEMY
VoLtumMe XXXI
CLARE ISLAND SURVEY >
u : Part 26 ,
- LEPIDOPTERA
BY
W. F. de V. KANE
DUBLIN: HODGES, FIGGIS, & CO., Urn,
LONDON: WILLIAMS & NORGATE
1912
Price Sixpence
{ For scheme of publication of this series see inside of wrapper]
ROYAL TRISH ACADEMY
CLARE ISLAND pee
SCHEME OF PUBLICATION
[The parts already published: are ies rai an asterisk. The whole un:
Vol. XXXI of the Proceedings of the Academy, and wil cost about 60s
:
GENERAL Prestige Narzarive. RB. Li. Pracger. aE eit
History ann Aronazotocy. T. J. Westropp. 78 pp. 10 plates.
Prace Nawes. T. J. Westropp. J. H. Lloyd. Peet oe
Gartic Prant ann Annan Names. N. Colgan. 30 pp. 6d.° ~
Acnioutrure. Prof. James Wilson. 46 pp. 1s. sae
Mereorotocy. W.J. Lyons.
Grotocy. J. R. Kilroe. T. Hallissy.
Pear Deposits, F. J. Lewis.
Tree-Growre, A. C. One
** %
OO Io om oO te
*
Ge:
:
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7
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Musor. Rey. Canon Lett.
Heraticar. Rey. Canon Lett.
Foner, Carleton Rea. Sir H. C. Hawley.
* 14 Licsenes. Annie Lorrain Smith. 14 pp. 6d.:
Azesaz—Marme. A.D. Cotton. ore
46 Aucae—Fresewarer... William West... « air aA Ney ca
417 Masnutm. G. E. H. Barrett-Hamilton. >
48 Aves. R.J. Ussher. Prof.'0. J. Patten.’ N. H. Foster.
49 Reprmm snp Amupumm. R&R, F. Scharff.
20 Pisces ayp Ovcnostomata. G. P. Farran.
24 Toxioata axp Hemionorva. G. P. Farran.~ R. Bouthare:
% 22° Motrusca—Marmez. N. Colgan. 86 pp. Is. '
23 Moxtusca—Lanp and Fresawater. A. W. Stelfox.
24 Hywenoprers. Claude Morley. 18 pp. 6d.
25 Drerers.. P. H. Grimshaw.
% 26 Lerworrera. W. F. de V. Kane. 10 pp. 6d:
27 Nevnoprera, J; N. Halbert: ys!
28 Corzoprera—Ternestrian. Rey. WE. Johnson. ° J. N. Halbert.
29 Cotzoprera—Aguatic. F. Balfour jbrowne.
80 Heanprera.. J. N. Halbert.
$i Orrnorrera, Prof. G. H: Carpenter.
>
co bo
ed
a
[For continuation see page 8.
(5-855)
82 Aprmza. Prof, G. H. Carpenter.
//88 Ontworopa anp Drenoropa. Rey. W. F. Johnson.
84 Pyonoeonma. Prof, G. H. Carpenter.
-- % 85 Azannrpa. D.R. Pack Beresford. ‘8 pp. tea
9% 86 Puaranows. D.R. Pack Beresford. 2 pp.) ”
# 87 Axoriscoma. James Murray. 16 pp., 8 a 1s
88 | Pswuposconeionss. H, Wallis Kew. 2 pp nn
* $91 AcArima: i—Hypracanina. J..N. Halbert, 44 pp. 8 plates. 95, Bd.
89 ii Oran, Acazmma. J.N. Halbert.
“40 Duoaropa. G.P, Farran. W. Rankin’
4 Awemopa. ‘W. M. Tattersall.
42 Isoropa—Trrrusreian, N, H. Foster.
‘93 Isopopa—Masinn, W. M. Tattersall.
© &% Somzoropa anp Ovmaona. W: M, Tattersall.
' 45 EyromostkacA—Prusawatar, D.'J, Scourfield.
46 Enromosrnaca—Marme, Gi. P. Farran,
AT ‘Pongonamna anp Apcuiannetipa., BR. Southern.
48 Oxicoouanra. R. Southern. fi ;
49 Gernyana. RB. Southern. .
80. Himvpmma, R. Southern, seat
% 64 Romana (excluding Bosrroma). 0. FB, Rousselet. 10 pp. 6d.
2% 62 Rovtrera Boertoms. James Murray. 20 pp. 1 plate, 6d.
§8 Ponyzos, (A. RB. Nichols,
§4 Newaraermia anp Cuantoanatea. KR. Southern, G, O, Sherrard,
§5 Newentmma. R. Southern, - Pintisls ou ce
86 Praryesuma., R. Southern. Nps et
.) 87 Hommovrrmara. AR. Nichols. | Ae |
88 Cortunterata. Miss J, Stepbens. Ys ; se aH
59 Pontrnra—Marine. Miss J.. Stephens. rane |
60 Posmnra—Vaestwaren. Miss J. Stephens, Ae Gthape |
64 Ivrusorm, J, §, Dunkerly, jis a
}:
#
62 Fracenzara, J. 8. Dunkerly. . a
68, Myonrozoa, - Miss Lister. ;
64 Foramimirura. Hdward Heron-Allen. “Arthur Harland.
* 65 Rurzoropa anp Henrozoa.’ G. H. Wailes.. Hugéne Penard. 64 pp.
6 plates. 3s.
66; Notss on’ Marne PiLanxron. | G. RP) Farran.
67 Summary on Marine) Distamurtion.. R. Southern,
68 Summary on Torrestaun Disramvron. RB. Ll. Praeger.
vii hae: ee 3 re ann “) r ‘ 27, 23
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
Roya. IRISH ACADEMY
V OLUME XXXI
CLARE ISLAND SURVEY
| Baye 27, 28
NEUROPTERA
pec INe HALBERT
TERRESTRIAL COLEOPTERA
W. F. JOHNSON AND J. N. HALBERT
DU Bie NSO iG eS) EGG BS tt Oe Ban
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Igi2
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ae a er Ow bk rd 7. A
WT:3 We lee dae
7% lee aan
‘ HO ae ih B18
Tus survey, of the eae vine) cae ‘Me
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and the adjoining snainand i in ee ae fre |
eystematie me and 3 botany,
ar T
spel attention
the Gin
estimated to ron tw about 1000 pages an 100 plates,
and ¥
MA
or more. ‘The whole series Biche be: nbn for at th B 1
i)
The reports phon eoaplateil include rion f son e
animals and plants new to science 53 ee ‘records of =f about a n
wt
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publishers ‘or to
at
ROYAL IRISH ACADEMY
CLARE ISLAND SU RVEY
SCHEME OF PUBLICATION
(Pie parts Menge fabled are marked with an asterisk. The whole will form.
fae
See ee
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* 19
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25
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28
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7 30
* 34
Met caw of rae Proceedings: of the Academy. }
fe NB a as anp Narrative. .R. Gl. Praeger.
“History anp ARosaroLosy. T. J. Westropp. 78 pp. 10 plates. 4s.
’ Prace ‘Nantes! | John Mac Neill. _'T. J. Westropp.
“Gartio Pray ayn Axnian Names. N. Colgan. 30 pp. 64.
» Acricoxrore. Prof. James Wilson. 46 pp. Is.
“Mergoroxoey. “W. J. Lyons.
- -Gronoex. J.B. Kilroo. 7. Hallissy.
Pear Deposits. F. J. Lewis. i
Tree-Growrs. A. CG. Forbes,
rh Paanezocasma AND Prenipopayta. R. Ul. Praeger. 112 pp. 6 plates. 4s.
Musor. Rey. Canon Lett.
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Fonat. Carleton Rea. ‘Sir H.C. Hawley. 26 pp.. 1 plate. 1s.
Liosenzs. Annie Lorrain Smith. 14 pp. 6d.
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Arésr—Faxsa-warer. William West. 62 pp- 2 plates. 23.
“Manan. G. B.A. Barreti-Hamilton. 14 pp.
Repriia anp Ameria. “R. F. Scharff. 4 pp.
Pisces. G. P. Farran. 6 pp. }
Aves.’ BR. J. Ussher. 54 pp. 5 plates. 2s, 6d.
Tumtosra anp Hewronorpa. G. P. Farran. BR; Southern.
Mortvsca—Marixe. N. Colgan. 86 pp. 1s.
Motxusca—Lann ann Prusu-water. A. W. Stelfox. 64 pp. 2 plates. 2s.
Hynmenoprers, Claude Morley. 18 pp... 6d.
Dierena. P. H. Grimshaw.
Lrpmorrera. W, BF) de V. Kane. 10 pp. 6d.
Nuvgorrera, J.N, Halbert. 4 pp.
ConzopreRA—Txerastnin. W, EF. Johnson. J. N. Halbert: 24 pp.
Coneorrmra—Aguatio, EF. Balfour Browne. 20 pp. 64d.
Heanprera, J, N. Halbert. 10 pp, | a.
Oxtnoprera., Prof. G. H. Carpenter; 4 pp.)
Gd.
[For continuation see page 4-
% FLacELzatA, J, 8: ee
Ruizopopa ann Hxvrozos. ~ G. ia ‘Wailes,
Posseeha ees ueae ane
Inrusorua, J. 8. a
Mycrrozoa. Miss Lister. 20 pp. 6
Poraminirera. Edward Heron-Allen. —
» 6 plates, 88.
Notes on Manne SI Sk eh 1)
Suarmary on Magixe. Distasution.—
Summary on TERRESTRIAL Distamunioy.
January, 1912 | : <9
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
ROYAL [IRISH ACADEMY
Votume XXXI
CLARE ISLAND SURVEY
Part 29
AQUATIC COLEOPTERA
BY
FRANK BALFOUR BROWNE
DUBLIN: HODGES, FIGGIS, & CO., Lro.
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IQI2
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ROYAL IRISH ACADEMY
CLARE ISLAND SURVEY
SCHEME OF PUBLICATION |
[The parts already published are marked with an asterisk. The whole will PN
Vol. XX XI of the Proceedings of the Academy, and will cost about 60s M ve
PART
4 Gewnerat Desorivtion, anp Narrative. 2B. Ll. Praeger. Raat
2 Hisrory anp Aronarotoay. T. J. Westropp. 78 pp. 10 plates. as, a
3 Pracz Names. T. J. Westropp. J. H. Lloyd. BA easieat a en
&% Gaztio Prant anp Annit Names. N. Colgan. 80 pp. 6d.
5 Acriovtrurn. Prof. James Wilson. 46 pp. Is.
6 Merzoronocy. W. J. Lyons.
7 Gszoxoey. J. R. Kilroe. T. Hallissy.
8 Prat Deposits. F. J. Lewis.
9 Tres-Growrs. A. C. Forbes.
%40 Psanerogama anp Prermopuyra. RB. Gl. ae 112 pp. 6 plates. as
44 Musor. Rey. Canon Lett.
42 Herarioar. Rey. Canon Lett.
48 Foner. Carleton Rea. Sir H: C0. Hawley.
% 414% Inonenes. Annie Lorrain Smith. 14 pp. 6d.
16 Axncazs—Marme. A. D. Cotton.
46 Axncazs—Fresawater. William West.
47 Manat. G. EH. H. Barrett-Hamilton.
148 Aves. R.J. Ussher. Prof. 0. J. Patten. N. H. Foster. |
19 Reprmu ann Ampnmm. RB, F. Scharff.
20 Pisors anp Cyotostomata. G. P. Farran.
24 Tuntoara ann Hewonorpa. G. P. Farran. RB. Southern.
% 22 Moxrtvsca—Marme. N. Colgan. 86 pp. 1s.
28 Moxunvusca—Lanp anp Fresawater. A, W. Stelfox.
2% Hymenorrera. Olaude Morley. 18 pp. 6d,
25 Drerera. P. H. Grimshaw.
%* 26 Lermortera. W, F. de V. Kane, 10 pp. 6d.
27 Nevroprers, J. N. Halbert.
28 Corzorrersa—Trrresteiat. Rey. W. F. Johnson. J. N. Halbert. ON
+ 29 Cotxoprzra—Aquano, F. Balfour Browne. 20 pp. 6d. y j
80. Hemera. J. N. Halbert. :
$4 Onrnoprera, Prof. G. H. Carpenter.
[For continuation see page 8.
i
%
ie 32 “Avrora. Prof. G. ra Carpenter. t:
83 Ontzorona AND Dretoropa. ‘Rey. W. Fy. Tohnson:
Prof, | A. Caxpenter. i Ane
D eo Pack. Beresford. “8 pp. ea. .
D.R. Pack Beresford. (2 ede j
‘James Murray. 16 PP. 8 rh tas
onus. H. ‘Wallis Kew. 2 pp | Rt
VDRAGAL na. JN. Halbert, 44 pp. 3 ae Dy 6d.
BR ee ce Nl a ntates,
ze. W. M. ‘Tattersall,
ae ara ae ney
B Souther, x
i
pat
1101DA). 6 RE. noel 10 pp. 6d.
ek eee ae 20 PP. i 1 plate. 6d.
ae oe Ba. ‘Newarzenama ‘AND Cuannoananaa, ‘R. mea G. 0. Sherrard.
st! A R. ‘Southern. CU AB EMO AML a
R. Southern. Bais
— ALR. Nichols.
3 ‘Miss J. Stephens.
vet Sees ‘Miss J. Stephens. Yi i
oO 60. UN Gn Cee Miss J. ea 18 pp. 1 plate. 6d.
— 6f “Inrusonia, desi Dunkerly,
62 Fracerzama. a ais Dunkerly.
68 Mycurozoa. Miss Lister. :
6h -Forammurena. Edward Heron- Allen. Arthur Harland. tas
* 65 Batzorona AND Hextozoa. G. EL Wailes, Bugéne Penard, 64 PEs
‘yh 6 plates. Say aN ,
66 eee on Marin ‘Puangton. G, P. ‘ramen
Ae Summary on Marme Disrrmuzion. R. Southern.
| Sowarany ON TennestaiaL Distrivtion, RB, Lil. Praeger,
i venbel 1912 . ANE a i t " 30, ol
| PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
Roya. IRISH ACADEMY
VotumMe XXXI
CLARE ISLAND SURVEY
me | Parts 30, ol
_ HEMIPTERA
oN CHALBERT |
ORTHOPTERA
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ROYAL IRISH ACADEMY
CLARE ISLAND SURVEY
THis survey of the Fauna Flora, Geology, Meteorology, &c., of Clare Island
and the adjoining mainland in the West of Ireland was carried out by over
one hundred specialists during the years 1909, 1910, and 1911. It was
undertaken in order to furnish a study of a typical area of the west coast of
Ireland, a region which provides some of the most interesting faunistic and
floristic problems in Europe; and also as a contribution towards the study of
island faunas and floras—a subject of wide and absorbing interest.
The report when finished will provide the most complete survey of the
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will also be sold separately. i
The reports when complete will include descriptions of some 50 species of ~
animals and plants new to science; also records of about 200 species new to
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The list printed on pages 3 and 4 of this wrapper shows the scope of ‘the
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oe XXXI of the Fo cetines 2 of the Academy. ]
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9 Tree-Growry. A. 0. Forbes.
* ) Puanzrocanta anp Preriwopuyma. R. Ll. Praeger. 112 pp. 6 plates. 49.
#44 Mosc. Rev. Canon Latt.
412 Heramioaz. Rey. Canon Lett. ad a aang ae
948 Foner, Carleton Res. Sir H.C. Hawley. 26 pp. 1 plate. 1s.
44% Lrouenzs, Annie Lorrain Smith. 14 pp. 6d. _
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os aa Renin anD Hemionorpa. G. P. Farran. R, Southern.
*% 22 Moutusca—Manine. N. Colgan. 86 pp. 1s.
4 3 23 ; ‘Morzusca—Lanp anp Frese-warer. A. W. Stelfox. 64 pp. 2 plates. 2s,
* 24, Hynmnoprena. Olaude Morley. 18 pp. 64d.
28 Dyrena. P. H. Grimshaw.
3626 Lepmorrera. W.F.de V. Kane, 10 pp. 6d.
27 Nevroprera. J. N. Halbert.
28 Congoprera—Terrestaut, Rev. W.F. Johnson. J. N. Halbert.
% 29 Ooneorrega—Aguatio. F. Balfour Browne. 20 pp. 6d.
* 80 Hewerera. J. N. Halbert. 10 pp.
% 81. Onruorprera, Prof. G. H. Carpenter. 4 a ss
ae [For continuation see page 4,
PART
32
33
34
35
* 86
* 87
* 38
Aprera. Prof. G. H. Carpenter.
Ozmoropa’ ann Drenoropa. Rey. W. RB. Jebncon. Ge
Pyonoconma. Prof, G. H. Carpenter. ET ORIEN Re aha
Aranewa. D, R. Pack Beresford. 8 pp. | | ea we
Paaranaipa. D.R. Pack Beresford. 2 pp.)
Aroriscompa, James Murray. 16 pp., 8 plates 1s,
Pseuposconriones. H. Wallis Kew. 2 pp. bas
+ 391i Acariipa: i—Hypracanina, J. N. Halbert, 44 Lae 3 - ates, Soran
39 ii Ormpr Acaninipa. | J..N. Halbert.
* 40
*
42,
*k 48
2 aa
45
* 46
Deoaropa. G, P. Farran. . 8 pp. onl 6a. BY
Sonrzopopa anp Cumaora. W. M. Tattersall. 10 PR:
Ampniropa. W..M.. Tattersall.
IsopopAa—Marine, W.M. Tattersall. 6 pp. 7 6 4
Isoropa—Turresteiu. N. H. Foster. 4 pp.)
Exromostraca—Manine, G. P. Parran.
Enromosrraca—FRESHWATHR, D. J. Scourfield,, 18 ae “Tne 6
Ponycuarta AND ARCHIANNELIDA, R. Southern, PAL Nae
Onicoonarts. RK. Southern.
Grruyrea. R, Southern. hi ehh
Himopiea. BR. Southern. UM ek as
Rorirera (excluding Bozzzowa).’ C.F. Soe 10) pp. “ea
Rovers Bostzoma. James Murray. 20 pp. a plate. 64.
Poryzoa. A. R. Nichols. 14 pp. 6d:
Nemareenwma anp CxartocnarHa. BR, Bonther. He 0. Shera
Nementmes. B. Southern.
Praryeenaa. RK. Southern: 18 pp. 6a.
Eornopermata. A. R. Nichols! 10 pp. i a.
Costznterats. Miss J. Stephens. 10 pp.) 0) 1
Porwera—Manine. Miss J. Stephens. 42 pp. 1 plate, 49. 6d
Ponwera—Fresuwarter. Miss J. Stephens, 18 pp. 1 plate. 6d.
Inrusonma. J. 8. Dunkerly. : oP Di
Fruacetrata. J. 8. Dunkerly.
Myorrozosa. Miss Lister. 20 pp. . 6d. Alt
Forammurera. Edward Heron-Allen. Arthor Bidand he Me
Rurzoropa anp Heniozos. G.'H, Wailes! Eugene isa i ae
6 plates. 8s.
Nores on Magne Pranzzon) G,P. Batran; at os i
Summary on Maxine Disrareution. R.§Southern.
Summary on Terrestauan Disrripution. RK. Ll, Praeger.
i
SCE, came Brame URLAUAY AA 32
"PROCEEDINGS
ee ae a AS.
oe ty h OF THE
Roya IRISH ACADEMY
Voume: OD
"Pant 32
oe
a - GEORGE H. CARPENTER
yale
“DUBLIN: “HODGES. FIGGIS, & CO., Er,
LONDON : WILLIAMS & NORGATE
1913.
Proce Sixpence
[For scheme of publication of this series see inside of wrapper]
fovitic potions in Boe: ant also a8, a contribution oe oe
OG re ;
ee melo and botany, spel sitention has been Pa aoe to, an ean x
s4 ANG
a?
‘i animals and plants new to science ; ahs records of! about 200, oppoiee: ne
a the British Isles, and at least 1,000 species new to Treland, ead
tee
The list printed on pages 3 are 4 at ‘this wrapper shows be ene ae
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THE SECRETARY,
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ii “) DUBLIN.
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poli! are. | marked with ¢ an estris. “The whole will Aer 1
Desonsoion AND. Ntee: Re GL. Biabpar.
08 mR: ‘Westropp, 78 pp. 10 ae 43)
Lacu-Namns AND. Pun Naas, John Mac Neill. 42 PP.
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46 BB: Suan
ee pp. 6 plates. 43,
1 plate, tea:
14 'pp. 6d. Novant
178 pp. 11 pees ae est
‘ - Wiliam West. 62 pp. roles 9s.
‘14 pp.
By F Senor, tp “fs
a pp. 5 aye 2s, 6a.
iD Brnoxonpa, G. P Farran, R. Southern.
36 pp. oe
. 2 plates. 2s,
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sie Liepiormens. - W.F.de V. Kane, 10 pp. 6d.
a ae) ~Nuvroprers. May N. Halbert. 4 pp.
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i ea 29 ‘Conroprmna—Aguanio, P, Balfour Browne. 20 pp. 6d.
rie 3 30 Hewrera, J.N. Halbert. 10 pp. } Pode
oct $1 OntHoprena, Prof. G. H. Carpenter. 4 pp)" NY
Neen Sen Oe aR rE UR CAR ON [For continuation see page 4,
Eat
PART
3
38
ben er)
eee
Nan am 2 Ow
pe ee an ie eee
OK ke RR RR RRR ORR OR RR KR HK
iz)
Lo!
38 Y
39 i Acarinia: i—Hypracarma. case ae
39 ii Orne Acarmpa. IN. Halbert. Hee
_Eyromostrsca—Manine, G. P. Farran. ms
Apreryeors. Prof. G. H. Sancta ie
Cumoropa ann Diropopa. Rey. W. F
Pyonogonma. Prof. G, H. Ca: pen
Ananema. D. R. Pack Beresford.
Puananems. D. R. Pack Bo
Axottscompa. James Murray.
Psruposcorpiones. H. Wallis Kons
Drcaropa. G.?. argent 8 pp.
Aaieceiate W. M. ‘Tattersall. Sori ty
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Isoropa—Tenrestrian. N. H. modes Dd £
20 pp. eet
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Ponyonarra AND ‘Ancmanena. R. Southern, Ri
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Gernyres. R, Southern. 6 pp. ihe Orns
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Forammnirera. Edward Heron-Allen. - anne Barland. BE
Rarzoropa axp Hetsozos. G. H. Wailes. — 64
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| | ProceEDINGs
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Vue XXXT_
CLARE ISLAND. SURVEY ;
_Paars 33, a
_ ee AND DIPLOPODA
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CLARE a
Tuis survey of the Fauna Flora, Geology, Meteorology, « ‘
and the acre ana ane in the West o eeland. was. C
of geographical distribution, dispersal, and ee a to jet
hnman operations upon the Fauna and ras ‘The ue ;
or more, The whole series may be subscribed for at ne reduced
50/- paid in advance, on receipt of which the reports isaued up. tot
will be forwarded, and future parts sent as soon as Berea sia
will also be sold. separately. me .
the British Isles, and at least 1,000 species new to Treland. . ) ne
Ai
The list airiti on pages 3 hi 4 of this ee shows the a.
80 far.
Communications relative to this publication to’ be: adresse oy ‘ ne
publishers or to ut | nid iia eee
THE SECRETARY
Roya. Irisn ACADEMY,
DAWSON STREET, —
Dusun..
pu ig are Need with an ‘asterisk. he whole will forma
| XXXI of the bar wet of the Academy. Dh)
' ea oe AND Narraniye, R. Ll Praeger,
ND Aronsnonoay, iN J, , Westropp. 78 pp. 10 lai: 4s.
MacNeill. T. J. Westropp. be
DIAL , Nass N. Hua 30 pp. 6d.
38 PP
An 14 pp. 6d. :
[ARNE ve D. cee 178 pp: 11 plates. 58.4009 45
William West, 62 pp. 2 plates. - yo suet
G. EB, a Barrett- Hamilton. 14 pp. ia
D Aupapna. RB. R. Beharf 4 pp. Je
GiP: Farran, 6 ‘pp. nvr a
‘Ussher. BA pp: 5 pie! s. 6d,
ae ‘Gy P, ee) oS Spain
-M: cen Colgan, 36 Pp. PERL
AND. ND Haak wvavimi. ALW. Stelfox. 64 PP. 2 plates. aa
Claude Morley. 18 PP. 6d,
uP. H. Grimshaw.
. W.B de V. Kane, 10 pp. 6d. PENN at AG
J.N. Halbert. 4 pp. eS avs
‘Tanewseana. Ww. ¥. Johnson. J. N. Halbert. a4 a)
i Balfour Browne. 20 pp. 6d.
80 Howmprena. a N. etalber 10 pp. i ed oh
ert ie Orruorrera, Prof, G. H. Carpenter. 4 pp ;
RSS SHOU RAR GIN ea GENK HRT SGI Mu [For continuation see page 4.
»
=
1
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MS
fort
a
Pie he
S
39 ii Orser Acarmipa. J. N. Halbert.
HMR a ORR KR OK oe
hoe
Aprera. Profi @ Hy Carpenter
CuropoDpa AND Dipropopa.
Pxonoconma.' Prof. G. B.C
Puscawowa. D. R Pack ‘Beresford.
Ancriscoma. James Murray. 16 ‘pp. 8
Psetposcorpionss, _H. Wallis Kew. : 2 pp
i Acanmapa: j—Hypracaniwa. a XN. albert,
Dae G. 7K Farran. a
et ae I
Exstomoetnsoi—-Manraz. G. P. ‘Farcan. ees
Paeagcce AND “AROMIANNELIDA,. ‘B. Sonthemn
Oxtcocnazta. RB. Southern. -
GEPHYREA, R Southern,
Hinvpmes. - RB: Southern. |
Rorard Bogutoma. | James srtbsce
Poryzos. A. R. Nichols: 1 Pp. 6d.
Newenrisa. RB. Southern. > Mes 1
Pratysetuma. B&. Southern. 18 pp. a. a
Ecrropermara. A.B. Nichols. 10 pp. eS
Conrenrerata.. Miss J. Stephens. 10 pp. J
Porrerrsa—Maziwe. Miss J. Stephens. | 42 Pp. (ae
Pontrena—Fresuwater. Miss J_ Sy iat 18 pp.
Ixeusoma. J.S. Dunkerly. < /
Fracettata. . J. 5, Dunkerly.
Mycrrozos. Miss Lister: 20 Pe. 6d,
Binvovani. ade! acaba ae: H. Nees cee
6 plates, 3s.
Notes on ‘Mazme Prangvon. «-G, P, Farran,
Summary on Mazrse Disrerecrion; “RB. Southern. 7
usitarny ox TERkesteqran Distamotion. RB. Ll. Drege
eS oe
PROCEEDINGS
Pau Nde Monit hie) aut 4
oa)
Royat IRISH ACADEMY
Vowme XXXI
egy
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DENIS R. PACK BERESFORD
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- Mergorotoey. W. J. Lyons.
Grovoey. J. R. Kilroe, T. Hallissy.
Pear Deposrrs. BP. J. Lewis... if
) Taze-Growre. AL ‘C. Forbes. FER
PHANEROGAMIA AND Preaworsyra. R. Ll
Musor, Rey. Canon Lett. D. McAr dig.
Heraricas,. ‘Rey. Canon Lett. MD: tial” a
Foner. Sir H. 0. Hawley. Carleton Rea. yee
Inonenes. Annie Lorrain Smith. | Ae BP 6a.
Arcar—Manme. A.D. Cotton, - f
Atear—Farsawater. William West. ee
Masnana. G. B.A. Barrett-Hamilton. be
Aves. RB. J. Ussher. Prof. 0. J. Patten. ‘ N a oster
Reema anp Amparpra.| ‘Re BL ‘Scharff. ERS
Pisozs anp Oxorostomata, G, P. Farran. aM
Tonicara AND Heaucnorps. G. P. Farran. R. ‘Bouthe
Motuvscs—Manrxe. N. Colgan. 36 pp. is. :
Motxiusca—Lanp anp FRESE WATER. AW. Sielfos.
Hymenoptera. Claude Morley. 18 a 6a.
Dieters. P. H. Grimshaw.
Lepmorrens. W. F. de V. Kane,
Nevroprers. J.N. Halbert.
Conzoprers—Tureustaiay. Rey. W. EF. ais a. N
Cotmoprera—Aguaric. F, Balfour Browne.
Hemrera. J. N. Halbert.
Oxtzorrera. Prof. G. H. Carpenter.
CAG a7) See
" Proceeines
(OF THE.
-Rova “TRish “ACADEMY i
Vouune XXX
CLARE ISLAND SURVEY ©
, - Pants 37, 38 |
} oo. Ve
BY JAMES MURRAY
_ PSEUDOSCORPIONES
| By ‘H. WALLIS KEW
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a
© oOo ine pS
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‘Pear Derosrrs. ¥F, J, Lewis.
‘Aucae—Manrme. A. D. Cotton.
Prof, James Wilson. | f
Mergororocy. W J. Lyons. ; at i
Gooey, Prof.G.A.J.Gole.
Trree-Growra. A. CO. Forbes.
Musor. Rey. Canon Lett. D. Stckenlo,! a
Herarroaz, Rey. Canon Lett. D. McArdle.
Foner. Sir H. CG. Hawley. Carleton Rea. {
Lnonenxs, Miss A. Lorrain Smith.
Axcas—Fausuwarer. William West. |
Maman. G. E. H. Barrett-Hamilton.
Aves,. BR. J. Ussher. Prof. CG. J. Patten.
Reprinia snp Ampnrpra, RB, F, Scharff.
Pisces anp Oyotostomara, ‘G. P. Farran. CN vi
Tonroata anD Hemmonorps. G. P. Parran. RB. Southern.
Motuvsca—Manrinz, N. Colgan. 86 pp. 1s. Ayaure ke
Motivsca—Lanp axp Fresuwater. A. W. Stelfox.
Hymenoprers. Claude Morley. ey
Dieters. P. E. Grimshaw.
Lrpmoprrrra. W.F, de V. Kane,
Nevroprera. J. N. Halbert.
Conzorrera—TrRrRestRIAL, Rey. W. FE Fad: J, N. N. Hate,
Cotzorrera—Aguatia. EF. Balfour Browne.
Hemprers. J. N. Halbert.
Ortnorrera. Prof. G. H. Carpenter:
Maran
tae!
| Oruer
UO an i“ 839i
“PRocreDines |
* or tHE
: . Rove TRISH ACADEMY
| VoLuMs XXX
CLARE ISLAND. SURVEY
Pag 391 i,
ACARINIDA: i HYDRACARINA
BY
ae N. HALBERT |
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ad ;
_~
BR ODOMON Ro Row
pl ba ee pt fs ae
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22,
bo NO bo
SSSENS8R&
AucAs—Faresuwater. William Wests matt
Marie aay WwW 5. ee aS:
Grouogy. Prof. G. A. J. Cole.
Prat Deposits. F. J. Lewis. |
Trrs-Growra. A. C. Forbes.
PuaNEROGAMIA AND Prermopayra. R. |
Mousor. — Rev. Canon Lett. oD. ‘McArdle
HeEpatioar, ©
Funer. Sir H. C. Hawley. Oui
Lyonenzs. Miss A. Lorrain Smith.
Atcar—Marme, A. D. Cotton.
Manan. G. E. H. Barrett- Hamilton
Aves. R.J. Ussher. Prof..C. J. Patten.
Repriura snp Amparsra. Ri F. Scharff,
Pisces anp Cyciostomata. G. P. Farran.
Tonrcata AnD Hemicnorva. G. Pp, Farran, | ;
Motiusca—Marine. N. Colgan. 86 pp. ‘1s.
Motzusoa—Lanp snp Fresawater. A. W. cae
Hymenoptera. Claude Morley. WN
Direrera. P. EH. Grimshaw. ii Des a ae ag
Lepmorrera. W.F. de V. Kane, ay 2:
Nevrorrera. J. N, Halbert. Waly
Corxoprensa—Terrestrat, Rey. W. F. aaa e, 1
Corzorrers—Aguamic. EF. Balfour Browne, ah,
Hemrerers. J. N. Halbert. SRA EMAL ISLA A
Ornrnoprera. Prof. G. H. Carpenter. Eee
ee continuation see page Be
PART
82)
83
84
85
86
87
88
Avrora. Prof. G. H, Carpenter.
QGumoropa AND Dirpnoropa © Rey. W. FE. Johnson.
Pyonogonmpa. Prof, G. H. Carpenter.
Aranema. D. BR. Pack Beresford.
Prsuanewa, DR. Pack Beresford.
Aroriscorpa. James Murray.
Psruposcorriones. H. Wallis Kew.
+e 89 i Acarinma: i--Hypracarina. J.N, Halbert. 44 pp. 8 plates,
89 Orne Acarmips. J. N. Halbert,
10
i
WB
33
1
45
16
AT.
4S
a9
50
54
§2
58:
54
85
56
87
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
Deoaropa. W. Rankin. G. P, Parran.
Amprivops. “W. M. Tattersall.
*Isoropa—Trrrestrian. N: H. Foster:
Tsopopa—Marinn..) W. M. Tattersall.
Sonizopona AnD Ovmscra W. M, Tattersall.’
Hyromostraca—Frusiwater. D. J. Scourfield.
ENtomostRadA—Marine.. G. P. Parran,
Ponyowanta ano Aromannenipa: 2. Southern,
OtigodnAnta, Re Southern.
Gepayrna,” KR, Southern.
Himvpwea, R. Southern. (au
Rorarorta (excluding Bosznorma). 0. FP. Rousselet.
Roratorta Boetnorma. James Murray,
Ponyzoa, A. R. Nichols.
29. 6d. |
NmMAtHELMIA AND’ CnanrognarHa, R, Southern. G, 0. Sherrard.
‘Newertmea. BR. Southern,
Pratysenma, BR, Southern,
Heniwoprrmata: A. R. Nichols.
Connunterata. Miss J. Stephens.
Porwrra: Miss J. Stephens.
Inevusorm. J. S. Dunkerly.
Fuacernara, J. S. Dunkerly.
Myorrozoa. Varleton Rea.
Foraamnmnrs. Edward Heron-Allen. Arthur Harland.
Ruiworopa and Henrozoa, Hugéne Penard.. G. H. Wailes.
Norrs on Marine: Puangron. G. P. Farran.
Summary on Turrustrun Disrrrsvtion. RB. Lil. Praeger.
Summary on Marie Distriwution. R. Southern.
pee oe
eres
| -PRocrepincs _
-Rovat TRISH ACADEMY
e Votume XXXI
LONDON: WILLIAMS « & ee
“3915, ae
ae Tao Shullegs. and Seipercs
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; pan hee R bh ae {ape 'd plites, 1si
:e ot ty Muon z 3: 1 Meee: ee 10 plate 4s.
sae MS Prof, James Wilson. aS pp apo
Ounestoxosy: W. J. Ayons.. 22 pp. 2 plates. - Edi
tah 6 plates. Coloinzed rap. 21a 6d;
TROWTH, 82 pp. 2 lates 1B ;
e RHOGAMIA AND: Praninopsess. B iu Praeger, 18; PP olan, “
eat Mebadk: Rev, ‘Cation. Lett, © 18 6a, es.
912. Herariois. Rey. ‘Catton Letts. P Pe '
“#18 Fonan, < Carleton, Res, Sir Hy G Hawley.’ 96 p pp. 2 Dt 18, hee
14% Liouenns.” “Annie Lorrain Smith, 14-pp. 6d... “4
RAB Atgas—Maninn, ‘ACD, Cotton. 178 pp. 41 Plates..
a 3 16° Aucan—Fpus-warer. William: West. 62 pp..2 one ie
oe ih “Mantua. Ge BE, Ai Barrett-Hamilton: S44 PP: ee
# 18. “Reprinaa - AND: ‘Ampursia, Bi PR, Scharity sf PP: i
» 19° Pisces - Ge Be Parran, G pp. Age)
20 yas, 4 J. Ussher: “54 pps 5 plates. Qs. 6d. Bei ae’
AS “Dowoara. AND: Hsmrononna. ye ee ‘Farran. RB, douwione: 4 pp. 6d.
+ 22 fs Gunna N, all 86 pp. Is.
25 Dierena aps? ‘Grimshaw. “Ba ‘pp: 6d,
26 Improper, S Was dg Y, ‘Bane,’ 10 pp, 6d.
OTe ‘Neunoemna, ‘I. N Halbert. 4 pp.
<8 ‘Conkorrena—Trnpusrsian, W: F. Johnson. J. N, Halbert, 24 pp.
* a9 “Cortoprera—A quartic, Fy Balfour Browne, 20 pp. Gd,
#80 “Huwwters, J.N. Halbert. 10 ‘pps =
ne Ok 34° Osthorrensy Prof. G.,H. Oarpenter. 4 a ae
oad SCAR A SRO CED iene eae “25 [Bor continuation see page 4.
. :
*
_ 5419 plates" 58.4
2 B52
OTES, ON Marine
68 Grizeat Sumasy. B
6 plates, *
Can Aa aie rehired tts, ahh
Eh eS ee ee ae **
#® 65 “Razor
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67 - Mantse’ Econoay,
Oe ee to, at
o PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
Roya IRISH ACADEMY
hasnt XXxiI |
ae ISLAND SURVEY
. Parts ae uae
_DECAPODA
ee 44 FARRAN
CUMACEA, SCHIZOPODA, Ere.
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ROYAL IRISH ACADEMY
CLARE ISLAND SURVEY
Tus survey of the Fauna Flora, Geology, Meteorology, ke, of Clare sland
and the adjoining mainland in the West of Ireland was carried out by. over
one hundred specialists during the years 1909, 1910, and 1911, It wos ‘
undertaken in order to furnish a study of a typical. area of the west ‘coast of |
Treland, a region which provides some of the most interesting faunistic and» zt
floristic problems in Europe; and also as a contribution towards a study of
island faunas and floras—a subject of wide and absorbing interest.
Soot
SS eee ioe og ets o 2 ORES Ea:
The report when finished will provide the most cobmplate survey of the)
Fauna and Floza of a definite area which has ever been made. In addition. to. st
systematic zoology and botany, special attention has been given to questions %,
of geographical distribution, dispersal, and ecology, and to the influence of By
human operations upon the Fauna and Flora. The complete ‘report is %
estimated to run to about 1600 pages with 100 plates, and will cost 60/— i
or more. The whole series may be subscribed for at the reduced price of ‘
50/- paid in advance, on receipt of which the reports issued up to the present as
will be forwarded, and future parts sent as soon as miei Each coo f
will also be sold separately. han ee 3 ne
The reports when complete will include descriptions of some 50 epecies at) ie
animals and plants new to science; also records of about 200 species new to
the British Isles, and at least 1,000 species new to Ireland. ay 3 ve
The list printed on pages 3 and 4 of this wrapper shows the scope of the i
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Communications relative te this publication to be addressed to the
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THE SECRETARY,
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Dawson STREET,
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38
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KX Xk %KRX* *
391i Aoarinipa: i--Hypracarma. J.N. Halbort. 44pp. 8 plates. 2s. ea.
39 ii Orne Acarmupa. J. N. Halbert.
sy
Aprera. Prof. G. H. Carpenter.
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Ananeipa. D. R. Pack Beresford. 8 pp.
Pratanemwa, D.R. Pack Beresford. 2 pp.
Arotiscoma. James Murray. 16 pp., 3 ae Hal
Psruposcorrrones. |H. Wallis Kew. 2 pp
(6d.
Decaropa. G. P. Farran. 8 pp.
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Inrusorra, J. §. Dunkerly. ving
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Summary on Manrixe Disrrmution. R. Southern.
Summary on Terrestemt Disrrevtion. R. Lil. Praeger.
a
ueust, 1913 ‘i hen vat i , ya Ue ae
es PROCEEDINGS
) INOYAL. [RISH) ACADEMY
| VotumMe XXXI
CLARE ISLAND SURVEY
; Parr 42 |
AMPHIPODA
W. M. TATTERSALL
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4
Tuis survey of the aon lots, eta velo’ &e. of §
and the adjoining mainland in the West of Ireland w
one hundred specialists during the years 1909, 1910
undertaken in order to furnish a study of a typical area 0
Ireland, a region which provides some of the most inter
fioristie problems in Europe; and also as a ‘contribution ¢
island faunas and floras—a subject’ of wide and absorbing j
The report when finished will pane the most compli
Fauna and Flora of a definite area which has ever been made, I a
systematic zoology and botany, special attention ey been given i
will be forwarded, and future tae ae
will also be sold separately. Fen ydi tyme op oa) ee a
The reports when complete will stitaiaes ference of some
animals and plants new to science; - ae er of eat 200 3]
so far,
Communications relative to this pines 4 to be addressed : 0
publishers or to x Edi
THE SECRETARY,
Roan Irish ACADEMY,
Dawson STREET,
ROYAL IRISH “ACADEMY
CLARE. ISLAND SURVEY
“SCHEME on PUBLICATION
Ute pas ree pone: are F oatied with an asterisk. The whole will form
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CRN, . [Wor continaation see page 4.
Gd.
PART tM ans Mumia as oateun hl OY Mes
82 Arrenycora, Prof. G. H. Carpenter. 12 p
88. Cumoprops ee E FE. Jo
34
35
86 Puaranema. | D. RB. Pack’ Beresford
37 AroriscorA. | sie rte
age
89 ii OruEr Aganinipa. ee Balen
4&0 ‘Dxoaropa. G. P. Farran. Boek ane
44 Somizoropa and Cumacea. W. M. Tattersall. “10 PP
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a5 Ewrowosrrack—Marrve, G. a Parran. 20 PP. ie hg
ae 4% eee eee
46
47 Poruoeack: AND pam owe, R Southern.
48 Orxicoonsanra. R, Southern. ae PR: te
49 Gurnyrea. RB. Southern. 6 PP.
50 Hmupmes, R. Southern. 6 pp.
61 Rorrrena (excluding Bortrowa). 6. ie Rouseelet
52 Rorirera Bortnoma. James Murray. 20 p
58 Ponyzoa. A. R. Nichols. 14 pp. 6d.
54 Newarnexama ann Cnanvosnataa. RB. Southern. G
55 Nemerrivea. BR. Southern. 20 pp. el plate. 6d."
56 Puarymsrama, R, Southern. 18 pp. 6d.
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68 Cortenrerara. ioe J. Baie at 10 pp.
a
61. Fuacennara.
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67 Sumaary on Marie Distamurios. | R. Southern. i
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ie 8. Dunkerly. 20 pp. a piney Is if
,
on
3
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&
| Fine, 1912 ie a a a 43, a ee
| PROCEEDINGS
Roya IRISH ACADEMY
- Vouwme XXX]
CLARE ISLAND SURVEY
Parts 43, 44
MARINE ISOPODA
WINES TAT TRS ATLL
FRESH-WATER ISOPODA
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Price Sixpence
gS a Aa REISS HL Th eA LCA ES Wis Pepa ee ee nn aed. aoe Ps PRED TALIS Sa |
ROYAL IRISH ACADEMY =
CLARE ISLAND SURVEY
THis survey of the Fauna Flora, Geology, Meteorology, &c., of Clare Island <
and the adjoining mainland in the West of Ireland was carried out by over
one hundred specialists during the years 1909, 1910, and 1911. Tt was op
undertaken in order to furnish a study of a typical area of the west coast of ;
Treland, a region which provides some of the most interesting faunistic and Me *
floristic problems in Europe; and also as a contribution towards the study of rt
island faunas and floras—a subject of wide and absorbing interest.
The report when finished will provide the most complete survey ae the Ge.
Fauna and Flora of a definite area which has ever been made. In addition to ce
systematic zoology and botany, special attention has been given to questions ; : is “
of geographical distribution, dispersal, and ecology, and to the influence of
human operations upon the Fauna and Flora. The complete report ise
estimated to run to about 1600 pages with 100 plates, and will cost 60/—- >
or more. The whole series may be subscribed for at the reduced price of i :
50/— paid in advance, on receipt of which the reports issued up to the present . . :
will be forwarded, and future parts sent as soon as published. Each peas =
will also be sold separately. rt
The reports when complete will include descriptions of some 50 species of ud 4
animals and plants new to science; also records of about 200 species new to
the British Isles, and at least 1,000 species new to Ireland. .
The list printed on pages 3 and 4 of this wrapper shows the scope ‘of the =
work, the present state of publication, and the prices of the parts yee: Bee
so far.
Communications relative to this publication to be addressed to the vi
publishers or to
THE SECRETARY,
Roya Irish ACADEMY,
Dawson STREET,
DUBLIN.
ROYAL IRISH ACADEMY
CLARE ISLAND SURVEY
‘SCHEME OF PUBLICATION
The paris lena published are marked with an asterisk. The whole will form
Vol. eine ee the Gade of the Academy. |
Wh eat iy
ie Gunoaan, uakeaan: AND Mite scien: R. Ll. Praeger.
01 AND ARoHAEonoGY, T. J. Westropp. 78 pp. 10 plates. 4s.
2S Prack Nawes. John Mac Neill. T. J. Westropp.
* % Gartio Prant AND Ayman Nawms. N. Colgan. 30 pp. 6d.
Aeniounrore. Prof. James Wilson. 46 pp. 1s.
{ BTEOROLOGY. ¢ Wz J. Lyons. ,
R Gzotocy. J. R. Kilroe, T. Hallissy.
Prar Devosirs. is, J. Lewis.
Tang: Growrn. AL Ce Forbes. at
| Puanerogawa AND Prenmorayza. RB, Oi. Praeger. 112 pp. 6 plates. 4s.
Moser. | | Rey. Canon Lett. — aa
se Rey. Canon Lett
18 PP. 6d.
26 pp. 1 plate, Is.
dep pe: Oder
3 © annie: Toovrain Smith.
A. D. Cotton.
au ee nes William West.
Maomratia,. G. BE. A. Barrett-Hamilton.
Reprna anp Ampnipia. R, F. Scharff.
\ Pisces AND. Cyonosromaza. G. P. Farran.
Aves. RB. Br ‘Ussher.
Tunroara AND. Hemouorpa. -G. P. Farran. R. Southern.
~ Motausca—Manme. N. Colgan. 386 pp. Is.
Mousivsoa—Liann AND FRESH-WATER. _A. W. Stelfox, 64 pp. 2 plates. 2s.
Hynenoprera. Claude Morley. 18 pp. 6d.
ERA, Pe H, Grimshaw.
- Lmpmorrena. W. F. de V. Kane, 10 pp. 6d.
Connoprers—TeRRESTRIAL, - Rev. W. F. Johnson. J. N. Halbert.
Cormorrera—Aguanic. F. Balfour Browne. 20 pp. 6d.
Nevroprers. J. N. Halbert.
Hemprers. J. N. Halbert.
OxrHoprera, Prof. G. H. ieee
[For continuation see page 4.
cee
PART
32 Aprera. Prof. G. GH. Goltaonteees LEA
88 Oxtoropa anp Dirroropa. Rey. W. F. Folinson. Ms
34 Pyonoconma. Prof. G. H. Carpenter. ale ‘s
*% 85° Aranems. D. RB. Pack Beresford. 8 pp. lea.
* 36 Psarancma, O.R. Pack Beresford. 2pp.\
* 37 Aroriscoma, James Murray. 16 pp., 8 plates ae
% 88 Psevposcorpionss. H. Wallis Kew. 2pp. |
# 391 Acannupa: i—Hypascarma. JN. Halbert. yeas 8 plates.
39 ii Oraer Acarmipa. J. N. Halbert. if
40 Decaropa. G. P. Farran. ae
44 Scutzopopa and Cumacga.. W. M. Tattereall.
42 Ampnwopa. W,. M. Tattersall. 9 9 ey
*% 48 Isopopa—Marme. W. M. Tattersall. 6t pp. te 6a.
+¢ 44 Isoropa—Trrrestaui. N, H. Foster. 4 pp.| ath
45 Hwromostraca—Maninz, G. P. Farran. es
46 Enrzomostraca—Fresawater. D. J. STE i
47 Potyosarta anp Ancurannenma. R, Southern, xf
48 Oxicoonazra. R. Southern. waclaths
49 Gepnyrea. RK, Southern.
50 Hrecpnes, R. Southern, PNG SE tele ase bc ey 2
$4 Rorrers (excluding Boexxoma). ©. F. Rousselet. 10 PP.
52 Rovirera Boxuroma, James ‘Murray. 20 pp. 1 are 6d.
53 Ponyzoa, A. R. Nichols.
54 Nemarsenmia anp CuaztocnatHa. R. Bouthare G. 0. Sher
55 Newerrmwes. R. Southern. ee Line tinue
*% 56 Prarynenma. R. Southern. 18 pp. 6d. —
57 Bowmwopsrmara. A. R. Nichols.
58 Cortenrerata. Miss J. Stephens.
59 Pormwersa—Marme. Miss J. Stephens.
* 60. Pormwera—Fresuwater. Miss J. veer 18 pai
61 Inrusort. J. 8. Dunkerly. i A
62 Fraceriata. J. 8. Dunkerly. fein HS
3.63 Mycrrozoa. Miss Lister, 20 pp. 6d.
64 Foramimimersa. Edward Heron-Allen, Arthur Harland! Ww
%* 65 Rurzopopa snp Hetiozoa. G, H. Wailes. Eugéne Penaxd. 641 BPs ;
6 plates. 8s. ee
66 Nores on Marme Puanrron. G. P. Farran.
67. Summary on Marne Disrrivrion. R. Southern.
68 Sumaary on Trerrestaat Disrrmurion. R. Ll. Praeger.
}
* *
an ian : ha . 415
PROCEEDINGS
ROYAL IRISH ACADEMY
VoLuME XXXI
CLARE ISLAND SURVEY
| Parr 45
~ MARINE ENTOMOSTRACA
BY
Cok: FARRAN
\ DURBIN: HODGES. FIGGIS, & CO, Lr.
LONDON: WILLIAMS & NORGATE
1913
Price One Shitung
[For scheme of publication of this series see inside of wrapper]
ROYAL IRISH A 5
(CLARE ISLAND |
shidebiatiand in order to eis a stady of a. pee area, ie
Treland, a pene WES See some ‘of. the! host interes
Ms
The list printed on pages 3 aus 4 of this wrapper shows the me , ei
publishers or to
THE Sucueraby,
Rovan Intsh ACADEMY,
Dawson STREET, ;
DUBLIN.
the Proceedin
Toe
eerie
; Line a O10)
aie a Mh
uh, @. Bs]
Auras
Ra Sat fiiie? i
tie
SLT
aD
1 see page 4.
PART
82
% 33
%* 84
* 86
* 36
* 37
* 38
% 39i Acarnups: i—Hypracarma. J.N. Halbert. 44 PP. 8 laos 2s. 6a
89 ii Orser Acanwipa. J. N. Halbert. ‘
-Aprera. Prof. G. H. Carpenter.
( 4)
Cuinopopa anp Dretopopa. Rey. W. By Johnson. 6 PP:
Pyenoconma.. Prof. G. H: Carpenter. 4 pp. a Mar Pesto
Araneipa. D. R. Pack Beresford. 8 pp. hea He e : % ee
Puatanema. 'D, R. Pack Beresford. 2pp.) 0.) fy
Arotiscoma, James Murray. 16 pp., 8 ant ae me
Psevposcorriones. H. Wallis Kew. 2 pp
Droaropsa. G. P. Farran. 8 pp. . ae : a
Somrzopopa anp Cumacea. W. M. Tattersall. 10 PP.
Ampuipopa.. W. M. Tattersall.
Isopopa—Maring. W.M. Tattersall. 6 pp.
Tsorpopa—Trrrestaist. N. HA. Foster. 4 pp. pee tet erst cf
Enromostraca—Marine, G. P. Farran. 20 pp. 8 plates. 16:4 ae
Enromostraca—Fresuwater. D. J. Scourfield. 18 pp. 1 Bee 6d. 3
Potyowarta anp Anomiannenipa. R&R, Southern, eae
Oxtcoouarra. RK. Bouthern. _ j nN i ralien
Gerruyrea. R. Southern. ae
Hiuprxes. BR. Southern. Aten Na
Rorirers (excluding Boetroma). C.F. Rousselet. 10 pp. 6d. i
Rorirera Boettoma. James Murray. 20 pp. 1 plate. 6d. ay
Potyzoa. A.R. Nichols. 14 pp. 6d. eye
Nemarnenma anp Onartoonatna. R. Southern. G. 0. Sherrard,
Newertrga. RB, Southern. i
Pratynetmia. RK, Southern. 18 pp. 6d.
Eourmopermata. A. R, Nichols. 10 pp. 6a. .
Cortenrerata. Miss J. Stephens. 10 pp. } et
Portrersa—Maring. Miss J. Stephens. 42 pp. «1 plate. 1s. 6d.
Pormwera—Fresawarer. Miss J. Stephens. 18 pp. 1 plate, 6d.
FLaGELuata, i
Crurata. j
Mycerozos. Miss Lister. 20 pp. 6d. ¥
Foramrmiers. Edward Heron-Allen. Arthur Marland.
Ruizoropa anp Henrozoa. G. H. Wailes. Eugéne Penard. 64 pp.
6 plates. 8s. ;
Nores on Marie Puanxton. G, P. Farran.
Susmry on Manne Distawurion. RK. Southern.
Summary on Terzesraai Distamvurion. R. Lil. Praeger,
Joa,
J. §. Dunkerly. 20 pp. 2 plates. Is.
ih
be ie i " ‘i | (AIM the on BUM: . } <6
uae PROCEEDINGS
~ Roya Irish ACADEMY
~ VortumMe XXXII»
CLARE ISLAND SURVEY
a Pant 46 |
FRESH-WATER ENTOMOSTRACA
od de SCOURFLEUD
DBD Ns EO DG ES) PTGS Wa 0... b am
LONDON: WILLIAMS & NORGATE
Igi2
Price Sixpence
[For scheme of publication of this series see inside of wrapper]
! Vat Yi Bb :
ei} 96
(UPSET I OTS iy
VOTER OAR UTA Soe
;
ROYAL IRISH ACADEMY
CLARE ISLAND BEALS) .
The report when finished will provide the most complete. survey oe ‘bed
Fauna and Flota of a definite area which has ever been made. In addition no
human operations upon the Fanna ie Flora. The eee report is ae
estimated to run to about 1600. pages with 100 plates, and will cost “60/-
or more, The whole series may be subscribed for at the reduced price - .
50/- paid in advance, on receipt of which the reports issned up to the p re ent
will be forwarded, and future parts sent as soon as published, Each ; 1
will also be sold separately.
The reports when complete will include descriptions of some 50 species of 3
animals and plants new to science; also records of about 200 species new. to. :
the British Isles, and at least 1,000 species new to Ireland.
The list printed on pages 3 and 4 of this wrapper shows the scope of the A
work, the present state of publication, and the prices of the parts published —
so far,
Communications relative to this publication to be addressed ‘to a
publishers or to
THE SECRETARY,
Royan Irish ACADEMY,
DAWSON STREET,
DUBLIN.
ae Ww. F. Shue a N, Halbert. ee
Fr. Baltour, Browne. 20 PP 6a. Hane
; Ni
SON ew
_ [For continuation see page 4,
PART.
82
33
34
% 38
* 36
37
* 388
%* 89i Acarinipa: i—Hypraoarwa. J, N. Halbert, “4 hee 8 fy
$9 ii Orr Acanmipa. J. N. Halbert. 3
* 20
% 44
42,
* 43
a Ah
48
* 46
AT
48
49
50
*% 54
* 52
a 68
54
55
* 56
57
58
% 59
* 60
61
62
%* 63
64
%* 65
66
67
68
Aprura. Prof. @. H. Garena AREA
CumoropA anp Dienopopa. Rey. W. By Tohon. Bei
Pyoxogoniwa. Prof. G. H. Carpenter. PaeaGe
Ananripsa. D.'R. Pack Beresford.) 8 pp. os 6a, act!
Puatancws. 1. R. Pack Beresford. 2 pp.) .’
Aroriscorma, James Murray. 16 BPs 3 vy Ne
Psuuposcorriones. HH. Wallis Kew. 2 pp. ei
Ducaropa. G.’P. Farran. 8 pps)
Scurzopopa anp Cumacgs. W. M. ‘Tattersall. 10 pp
Amprropa. W. M. Tattersall.
Isorpopa—Manme. |W. M. Tattersall. 6 pp. Ae 6a.
Isopopa—Terrestaiay. N.H. Foster. 4 pp. j
Enromostraca—Mariz, G, P. Farran. ae
Enromosrraca—Faesnwater, D. J. Scourfield. 18 pp. 1
Potyonanra anp Aromiannenipa. RB. wee i
Oxicocnsrta. R, Southern: | :
Gernyrea. R, Southern.
Himupivza, RB. Southern.
Romrers (excluding Bogxxoma). CG. Pr, Rousselet 10 ‘pp. “ea.
Rorirera BpELLoma. James Murray. ‘20 Bae (i plate,
Poryzos.. A. R. Nichols. 14 pp. 6d. ayy
Nemarsenara and Caaztoenataa. R. Southern, G. 0, Sherrard
Nemertes. R. Southern. Meena
Praryuerana. BR. Southern, 18 pp. 6d.
Eomnopermata, A. R. Nichols.
Coxtenrerata, Miss J. Stephens.
Porirerna—Marip. Miss J. Stephens. 42 pp. 1 pate,
Pormwera—Fresawater. Miss J. Stephens. 18 pp.
Ineusonra. J. 8. Dunkerly. :
Fracernata, J. 8. Dunkerly.
Mycerozoa. Miss Lister. 20 pp. 6d. i
TForaminurera. Edward Heron-Allen. Arthur Hacienda. Heady NE Me
Raizoropa anp Heutozoa. G. H. Wailes. tinea Penard. 64 | PD.
6 plates. 3s. ibe se
Noves on Marne Puancron. G. P. Farran. Ate Oa eee
Summary on Manme Distrisution. R. Southern.
Summary on Terresrran Disrrmutioy. RB. Li. Praeger.
ts 6 é
a7
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
ROYAL IRISH ACADEMY
VotumMe XXXI
CLARE ISLAND SURVEY
es Part 47
a “a | |
\RCHIANNELIDA ann POLYCHAETA
4 R. SOUTHERN
DUBLIN: HODGES, FIGGIS, & CO., Lrp.
LONDON: WILLIAMS & NORGATE
1914
Price Five Shillings
[For scheme of publication of this series see inside of wrapper]
and the adjoining mainland in the West of a .
one hundred ea ocr ng pes the years. 1909, “1910, and 19H
Ireland, 3 region which eaves some’ of the mtost Fane
floristic problems in eeuihige? and oe asa contribution anes
human operations : upon the Fauna and Flora. “The | shakers is
estimated ‘to run to about 1600 pages with 100 plates, and wi, ost 60/—
or more. The whole series caer be subseribed for at the redued p ice of —
publishers or to
Tue SEcREragy, Tee ; i ee M ue °
Royal Igish ACADEMY, Be
Dawson STREET, ~ .
Deus.
10 pp
Lirek aire’ be Pp: /
Sh an or continuation see page 4,
Bonooonss ;
| Contmteara, Sy
‘Pontpsna—Eassuwan, ? Miss J. Stephens,
FF TAGKLLATA. ,
Ornrata.
Mycrrozoa. Miss Lister, ? .
Forammirera. Edward a len.
13 plates. 5s. 6d, ;
Ruizopopa AnD hinigen 2 G1
6 plates. 8s.
Noves on Marie Peabcein G. P. pen
Susaary ox Marie Diszarsuron. BR pnieen
Pri ner
,
a8, Dankerly. 20 pp 2 pie 1
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